Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.tmabmf

jo*kwfv/ 2001 ckESpf

trSwf ( 20 )

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.tmabmf

trSwf ( 20 )

jo*kwfv/ 2001 ckESpf

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· pmwnf;tzJGŒtmabmf 1· xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 1§2001 12· xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 2§2001 15· xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 3§2001 16· xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 4§2001 19· w±kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ ay;ydk@onfho0%fv$m 21· AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ ay;ydk@onfho0%fv$m 24· UCP-CPSU odk@ ay;ydk@onfho0%fv$m 26· wpnOuUX Adkvfomausmfodk@ tdwfzGifhay;pm 28· awmfvSefa&;ESifhvkyf}uHa&; 29· urBmv$rf;+cHKa&;u o,f,lvmr,fhEdkifiHa&;tusdK;quf 32· owd&Sdoifhonfh *syef-Arm qufqHa&; 37· rmhufpfta=umif; rSwfpkrsm; 41· EdkifiHwumnDvmcHrsm;rSaeI ar#mf=unfhvdkufaomf 43· rSwfavmufom;avmuf 47· rSwfcsufrvdkaompum;rsm; 50· tar&duefa&G;aumufyGJ bk&Sfb,fvdkEdkifw,f 51· e,fcsJ@pepfopf - rsufarSmufacwft&if;&Sifpepf. tqifhopf 52

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygw DA[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;XmerS xkwfa0_zefhcsdonf

pmwnf;tzJJG‹.trSm

rmhufpf0g'[m w&m;aor[kwf wjcm;ody` Hynm&yfrsm;vdkyJtopftopfwkd‹eJ‹ jznfhqnf;ay;&if;&Sifoefaeygw,f?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[mEk di fi Hwumh rmhufpf0g' wyfzJ G ‹wckjzp fygw,f? 'ga =umi f h n Daemi fwyfzJG‹awGeJ‹ yl;wJG+yD; e,fcsJŒpepfopfqef‹usifa&; tawG;tac: vufeuf(21 &mpk rmhufpf0g') ukd pl;prf;avhvm&SmazGaeygw,f?

e,fcsJŒa[mif;ukd qef‹usifzdk‹(20 &mpk rmhufpf0g') vDeif0g'eJ‹armfpDwkef;tawG;tac: &SdcJ hygw,f?e,fcsJŒpepfopfudk qef‹usifzdk‹ uGefjrLepfygwDwk di f ; tajccHtjzpfxm;+yD;tokH;ðyEdkifwJh tawG;tac: tck r&Sdyg?0kdif;0ef;&SmazGaeygw,f?

rmhufpf0g' &yfwnfcsuf/tjrif/ enf;emeJ‹ e,fcsJŒpepfopfqef‹usifa&; trSefw&m;ukd ygwDuwzufrSm &Smaeovkd ‘urBm&Gm}uD;’qk dwJ hacwfrSm rsufESmi,f&Gmom;rjzpfcsif=uwJh jynfcspf0g'DawGuvnf;& Smae=uygw,f? jynfcsp f0g't&b,folvkyfvkyf óudqdkygw,f?

tck u|efawmfwdk‹ygwDwGif;avhvma&;twGuf a&;xm;wJh pmwrf;udk “jynfol‹tm%m” rS azmfjyvkdufygw,f? a0zefaxmufjy t}uHay;r_[lor#ukd óudqdkygw,ffffff?

av;pm;pGmjzifh pmwnf;tzGJ@

( 1 )21 &mpk tóudumvwGif Armjynf&mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm; jyefvnfxkwfa0vm

-uonf? t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0or# &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;rSm vljzLomoemðyrsm;/oHwrefta&òcHxm;aom ppfAkdvfrsm;ESifh ukdvkdeDt&m&Sd}uD;rsm;a&;aom pmtkyfrsm;omjzpfonf? csKyfIqkd&v#if e,fcsJŒpepfa[mif;. awG;ac:r+ppfrsufESmrS ppfonfawmfrsm;a&;-ujcif;[k qkd&rnf?

xkdpmtkyfrsm;ukd pwifxkwfa0onfh ckESpfrsm;ukd-unfhv#if wcsKdŒu 1833/wcsKdŒu 1906 [k awG‹&onf? t}udrf}udrfvnf; xkwf-u&onf? w}udrfxkwfv#ifapmifa& rnfr#xkwfonfukd rod&yg? okd‹aomf 0,fol&SdykHay:onf? ESpftenf;i,ftwGif;wwd,t}udrfxd xkwfcJh-uonf?

rnfolawG 0,f-uoenf;? Armjynfokd‹ppfbuf e,fbuft&m&Sdrsm;tjzpfapv$wfcH&aom t*Fvdyfrsm; 0,f-urnf jzpfonf? Armjynf&S d aus;awmfrsK d;u|efawmfrsKd;rsm;ukd _idrf0yfydjym;atmif tkyfcsKyf&mwGif tokH;wnfhI vufpJGpmtkyftjzpf0,f-uygonf?

Armjynfta-umif;ukd xkdpOfutaemufwdkif;om;rsm; vkH;vkH;rod-uyg?ynmwwfrsm;yif rodyg? rnfonfhae&mwGif&Sdonf qkdonfyif rod-uyg? Ekdb,fqk&emrnfausmf uAsmq&m}uD; eD¶l'gu ol. ‘atmufarhowd&jcif;rsm;’ pmtkyfwGifArmjynfokd‹ csDvDaumifppf0eftjzpf tcef‹cH&aomtcg Armjynf b,frSm&Sdonfukd rodIurBmvkH;ajrykHukd -unfh&a-umif; a&;xm;ygonf? uHqkd;onfrSm ol-unfhaom urBmvkH;uArmjynfae&mwGif csKdifhae_yD; aq;om;uGmaeI &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;rawG‹&[k qkdygonf?w¶kwfjynfESifh tdENd,-um;wGif &Sda-umif;om olrSwfom;cJh&onf[k qkdygonf? [kwfygvdrfhrnf? taemufwkdif;om;rsm;tzkd‹ w¶kwfESifh tdENd,ukdom od-uygonf? xkd‹a-umifhyifjyifopfe,fcsJŒorm;u olodrf;ykdfuf&&Sdor# bk&ifhEkkdifiHuav;rsm;ukd wpkwaygif;wnf;‘tif'kdcsKdif;em;’ [k ac:vkdufygonf? 'wfcsfe,fcsJŒorm;uvnf; tm;vkH;ukdpkaygif;_yD;‘tif'k deD;&Sm;’ [k owfrSwfygonf? t*Fvdyfuvnf; Armjynfuk d tdEN d,wGif;xnfhvkdufygonf? ta&SŒawmiftm&Sa'o}uD;wckvkH;udk tif'kdcsKdif;em; u|ef;qG,f[kyx0Dpmtkyfrsm;u rSnfhac:ygonf?

odrf;ykduf&aome,ftm;vkH;ukd ‘zm;vmodyf ig;vmodyf’ wpkwaygif;wnf;vkyf-ujcif;rSm e,fcsJŒpepfa[mif;.vkyfenf; jzpfygonf? zm;jzpfjzpf ig;jzpfjzpfolwkd‹tzdk‹rxl;yg? tkyfcsKyf&vG,fulatmif/ xdef;odrf;&vG,fulatmifom pOf;pm;ygonf? tppt&m&m rnfokd‹yifuJGjym;aeygap tm;vkH;ukdwaygif;wnf; vkyfypfygonf? ol.ppftiftm;ESifh zdxm;& vG,fulatmifom pOf;pm;ygonf? ppftiftm;&Sdv#if _idrf0yfydjym;atmif vkyfxm;Ekdifygonf? xdk‹a-umifh waygif;wpnf;wnf; aygif;ypfygonf? Oa&myqkdv#ifTokd‹rvkyfcJhyg? olwkd‹.&mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;ukd zwfv#ifawG‹Edkifygonf? EkdifiHi,fuav;rsm;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh xdef;xm; ygonf?

rE Wav;emrnfukd taemufwkdif;wGif vlodrsm;atmifvkyfcJhaom e,fcsJŒuAsmq&m upfyvifuvnf; &Sif;&Sif;a&;cJhygonf? ta&SŒonfta&SŒ/ taemufonftaemuf b,fawmhrSrqkHpnf;Ek dif[k qkdcJ hygonf? ta&SŒESifhtaemufukd wef;wl

e,fcsÚpepfopf.tEW&m,fESifh ukdvkdeDopfaxmifacsmuf

jynfolhtm%m

2

oabmrxm;&[kqkdjcif; jzpfygonf?e, fc s J Π&mZ0i fq&mr sm ;.

pmtkyfrsm;ukd a&;wkef;u rnfolxkwfa0oenf;? ay:yi fr[kwfonf hpmtky fxkwfonfrSm aiGukefygonf? awmf¶kHwef¶kHjzifh TpmtkyfrsK d;rxkwf-uyg? aiGa-u;awmif hwif;onfh tzJ G ‹tpnf;/ olaX;olºuG,f ausmaxmufaemufcH&SdrS ta&mif;roGufaom &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsKd;ukd xkwfEkdifygonf? okd‹aomf xkwfa0ol&Sm&mwGif“e,fcsJŒ&mZ0ifq&mrsm;” ylp&mrvkdyg?pwkwajrmuf 0DvsHbk&ifukd trSL;xm;_yD;zJG‹xm;aom ta&SŒwkdif;pmrsm; bmomjyefa&;&efykHaiGtzJG‹ (Oriental Translation

Fund ) u a&;rnfholukd aiGxkwfykduf_yD;&Smaeygonf? xkdtzJG‹ukd 1828 u zJG‹xm;ygonf? yxr t*Fvdyf = jrefrmppfyJGt_yD;zJG‹onfukd owdðyyg?

Tvkd&efykHaiGtzJG‹rsm; Oa&mywGi f rsm;ygonf? c&pf,mef* k d%f;tkyfbD*eff'wf (Armjynfjynfolrsm; tu|rf;0ifonfh emrnf) tajymt&qkdv#if tDwvDc&pf,mefbkef ; }uD;a&;onf hpmtky fuk daeyJvfpf (Naples) bk&ifu aiGxkwfay;onf[k od&ygonf? xkdbk&ifrSm tDwvDukdodrf;xm;pOfu eykdvD,Hu cef‹xm;onfhol‹ESr.a,mufsm; (a,mufz) jzpfygonf?bk&ifawGudk,fwkdif OD;pD;-uI aiGaygonf[k qkdvkdjcif; jzpfygonf?

0,f,lolr&SdrSmvnf; ylp&m r&Sdyg? ArmjynftwGuf bmoma&;/ EkdifiHa&;/tkyfcs Kyfa&;/ ppfa&; t&m&S dvl jzLrsm;wkd;wufcef‹xm; ae&ygonf? 0,folawG&S daeygonf? (ppfonfrsm; r0,frae&r*~Zif; apmifa&rsm;_yD;/ r-unfhrae&¶kyf&Sif. 0ifaiGaumif;ovkd jzpfygonf )

19 &mpkrS 20 &mpktul;wGifpwifxkwfa0aom taemufwkdif;om;rsm;a&;onfh &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;onf 1920avmufwGif aemufqkH;xkwfa0_yD; vkH;vkH;&yfoGm;ygonf? wacwfukefoGm;onfhoabmyg?

1920 umvrSm e,fcs J Œcsi f;jzpfonfh yxrurBmppf}uD;_yD;p ¶k&Sm;atmufwkdbm qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;

t&Sdeft[kef&vmonfhumv jzpfygonf?arm fp Dwke f ; a jymonf h

atmufwkdbmawmfvSefa&; tajrmufoHurmhufpf vDeif0g'ukd ykd‹ay;onfqkdonfhacwfjzpfygonf? armfpDwkef;u ol‹bufuae_yD;ajymjcif; jzpfygvdrfhrnf? csKdtifvkdif;/ csLaw;/csif,D/ wdef‹a&Smifzifwkd‹u “e,fcsJŒatmufrSvGwfvyfa&;vrf;” xGuf&Sm&if; jyifopf/*smr%DrS &cJhygonf? AD,uferfrS [kdcsDrif;/tdENd,rS rD;&Gwfvkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yg0ifcJhaomqpfc fvlrsK d ;& Jabmfrsm;vnf; jyi fopf/*smr%Dpaomwkdif;jynfrsm;rS &cJhygonf?

olwdk‹&cJ honfrSm uGefjrLepftifwmae&Sife,f. e,fcsJŒqef‹usifa&;/ukdvkdeDb0rS vGwfvyfa&;vrf;pOf jzpfygonf? twdkcsKyfv#if rmhufpfvDeif0g' jzpfygonf? rmhufpfvDeif0g'jzif h tm&SwGifuGefjrLepfygwDrsm; pwifzJG ‹pnf;-uonfhumv jzpfygonf? xkd‹a-umifh &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm; acwfukefoGm;ygonf?

u|efawmfwdk‹ Armjynfuaumbmrsm;&cJ hygoenf;? ,loavmuf &cJ hygonf? t&Sifpkd;odrf;/ *smr%Djyef OD;pkwkd‹0HomEk v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf oabmw&m;wcsKdŒ &cJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmfvnf;jyifopfrS wpkHw&m&cJhygonf? wlwHZiftpm; "m;r[laom wHqdyfESifh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tpm; qif;&Jom;[laoma0g[m& &cJhygonf? xdkwHqdyf xdka0g[m&ukd 0HomEk0g'jzifhaygif;_yD; qif;&Jom;0HomEktoif; zJG‹ygonf? wHqdyfu"m;r jzpfygonf?

Tae&mwGif jyifyxGuf_yD; &Smolrsm; ygoGm;onfhtawG;tac:u pum;ajymonfukd owdðyoifhygonf?

csKdtifvkdif;/csKaw;/ wdef‹a&Smifzif/[kdcsDrif;wdk‹onf e,fcsJŒqef‹usifa&;ukdjynfwGif;wGif wufwufºuGºuG pGef‹pGef‹pm;pm; vkyfcJh_yD;rS 'D0g'oabmw&m;eJ‹awmh rjzpfao;/ 'Dxufaumif;wm&SmrS[koabmxm;_yD; xGuf&Sm-ujcif; jzpfygonf?

tdEN d, qpfcf&Jabmfrsm;onfvnf; vkyf}uHa&;0g't& vkyfcJ h _yD;yg_yD?atmifyJGr&bJ vlwa,mufukd vufpm;acs&¶kH/ óud;pifwuf&¶kHyJ[k jrif_yD; trSefw&m;

xGuf&Sm-ujcif; jzpfygonf?olwdk‹ rmhufpfvDeif0g' &onfrSm

rqef;yg?ArmjynfrS jynfyxGufolrsm;wGif

xdktawG‹tóuHrsKd; r&Sdyg? wkd;wufonfhtawG;tac:vnf; ygroGm;yg? ynmoifoufoufoGm;jcif; jzpfygonf?

wqufwnf;wGif u|efawmfwdk‹wGif rSm;,Gif;pGmem;vnfaeonfh pOf;pm;enf;rsm; &Sdaejcif;ukd wifjyvdkygonf?

*syefar*sDacwf ynmawmfoifrsm;ESifh rif;wkef;acwf ynmawmfoifrsm;udpPwGif u|efawmfwdk‹wGif rSm;aeaompOf;pm;r+ & S dc J hygonf? *syefE Si f h jrefrmwlaeonfhtcsuf wckESpfckukd,l_yD; wckvkH;ukd rsOf;òydifqJGpOf;pm;rdjcif; jzpfygonf?*syefESifhjrefrm &v'fjcif; rwl&aumif;vm;[k pOf;pm;rdjcif; jzpfonf?

*sye fbk&i f r lql[Dwd kE Si f hrif;wkef;rif;wdk‹ acwfòydifrsm;jzpfonfrSmrSefygonf? ynmawmfoifrsm; Oa&myokd‹v$wf&mwGifvnf; wl-uygonf? okd‹aomfxkdtcsufr#jzifh tm;vkH;ukdwlnD&rnf[kpOf;pm;Irjzpfyg?

*syefu acwfrDt&if;&Sif e,fcsJŒEk difiH jzpfoGm;_yD;/ Armjynfu t*FvdyfudkvkdeDjzpfoGm;jcif;ukd ,xmblwususrpOf;pm;awmhbJ jrefrmvlrsKd;wkd‹. nHhzsif;ysif;&dr+ESi f h *syefvlrsK d;wk d ‹. xufjruf0D&d,&Sdr+a-umifh[k aumufcsufqJGv#ifrSm;ygonf?

trSefrSm &Sifbk&ifcsif;acwfòydif/ynmawmfoifv$wfwmcsi f ; twlwljzpfaomfvnf; awG;ac:r+ESifh vlwef;pm;&y fwnfr + tajcc Hc si f ;rwlonfuk dxnfhrwGuf-uyg? *syefynmawmfoifrsm;u t&if;&SiftawG;tac: &yfwnfcsufjzifh ynmoGm;&Sm-ujcif; jzpfonf? jrefrmrsm;u v$wfIomoGm;-ujcif; jzpfonf?ygoGm;onfu ya'o&mZf tawG;tac:jzpfonf? aysmfp&mpkHonfh wkdif;jynfwGifya'o&mZfrif;ysKdrif;vGifrsm;vkd aecJh-uonf? jrefrmrsm;u 1920 ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;usrS &vmaom 0HomEkpdwff"mwfukd *syefrsm;u 1870 uwnf;u

jynfolhtm%m

3

&ae-uyg_yD?rif;wkef;rif;acwfu Armjynf

wGif ya'o&mZftawG;tac: tjynfht0&SdqJ? a,mtwGif;0efOD;zkd;v+dif. t&if;&Sifqefaom pdwful;pdwfoef;uav;r#ukdyifvufrcHEkdif? onf;rcHEkdif?

aemufwckta&;}uD;onfrSmArmjynfonf tpdwfpdwf òz dc J Gc H&_y D ;jzpfonf? txufArmjynfom usefawmhonf? usefonfh tykdif;uvnf; ukdvkdedDwykdif; ya'o&mZfwykdif;EkdifiH jzpfae_yD?Ttcsufukd txl;owdðy qifjcifoifhonf?

rdrduk d,fukdES dr faom rdrdwrsKd;om;vkH;ukd ESdrfaomaumufcsuf rqJGoifhay?

olrsm;wum jyifopfrS rmhufpfvDeif0g' &-uaomfvnf; Armjynfu"e&Sif'Drdkua&pD tawG;tac:om&jcif;rSmoGm;onfhvlcsif;rwlI jzpfonf? jrefrmrsm;,loavmufom &cJhjcif;rSm xkdtajccHcsif;rwlonfwGif jrpfzsm;cHygonf?

u|efawmfwdk‹onf acwfESifhtrDvkdufvdkv#if ,lwwf&ygrnf? ,llcsifonfhtawG;tac: &Sd&ygrnf? jynfol rsm;twGuf,lrnf[laom tawG;tac: jzif h ,l&ygrnf? urBm&Gm}uD;wGif &Gmom; rSwfykHwifvufrSwf tvkdtavsmuf&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; rnfonfhtqifh&Gmom;enf; [lonfukd rdrd.tqifhtwef; tppftrSefuomv#if tqkH;tjzwfay;yg vdrfhrnf?

&mZ0i f pmtky fa[mif;rsm;wacwfukefoGm;onfhtcsufukd jyefaumufaomf jynfwGif;tcsuftvuftaeESifh =

1920 wGif e,fcsJŒqef‹usifa&;'Dv+ di f ; wufvmjci f;a-umif h &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm; acwfukefoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[kaumufcsufcsE d ki fygonf? 1920 wGi fynmwwfrsm; ArmjynfEk di fi Ha&;wGi fa&SŒaqmifvmyg_yD? jrefrmvlrsK d; "e&Sifynmwwfrsm; &S dvmcsd fefwGif “&mZ0ifpmtkyf” yga&;om;csufrsm;uk d olwk d ‹zwfygonf? vufrcHE k di fyg? vljzLrsm;a&;onfh &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;ukd qef‹usifa&;/bk&m;ay:zdeyfrpD;a&;rSpI 0HomEkv+yf&Sm;r+

tm;vkH;ukd aus;Zl;wif&ygrnf? vljzLrsm;t*FvdyfpmESifha&;xm;onfh wrsKd;om;vkH;ukd (Armomr[kwf &Srf;/ u&if/ ucsif/ csif;/yavmif/ 0pojzifh tm;vkH;udk ) apmfum;xm;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk azmfxkwfzGifhcs-uolrsm;rSm xkdynmwwfrsm; jzpfygonf?t&if;&Sif'Drdkua&pDukd tokH;cs_yD; e,fcsJŒtkyfpkd;olrsm;ukd qef‹usifolrsm;rSmvnf;olwdk‹ jzpfygonf? vlxkukd ya'o&mZftarSmifxkwGif;rS qJGxkwfolrsm;rSmvnf;olwd k ‹yif jzpfygonf? xk daumif;r+uk drSwfwrf;wif&ygrnf?

t*Fvdyfpmjzifha&;onfh &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;ukdvnf; wwef;wpm;wnf;xm;I r&yg? omoemðybkef;}uD;a&;v#ifaZmif ;ay;r+wrsK d ; jzp frnf? ppfbufe,fbuf t&m&Sda&;v#ifwrsKd; jzpfrnf?tm;vkkH;wlnDaomtcsufrSm ArmjynfukdukdvkdeDtjzpf odrf;&rnf/ odrf;oifhonfqkdonfhtcsuf jzpfonf?

wjynfvkH;rodrf;EkdifrDESifh odrf;_yD;a&;-uaom &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;vnf; rwl-uacs? odrf;_yD;rSa&;aompmtkyfrsm;wGifpD;yGm;a&;ukd tom;ay;onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd tav;xm;onf?

pD;yGm;a&;qkd&mwGifvnf; ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmw &SmazG azmfxkwfa&;/ukef-urf;&a&; jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umihf ukd,fwkdif awmwkd;-u/ awmifausmf-uonf?&SmazG&vmonfherlemukd bdvyfydk‹ "mwfcJG&onf? wcsKdŒukd tdEN d,/ rav;,m;wGif"mwfcJ Gonf? olwkd ‹onf ArmjynfwGifbmr#jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf pufr+xlaxmifa&; rvkyfcJh? ukef-urf;om ,lcJhonf? olwkd‹vufv$wf xGufcGmoGm;onftxd qef}udwfpuf&Sdonf? 0g}udwfpufESifh abxkyfxkyfonfhpuf&Sdonf? csnfr#ifpuf/ txnf&ufpufr&Sd? acwfrDpufr+vkyfief;qkdv#ifa&eHcsufpufom &Sdonf?

pD;yGm;a&;ukdxm;cJhrnf? e,fcsJŒpepfa[mif;. Ek difiHa&;vuQ%mukdomtav;xm; wifjyygrnf? udkvdkeDe,fy,fus,fus,fESifh }uD;}uD;ukd xdkpOfu olwkd‹bma-umifhvkdcsif-uoenf; qk donfukdod&efom pD;yGm;a&;bufukd wifjyjcif;

jzpfygonf?1906 ckESpfu a*s/ *sD/ paumh

( J. G. Scott ) ðypkaompmtkyfqdkv#iftawmfjynfhpkHygonf? tm%mykdifrsm;uu|rf;usif&m bmom&yftvkduf a&;om;xm;onfrsm;ukd pkaygif;xm;ygonf?ArmESifhusefwkdif;&if;vlrsKd;rsm; wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tcsif;csif; aoG;cJGaom ta&;tom;rsm; ododomom ygvmyg_yD?

xdkpmtkyf wwd,t}udrf xkwfonfrSm 1921 ckESpf jzpfygonf? aemufqkH;tajctaeESifh avsmfnDatmif jyefvnfðyjyif_yD; xkwfonf[kqkdxm;&m aoG;cJGa&;ta&;tom;rsm;ukd aemufrSxnfhoGif;ykHay:ygonf?

e,fcsJŒpepfa[mif;ESifh udkvkdeD0g'a[mif; &mZ0ifudpP TwGif &yfygrnf?

( 2 )txufwGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif;

1920 avmufwGif ðAef;pm;}uD; xkwfa0r+&yfqdkif;oGm;aom &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm; 2000jynfhESpfw0kdufwGif jyefvnfxkwfa0vmygonf? paumh.pmtkyfqkdv#if wwd,t}udrf 1921 uxkwf_yD; pwkwt}udrf[krajymbJ/ jyef¶kdufonf[kokH;um wwd,t}udrfxkwfukd 1999 wGif xkwfygonf? ESpf( 80 ) avmuf ikyfae_yD;rS jyefay:ygonf?

rnfonfhtwGuf jyefay:oenf;/e,fcsJŒpepfopftwGuf vkdtyfIjzpfygonf?

Armjynfr Sm 1962 c kE Sp fuwnf;u e,fcsJŒEkdifiH}uD;rsm; odyfpdwfr0ifpm;aom aemufwef;tydk‹cHxm;&onfh EkdifiHjzpfygonf? Akdvfae0if; ppftkyfpkukd ol‹twdkif; v$wfxm;v#ifvnf; pdwfcs&_yD[koabmxm;-uygonf? xk d‹a-umifh 88ckESpfwGif xkdif;odk ‹v$wfvkdufol e,fcsJŒpepfopf ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;wGif ukd;um;rSDjirf;ðyp&m ygrvmyg? 1988 rS 1995 txdArmjynfEkdifiHa&;wGif aiGxkyfykduf_yD; 0ifvufwnf hpr f ; -uygonf? r,fr,f&&bmrSjzpfrvmyg? jzpfvmp&mvnf; r&Sdyg?tb,fa-umifh qkdaomf “vlxktkHºuGr+rSvlxkawmfvSefa&;okd‹” wufvSrff;roGm;ap&ef ukd,fhukd,fudk csKyfaESmifxm;aom

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“t-urf;rzufa&;” ukd rlcsxm;I jzpfygonf? olwkd‹. EkdifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufrSmrif;ajymif;rif;vJGjzpfa&;/ ukd,fh-oZmcHaomrif; eef;wufa&;om jzpfygonf? vlxktm%m&a&; r[kwfyg?

t-urf;rzufa&;rlukdifxm;_yD;olwdk‹taemufEkdifiHrsm;wGif usifhokH;onfhEkdifiHa&;tefwkr+enf;emrsm;ukd oif-um;yk d ‹c sygonf? um;rSe frsm;wGi f uyf&ef“uyfcGm” rsm; jzef‹jzL;ygonf? xkdvli,frsm;onf q&mhxuf&ifhusufygonf? 1962= 69/ 74/ 75/ 76 ESifh 1988 wGif vlxktkHºuGr+ukd azmfxkwfa&SŒaqmifcJh-u/ udk,fykdifxkd;xGif;wDxGifr+jzifh wkdufyJG0ifcJh-uolrsm;jzpfygonf? olwkd‹ vkdcsifonfrSm vufeufukdi fawmfvSefa&;jzif h tm%modrf;a&;jzpfygonf? okd‹aomf vkyfcGifhr&yg?

wufºuGr+t&SdefESifh ,kH-unfcsufukd a&at;jzifh yufolrsm;ESifhom awG‹&ygonf? rwwfbJESifh q&mvkyfolrsm; awG‹&ygonf? anmifa&ravmif;&bJ ywfxrf;om awG‹-uygonf? -umaomf rdrdtouf&Sif aexkdif&yfwnfa&;twGufom OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;-u&onfh b0okd‹ oufqif;&ygonf? aoG;cJGr+ESifh aoG;uJGr+om óuH&ygonf?

aemufa-umif; rjyefvkdaomfvnf; e,fcs JŒpepfopf. tE W&m,fuk dowday;vkdIom &ifempGmjzifh wifjyae&jcif; jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk‹ wkdufyJG0ifvli,frsm;. ,kH-unfcsufukd txdtemqkH;xkd;ESufcsufrSm vufeufukdifwkdufyJGqif&efawmxJa&mufvm_yD;rS “t-urf;rzufa&;”q&m}uD;rsm;ukd oGm;awG‹&jcif; jzpfygonf?

òrd ‹ay:wGif Oya'wGif;wd kufyJ Gwkdufolrsm;u “t-urf;rzufa&;” ukduk difpJ G jcif;rSm rSefuefygonf? okd ‹aomfOya'yok d ‹ xGufvmolu “t-urf;rzufa&;” ukd udkifv#ifrSm;ygonf? ukdifv#ifuk d,f hr S Dw G,f&m opfyi f. yi fpnfuk dukd,fwkdifckwfvJSypfovdk jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf?òrd ‹ay:wk dufyJ GrqifbJ twwfqef;_yD;awmxJawmifxJxGufvmovdk jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf? vufawG‹t&vnf; jzpfvnf;jzpfcJhyg_yD?

Tokd‹jzpfjcif;twGuf u|efawmfwd k ‹ vli,fwk dufazmfwd kufzufrsm;wGifwm0efr&S dyg? t"duw&m;cHrSm ulazmfrvkyfbJ avmifzufvmvkyfol e,fcsJŒvufopfrsm; jzpfygonf? u|efawmfwdk‹ygwDuvnf; tpGrf;ukefrulnDEdkifcJhojzifh,lóuH;r&jzpf&ygonf? ulnD&ef tppjyifqif_yD;rS rulnDvkduf&yg?

awmck d jci f ;onf wef jye fawmfvSefa&; t-urf;zufr+ukd = awmfvSefa&;t-urf;zufr+jzifh wkH‹jyef&efjzpfygonf?Ek di fi Ha&;tefwk&ef r[kwfyg? tefwkzk d ‹awmxJqif;&ef rvdkyg?

ukd,fpm;vS,f q&muav;rsm;rSm xkdif;ta-umif; od-uygvdrfhrnf?(AD,uferfppf/ qDwd k; SEATO acwfpmayrsm;/ rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;a-umifh )Armjynfta-umif; rod-uyg? 1988 rS 95avmuftxdrodbJ q&mvkyfcJh-uonf?olwkd‹xuf enf;enf;apma&mufcJholrsm;upmwtkyfESpftkyfa&;_yD; u|rf;usifolvkyfcJh-uonf?

Tokd‹vkyf&if; ar#mfrSef;ovkdjzpfrvmaomtcg vkyfenf;ajymif;csifvmonf? bmha-umif hqkdwm awG;vmonf? xdktcg ESpf 100 eD;yg;ðryfaeaomtDwvD c&pf,mefb ke f ; }uD;a&;onf h&mZ0ifpmtkyfukd awG‹onf? uref;uwef;xkwfa0onf? e,fcsJŒpepfopf q&mav;rsm;. vufpJGjzpfvmonf?

xkdpmtkyfwGif Armwdk‹. p¶kdufvuQ%m ( 12 ) csuf a&;xm;onf?tenf;i,f tjrnf;oabm wifjyygrnf? tcsuf ( 2 ) wGif = tpkd;&uoufOD;qHykdif/&ufpufonf? ArmawGu aus;p dwfu|efpdwf&Sd_yD; ¶kdusKd;onf/ a-umufwwfonf[k tus,fw0ifh a&;onf? yufyufpufpufa&;onf? olwyg;xHrS &p&m&Sdv#ifbk&m;ocifa&SŒa&mufaeovdk atmufusKdŒvdrfhrnf[k a&;onf? “u|efawmf” [laomtokH;tE+ef;onfyif yxremrfpm; ( first

person ) r[kwf[k qkdonf?ay;urf;Ekdifolqkdv#if udk,fESifh

wef;wlukdawmif OD;!Gwfvdrfhrnf? 'l;wkyf0yfwGm;rnf/ cspf-unfrnf/ vufESpfbuf

ajr‡mufrnf[k a&;onf? ESdrf hcsa&;&rnfha0g[m& ukefoGm;ojzifh ‘ponfjzifh’ [lItqkH;owfxm;onf? a0g[m&xyf&v#ifxyfxnfhrnfhoabm? tcsuf ( 3 ) wGif = tar&duefpum;ykHu“u|efqkdwm ajcz0g; wkwfwkdeJ‹ememESuf_yD;tkyfcsKyf&w,f” vkd‹ qkdw,f? tJ'DvkdyJArmukdvnf; tkyfcsKyf&w,f[k a&;onf?a-umufatmifvkyfxm;rS Oya'ukd vkdufem-uw,f/ ppfwkduf&mrSm &J&ifh-uw,f[ka&;onf? tcsuf ( 4 ) wGif = Armrsm;onf ukd,fhxufedrfhusoltay:rSmawmh armufrm-uonf/ tEdkifusifhwwfonf[k a&;onf? tcsuf ( 5 ) wGif = Armrsm;onf ðyjyifr&aom vlysif;rsm;[k a&;onf? tvkyfqkdv#ifvufa-umrwif;/ avmif;upm;YckHrifI tvGeft-uL;t¶kd;pJGaeaom olckd;rsm;/ wEkdifiHvkH; olcdk;"m;jyrsm;[k a&;onf? tcsuf ( 6 ) wGif = Armrsm;onf rkom0g'a&Smif-uOfa&;ukd ajyma[m-uaomfvnf; olwkd‹avmufToDvukd csKd;azmufol r&Sd/ ToDvapmifhxdef;ol &Sdv#ifvnf;t¶l;[k owfrSwf-uonf? tjyifyef;ucspf-unf[efðyum twGif;ykdif;u aumufuspf ,kwfrm-uonf[k a&;onf?

tjrnf;ay;jcif; Tr#ESif h vk Havmufyg_yD? quf_yD;rukd;um;awmhyg? (12)csufwGif csD;usL;onfh tcsufrsm;vnf;a&;ygonf? okd‹aomf csD;rGrf;ajcausmuf?

1995 Y bmha-umifhTpmtkyfukdxkdif; (,kd;',m;) ykHESdyfwdkufrS acs;ajcmufa&Eª;vkyfonfukd odavmufyg_yD?

e,fcsJŒvufopf udk,fpm;vS,fav;rsm;rSm xGuf[J hxGuf[J h qk dIomxGufvm_yD; q&mvmvkyf&onf? bmvkyf&rSef; rod/ olwdk‹ Armjynfta-umif;rod? tm;vkH;uvnf; vufoifuav;rsm;jzpfonf? ta&SŒtv,fykdif;wGif 0if¶+yfonfhatmfvDAmaemhofvkd 0g&ifhrsm; r[kwf-u?apm_yD;a&mufESifhol vljzLwdk‹ukd q&mwifonf? _yD;awmh oifwef;awGbmawGay;-uonf? olwkd‹xuf tawG‹tóuH}uD;aomu|efawmfwdk‹ wkdufyJG0if&Jabmfrsm;tay:q&mvkyf-uonf?

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ESpftcsKdŒ&Sdvmaomtcg rnfokd‹r# rxl;/ ppftpkd;&um; -umavwnf_rJavjzpfaeonf? tmqD,H (ASEAN) okd‹yif0ifawmhrnf? w¶kwfaemufvkduf[k tykyfcsae¶kHESifh r&awmh? tmqD,Haemufvkduf[kygajym&awmhrnf? tmqD,Hum; uGefjrLepfqef‹usifa&;twGuf olwkd‹yJGxkwfxm;&muajymif;vJvmjcif; jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umifhjyefvnfokH;oyf-uonf? awG‹vkdufyg_yD =c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;a&;cJhonfh Armhp¶kduf/ArmhvuQ%m? olwdk‹tzkd‹ 1833 u vljzLwOD;a&;cJhaom ‘&mZ0ifpmtkyf’ u tajzay;vkdufyg_yD? “bmrSxl;rvmwm ArmawG&JŒ p¶kdufvuQ%ma-umifh” [k ed*kH;csKyfvkdufEkdif.?

1938 (1300 jynfh ta&;awmfykH ) ta&;edrfhpOfuvnf; t*Fvdyfrsm;u“ArmvlrsKd;wdk‹um; ZGJr&Sd/ aumuf¶kd;rD;vkd[kef;ceJx_yD; _idrfusoGm;wwf.” [k Armhp¶kdufvuQ%mukd owfrSwfzl;.? ta&;awmfykHtiftm;pkrsm;u ‘ ZGJ ’ oDcsif;jzifhwkH‹jyefcJh&zl;.?

1942 r S 48 umvwGi ft*Fvdyfwkd‹ Armhp¶kdufvuQ%mukd tvef‹w-um;awG‹vkdufawmhrS xk dtpJG u|wfoGm;ykH&onf? tar&duefwkd‹um; tpJGukd,ckrS &onf? tpJGukd c|wfay;-u&OD;rnf?

1999 wGif aemufwtkyf xkwfjyefonf? xkdkpmtkyfrSm ykdItokkH;wnfhvS.?a&SŒpmtkyfvkd Avef;rus/ AvmcsDrtkyf?“ody` Henf;us” a&;xm;ovkd a&;xm;onf? 1906 urS a&;xm;ojzifh acwfrD.?ArmwjynfvkH; odrf;ykdufxm;_yD; pdwfóudufavhvm a&;om;&ojzifh jynfhpkH./ t*Fvdyfri f ;rsm; vufpJ Gpmtky ftjzp f ok H ;&e fvufawG‹avhvm_yD; a&;om;xm;onfhtcsuftvufrsm;[k qkdonf?

,ckxkwfonfhpmtkyfrSm 1906ukd ðyjyi fr Gr f;r Hxm;aom 1921 ckE Sp fwwd,t}udrfxkwf pmtkyfjzpfonf?

xk dpmtkyfwGif wk di f ;&i f;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta-umif; tawmfjynfhpkHonf?e0w. vlrsK d ; (135) rsK d ;avmufyifjynfhpkHyg.? e0w u vlrsKd;EG,frsm; wef;pDjy¶kHom jy.? (ol‹twGuf xkdr#om vkdyg

onf)paumhurl pm&if;Z,m;rsm;/

tusifhp¶kdufrsm; okH;oyfcsufrsm;jzifh a0a0qmqm a&;onf?

Armta-umif;odyfra&;? a&SŒuvlawGa&;cJhor#ESifh vkHavmuf_yD[k ,lqykH&onf? ol‹pmtkyfwGif vlrsKd;a&;&efprsm;ukdrD;ar$;ay;xm;onf? vlrsKd;a&; &efwkdufr+rsm;uk dvnf; ody` Henf;us okawoevkyfovkdvk dESif h yg;yg;eyfeyf xnfhoGif;xm;onf?

cs Ky f&v#i f = olwk d ‹onf =a&S Œpmtky f (tDwvD c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;.pmtkyf) jzifh = ArmvlrsKd;wdk‹.tusifhp¶kdufvuQ%ma-umifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfykH ratmifrjrif jzpf&onf[ktajzxkwf.?

= aemufpmtkyf (t*FvdyfAsL¶kdu&uf. pmtkyf) jzifh vlrsKd;pk tiftm;pkwGif;rS tpdrf;oufouf vli,fuav;rsm;ukd jzm;a,mif;vSnfhpm;.? vlrsKd;pk0g&ifhacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm tawG‹tóuH &ifhusuf_yD;jzpfI vSnfhpm;Ir&Ekdifyg?

xkdpmtkyfu Armta-umif;taumif; ra&;ovdk vlrsKd;pkrsm;ta-umif;taumif; rajymyg? acwfaemufusr+rsm;/tpJ Gtvef;}uD;r+rsm;/ ¶k di f;pk di f;r+rsm;ud kca&aphwGif;usa&;onf? rnfokd‹ a&;xm;onfukd tus,frcsJŒawmhyg?

,ckwavmwGif ored&Snfaom/E k di fi Ha&;&nfr Se f ;c su f& S daom acwfr Dtajrm ftjri f& S daom vlrs K d ;p k tzJ G ‹tpnf;}uD;rsm;ukdausmfI ‘bk&m;ocifwyf’ qkdonfukd urBmausmfatmif a&;ae0g'jzef‹ae-uonf? Tokd‹ausmf-um;atmifvkyfjcif;jzifh vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf acwfaemufusonf/ tpJGtvef;}uD;onf/ ¶kdif;pkdif;onfqkdwmukd armif;cwfovkd jzpfae_yD? Tokd‹vkyfojzifh u|efawmfwdk‹ u&ifvlrsKd;pkrsm;.*k%foduQm !‡Kd;EGrf;&onf? u&ifvlrsKd;pkwkd‹. EkdifiHa&;tajccHukd wl;òzdypfovkd jzpfcJh&onf r[kwfygavm?

‘bk&m;ocifwyf’ . acwfaemufusr+/ tpJGtvef;}uD;r+ukd urBmausmfatmifvkyfjcif;u u&ifwrsKd;om;vkH;.

EkdifiHa&;ukd xdcdkdufapovdk &Srf;/ 0 ponfwkd‹ukdvnf; bdef;vkyfief;twGif; epfjrKyfaeovkd a&;ae-uonf? TonfrSmvnf;&Srf;/ 0 ponfwdk‹ukd ESdrfhcsjcif;yifjzpfonf?

KMT rsm; bdef;t}uD;tus,fvkyfpOfu xdkokd‹ a&;cJhygoavm? pOf;pm;csifhcsdef-uyg?

vlrs K d ;p kr sm;uk d tcsi f ;c si f ;&efwkdufay;jcif;onfvnf; ,ckwavmykdrsm;vmcJh.? ‘_idrf;’ tzJG‹rsm;ukd ppftpkd;&. &moufyef opPmawmfcHrsm;jzpfatmifwGef;ryk d ‹oifhay? r-umcifuawmh Akdvfcif!Gef‹ukd w¶kwfaoG;ygonf[k ajymvmjyefonf? xkdif;rS 0ef}uD;csKyf oufqifukdxdkokd‹rajym pOf;pm;p&myif?

Tokd ‹jzif h Armrygaom wyfaygif;p kzJ G ‹a&; jzpfvmonf? v+yf&Sm;r+wkdif;wGif Armrsm;ukd z,fxkwfxm;a&;/vlrsKd;pktcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;&mwGif Armpum;rokH;bJ t*Fvdyfpum;omokH;a&;awG‹vm&.?

“awmpy,fpDrHudef;” qkdaompDrHudef;ukdvnf; -um;vkduf&.? Armrsm;ESifhvrf;cJGa&;/ Armygv#if olwkd‹uom EkdifiHjcm;axmufyHhaiGawGukd emrnftrsKd;rsKd;ESifhxkwf,loGm;-uonf? igwkd‹r&vkduf pojzifhrauseyfoHrsm; tawmfrsm;rsm; -um;vkduf&onf?

tifwmeuf pmrsufESmwGi fvnf; vlrsKd;pkacgif;aqmif æææ avmuftajrmftjrif&S dol ArmxJwGifr&S d [lIvnf;aumif;/ tajrmftjrifr&Sdonfh Armacgi f ;aqmifrsm;a -umi f h ' Dr d kua&pDta&;awmfykH a&pkefarsmae&onf[laomta&;tom;rsm; zwfvkduf&.?

xdk ‹aemufwGifum; ab;xkdi fbkajym pGyfpJGaom tifwmeuf pmrsufESmrsm;ESi f h jyefvnf&Si f;vif;csufrsm;jzif htifwmeufwkdufyJG a0pnfvmawmhonf?

1939 u tjzpfrsK d; oHo&mwywf vnfvmav_yD?

u|efawmfwdk‹tm;vkH; owd&Sd-u&ygrnf? pp ftky fp konf jynfwGi f ;ppfrsufESmwGif “jyefvnfoifhjrwffa&;”vSnfhuGufqifae_yD; jynfyppfrsufESmwGif

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xkd;ppfqifaeygonf?1958 u ygwD. tawG‹tóuHudk wifjyygrnf? ArmawG

a-umifh 'dk‹&Srf;jynfu vli,fawG Auy/ jynfol‹&Jabmf/ tvHeD [lIjzpfae&onf? ArmawGuJGovdk vdkuf uJGaeIrjzpf? ArmawGrygwJh&Srf;jynf uGefjrLepfygwD oD;jcm;zJG‹&rnfqkd_yD; zJG‹-u onf?

xdkowif;ukd OD;AaqG/ ocif omcifwdk‹-um;_yD; cJGxGufolAuyrsm; (&Srf;jynfuGefjrLepfygwD ) ukd csOf;uyfonf? OD;AaqGuawmif}uD;/ ocifomcifu rkd;ukwftajccH_yD; cJGxGufolawGukdv#KdŒ0SufawG‹qkH-uonf? aemufqkH;csKyfvkdufaomtcg olwkd‹tm;vkH; vufeufcs-uonf? zqyv ESpfjcrf;ruJGrDuav;wGifausmufrJ Y vufeufcsyJG vkyfonf? vufeufcsyJG vkyfaomtcgzqyv uJG_yD;oGm;_yD? tdrfapmifhppftpkd;& wufvmaomtcgolwkd‹onf ppftkyfpk.trmcHrsm; jzpfoGm; -uawmhonf?

cJGumpu olwdk‹tvGefwufºuG -uonf? pDrHudef;}uD;-uonf? &Srf;u ArmjynfucJG/ w¶kwfjynfxJu ppfaqmifyEMm;/refpDwkdif;wkd‹ucJGxGuf/ ajrmufAD,uferfu 'ifAifzl;cJGxGuf/ tdENd,jynfxJrS tmoH&Sd t[kefrsm;u cJGxGuf/ ucsifjynfe,frSvnf;&Srf;eDrsm;cJGxGuf tm;vkH;ukd ,kd;',m;/ avmwdk‹ESifhaygif;_yD; ( UTR

- United Tai Republic ) zJG‹-urnf? }uD;us,fvSaom pdwful;yif?

xkdkpOfu ( UAR - United Arab Republic ) uzJG‹pnf;ptcsdef? SEATO uvnf; zJG‹_yD;p/ olwdk‹wawG tvGefpdwful;,OfI aumif;cJh-uonf?

okd‹aomf pdwful;onf b0r[kwf? b0uolwdk‹ukdppftkyfpkatmufokd‹ a&mufapcJh.? 1958 u vufeufcsoGm;olxJrSqkdv#if ( Auywkef;u wyfpkrSL;/ olwkd‹cJGaomtcg ppfa&;wm0efcHjzpfaeaom ) Akdvfrkd;[def;ESifh vlwpkom awmjyefckd-uonf?

awmjyefcdkaom Adkvfrkd;[def;onf UTR tdyfrufrufpOfu olwdk‹q&mwif ukd;uG,fcJhaom KMT w¶kwfbkef;}uD;tultnDjzifh KMT ESifh tquf&um KMT vufa0cHwav#mufvkH; vkyfoGm; ygonf?

&Srf;jynfuGefjrLepfqkdolrsm;u ay;cJhonfh oifcef;pmrSm ( 1 ) vlrsKd;pkrsm;u vlrsKd;a&;tvHukdif_yD; wdkuf-uv#ifArmvlrsKd;}uD;tvH ukdif xm;aom ppftkyfpk. rsKd0g;jcif;cH-u&rnf? ( 2 ) vlrsKd;a&;tvHukdifxm;ol vlrsKd;pktcsif;csif;ukd Armppftkyfpku &efwkdufay;wm cH-u&rnf? ( 3 ) vlOD;a&trsm;qkH;jzpfaom Armrsm;ukd 0kdif;y,fv#ifukd,fhukd,fukd 0kdif;y,fxm;ovdk jzpfvdrfhrnf? [lIjzpf.?

vlrsKd;a&;pdwf rdk;r$efpOfu rE Wav;onf &Srff;bmomrefwmav (vufyHyif ul;wkd‹qdyf&Gm ) rS qif;oufvmjcif; jzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;/ AE<Kvonf ucsif ‘ AE<K ’ rsKd;EG,frS rvjzpfonf[kvnf;aumif; ajymcJh-uonf? ESpf oef;aygif; 40 ut¶kd;awG‹onfudk ta-umif;ðy_yD; Akdvfoef;a&$u “jrefrmtpykHawmif u” [k ajymaeonfESifh wykHwnf;yif? tm;vkH;vlrsKd;a&;OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;enf; jzpfygonf? rdrd. odyHynmA[kokw tqifh

twef;ukd azmfjy-u&mvnf; a&mufygonf?TykHpHpOf;pm;ae-uv#if e,fcsJŒpepfopf. a-umhuGif;xJ

wjynfvkH; usa&muf&ygvdrfhrnf? ppfat;vGefacwf jzpfae_yDukdowdðyoifh-uonf?

( 3 )e,fcsJŒpepfa[mif;u ukdvkdeDodrf;ykdufa&;twGuf vkyfcJh

onfhenf;em a[mif;rsm;ukd e,fcsJŒopfu vdkufvkyfrnf r[kwfyg?c&pf,mefomoemðywdk‹/ olv#KdppfAkdvf oHwrefwdk‹ vkyfcJhovkdvnf; vkyfrnfr[kwfyg? olwkd‹.tajccHpdwfxm; ajymif;oGm;Iawmh r[kwf? acwfajymif;I jzpfonf? urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;acwfwGif &Sdonfh EkdifiHpkHaumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm; ( MNC )/ EkdifiHjzwfausmf aumfydka&;&Sif; }uD;rsm; ( TNC ) rsm;.vkdtifESifh e,fcsJŒpepfa[mif;acwfu &SdcJhonfh ukr%D}uD;rsm;.vkdtif rwl-uIjzpfygonf?

e,fcs JŒa[mif;acwfu ta&SŒtdEN d,ukr`%Dvk dukr`%D}uD;rsm;.vkdtifu e,fajrus,fus,f}uD;}uD;/ vlOD;a&rsm;rsm; vdkcsifygonf? opfvkyfief;vkyfonfh ukr%Du opfawmus,fus,f&av aumif;av/ a&eHuvnf; xdk‹twl/ ausmufoHywWjrm;orm;uvnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;/ tm;vkH;us,fus,f}uD;}uD; &csifonf? omoemðyrsm;uvnf; vlOD;a&rsm;rsm;ukdc&pf,mefbmomwGif; oGwfoGif;vdkonf?

xkdacwfu ausmufrD;aoG;acwf/ a&eHacwf (a&eHu,ckvnf; acwfrukef ao;)/ ukdvdkeDorm;rsm;ukd,fwdkif awmwkd;awmifausmf &Sm-u&/ "mwfcJG-u&onfhacwf jzpfonf? tm&Sjynfolwkd‹rSm xdkynm rwwf/ ya'o&mZfacwfwGif tdyfarmusqJ?

,ckxkdokd‹r[kwf_yD? vGwfvyf vm-u_yD? wlwvufESifhowˆK&Smonfh ynmru tjcm;ynmrsm;yg wkdif;&if;om;rsm;vkkyfwwfaeonf? ukdvkdeDorm;rsm; ukd,fwkdif vkyfp&mrvkd/opfxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh a&mfbm_cH}uD;rsm;vnf; ukd,fwkdif0ifvkyf&efrvkd/ wkdif;&if;om;rsm; vkyf-uvdrfhrnf?

,ckacwfwGif bk&ifcHxm;_yD; ukdvdkeDvkyf&efrvdk/ wm0ef}uD;onf/ vkyfIvnf;rjzpf? aumfyk da&;&Sif;refae*smxm;_yD;ukdvdkeDopf vkyfEkdifonf? refae*smu orRwxufykd_yD; -oZmtm%m}uD;aeonfh wkdif;jynfrsm; tar&duwkdufwGif &Sdaeonfr[kwfavm?

“Ekdi fi Hwum tzJG‹tpnf;u u,fwifr,fvkd‹cifAsm;wdk‹xifae-uykH ay:w,f? tJ'Dvkdxif-u&ifawmh cifAsm;wkd‹tnmcH&wmyJ? bD&GwfrSm jzpfcJhwm owd&-u? u|efawmfhrdwfaqGaumif;awG tJ'Dvdk tnmcH&_yD; aooGm;-uwmyJ?cifAsm;wkd‹ wa,mufrusefatmif vlowfyJGvkyfae-u&ifEkdifiHwum tzJG‹tpnf;u odyfauseyfw,f”( urBmhukvor*~ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf bl;x¶kd‹pf*gvDu wGwfqD[lwl acgif;aqmifrsm; aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGwGif ajymaompum;)

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,ckacwfwkdif;&if;om;rsm;wGifr&SdonfrSm t&if;tESD;ESifh acwfrDenf;ynmjzpfonf? Taomhcsufukd ukdifxm;¶kHjzifhe,fcsJŒopfonf t!‡mukd ukdifxm;_yD;jzp faeonf? tm&Sp D ;y Gm;a&; tusy ftwnf;wkef;u bmawGjzpfc J hoenf;?EkdifiHwumhaiGa-u;&efykHaiGtzJG‹ ( IMF )

bmawGvkyfcJhoenf;? Tonfyif e,fcsJŒopf.vkyfenf; jzpfawmhonf? e,fcs JŒa[mif;wkef;uvkd omoemðy rvdkawmh/ppfAdkvfrvkdawmh/ &mZ0ifpmtkyfrvkdawmh?

olwdk‹bmvkdoenf;? óud;qJG&murnhfol Ek difiHa&;tm%mykdif vdkonf?EkdifiHa&;tm%mykdiftjzpf olwdk‹udk,fwkdifvkyfonfhacwf r[kwfawmhyg? wa,mufraumif; wa,mufajymif;zdk‹om zdtm;ay;rnf?

( 4 ),ckacwfwGif pmwrf;rsm; urBm

wcGifwGif yvlys Haeonf/ zwfIrukef?tar&duef/ t*Fvef/ *smr%D/ jyifopf/w¶kwf/ tdENd,u xkwf-uonf? pm&if;ukefra&;awmhyg? tvGefrsm;ygonf? tpkd;&rsm;u xkwfjcif;rSm r&Sdoavmufyif? pmwrf;rsm; xkwfaeonfrSm tpkd;&ESifhrqkdifaomtzJG‹tpnf;rsm;/ okawoetoif;tzJG‹rsm;/wuUokdvfrsm;/ ynm&SiftpktzJG‹rsm;pojzifh&Sdygonf?

,ck -opa-w;vsrSpmtkyfud kr dwfqufay;yg&ap? er lemwcktjzp foabmxm;apvkdygonf?

Armjynfta&; “u|r f ;usi folrsm;” . pmwrf;rsm;[k qkdonf? -opa-w;vsrS xkwfa0onf? &mpkE Spfwckaemufusaeonf h &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;rxrf;aqmifEkdifonfh tcef;ukd olwdk‹wwyfwtm; xrf;aqmif&ef xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf?

-opa-w;vsrS pmwrf;rsm;uq,fpkESpfwckpmom a&;onf? &mZ0ifukdrvdkufyg? 1988 rS 1998 umvta-umif;om a&;onf? a&;olrsm;uvnf; pkHonf?tar&duefom;/ qDG'ifom;/ tdENd,om;/-opa-w;vsom;pojzifh pk Hvifygonf?Armjynfom;awmif ygvkdufao;onf?

olwk d ‹.pmwrf;rsm;rSm ynm&Si fpmwrf;[efaqmifxm;aom vkd&mqJ Gpmwrf;rsm;jzpfa-umif; odomygonf?pmtkyftrnfukdu “tm;}uD;onfh tpkd;&ESifh tm;enf;aomEkdifiH” [k ay;xm;ojzifhtwGif;oabmay:vGif_yD; jzpfygonf?

ausmif;om;vli,frsm;ukd “t-urf;rzufa&;” t,ltqjzifh wzufuxdef;csKyfxm;_yD; òrd ‹ay:wGifvkyf&rnf h tefwkr+enf;emrsm; vkyfapjcif;. &nf&G,fcsufonfe,fcsJŒpepfopfatmufokd‹ ppftpkd;&ukdESpfbuf!‡yftusyfukdif_yD; odrf;oGif;&efjzpf.? ðzwfcs&ef r[kwfyg? olwkd‹vkyfaeonfh “ydwfqkd‹a&;” ESifh twdkiftazmufnDnD v+yf&Sm;apjcif;om jzpf.? 10 ESpfvkyf_yD; bmrSrxl;aomtcg &mZ0ifpmtkyfta[mif;taqG;rsm; tultnD,lumArmhp¶kdufvuQ%mtay:ykHcs w&m;cH&Smvkduf.? Tokd‹ ukd,fvGwf¶kef;_yD;aomtcg&mZ0ifpmtkyftcef; ukefoGm;onf? a&SŒvkyfief;pOfcs&ef vkdvmonf?

e,fcsJŒpepfopftzkd‹ Ttcsdefonfaemufvlukdjzwfcsefxm;zkd‹ ajcukefokwf&rnfhtcsdef jzpfonf? ArmjynfwGif 'Drd kua&pDa&; atmifratmifu jy\emr[kwf? Armjynf tpdk;&ukd t&qJGxm;zkd‹ta&;}uD;onf?

wdkufwkdufqkdifqkdifyif ppfat;acwf_yD;qkH;jcif;ESifh ArmjynfwGif rqvòydusjcif;u wxyfwnf; usae.? xkd‹a-umifh ta&SŒOa&myenf;/ tif' k de D ;& Sm;enf; ( 86zdvpfykdifenf;vnf; ygonf) ukd vkyf-unfhcJh-ujcif; jzpfonf? rpG Hc J h ? 1997 wGi ftmqD,Hokd‹ 0ifEkdifoGm;onf? ppftpkd;&tzdk‹cGifus,fus,f&oGm;onf?

xkdtajctaewGif a&SŒvkyfief; jrefjrefcs&rnf? tDwvDc&pf,mefbkef;}uD;vk da&;Irjzpf? e,fcs JŒa[mif; AsL¶k du&ufvd kvnf;r&? urBm htoGi faqmifa&;(globalisation) pdwf"mwf/ owif;enf;ynm ( I.T ) tjrifESifh a&;&rnf?

Armjynfr Sm vufwiftar& duwd ki f;jynfwjynfjzpfv#if pdwf0ifpm;r+r&S donfhEkdifiH jzpfayvdrfhrnf? ,ckawmhpdwf0ifpm;ol rsm;ygonf? tdEN d,ESif hw¶kwfjynf-um; &S dae¶k Hru vufusef

uGefjrLepftm%m&EkdifiH okH;EkdifiHESifh (wcku_cHpnf;¶kd;jcm; tdrfeD;csif;/ ESpfcku taygif;toif;) &if;ESD;onf?

Armjynfta&;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;-uonfh t"duEkdifiHwumhZmwfaqmifrsm;ukdpm&if;cs&aomf rygrjzpfyg&rnfh urBmhAkdvf}uD; tar&duef/ aemuft&Sifocifa[mif; t*Fvdyf/ aemuft&Sifocifa[mif;yifjzpfonfh *syef/ urBmtoGifaqmifa&;acwfwGif wGifus,fcsifaom -opa-w;vsygvmonf? olwkd‹tjyif ya'o&mZfacwfuwnf;u wa-umif;r[kwfwa-umif;pdwf0ifpm;-uonfh tdrfeD;csif;tm;vkH;ESifhta&SŒawmiftm&SrS teD;ta0;EkdifiHrsm; yg-uonf? Armjynfta&;udk bufaygif;pkHpD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ ppfa&; pdwf0ifpm;jcif;ukdtxl;ðyygonf? omrefpdwf0ifpm;onfhEkdifiHrsm;ukd xnfhrwGufyg?

20 &mpkESif hpmv#if ZmwfaqmiftopfrSm tar&duef/ -opa-w;vsESif hta0;rS ta&SŒawmiftm&S EdkifiHrsm; jzpfygonf? tdrfeD;csif;rsm;uawmh ya'o&mZfacwfuwnf;u òyH;wvSnfh rkef;wvSnfhqufqHa&;&Sd_yD; jzpfonf?

tar&duefrSm urBm&Gm. tm%m&òr d ‹0e f / -opa-w;vsu vufaxmufjzpfygonf[k olwkd‹0ef}uD;csKyfudk,fwkdifta&SŒwDarm udpPwkef;u wufºuG_yD;ajymxGufzl;ygonf? aemufrSol‹pum;ukdav#mcsvkduf&ygonf?

t*Fvdy fuawmh tar&due f.tqifhedrfhtaygif;tazmf ( junior part-

ner ) yg[k 0ef}uD;csKyfukd,fwkdif ajymygonf?xkdpum;ukd tcktxd r¶kyfodrf;yg?

uGefjrLepfrsm; tpdk;&drfqk H;rSm TokH;EkdifiHESifh *syef jzpfygonf? t*FvdyfrSmOa&mywGif&S daeIom Oa&myor*~wGifygaeaomfvnf; pdwf"mwfuawmh ork'N&mausmf_yD; tar&duefESi f h eD;pyfygonf?orkdif;a-umifh/ pum;wlaoma-umifh csnf;r[kwfyg ? olwOD;wnf; rnfok d ‹r #rpGrf;Ekdifaom urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;wGiftar&duef.aemufu ygcsifaoma-umifhjzpfygonf?

rnfr#txd tydk;usKd;aeoenf;[lrljyi fopf / *smr%Dwd k ‹u tar&duef.

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ol‹wukd,faumif;}uHonfh 'kH;cGif;'kH;pDrHudef;( NMD ) ukd uef‹uGufygonf? t*Fvdyfua0hvnfvnf vkyfaeygonf? t*FvdyfwGif*syefvdk a'owGif; 'kH;ysHumuG,fa&;( TMD ) tm;uk d; &S daeI r[kwfyg?t*Fvefu|ef;ukduGufI ( TMD ) vkyfvdk‹rjzpfyg?

bma-umifh t*Fvdyfu ajAmifruef‹uGufoenf;? jzpfEkdifonfrSm ta&;ta-umif;&Sdv#if tar&duef. ( NMD )

atmuf 0ifcdkrnf[k pdwful;aoma-umifhjzpfykH&ygonf? t*Fvdyftm;vkH; ork'N&mausmf_yD; ajy;-urnf r[kwfyg? t*Fvdyf"e&Sif}uD; vlwef;pm;om ajy;0ifckdv+HEkdifygonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;uvnf;Tokd‹ vkyfzl;ygonf?

e,fcsJŒopftiftm;pktm;vkH;onfppftpkd;&ukd rnfokd‹usKH;oGif;rvJ [lIompOf;pm;-uygonf? txufazmfjyyg -opa-w;vs xkwfpmtkyfwGif ArmjynfwGif' Dr d kua&pD&a&;u a0;ao;onf? ppftpkd;&u tm;}uD;aeonf? jzpfcsifwmxufjzpfEkdifwmyJ vkyf-u &rnf[k okH;oyfonf?

TokH;oyfcsufukd tajcðyI oef&moef&m a&;-ujcif; jzpfonf?

aemufrygrjzpfyg&rnfh qdk&S,fvpfw¶kwfjynfqef‹usifa&; a&;onf? Armjynfukd w¶kwf-oZmatmufu qJGxkwf&rnf[kqkdonf? olwkd‹.a&;ykH/ tom;ay;ykH tzdtazmhum; uGmjcm;-uonf? a&;onfhaxmifhcsif;vnf; rwl-uyg? tar&duefom;a&;v#if urBmhAkdvf}uD;axmifhrS a&;onf?a-u;pm;u a-u;pm;axmifh/ tdENd,om;utdENd,axmifhrS a&;-uonf?

qdk&S,fvpfw¶kwfjynfqef‹usifa&;a&;v#if ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDta-umif;enf;enf;awmh yg&onf? Armjynfta-umif; a&;aeonfyJ?

1988 rSpI 10 ESpf vkyfcJhonfhtay:okH;oyf&mwGif tm;vkH;u rSm;cJhonf[kwoabmwnf; &S d-uonf? wa,mufuawmh q,fESpfvkH;vkH; aumvm[vtay: tajccHvkyfc J hI rSm;c J honf[kjywfjywfa&;onf? “ppfwyftwGif; tkyfpkuJGae_yD/ acgif;rm*kd%f;ESifh aysmhaysmif;onfh*kd%f; uJGaeonf? w¶kwfuodrf;awmhrnf?

ppftpk d;& òydusawmhrnf” [laomaumvm[vrsm;ukd tajccH_yD; vkyfcJhIrSm;onf[k qkdonf? aemufqkH;awmh ppftpkd;&uwnf_idrfum tm%m_rJaeonf[kqkdonf?

aumvm[vukd rnfolawG jzef‹oenf;? Akdvfarmifat;ESif h Akdvfcif!Gef‹“*kd%f;wkdufyJG” ukd b,folawGu tESH‹tjym; jzef‹oenf;? tjypfukd 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfy k H wd kufy J G0i folrsm;tay:ykHcsIr&yg?

Akdvfarmifat;/ Akdvfcif!Gef‹ *kd%f;uJGr+owif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;xHrSpcJ hjcif;r[kwfyg? “_idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yJ G”qkdonfrsm;u pcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ppftkyfpk0ifrsm; bDvl;acgif;pGyf/ rif;om;acgif;pGyf pGyf_yD;us&mZmwf¶kyfukd yDyDjyifjyifo¶kyfaqmif-u&mrS rsufpdvnf-ujcif; jzpfonf? ppftkyfpk0ifrsm;wGif yÉdyuQ r&Sdr[kwf &Sdygonf?,cifuvnf; &SdcJhonf? ,ckvnf; &Sdonf?aemifvnf; &SdOD;rnf? okd‹aomf &efbufyÉdyuQokd‹ trsm;tm;jzifh ul;ajymif;avhr&Sd-u? ( 58 ) tm%modrf;yJG/ ( 62 ) tm%modrf;yJG/ ( 88 ) tm%modrf;yJGwkd‹wGif yg0ifaom ppftkyfpktzJG‹0ifrsm; uJG-uygonf?wðzwfðzwfvnf; ðywf-uygonf? okd‹aomfolwkd‹ &efbufyÉdyuQokd‹ ul;ajymif;roGm;yg?

e0w tuJGt_yJukdd ykH}uD;csJŒolrsm;rSme,fcsJŒtiftm;pkrsm; jzpfonf? tar&dueftawG‹tóuH0g'jzifh ykH}uD;csJŒvkduf-ujcif;jzpfonf? tar&duefonf awmifukd&D;,m;/awmifAD,uferf/ uarBm'D;,m;/ avmwkd‹wGif ppftkyfpkESif h qufqHonfh tawG‹tóuHrsm; &SdcJhonf? xkdtawG‹tóuHrsm;ESifhykHwll[yf_yD; ArmjynfwGif ppftkyfpk tuJGt_yJukd ykH}uD;csJŒjcif; jzpfonf? ywfcsKH[D;/c|ef'l;[Grf/ idk'ifZif/ a'gifAefrif;/ aumifuD;/vkHEdk;/ zlrDEkdqmAef polrsm;ESifh qufqHcJhonfhtawG‹tóuHudk,l_yD; ykH}uD;csJŒjcif; jzpfonf?ArmjynfESifh xkdwdkif;jynfrsm; rwlonfukdowdrðy? xkd‹tjyif xkdwkdif;jynfrsm;wGiftar&duefwyf}uD; &Sdaeonf/ -oZm}uD;onfukd owdrðy? qENapm_yD; ykH}uD;csJŒ-uonf? ratmifjrifaomtcg olrsm;tay:tjypfykHcsonf?

ppftkyfpk0ifrsm; ( 58 jzpfjzpf/ 62

jzp f jzpf / 88 jzp f jzpf ) tm;vk H ;onfAkdvfae0if;aus;Zl;ESifh ruif;-uyg? t*Fvdyfu tdENd,wGif ppfajy;b0u aumfr&Sifay;xm;aom ppfwy f. txufv$mw&yfvkH;udk Akdvfae0if;&Sif;ypfcJhonf? Todk‹jzifhf tpkd;&ppfwyf. txufv$mrSm olwkd‹Armqdk&S,fvpfppfAkkdvfawG jzpfvm-uonf?Taus;Zl;onf olwdk‹tay: Akdvfae0if;ðycJhonfh yxrqkH;aus;Zl; jzpfonf? aemufawmh aus;Zl;awG w&pf_yD;w&pf wufvmonf? orRwawG/ 0ef}uD;csKyfawG/ 0ef}uD;awG Adkvfae0if;cef‹cJhonf? olwdk‹wawGxJrSppftkyfpk0i f jzpfcJ hwm rSm;ygonf[kAk dvfwifOD; wOD;om 0efcHonf? usefppfAkdvfrsm; Tokd‹ajAmifrajym-uonfukd-unfhyg? aemufqkH;tokwf xkwfvkdufonfhAkdvfxGef;-unf/ AkdvfrsKd;!Gef‹/ Akdvfausmfbvnf; rajymyg? 0efrcHyg? TonfrSmArmjynf ppftkyfpk. xl;jcm;csufjzpfygonf?Txl;jcm;csufudk r-unfhbJ awmifAD,uferf/ awmifukd&D;,m;wkd‹ESifh ykHwl[yfolrsm;om t"duwm0ef ,l-u&rnf?ausmif;om;vli,frsm;wGif t"duwm0efr&Sdyg?

ratmifjrifv#if ud k,fvGwf¶kef;_yD;olrsm;tay: tjypfykHcsjcif;onf tar&duef. vufokkH;enf; jzpfonf? r-umrD xkdokd‹xyfvkyfOD;rvm;[k pkd;&drfrdonf?

wdkufyJG0ifausmif;om;vli,f tawmfrsm;rsm;onf wcs de fc s de fu ppftpk d ;&axmufvSrf;a&; tzrf;cH&zl;-uonf? ppfa-uma&;wGif axmufvSrf;a&;wa,mufubDvl;}udrf;}udrf;_yD; ESdyfpuf/ aemufwOD;urif;om;acgif;aqmif;_yD; taysmhqJG qJG/ 'grsKd;óuHcJ hz l;onf? wjynfvk H;twGufvnf;Ak dvfpdefvGif. t-urf;zufr+ESif h Ad kvf(a'gufwm) armifarmif. taysmhqJG óuHcJhzl;onfyJ? olwkd‹rsufpd rvnfyg?

aumvm[vtay: ykH,kHolawGrSme,fcsJŒorm;rsm; jzpfonf? tckrS olrsm;tay: ykHcs_yD; ay:vpDajymif;csif-uonf?

( 5 )ay:vpD tajymi f ;tvJud k

a':vmwbDvsHESifhjr‡Ljcif; (taemufEkdifiHrsm;enf;)/ vl‹tcGif hta&; oifwef;jzif h

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9

r#m;jcif; (-opa-w;vsenf;) / taxmuftyHh tuef‹towfESifhay;jcif; (*syefenf;)vkyfae-uonf?

r-umrDuawmh “rav;&Sm;enf;” vkyfvmonf? trSefrSm r[moD,m/&mZmvDtpPar;wkd‹ vkyfIom rav;enf;[k vG,fvG,fac:ygonf? tESpfom&u*syefenf;/ tm&Senf; jzpfygonf? rav;&Sm;qDu rnfokd‹r# rsm;rsm;pm;pm; &p&mr&Sda-umif; ppftpkd;&odygonf? r[moD,m.aemufu *syef.aiGa-u;ukd ppftpk d;&rufjcif; jzpfygonf? &mZmvDcsdwfxm;aomukvor*~ qkdif;bkwfukd vkdvm;jcif; jzpfygonf?

ppftpkd;&u *syef‹tultnDudkrufojzifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJG[k rnfokd‹r#rajymEkdifaom ppftpkd;&axmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfacgif;aqmifawG‹jcif;ukd ,ckykH}uD;csJŒae-uygonf? olwkd‹. ay:vpDopfatmifyJG[kajymcsif-uygonf?

tm;vkH;uvnf; “igvkyfwm”/“ighzdtm;a-umifh” [k vufraxmifae-uygonf? t*Fvdyfuk dvd keDacwfu vljzLta&;ykdif. tjzpfrsKd; róuH&ygapESifh[komqkawmif;ae&ygonf? awmypfxGufaomta&;ykdifu olypfvkdufI awmaumifukdrSefonfxif_yD; “igypfwm” [k ºuGm;onf?oGm;-unfhaomtcg vJaoaeonfrSmawmaumifr[kwf/ vljzpfaeonf? xkdtcgcsufcsif;yif “igypfwm r[kwfbl;” [kta&;ykdif}uD;u ajymonf[k qkdygonf?

,ckvnf; olwkd‹wawG “igypfwm” vkyfaeygonf? aphpyfa&;aqG;aEG;yJGuawmh ta0; }uD; ? zr f ;xm;oluk daxmufvSrf;a&; t}uD;tuJu a&-unftkdif rac:bJ wuUokdvf&dyfomvrf;wGifoGm;awG‹jcif;om[k ajymv#ifvnf; jzpfaeonf?

ykHjyifxJwGif rSm;typfcH&onfuvlwa,muf? ,ckr Sm;ypfc H&v#i f c H&onfu jynfolw&yfvkH; jzpfygvdrfhrnf?

ArmjynfuGef jrLepfygwDonfb,folyp fyp f “r Sm; _y D ;typfc Hrnfr[kwfyg”? 'Drd kua&pD tiftm;pkwkdif;

onfvnf; “rSm;typfcH-u rnf r[kwfyg”?jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;uvnf; ordkif;aºuG;wifcH-urnf r[kwfyg?

( 6 )ppfat;vGefacwf ra&mufrD

1980 ckESpfuyif Armjynf. vufawG‹tajctaeukd okH;oyf_yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ygwDpk H' Dr d kua&pD tqk d ðycsufwifcJhygonf? jynfcspf0g' OD;xdyfxm;_yD;wifjcif; jzpfygonf?

Armjynf Ek difiHa&;avmuwGifwtHhw-o jzpfoGm;ygonf? OD;Eku “ta&;óuHv#if armifEkukd a&SŒwef;wGif awG‹&rnf”[k ta-umif;jyefonf? “us&mwm0ef,lrnf” [k a jymolvnf; & S donf?OD;ausmf_idrf;uyif “'Dwcgawmh uGefjrLepfawGeJ‹ woabmwnf;yJ” [k ajymonf?

1988 tkHºuGr+ 'Da&jrifhcsdefwGifAuy u csihfcsifhcsdefcsdef ajcvSrf;vSrf;onf?ukd,fhtxJuyif rcsifhr&Jjzpfatmif csifhcsdef_yD;ajcvSrf;vSrf;onf? Tok d ‹ajcvSrf;vSrf;aecs de fwGi fpwifyJGzsufolrSm Akdvfatmif}uD;jzpfonf?ppftkyfpkESifh (Akdvfae0if;ESifh) em;vnfr+,l_yD;“axmifu vGwfvmaom” Akdvfatmif}uD;u y'krRmuGif;wGif rdef‹cGef;ay;onf? “'Drdkua&pD zcif}uD;” bJG‹cH,lonf? “wyfrawmfudk pdwfeJ‹awmif rjypfrSm;eJ‹” [k ajymonf?Tpum;ukd ukd,fwkdifwkdifay;_yD; vlxkukdvdkufI&Gwfaponf?

ta-umif;&Sdygonf? Akdvfae0if;ESifh em;vnfr+,lcJhonfrSm wyfudk/ wkdif;jynfukd _idrfatmifxdef;zdk ‹ jzpfonf? Akdvf(a'gufwm) armifarmif rxdef;Ekdifawmh?

Akdvfae0if;ESifh Akdvfatmif}uD;qufqHa&;wGif tjzpftysufwck &Sdonf?xdktjzpftysufukd Akdvfatmif}uD;udk,fwdkifa&;xm;I od&jciff; jzpfonf?

1962 wGif *syefjynfrS jyefvmump Ak dvfatmif}uD;uk d Ad kvfae0if;uac:awG‹onf? “Akdvfatmif}uD;ukd udk,fr,kHawmhbl;/ udk,fhukdvnf; Akdvfatmif}uD;r,kHbl;/ 'Dawmh'Dvdkvkyf&atmif/ wyfeJ‹wkdif;jynfukd Akdvfatmif}uD; xdef;Ekdifr,f

qd k&if ud k,fxGufr,f? Ak dvfatmif}uD;rxdef;Ekdif&if Akdvfatmif}uD;xGufay;” [kac:ajyma-umif;?

Akdvfatmif}uD;u ¶kH;cef;jyefoGm;_yD; tcsdefrqdkif;bJ xGufpmwifcJha-umif;/aemuf ‘*l;bm;&dyfom’ ( jrpf}uD;em;ajrmufbuf ) okd‹ ukd,fhukd,fukd rJZmykd‹cJha-umif; Akdvfatmif}uD;a&;I zwf&zl;onf?( Akdvfatmif}uD;raocif a&;cJhor#pmawGpmtkyftjzpf xkwfxm;oifhw,f )

1988 wGif AkdvfpdefvGif/ Ak dvf(a'gufwm) armifarmif vlajymif;xdef;aomfvnf; xdef;r&/ wyfòydawmhrnf? xdktcg ( 26 ) ESpfu pum;t& Akdvfatmif}uD;xdef;&rnhf tvSnfha&mufonf?

A k dvfatmif }uD;u “,m,Dtpk d ;&” ol‹oabmESif hol z J G ‹vk dojzif hppfwyfukd pwifpnf;¶kH;jcif; jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umifh “pdwfeJ‹awmif rjypfrSm;eJ‹” [kvlxkukd rdef‹cGef;a¹cGjcif; jzpfonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;okd‹ AkdvfrSL;atmifukd wzufvSnfhac:xm;ao;onf? ppfwyfukd xdef;csifonfhtwGuf jzpfonf?

Ak dvfatmif}uD;um; “,m,Dtpdk;&” rzJG‹vdkuf&? ausmif;om;or*~( Auo) u y,fcsvkdufonf? okd‹aomf

OD;Eku &moufyef 0ef}uD;csKyfqdk_yD; Akdvfatmif}uD;ukdausm&ef “,m,Dtpkd;&” wu,fzJG‹vdkufonf? yJGum;ysufav_yD?

ygwDu xdkpOfu }uD; 5 }uD;[kwGifaeaomolrsm; tm;vkH;pkaygif;_yD;“,m,Dtpkd;&” zJG‹apcsifonf? xdkokd‹zJG‹jzpfv#if ygwDu rdrdwyfESif hwuG xkd,m,Dtpkd;&ukd ausmaxmufaemufcHðyrnf[k}uH&G,fcJhonf?

olwrsKd;ukd,fwzkH vkyf-u&if;rif;rJ h0g'jzpfvm_yD/ wyfutm%modrf;&rnf[k Akdvfatmif}uD;u (Adkvfae0if;ESifhwk di fyi fIjzpfap/ em;vnfr+ESi f h jzpfap)tcgay;awmhonf? Tokd ‹ jzi f h 1988pufwifbm tm%modrf;yJG jzpfvm&onf?Akdvfcif!Gef‹vnf; vlwGifus,fp_yD; jzpfvmawmhonf?

tm;vkH;om wnDw!Gwfwnf;

jynfolhtm%m

10

vkyf-uv#if/ Ak dvfatmif}uD;uomp_yD;y J Grzsufv#i f O D;Ekuvnf;yJ Grzsufv#i ftrsK d ;om;nD!Gwfa&;. tajccH&vmaumif; ayonf?

,ckvnf; Auyonf ppftpkd;&ESifh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ukd vkddvm;ygonf? okd‹aomfxkdr#ESifh&yfI rjzpf? trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&OD;rnf[k ,kH-unfonf?

trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;rSm tvGefus,fajymygonf? ‘ESpfyGifhqkdif’ ‘okH;yGifhqdkif’r#ESifh&yfae&efr[kwfyg?

bma-umifh trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;vJ? acwfESifhtrD vdkufEkdif&efjzpfonf?Akdvfcif!Gef‹ "mwfpmus_yD; ajymaompum;ESifh ajym&aomf jzwfvrf;uae acwfESifhtrDvkduf&ef jzpfonf?

Armjynf rnfr#aemufususef&pfonf qkdonfukd tm;vkH;od-uygonf? ppftkyfpkvnf;odrnfrSm aocsmygonf? okd‹aomf olwdk‹a-umufaeonf?acwfESif htrDvdkufvd kv#if zGif hay;&rnf?zGifhay;v#if ppftkyfpktm%m r_rJEkdifawmh?ppftpk d;& r&S dE d ki fawmh? wyfrawmfutrsKd;om;Ek difiHa&;wGifOD;aqmifr+ ray;Edkifawmh? xdk‹a-umifh ydwfxm;onf? ydwfxm;onfrSm touf¶SLr&atmif jzpfaeonf? “oifhb0” r*~Zif;ta&;tom;rsKd;ukdyif ydwfaeonf? uGefysLwmuGef,ufESifhqufzdk‹um; a0;ao;onf? &,fp&mawmhaumif;onf? awmcdkonfhausmif;om;uuGefysLwmuGef,ufESifh t&ifawG‹&onf?u|rf;usif-uonf? òrd ‹ay:usef&pfonfhausmif;om;u uGefysLwmukd jrifzl;¶k H?TykHpHjzif hqdkv#if acwfESif htrDvkdufzk d ‹a0;ao;onf?

acwfrDody`HynmESifh enf;ynmESifh uif;uGmaev#if acwfESifhtrD rnfonhfwdkif;jynfr# rvkdufEkdifyg? acwfrDodyHynmESifhenf;ynmonf e,fcs JŒpepf r[kwfyg?t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;ykdifonfhypPnf;vnf;r[kwfyg? vlom;w&yfvkH;. ukd,fykdifypPnf;jzpfygonf?

acwfrDody`HynmESifh enf;ynmwGif orkdif;tp&Sdaomfvnf; vlom;rsKd;EG,f

&Sdaeor# rnfonfhtcgwGifr# ed*kH;csKyfrnfr[kwfyg? ol.tpukd vd kufv#ifvnf;vlom;rsm; ay:uwnf;u jzpfygonf?odyHESifh enf;ynmudk rnfolr# “rlydkifcGifh”rSwfykHwifxm;I r&yg?

pp ftpk d ;&u uGe fy sLwmuGef,ufESifh csdwfqufcGifh ay;&rnfukdyifa-umufaev#if rnfokd‹trDvkduf-urnfenf;?

Twcs D trDrvk dufE k di fv#i frnfonfhtcgr# rDawmhrnf r[kwfyg? urBmhordkif;wGif tvSrf;cyfuGmuGm usef&pfonfhwkdif;jynfrsm; aysmufuG,fcJhzl;onfh om"u&Sdygonf?

pp ftky fp konf r dr dtm%mvufrvGwfa&;om-unf h_yD; wd ki f;jynfjzpfcsif&mjzpfqkd_yD; epfematmifrvkyfoifhyg?e,fcsJŒpepfa[mif;ukd wdkufcJhpOfu okH;cJhaomenf;emrsm;jzifhvnff; e,fcsJŒpepfopfukd &ifrqdkifEkdifyg? vlrsKd;a&; vH+‹aqmfv#if“,kd;',m;eJ‹ ukvm;ygEkdifcJhwm” vkyfaev#if tcef‹roifhu ppfyifjzpfEdkifygonf?

tcef‹roifhqkdonfrSm ukd,fuudk,fhjynfwGif; vkdtyfcsufa-umifh vlrsKd;a&;pdwfvH+ ‹aqmf/ oluvnf; ol‹ jynfwGif;vdktyfcsufa-umifh vlrsKd;a&;pdwf tòydiftqd ki f vH + ‹aqmf-u&i f t&S de fvGe f _y D ;aemufqkH;wGif rnfolrSrxdef;EkdifbJ ppfjzpfrnfukdqkdjcif; jzpfonf?

ukd,fhrSmbk&ifhaemif&Sdovdk ol‹rSmz,m;wufqif &Sdonf? ukd,fhtajctaeuwnf_idrfr+/ _idrf;csrf;r+ r&Sdwmvnf; wGufyg?[kdwkef;uawmh ArmjynfxJ ukd,fhbmomoHukef[pfaeOD;awmh xdkif;uod-urnfr[kwf? odvnf;olwkd‹rwwfEkdif?

,ckxkdokd‹r[kwf_yD/ -um;-u od-urnf? _yD;v#if tokH;cs-urnf? e,fcsJŒvufopfuvnf; aoG;xdk;ay;vdrfhrnf?

v l r s K d ; a & ; pp f j zp fvmv #i fuGefjrLepfrsm;onf jyifopf y&yf&Sm;ppfyJGYrm hufp f tde f*,fwk d ‹ &y fwnfc J hovd kazmuf jye fa&; tpd k ;&rsm;u zefwD;vdkufonfh vlrsdK;a&;ppfyGJtwGif; ryg0ifbJrdrdoufqdkif&m azmufjyefa&;tpdk;&udkOD;wnfwdkufa&;udkom aZmufcsvkyfaqmif-urnf jzpfonf? vlrsKd;a&;vH+‹aqmfr+onf

vlrsKd;a&;pdwfukd tjyif;xefqkH;E+d;qGay;_yD;zufqpf0g'okd‹vnf; OD;wnfwwfonf?ArmwGif vlrdsK;a&;pdwf&Sdovdk &ckdif/ &Srf;/ rGef/u&if/ ucsif ponfwdk ‹wGif vlrsK d;a&;pdwfrsm; &S d -uonf? vlrsK d;a&;pdwfrsm;xºuGvmv#i f tusem-uvdr f hrnf?tm;vkH;wGif &mZ0if &Sd-uonf? orddkdif;&Sd-uonf?

Tae&mwGif u|efawmfwdk‹ukdtaumif;qkH;rarhEdkifatmif ynmay;oGm;onfh *syefuGefjrLepfta-umif; wifjyvkdonf?

jynfywae&m E k di fi HwumuGefjrLepfrsm;. rdwfqkHyJ GwGif óuH&jcif;jzpfonf? rdwfqkHyJGxkH;pH a&mufwwf&m&majym-u&if; u|efawmfwdk‹&Jabmfu *syefuGefjrLepfukd *syefvdkajym_yD; a&monf?olu tH htm;oif hoGm;_yD; *syefpum;b,fvdkwwfvmovJ ar;onf? *syefArmjynfodrf;xm;wkef;u *syefpmoifausmif;wGif oifIwwfa-umif; ajzvkdufonf? olrsufE Smy sufoGm;onf?u|efawmfwdk‹&Jabmfu owdrxm;rdvdkfuf?,rumt&S de f jzi f h *syefoDcsi f ;xyf _y D;qkdjyvkdufonf? xdktcg *syefuGefjrLepfursuf&nfawGawGus&if; rqkd&ef awmif;yefonf? *syefzufqpfoDcsi f;jzpfa-umif;& Si f; jy_y D; / *syefzufqpfawG ArmjynfjynfolawGtay: vkyfcJhwJhtjypfrsm;twGufcGifhv$wf&efawmif;yefonf? ol.rsuf&nfonf jynfcspf0g'a-umifhusonfhrsuf&nf?awmif;yefjcif;onfvnf; jynfcspf0g't&awmif;yefjcif; jzpfonf? *syefjynfuk dolcspfonf?

orkdif;aºuG;ESifh ywfoufonfhuGefjrLepfwdk‹tjrifrSm txufygtwkdif;jzpfonf? ordkif;aºuG;&Sdv#if awmif;yef&rnf? ukd,fu &&ef&S donfhaºuG;jzpfv#ifcGifhv$wfwwf&rnf? jynfolcsif; qufqHa&;wGif Ttwdkif; jzpfoifhonf? twdwfaºuG;ukd ypPKy`efokd‹ ,lrvmoifh? orkdif;aºuG;qkdonfrSm jynfyokd‹wifonfhaºuG;omqkdvkdjcif; r[kwf? jynfwGif;aºuG;rsm;vnf;ygonf?

*syefppfcsDoDcsif;ukd jrefrmr+ ðyxm;aom ppfcsDoDcsif;rsm;ukd tpkd;&ppfwyf

jynfolhtm%m

11

u ,ckxd _rdefa&&Sufa& qkdae-uonf?vuf&Sd *syefppf0g'Drsm;uvnf; ighwynfh}uD;aumif;pm;aeonfqdk_yD; auseyftm;&aeonf? Tum; ppftkyfpkcsif; ppf0g'Dcsif;.qufqHa&; jzp fonf? jynfolc si f ;qufqHa&; r[kwf?

( 7 )ppftpd k ;&u 20 &mpktpu

e,fcsJŒqef‹usifa&; vkyfenf;jzifh “e,fcsJŒqef‹usif” aejcif;onf xdkenf; acwfrrDawmha-umif; rodIr[kwf odygonf?

odaomfvnf; acwfopfe,fcsJŒukd acwfopfenf;ESifh rqef‹usif&Jyg? t&if;tESD;ESifh acwfrDenf;ynm r&rSm pkd;ygonf?xd k ‹a -umif h usefppfom;§bk&if haemifvkyfvdkuf/ jrefrmtpykHawmifu vkyfvdkufvkyfaejcif; jzpfygonf? ykHawmifawG‹&Sdr+.aus;Zl;&SifokawoDukd ab;z,f_yD; olwkd‹0ifae&m,l-ujcif; jzpfygonf?

rsufarG;wqkH;om tajrmftjrif& S d _y D ; vufawG‹tok H;csa&;0g'jzif homvkyfae-uv#if wdkif;jynfa&wdrf epfygvdrfhrnf?

wkdi f;jynftaeESif h atmufygtcsuf}uD; okH;ckukd tjrefvkyfoifhygonf? ( 1 ) jynfwGi f; _i dr f;csr f;a&;ppfppfwnfaqmufa&; ( 2 ) 'Drdkua&pDppfppf xlaxmifa&; ( 3 ) jynfaxmifpkppfppf zJG‹pnf;a&;jzpfygonf?

txufyg ppfppfokH;ck vkyfa&;xJrS jynfaxmifpkppfppf zJ G ‹pnf;a&;ESif hywfoufI uGefjrLepfwdk‹. oabmxm;ukdwifjyygrnf?

jynfaxmifpkppfppf aºuG;a-umfoHukd 1956 = 57 wGif wifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?10 ESpfjynfhaomtcg &Srf;jynfcJ GrcJ Guk dpOf;pm;-u&if; TaºuG;a-umfoH &vmjcif;jzpfygonf? rE Wav;wGifpjcif; jzpfygonf?

56 = 57 u &Srf;jynfrS wkd;wufonfh acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ygwDu &Srf;jynfta&; aqG;aEG;cJhygonf? 10 ESpfaphv#ifcJGrcJGpOf;pm;-ujcif; jzpfygonf? oabmwlnDcsufwck &cJ hygonf? jynfaxmifpkpp fpp fqk dv#i f rc J G ? ,ck& S donfr Sm

jynfaxmifpkqk di f;bkwf cs d dwfxm;aomwjynfaxmifpepfjzpfonf[k oabm&-uygonf?

ygwDuvnf; rdrdwdk‹odor# wifjyygonf? 1945 zqyv wnDw!Gwfwnf;&SdpOfu/ trsKd;om;nD!Gwffa&; &SdpOfuArmjynfaemi fa&;E Si f h ywfouf_y D ;Akdvfatmifqef;ESifh woabmwnf; &SdcJ honf? vGwfvyfonfh Armjynf. Ek difiHzJG‹pnf;ykHpepfonf jynfaxmifpk orRwEkdifiHjzpf&rnf[k oabm&cJh-uonf[k wifjyygonf?

xdkoabmwlcsuft& v+yf&Sm;cJhojzi f h & Sr f ; jynfr Swk d ;wufolrsm;.axmufcHr+ Akdvfatmifqef;&cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? Twkd;wufolrsm; ðycJhaomaumif;r+&Sdygonf? apmfbGm;rsm;u bdvyfa&mufAdkvfatmifqef;onf &Srf;jynfukd ukd,fpm;rðy[lI t*Fvdyfe,fcsJŒtóuduf oHóud;¶kdufcJhpOfu Akdvfatmifqef;onf &Srf;jynfvlxkukd ukd,fpm;ðyonf[k wefjyefoHóud;¶kdufcJhjcif;onf aumif;r+ðyjcif;yif jzpfygonf?

vGwfvyfa&; ( 10 ) E Sp fjynfhawmhrnfhtcg Twkd;wufolrsm;onf& Sr f ; jynfc J Grc J G pO f ;pm;vm-uygonf?tm%m& zqyv qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onfwkd;wufolrsm;ukd ypfy,fcJh_yD; apmfbGm;rsm;ESifh tvGrf;oifhcJhonf? apmfbGm;rsm;ukd&Srf;jynfwGif vkyfcsif&mvkyfcGifh ay;cJhonf?ya'o&mZf qef‹usi fa&;orm;rsm;uk dapm fbGm;rsm;u r k di f ;y Ge fwHwm;wGi facgif;jzwfowfcJhonfukd tm;ay;cJhonf?ya'o&mZfqef‹usifa&; tpOftvm&Sdaomytkd0f;rsm;ukd ES dyfuGyfonf? xkd‹a-umifhwkd;wufolrsm;onf “jynfaxmifpk” tay:oHo,0ifvmjcif; jzpfonf? jynfaxmifpkppfppfudk awmifhw-uonf?

wdk;wufolrsm;u xkdokd‹ pOf;pm;-u/ pmtkyfa&;-u vkyfvmcsdefu apmfbGm;rsm;onf _idrfae-uonf? wkwfwkwfr#rv+yfcJhyg?

58 wGif zqyv uJG/ ppfwyftm%modrf;/ apmfbGm;rsm;tm%mpGef‹&(avsmfa-u;,l_yD; tm%mpGef‹jcif;) jzpfcJhonf?

1960 a&G;aumufyJ GwGif OD;Ek

yxp u tjywftowf tEkdif&aomtcgapmfbGm;rsm; &Jvmonf? xd ktcgusrS“jynfaxmifpk ppfppf” v+yf&Sm;r+wGif ygvm-uonf?

jynfaxmifpkppfppfzJ G‹a&; v+yf&Sm;r+vnf; v#KdŒ0SufrSajAmif jzpfvmonf?awmif}uD;wGif ES D ;aESmzvS,f-uonf?ygwDu teD;uyf t}uHrsm;ay;cJhonf? xdkES D ;aESmyJ GrS qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd tajccHtm;jzifh ygwDu oabmwlcJhonf?

62 ckESpfwGif OD;Eku jynfaxmifpkppfppfzJG‹a&; ESD;aESmr+udk &efukefwGif vkyfapcJhonf?

Tokd‹jzifh 62 ae0if;ppftkyfpktm%modrf;yJG jzpfvmawmhonf? tm%modrf;jcif;ta-umif;wGif jynfaxmifpkppfppfa -umi f hc snf ; r[kwfy g? pp ftky fp kuk d'Drdkua&pDppfppf tiftm;pkrsm;u pJGcsufawGwck_yD;wck wifaeIvnf; jzpfygonf?

tm%modrf; rqv ppftpdk;&onf jynfaxmifpkqdkif;bkwfukd rðzwfyg?ok d ‹aomf ( 47 ) Oya'xufy k dIwjynfaxmifpepfqefaom zJ G‹pnf;yk Hukda&;ygonf? twif;tusyf twnfðyygonf?

,ckvnf; e0w/ etz ppftpkd;&y k dIy k dI wjynfaxmifpepfqefaomtajccHOya' a&;aejyefonf?

OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDonfvnf;aumif;/ ae0if;ppftkyfpkonfvnf;aumif; rnfonfhtcgur# jynfaxmifpkpepfukd róudufyg?jynfaxmifpk qkdif;bkwfukdyif róudufyg?Adkvfatmifqef;ukd rvGefqef&JIom -unfhae&jcif; jzpfonf?

O D;E ku 62 ckE Sp fwGi f “jynfaxmifpkppfppf” v+yf&Sm;r+wGif0ifI EkdifiHa&;upm;aomtcg tm%modrf;vkdufjcif;jzpfygonf?

_idrf;csrf;a&;tppf/ 'Drd kua&pDtppf/ jynfaxmifpktppf rwnfaxmifEkdif-uv#if wdkif;jynf. tem*wf rxGef;ajymifEkdifyg? ?

pmwnf;tzGJ‹ jynfol‹tm%m

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

'D§csKyf ( NLD ) = etz ( SPDC ) aphpyfyJGeJ‹ywfouf_yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdol&JŒxkwfjyefcsuf

xkwfjyefcsuftrSwf = 1§ 2001

( 1 )'D§csKyf ( NLD ) = etz ( SPDC ) aphpyfyJG[m Armjynf&JŒxl;jcm;csufjzpfygw,f? 1963 ckESpfwkef;u usif;ycJhwJh

aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;eJ‹rwlyg? 'D§csKyfu w&m;0ifygwD ( Legal Party ) jzpf_yD; 1990 ckESpfa&G;aumufyJGrSmvJ tEkdif&xm;wJh ygwDjzpfw,f? 'g‹a-umifhw&m;0iftpkd;&wykdif; ( semi de jure ) vkd‹ ajymEkdifw,f?

etz uawmh vuf&Sdtm%mukdukdifxm;wJh ( de facto ) tpkd;& jzpfaew,f?urBmrSm 'DtjzpfrsKd; odyf&Sm;r,f xifygw,f?um,uH&SifawG taESmifht,Sufrjzpfapvdkvdk‹ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu bmrS0ifrajymcJhyg? 'D§csKyf = etz tjyif 88

rsKd;qufrsm;[mvJ um,uH&SifawGjzpf-uvkd‹ olwkd‹vJ ajymykdifcGifh&Sdw,fvkd‹ xifygw,f? ajym-uqkd-uzkd‹ wkdufwGef;tm;ay;r+vJðycJhygw,f? olwkd‹toHawGukd em;pGifhcJhygw,f? wHcg;ydwfawG‹qkHr+jzpfvkd‹ olwkd‹rSmvJ owif;&&Sdr+ tuef‹towf }uD;aewm awG‹&w,f?

'D§csKyf = etz ESpfbufpvkH;eJ‹ awG‹vmcJhw,fqkdwJh ukvor*~ukd,fpm;vS,f &mZmvD/ tD;,l ukd,fpm;vS,f polawGtjyifetzeJ‹ xJxJ0if0ifawG‹vmcJhykH&wJh rav;&Sm;0ef}uD;csKyf&JŒ xkwfjyefajymqkdcsufawGt& owif;tptewcsKdŒ od-u&w,f? 'gayrJholwdk‹tm;vkH;u -um;ukd,fpm;vS,fawG jzpfaeygw,f? a&&mwJh/ tmrcHcsuf&SdwJh/ jynfolawG&JŒ tmomqENudk jznfhpGrf;ay;EkdifwJhowif;tcsuftvufawG xkwfray;EkdifcJh-uygbl;?

( 2 )tckawmh etzOuUX AkdvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ukd,fwkdifu olwdk‹csif;pum;ajymae-uygw,fvkd‹ twnfðy ajymxGufvm_yDrkd‹

ajymp&mqkdp&mwcsKdΠajymygr,f?ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m jynfwGif;_idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ wkdif;jynfwaygif;wpnf;wnf; wnfwnf_idrf_idrfjzpfa&;

twGuf tm%m&tpkd;& tqufqufeJ‹ aphpyfaqG;aEG;cGifh&atmif t}udrf}udrfóud;pm;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh 1963 ckESpf w}udrfom yDyDjyifjyifaqG;aEG;cGifh&cJhygw,f?

&Spfav;vkH;ta&;tcif;rSm tm%modrf;cJhwJh ppftm%modrf;acgif;aqmif Akdvfapmarmifvufxuf (1991 ckESpf) w}udrf/Akdvfoef;a&$wufvmawmhw}udrf awG‹qkHaqG;aEG;cGifh&zkd‹ urf;vSrf;cJhygao;w,f?

urf;vSrf;pmrSm == ESpfbufpdwf0ifpm;wJh wkdif;a&;jynf&mudpPawG aqG;aEG;vdka-umif;= aqG;aEG;aepOf aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ukd v#KdŒ0Sufxm;&ef= oifhawmfwJh tcsdefa&mufrS wkdif;jynfokd‹today;a-unm&ef

pwJhtcsufawG yg0ifygw,f?'gu ,l*sDygwDwck&JŒurf;vSrf;csufom jzpfygw,f?tck 'D§csKyf = etz aphpyfyJG[m 'DykHo¿meftwkdif;jzpfaewm awG‹&ygw,f? okd‹aomf 'DvkyfykHvkyfenf;ukd a&&Snfrvkyfoifhyg?

vlxkukd jyefvnfwifjy&r,fhwm0ef 'D§csKyf rSm &Sdaeygw,f? Akdvfoef;a&$uawmh xGufajymaeyg_yD?'Dae&mrSm enf;enf;avmuf aemufa-umif;jyef_yD; Ed+if;,SOfwifjyzkd‹ vdkvmygw,f?wcku 1963 ckESpf aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGeJ‹ tck ESpfbufpum;ajymaewmukd wwef;wnf;oabmxm;vkd‹ r&yg? acwfcsif;

rwlvdk‹jzpfygw,f? u|efawmfwdk‹ óudufóudufróudufóuduf acwfeJ‹uif;uGm_yD; pOf;pm;vkd‹ rjzpfyg? tm&Swkduf yx0Dtaetxm; t&Armjynf[m urBmhacwf&JŒ *,uf¶kdufcwfr+ ykd&Sdaeygw,f?

1963 ck ([kdacwfu) ppfat;acwfjzpf_yD; e,fcsJŒ*kd%f;eJ‹ ( òyduJGpðyaomfvJ &Sifoefaeao;wJh ) qdk&S,fvpf*kd%f; &Sdygw,f?AD,uferfppfyJG pwifwJhacwfvJ jzpfygw,f? jynfyu pdwf0ifpm;olawGqkdwm t"du tJ'D*kd%f; ESpf*kd%f;yg?

tJ'Dwkef;u Armjynfukd pdwfcsvufcs vJ$xm;vkd‹&wJhacwfyJ? tckawmh ppfat;acwfuvJ ukefpðyvm_yD? b,folyJ tm%m&aeae Armjynfukd rsufESmv$Jxm;vdk‹r&wJhacwf a&mufae_yD?

63 ckESpfrSm aphpyfaqG;aEG;ol um,uH&SifawGu t"dutm;jzifh vufeufukdifwdkufaewJh uGefjrLepfeJ‹ awmfvSefa&; aumifpDppftpdk;& jzpfygw,f? b,folrS jynfolvlxkutyfESif;wJh vlxktcGifhtm%m &Sd-uwm r[kwfygbl;?

Auy eJ‹ rwlwmu 'D§csKyf[m w&m;0ifygwD? aemuf_yD; 1990 ck a&G;aumufyJGEkdifxm;wJhygwDyJ? tckaqG;aEG;aewm awGukdoifhawmfwJhtcsdefrSm wkdif;jynfukd today;&ygr,f? vlxkua&G;aumufxm;wJh ygwD[m vlxkukd rysufruGuf tpD&ifcH&r,fhwm0ef&Sdygw,f?

aemufwcku zrf;xm;oleJ‹ tzrf;cHae&ol&JŒ pum;0kdif;[m aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJG rrnfygbl;?ouU&mZf 2000 = 2001 tckkacwf[m ppfat;vGefacwf/ tar&duefwOD;wnf; Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;csifaewJhacwfyg? 'gayrJh

Armjynfta&;rSm oljzpfcsifovdk rjzpfEdkifwJhtaetxm; jzpfaeygw,f? u|efawmfwdk‹wkdif;jynfukd jyifypdwf0ifpm;olawGuvJ rsm;vmae ygw,f? tdrfeD;csif;tm;vkH;/ tmqD,H/ *syef/ tD;,l/ -opa-w;vs (olwdk‹xJrSm ArmjynfeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ oabmxm;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdw,f)eJ‹ tar&duefponf wef;pD_yD; awG‹Ekdifw,f? Armjynftay: olwkd‹u ajz&Sif;enf; trsKd;pkH ukdifxm;-uw,f?

apmapmyJGxGuf = pifay:wufvmwJh r[moD,m bmvJ = -unfh-uygpkd‹?olu *syeftóudufvkyfaewJh ukd,fpm;vS,fyJ? ol‹csnf;qkd&if ArmjynfudpPrSm ta&;ygvSwJhol r[kwfbl;? ppftkyfpk

tóudufajymr,fhol/ ajymwJholyJ? ArmjynfrSm a':vmoef; 600 ausmf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;wJh rav;&Sm;&JŒtusKd;pD;yGm;-unfh pum;ajymygw,f? olajymwJh ‘a&G;aumufyJGopf’ qkdwm aoG;wkd;prf;-unfhcsifwJh etztiSm;yg;pyfeJ‹ ypPnf;emrnfavmufukdom a-umfjimoGm;/vrf;!¸efoGm;wmyg?

b,fvkd ‘a&G;aumufyJGopf’ qkdwmukd a&Smifxm;ygw,f?wu,fu ‘a&G;aumufyJGopf’ vkyfr,fqkd&if &Sif;p&mawG yxr&Sif;&ygOD;r,f? óudvkyfxm;ESifh&r,fh udpPawG &Sdygao;w,f?

1? 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJG&v'ftwkdif; v$wfawmfukd t&ifqkH;ac:&r,f? 2? v$wfawmfu tajccHOya'a&;qJG/ jynfol‹qENcH,lyJGeJ‹twnfðy? 3? tajccHOya'opf &vmrS a&G;aumufyJGopfvkyf? 'DtpOftwkdif;oGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?

r[moD,m qkdvkdcsifwJh a&G;aumufyJGopfu ppftkyfpka&;qJGaewJh zJG‹pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHt& abmif;bD0wf/ abmif;bDc|wfawGa&G;aumufyJGr0ifbJ trwftjzpf 25µ cJGwrf;ay;&r,fh a&G;aumufyJGyJ?

( 3 )bma-umifh olwkd‹pum;ajymae-uovJ

“ae0if;vGefacwf” twGuf ppftkyfpku jyifqifcsifaeygw,f? tm%m&awG (olwkd‹) a&;xm;wJh ‘tem*wf OD;aqmifr+tcef;’qkdwmukd tmrcHwJh tajccHOya'ukd tjreftwnfðycsifaew,f? okd‹aomf 'D§csKyfu tajccHOya' tygt0if Oya'tm;vkH;a&;qJGcGifh(1990 a&G;aumufyJGrSm) &xm;wJh tm%mrJhygwD jzpfaew,f?

olwdk‹t-um;rSm uJGvJGr+}uD;ygw,f? 'DuJGvGJr+abmifukd usOf;ypfzsufypfcsifw,f? ‘a&G;aumufyJGopf’ qkdwm vkyfr,fqkd&ifvJ1990 a&G;aumufyJGukd t&ifqkH; ajrjr‡Kyfo^*õK[f&OD;r,f?

'gawGa-umifh 'D§csKyfeJ‹ pum;ajymaewm jzpfw,f?a&G;aumufyJGr0if&bJ ppftkyfpku trwf 25µ &csifwma-umifhvJ olwdk‹ 'D§csKyfeJ‹ pum;ajymaewmyg? vlxku 75µ

aomtrwfawGtwGufom rJay;-uayawmh qkdwJhoabmyg? 'g[m 'kdiftmcDacwfukd wausmhjyefwm jzpfygw,f?vkyfwJh enf;emusawmh vljyefay;qJG_yD; &ydkifcGifhawmif;aewJhykHpH awG‹&w,f?wzufrSm-unfhjyefawmh tar&duef/ tD;,l/ *syefeJ‹ tmqD,H ( -opa-w;vs vJxnfhwGufcsifwGufyg ) wkd‹taeeJ‹ b,folrS

Armjynfukd vuf&Sdtajctaetwkdif; v$wfrxm;Ekdif-uawmhygbl;?pum;ajymaew,fqkdwJhumvrSm olwkd‹bmawGvkyfaeovJ

yxrqkH; b*Fvm;a'h&Sfe,fpyf ewfjrpfurf;ab;rSm a&umwmaqmufwJhudpP azmfxkwfvkdufwm awG‹&w,f?'kwd,taeeJ‹ ppfawGòrd‹bufrSm Ak'<bmomeJ‹ rlqvif ta&;udpP ay:vmcJhw,f?

jynfolhtm%m

13

ckaemufqkH; ,kd;',m; = Arme,fpyf r,fqkdif = wmcsDvdwfbufrSm jyif;xefwJhwdkufyJGawG jzpfvmyg_yD?'DudpPtm;vkH;[m Armppftpkd;&&JΠqENay:rSm rlwnf_yD;jzpfvmwJh udpPawGcsnf;yg? ay:ap = aysmufap

ESpfckpvkH;ukd olwkd‹ wwfEkdif-uygw,f?wwkdif;jynfvkH; pkpnf;xm;a&;eJ‹ jynfy&efumuG,fa&;twGuf wyfrawmfomtm;ukd;p&m&Sdw,fqkdwm

jycsifwJh oabmyg? 'D§csKyf (NLD) eJ‹aqG;aEG;aepOfrSm aps;qpfaumif;atmif tcsuftvufawG zefwD;jyaewmyg?

( 4 )'ga-umifh trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; jyefvnfwnfaqmufzkd‹/ 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf wnfaqmufzkd‹ wu,fyJ

pdwf&if; apwemrSef&Sd-u&if vwfwavm atmufygtwkdif;vkyfzkd‹ vkdygr,f? (u) a&&Snfvkyf&r,fhtvkyfeJ‹ a&wkdvkyf&r,fh tvkyfukd cJGjcm;csOf;uyfwJhtaeeJ‹ 1988 rS 2000 twGif;ay:aygufcJhwJhjy\emawGukd t&if&Sif;&ygr,f? (c) ajcvSrf; okH;vSrf;eJ‹ azmfaqmifoifhygw,f?yxrajcvSrf;? 1988 ckESpfaemufykdif;zJG‹pnf;cJhwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;ukd ‚if;wkd‹qEN&Sdygu w&m;0ifae&mjyefay;a&;/EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;tm;vkH; c|if;csufr&Sdv$wfay;a&;eJ‹ AkdvfrSL;atmiftrSL;ðywJhtzJG‹ukd t}uHay;tzJG‹tjzpf w&m;0iftodtrSwfðya&;?'kwd,ajcvSrf;? 1988 ckESpfaemufydkif; ppftpkd;&eJ‹ typftcwf&yfpJxm;wJh tiftm;pktm;vkH;eJ‹ wnfwHhckdif_rJwJh_idrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmufzkd‹ EkdifiHa&;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;?wwd,ajcvSrf;? 1948 rSpI EkdifiHa&;t& yÉdyuQjzpfaeaomtiftm;pkrsm;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;? = jzpfygw,f?

( 5 )um,uH&Sifrsm;[m wkdif;jynftusKd;ukd a&SŒ¶+_yD; aphpyfaqG;aEG;-ur,fvkd‹ ar#mfvifhygw,f?u|efawmfwdk‹oabmxm;uawmh =

= 1990 a&G;aumufyJGukd jynfzkH;um; rcsoifhyg? = 1990 ckESpfuvkyfcJhwJh a&G;aumufyJGukd todtrSwfðy&ygr,f? uav;upm;ovkd rjzpfatmif qifjcifoifhygw,f? = toufxif&Sm;&Sdaeao;wJh a&G;aumufcH&oltm;vkH; (tm;vkH;) ygwJh v$wfawmfac:oifhw,f?

tJ'Dv$wfawmfrSm um,uH&SifESpfOD; aphpyfxm;wJh&v'fukd wifoGif;_yD; v$wfawmf&JŒqkH;jzwftwnfðyr+ukdcH,loifhygw,f?

'grSom jynfolvlxkukd av;pm;&mvJa&muf wkdif;jynftwGufvJ tusKd;&Sdygvdrfhr,f?ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD taeeJ‹uawmh _idrf;csrf;wJh/ 'Drdkua&pD&SdwJhtajccHay:rSm trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;

wnfaqmuf-u _yD; 21 &mpk urBm}uD;rSm xkdufxkdufwefwef tqifhtwef;&SdwJhArmjynf jzpfapcsifwmt"duyg?tJ'Dvkyfief;tpOfrSm rdrdpGrf;tm;&Sdor# ulnDoGm;ygr,f?

1362 ckESpf/ wykd‹wJGvqkwf 7 &uf? 2001 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 14 &uf?

14

jynfolhtm%m

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD/ ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.xkwfjyefa=ujimcsuf trSwf 2§2001?

( 1 ) 'Duae@ etztpdk;&eJ@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@ pum;ajymae=uwmudk usaemfwdk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtaeeJ@atmifjrifapcsifwJhqEN &SSdygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdk&if 'DaqG;aEG;r_&J@ t"duOD;wnfcsuf[m 'Drdkua&pD&&SSda&;eJ@ qufaevdk@ygyJ? 'gudkusaemfwdk@ tckvdkt&Sif;vif;qHk; teufzGifhcsifygw,f?

ppftkyfpktm%m&Sifpepf&Sdae&if 'Drdkua&pDr&SdEdkifygbl;? 'Drkdua&pDr&Sdbl;qdk&if yxrqHk; tzdESdyfcH&rSmeJ@ tzdESdyftcH&qHk;[mArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDtyg vuf0Jtiftm;pkawG jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Drdkua&pDudk usaemfwdk@ wu,fvdkcsifygw,f? etztpdk;&eJ@trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfwdk@ vuf&Sdpum;ajymae=uwm[m 'Drdkua&pDudk wqifhwdk;jr‡ifhwifr,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@ xifjrif,lqygw,f?

vuf0Jtiftm;pkawG[m &J&JawG;csif/ &J&Ja&;csif/ &J&Ja0zefcsifygw,f? a&vdkufig;vdkuf rvkyfcsifygbl;? yef;jym;yif ay:vpDrusifhoHk;vdkbl;? ppftm%m&SifawG rif;rlwJh acwfwav#mufvHk;rSm vuf0Jtiftm;pkawG[m trsm;qHk;tzdESdyfcH&olawG jzpfygw,f?Armjynf&J@'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfudk tjywfom;qHk;umuG,faewm[mvJ 'Dtiftm;pkawGygyJ?

( 2 ) ESpfbufaphpyfaqG;aEG;=uw,fqdk&if tay;t,lawG&Sd=u&p+rJyg? udk,fuyJ tm;vHk;,lcsif+yD; enf;enf;rS ray;csif&ifbmrSjzpfajrmufvmr,f r[kwfygbl;?

tay;t,l&SSd=u&r,fvdk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ,lqygw,f? bmay;vdk@ bm,l=u&r,fqdkwmawmh um,uH&SifawGqHk;jzwf&rSm jzpfygw,f?

usaemfwdk@&J@tjrifrSm 90ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudpPeJ@ tajccHOya'udpPwdk@[m tc&mjzpfvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,lqygw,f?usaemfwdk@taeeJ@ txl;vdkvm;wmuawmh jynfolvlxk&J@pdwf"mwfudk ysufjym;apwmrsdK; rjzpfapzdk@ygyJ? vlxkom pdwf"mwfysufjym;oGm;&if ppftpdk;&u vdkvdkcsifcsif tm%mv$Jay;r,fhygwDudkyJ rJay;vdkufwm at;ygw,fvdk@ jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f?

'grsdK;rjzpfEdkifbl;vdk@ rqdkEdkifygbl;? rqv wacwfvHk;vkyfcJhwJh qENcH,lyGJawGeJ‹ a&G;aumufyGJqdkwmawGudkyJ=unfhyg?( 3 ) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ajcvSrf;oHk;&yfay:vpDudk csrSwfvdkufwm[m Armjynf&Sd EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkeJ@ vlyk*~dKvftm;vHk;

rdrdwdk@ta&;udk rdrdwdk@udk,fwdkif ajymydkifqdkydkifcGifh &Sd=uapcsifvdk@ jzpfygw,f?'DtxJu yxrajcvSrf;udk jrefjref+yD;ajrmufapcsifygw,f? ta=umif;u 'Drdkua&pDa&;tajccHudk yxrajcvSrf;up+yD; csrSwf

&rSmrdk@ jzpfygw,f?'kwd,ajcvSrf;rSm yg0if=u&r,fh +idrf;tzGJ@awG[m a'oE W&EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawGcsnf;yJ jzpfygw,f? olwdk@rSmvJ ajymp&m

qdkp&mawG trsm;}uD; &Sdaeygw,f? txl;ojzifh olwdk@[m ppfrSefwJh udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;/ rdrdwdk@trsdK;om;rsm; zGH@òzd;wdk;wufa&;/ vlr_b0jr‡ifhwifa&;eJ@ vlr_w&m;r#wr_ &&Sda&;wdk@udk vdkvm;=uygw,f? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm toufaoG;ac|;ay;+yD; &,lxm;=u&wJh atmifoD;atmifyGifhawGudk olwdk@xdef;odrf;xm;vdk=uw,f?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m olwdk@&J@qENeJ@ vdkvm;csufawGudk jywfjywfom;om; pmemaxmufcHygw,f?wwd,ajcvSrf;usrSom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[m yg0ifvmrSm jzpfygw,f? usaemfwdk@ tavmr}uD;yg? wnf+idrfat;aq;pGm

apmifhEdkifygw,f? tm;vHk;twGuf &v'faumif;udkyJ ar#mfvifhygw,f? ?

1363 ckESpf/ wefcl;vqkwf 10 &uf?2001 ckESpf/ {+yD 17&uf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

xdkif;Armta&;ESifhywfoufI ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefa-unmcsuf 3§2001

xkdif;ESifhArmta&;udk ppfjzpfawmhravmuf ajymae-uonf? xdkta&;ESifhywfoufI u|efawmfwdk‹tjrifESifhoabmxm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?1? Tta&;ukd pdwf0ifpm;aom wkdif;jynftcsKdŒ &Sdygonf? um,uH&SifESpfOD;om qkH;jzwfjy@mef;aeonf r[kwfyg? xdk‹a-umifh Tta&;udk bufaygif;pkHrS cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm okH;oyf&rnf[k jrifygonf?

yxrqkH; um,uH&SifESpfOD;ukd okH;oyfv#if Armjynfppftpkd;&onf bufaygif;pkH tusyftwnf; awG‹aeygonf?aomhcsufusaom EkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef NLD acgif;aqmifESifh twGif;usdwfpum;ajymyJG vkyfaeygonf?tm;vkH;u ar#mfwvifhvifh apmifhaeygonf? vwcsKdŒ-umonftxd bmtajzrSrxGufbJ jzpfaeaomtcg jynfoltm;vkH;updwfr&Snf-uawmhyg? pdwfr&SnfonhftxJwGif EkdifiHawmfppfwyfrS wyfrSL;wyfom;rsm;/ “ _idrf;tzJG‹” qkdonfrsm;yif ygygonf?“pum;ajymyJG” rS tajztwdtus rxGufEkdifaomtcg ppftkyfpku a&SmfAif0g' (url;¶SL;xdk;vlrsKd;a&;0g') jzifh jynfolvlxkukdr+dif;wkdufvmygonf? vlxk.tm¶kHukd xkdif;Armta&;tay:a&mufatmif vrf;v$Jay;ygonf?

Tokd‹ Armjynfppftpkd;&u vkyfaeovkd xkdif;tpkd;&uvnf; vkyfygonf? xdkdif;tpkd;&. tusyftwnf;rSm wrsKd;jzpfygonf? pD;yGm;a&;emvefrxlao;cif aemufxyfpD;yGm;a&;uyf óuHrvkdjzpfjcif;u tajccHygonf? xdkif;wGif 'Drdkua&pDt&yfom;tpkd;& tusyfawG‹v#if ppfwyftm%modrf;yJ G jzpfwwfygonf? 'gukd a-umuf&jcif; jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umifhxkdif;tpkd;&onf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJ ppfAkdvfrsm; (ppftkyfpkopf) ukd a&SmfAif0g'pum;rsm; ajymcGifhðy_yD; wzufrSvnf;ppfwyfrSxGufum EkdifiHa&;ygwDaxmifaeaom ppftkyfpka[mif;rsm;ukd ppftkyfpkopftm; t&Sdefowfay;aponf? tcktxdawmhtvkyfjzpfaeygonf?

xkdif;=Arm tpdk;&rsm;u xkdokd‹vkyfaeojzifh e,fpyfwGif -um;cHxm;_yD;wkdufaom wkdufyJGrsm;/ xdawG‹yGef;&Sr+uav;rsm;jzpfaeonf? Tokd‹aom tajctaeonf twef-umjzpfaernf[k rSef;q&ygonf?2? xdd kif; = Arm um,uH&SifESpfOD;tjyif wwd,tiftm;pkwckvnf; &Sdygonf? xdkolrSm ukd,fhukd,fukdcef‹xm;aom‘urBmhykvdyf}uD;’ tar&duef jzpfygonf? ol.pdwf0ifpm;r+uwrsKd; jzpfygonf? tar&duefOD;aqmifaom urBmhpepfopf(wenf;) 0if¶kd;wckwnf;&Sdaom urBmhpepfopfukd xlaxmif&eftwGuf xkdif; Arm ta&;wGif twif;yg0ifvkdjcif; jzpfygonf?

ppfat;vGefumvtwGuf trsm;vufcHxm;aom urBmhpepf r&Sdao;yg? 0if¶kd;wckwnf;pepfESifh 0if¶kd;trsm;pepfvGefqJGaeqJ jzpfygonf?

tm;vkH;odonfhtwkdif; 0if¶kd;trsm;&Sdonfh urBmhpepfudk w¶kwfjynfu vdkvm;ygonf?0if¶k d;wckpepfESi f h 0if¶k d;trsm;pepf vGefyJ GrSm jyif;xefvmp&m &S dygonf? xkdvGefyJ GwGif -um;nyfcH&v#if

wkdif;jynfepfemEkdifygonf?xk di f ;=Arm ta&; ,cktwk di f ; -um&Snf jzp faeapv#i f -um;nyfc H&p&m &S dy gonf? tar&duefE Si f h

ppfat;umvwav#mufvkH; eD;pyfcJhaomxkdif;tzkd‹ ta-umif;r[kwfaomfvnf; Armjynftzdk‹ tvGefepfemEkdifygonf?wkdif;jynfòyduJGusqkH;rnfh tE W&m,fyif &Sdygonf?

xkd‹a-umifh xkdif;=Arm ta&;ukd rus,fjyef‹apoifhyg? _idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh ajz&Sif;oifhygonf? Tokd‹ajz&Sif;EkdifonfhtzJG‹ tpnf;ESifh vrf;a-umif;vnf;&Sdae_yD; jzpfygonf? ( TvtwGif;rSmyif ukvor*~rl;,pfaq;0g; xdef;csKyfa&;tpDtpOf( UNDCP ) ESifh a'ocJGtwGif; rl;,pfaq;0g; yl;aygif;xdef;csKyfa&;qkdif&m 6 EdkifiHtpnf;ta0; &efukefòrd‹wGif usif;ycJh_yD;jzpfonf? )

tar&duefonf ol‹tóudufurBmhpepfopfukd bk&Sf (t}uD;) ESifh uvifwefwkd‹vufxufuvnf; azmfaqmif&efóud;pm;zl;ygonf? okd‹aomf olwkd‹vkyfenf;u ,ck bk&Sf (ti,f ) uJhokd‹ igwaumaumonfhenf; r[kwfyg?

,ckrl bk&Sf (ti,f ) . igwaumaumr+a-umifh trsKd;om; 'kH;vufeuftE W&m,fumuG,fa&; ( NMD ) jy\em/urBmhywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;jy\empaom jy\emrsm;wGif twdkuftcHðyr+rsm; óuHaeygonf? urBmhukvor*~.vufatmufcH tzJG‹rsm;twGif; tar&duefudk qef‹usifonfh rJqENay;r+rsm;yif ay:ygonf? tar&duef EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;uem;ukdufv#if yg;ukdufrnfwuJuJ jzpfaeygonf?

_idrfaecJhaom tm&yf tpPa&;udpP jyif;xef-urf;wrf;vmygonf?xdkif;=Arm ta&;wGif tar&duefygvmygu jy\em }uD;onfxuf }uD;vmrnfjzpfI um,uH&SifESpfOD;u

-um;vl t0ifrcHbJ TudpPudk ajyvnfatmif vkyfoifhygonf?ArmjynfwGif Armjynfjynfolrsm;[m 'Dtajctaeukd vkH;0qef‹usifygonf? xkd‹a-umifh jynfolukd ukd,fpm;ðyonfh

jynfcspf 'Drdkua&pDtpkd;&w&yf ay:vmv#if TudpPukd _idrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf jzpfygonf?3? ,ck ESpfbufta-umif;jyaeonfh udpPrSm rl;,pfaq;0g;udpP jzpfygonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;e,fausmfr+ udpPr#jzifh ppfjzpfp&mrvkdyg? awmiftar&du/ tv,ftar&du/ ajrmuftar&duwkd‹wGifvnf; rl;,pfaq;0g;e,fausmfjcif;rsm; &Sdygonf? olwkd‹ppfrjzpf-uyg? tar&duefuvnf; zGay;qGay;jcif; rvkyfyg?

tm&SwGif ta&SŒawmiftm&SwGif bma-umifh zGay;qGay;aeonfukd pOf;pm;oifhygonf? tar&duefóudufurBmhpepfcsrSwfa&;wGif t[ef‹twm;jzpfaeonfh ASEAN &SdI jzpfygonf? uGefjrLepfw¶kwfjynf&SdI jzpfygonf?4? wdkif;jynfwkdif;wGif trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm; &Sdygonf? trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd jy@mef;ykdifcGifh&SdolrSm tpkd;&jzpfygonf?tpkd;&u tm%modrf;ppftkyfpk jzpfaeaomtcg ppftkyfpk. tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;tjzpf vkyfypfygonf?ppftkyfpktusKd;pD;yGm;ukd “trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;” vkyfaeor# ArmjynfwGif wdkif;jynfòyduJGusqkH;rnfhtE W&m,f&Sdaeygvdrfhrnf?

'Drdkua&pDa&;/ _idrf;csrf;a&;/ wef;wlaoG;pnf;aom jynfaxmifpkppfppf xlaxmifa&;onf ,ae‹umv Armjynf.trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm; jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\emukd txufyg trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;.atmufwGiftvG,fwul ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[k ,kH-unfygonf? “xkdif; Arm ppfyJG” jzifh ajz&Sif;&rnfhudpP r[kwfyg?5? xkdif;a&mArmyg ukd,fhvufeuf ukd,fxkwfvkyf_yD; ppfwkdufEkdifonf r[kwfyg? ppfwkdufrnfqkdv#if trSD&Sm&ygonf?EkdifiHcsif;ppfukd jynfwGif;ppfvkd &SdonfhvufeufESifh rwkdufEkdifyg?

trSD&Smv#if xkdif;twGuftqifoifh jzpfygonf? ArmjynftwGuf cufygonf? rdwfaqGESpfEkdifiH ppfwkdufrnfudkw¶ kwf jynfu vk dvm;rnfr[k kwfovd k tmqD,HE k di fi Hc si f ; pp fci f ;onf hta&;wGi f tmqD,HE k di fi Hr sm;uvufeufyJGpm;vkyfvkdrnfvnf; r[kwfyg? ygupPwefukd rSDcdkvdrfhrnf[k wcsKdŒu a&vmajrmif;ay; xifa-u;ay;aeygonf?Tokd‹jzpf&ef jzpfEkdifajc tvGefenf;ygonf? tdrfeD;csif; taemufbufu tdENd,ukd &efpovkd olwkd‹ppftkyfpk rvkyf0Hhyg?

u|efawmfwdk‹tjrifrSm xkdif;Arm ESpfbuftpkd;&wkd‹onf yg;pyfppf/ (bk&ifhaemif = e&mq0rf ) a-u;¶kyfcsif;ppf/-um;cHxm;_yD;wkdufaom ppfyJGuav;rsm;jzifhom a&&Snf (olwdk‹ jynfwGif;EkdifiHa&; vkdtyfcsuft& ) pcef;oGm;aernf[k,lqygonf?6? ppfE+wfcrf;av#mufonfh udpPrsK d;onf tE W&m,f}uD;ygonf? rlvpDpOf!¸ef-um;olrsm;.vufrS vGwfxGufoGm;wwfygonf? E+wfvGef&mu ajcu|Hvufu|H jzpfwwfygonf? xkdokd‹jzpfcJhaomf a&SmfAif0g'D ppftkyfpkukd tjrefðzwfcs&ygrnf?EdkifiHawmf ppfwyfwGif;rS jynfcspf wyfrSL;wyfom;rsm;. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom jynfcspf'Drdkua&pDnGef‹aygif;tpkd;&jzifhtpm;xkd;&ygrnf? xdktpkd;&u ppf&yfpJa&;/ _idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh cspf-unfa&; jyefvnfxlaxmif&ef tjrefpDpOfaqmiff&Guf&ygrnf?ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf us&mtcef;rS wufºuGpGm yg0ifygrnf?7? pkd;&drf&onfrSm xdkif;ppfwyfrS a&SmfAif0g'Drsm; tm%m&vmrnfhta&; jzpfygonf? ArmjynfwGif a&SmfAif0g'Dwdk‹tm%m&ae_yD; jzpfygonf? ppfwdkufvkdv#if xwdkufEkdifygonf? &[wf,mOfysufus&mwGif ygoGm;aom AdkvfwifOD;tygt0ifppfAkdvfrsm;onf xdkif;ESifh ppfwkduf&v#if usifhokH;oifhonfh ppfaoe*FAsL[m enf;y&d,m,frsm;&Sm}uH&ef uGif;qif;avhvma&;c&D;xGufjcif;[k owif;wcku qkdygonf? twnfðycsuf ray;Ek difaomowif; jzpfygonf? Ed kifiHawmfp&dwfjzif hvlpkHaysmfyJGpm;xGufjcif;vnf; jzpfEkdifygonf? Arm a&SmfAif0g'Dwdk‹rSm tm%m&jzpfI ppfwkdufcsifv#if vG,fonf[k ajymvkd&if;jzpfygonf? okd‹aomf xwkdufIrjzpfaomtcsufu ppfwkduf&ef vufeufcJ,rf;a&aomufjrpf r&Sdjcif; jzpfygonf?xkdif;a&SmfAif0g'Dwkd‹u vufeufcJ,rf;a&aomufjrpf &Sdygonf? tm%mr&Sdyg? olwkd‹omtm%m&Sdv#if ppfjzpfEkdifajcrsm;oGm;ygvdrfhrnf?

jynfolhtm%m

17

xdkif;. orkdif;tawG‹tóuHt&qdkv#if ppftm%modrf;r+ukd tar&duefu rD;pdrf;jyrS vkyfjzpfygonf?tm%modrf;_yD;v#ifvnf; tar&duefóudu f SEATO vkyfygonf? AD,uferfppfxJ 0ifwkdufygonf?

ppfat;vGefacwfwGif “'Drdkua&pDa&SŒaqmif}uD;” u rD;pdrf;jyzkd‹ cufygvdrfhrnf? xdk‹a-umifh u|efawmfwdk‹uyg;pyfppf/ a-u; ¶kyfcsif;ppf/ e,fpyfxdawG‹yGef;&Sr+uav;rsm;om jzpfaevdrfhrnf[k wGufqjcif; jzpfygonf?8? wpn OuUXrS etzOuUXxH v#KdŒ0Sufwifjycsufwck ykd‹vdkufonfukd zwf&ygonf? ppftkyfpka[mif;rS ppftkyfpkopfukdt}uHay;jcif; jzpfonf? “v#KdŒ0Suf” qkdaomfvnf; wjynfvHk;odapcsif[ef wlygonf?

“a&G;aumufyJGopf” udpPtjyif rSefwmawGajymrdI &mxl;rStxkwfcHvdkuf&onfh AkdvfrSL;csKyfaZmfxGef;ta-umif; azmfjy_yD; ‘ol‹vkdvl’ awG xyfay:aygufvmv#if wyfukdxdef;zkd‹cufrnfhta-umif;vnf; ygonf?

cufonfrSm “a&SŒvlawGrvkyfEkdifcJhwmawG wkd‹vufxufusrS vkyfEkdifonf” [k ppftkyfpkopf txifrSm;aejcif;jzpfonf? 1989 ckESpf tjzpftysufonf olwdk‹awmfIr[kwf/ ppfat;vGefumv.aumif;usKd;udk olwkd‹cHpm;vkduf&jcif;omjzpfonf? okd‹aomf 2000 jynfhESpfaemufykdif; umvonf 89 = 90 ckESpf tajctaeESifh rwlawmhyg? t&m&monfajymif;vJaeyg_yD? ppftkyfpkopf ukd,fhukd,fukdtxif}uD;_yD; pGwfvkyfvkdufv#if wdkif;jynf'kuQawG‹ygvdrfhrnf?

xkd‹a-umifh ppftkyfpka[mif;taeESifh xdkif; = ArmudpPukd t}uHay;apcsifygonf? AkdvfrSL;csKyfaZmfxGef;udpPujynfwGif;a&;udpP/ xkdif; = Arm ta&;tcif;u EkdifiHcsif;udpP/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;jy\emjzpfI rwlyg? wkdif;jynfòyduJGoGm;Edkifygonf?Tw}udrf wcsufrSm;v#if &mpkESpfESifhcsDI cH&ygrnf? u|efawmfwdk‹ jynfcspf0g'Drsm;taeESifh Ttm;prf;yJGwGif -um;!‡yfcHIrjzpfyg?

“wdkif;jynftwGuf aemufqkH;tusKd;ðyonfhtaeESifh etz = 'DcsKyf awG‹qkHaqG;aEG;yJG jzpfajrmufatmif -oZmokH;ay;yg” [k OD;ae0if;xH ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf arwWm&yfcHcJhzl;ygonf? ,ckudpPwGifvnf; Akdvfomausmf/AkdvfxGef;wifwdk‹ygxGuf_yD; csifhcsifhcsdefcsdefvkyf-uzkd‹ ppftkyfpkopfudk t}uHðyapcsifygonf?9? wkdfif;jynfESifh jynfolxuf rGefjrwfaomt&m r&Sdyg? wkdif;jynfESifh jynfol‹tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,f&ef }uHq&or#ukdwifjyjcif; jzpfygonf? a0zeft}uHðycsufrsm;udk óudqkdygonf?

1363 ckESpf/ uqkefvqkwf 9 &uf?2001 ckESpf/ arv 15 &uf?

jynfolhtm%m

18

æææu|efawmfwdkhwdkif;_ynfudk _yifypdwf0ifpm;olawGuvJ rsm;vmygw,f?

( xkwf_yefajunmcsuf 1 à2001 rS )

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

tjrifqdkif&m udpPrsm;ESifhywfouf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 4§2001

(1) - ygwDwdkif;/ tzJG‹wdkif;rSm oD;jcm;&yfwnfcsuf tjrifeJ@oabmxm;rsm; &Sd=uvdrfhr,f? tm;vkH; rwlEkdifygbl;? rwlvdk@ qef‹usifp&mrvdkovdk/ wlaevdk@vnf; pdk;&drfp&mr&Sdyg? “ArmjynfEkdifiHa&; a&S@wqifhwdk;a&;om t"du” yg? - 1960 a&G;aumufyJGudk ppftkyfpku csufcsif;todtrSwfðyygw,f? ppfwef;vsm; jyefygw,f? aemuf 2 ESpfaeawmh tm%modrf;+yD;tajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;ygw,f? b,ftiftm;}uD; EkdifiHurSvnf; tjypfrajymyg? tJ'Dwkef;u ppfwyftm%modrf;wmudktm;ay;wJhacwfyg? a'gifAefrif;/ vkHaem/ ql[mwdk/ yDEkda&S;wdk@ tm%modrf;atmifyJ ajr‡mufay;aewJhacwfyg? - 1990 a&G;aumufyJGudkusawmh tckxd uwdawGzsuf+yD;xm;ygw,f? 'Dwcg ppfwef;vsm;jyef&if tm%myv†ifqD jyefvmzdk@cufwJhacwfjzpfvdk@ 'Davmufacgif;rmaewmygyJ? tif'kdeD;&Sm; tawG‹tñuHukd olwdk@owdðyrdygw,f? 'ga=umifh tcktajctaerSmolwdk@ukd ppfwef;vsm;jyefatmif vkyfwmrSefor# usaemfwdk@axmufcHygw,f?(2) ppfwef;vsm; jyefatmifvkyfwJhenf;ESpfck &Sdygw,f?

- xdyfwkduf&ifqdkifwJh awmfvSefa&;enf;?- aphpyfajz&Sif;wJhenf;?yxrenf;u vGwfvyfa&;wacwfvkH; jynfolawGtay: &pfywfcsnfaESmifxm;wJh aESmifóu;tm;vkH;ukd wcsDwnf;eJ@ azmufcJG

jzwfawmufypfwJhenf;yg? ppftkyfpkcsnf; csnfxm;wJhaESmifóu; r[kwfyg? zqyv tpdk;&vnf; csnfxm;wmyg? csKyfcs,fwJhOya'yk'frawGu t*FvdyfawGcsnfcJhwmyg?

'kwd,enf;u aESmifóu;ukd w&pfcsif;ajzwJhenf;yg? tck tJ'Denf; vkyfaeygw,f? 88 u tckxd &pfxm;wmawG ajz&ygr,f?'ga=umihf um,uH&SifawGvkyfwmukd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu tm;ay;aeygw,f?(3) tckwavm taemuftkyfpk&J@ tmabmfwck awG@ygw,f? “etzeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf pum;ajymyGJtcsdef wESpf=umvdk@rSxl;jcm;odomwJh tajzrxGuf&if EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;u pdwf&Snf=uawmhrSm r[kwfbl;” qkdwJh vSef@csnfay;oH jzpfw,f? olwdk@pdwfr&Snf=uawmhyg? tESpf 50 ausmf=um ajz&Sif;ae&wJh jy\emjzpfvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@uawmh pdwf&Snfygw,f?(4) a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf uwdawGtrsm;}uD; ay;xm;olyg? ol@EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufukd zsufr,fholr[kwf/ol@zcifvdkyJ rltay:}uHh}uHhcdkif&yfwnfr,fvdk@ ,Hkygw,f?(5) okH;yGifhqdkifr[kwfvdk@ b0ifrusolawG &Sdygw,f? okH;yGifhqdkifzdk@ tcsdefrusao;bl;vdk@ xifygw,f?

1947 ck yifvkkHnDvmcH[m okH;yGifhqdkifyg?- jynfr/ awmifwef; ESpfa'opvkH;rSm tm%m&SdaewJh t*Fvdyf/- jynfrrSm tm%mwpdwfwydkif;&aewJh zqyv Adkvfatmifqef;/- awmifwef;a'orSm tm%m&SdwJh apmfbGm;/ 'l;0g;/ awmifydkifponf tm%m&SdolawGcsnf;ygwJh okH;yGifhqdkifyJ?aemuf+yD; t*Fvdyfu rkcsxGufoGm;&awmhrSm - zqyv u wufvmawmhrSm -Adkvfatmifqef;tdwfxJrSm EdkifzJygoGm;w,f? orRw/ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ jynfe,fqdkif&m0ef}uD; &mxl;awG ay;Edkifw,f?

olusqkH;vdk@ olukd,fwdkif ray;&ayr,fh/ Akdvfatmifqef;uwdudk OD;Eku taumiftxnfazmfcJhwmyJ r[kwfvm;?tckokH;yGifhqdkifvkyf&if tm%m&Sdolu etz/ usefwmawGu tm%mrJhawGcsnf;yJrdk@/ pum;ajym“qdkif”- “EkdifiHa&;

avxefukef;” yJ jzpfr,f? Zmwfodrf;aumif;rSm r[kwf? “rjzpfEkdifwmawG ajymae=uvdk@ t+yD;tykdif aqG;aEG;yJGzsufodrf;vkdufw,f”qkdwm ppftkyfpk vkyfaeusyJ? u|efawmfwdk@oabmxm;u tcsdefus&if okH;yGifhqdkif vkyfudkvkyf&r,f? wef;wlaoG;pnf;wJhjynfaxmifpkay:&r,f?(6) aqG;aEG;yJGzsufodrf;wm vkyfvm&if vkyfwJholu pwkwppftkyfpkyJ jzpfvdrfhfr,fvdk@ wGufw,f? olwdk@ppfwyfxJrSm “pdefvGif” vdkvl

tm%mavmborm; trsm;}uD;? “rsKd;cspfwyfrSL;a[mif;” vdkvlawGuvnf; ydkawmifrsm;w,f? EkdifiHa&; rwnf+idrfr_}uD; jzpfvmrSmyJ?“aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJG t+yD;tykdifzsufodrf;vdkufw,f” vdk@ a=unmwJhtcsdef[m trdArmjynfukd csnfaESmifxm;wJh óu;awGudk

awmfvSefa&;enf;eJ@ azmufcJGjzwfawmufypfzdk@ vrf;om&Sdawmhw,fvkd@ owfrSwf&r,fhtcsdefyJvdk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ,lqw,f?tJ'Dtvm;tvmtwGufvnf; jyifqifr_ &Sd&ygr,f?

1363 ckESpf/ 'kwd,0gqdkvqef; 7 &uf? 2001 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 27 &uf?

jynfolhtm%m

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ESpfbufaphpyfaqG;aEG;=uw,fqdk&if tay;t,lawG &Sd=u&p+rJyg? udk,fuyJ tm;vHk;,lcsif+yD; enf;enf;rS ray;csif&if bmrSjzpfajrmufvmr,f r[kwfygbl;?

(xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 2§2001 rS)

w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD wnfaxmifonfh tESpf 80 ajrmuftxdrf;trSwfae‹twGuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS ay;ykd‹onfho0%fv$m

okd‹ A[kdaumfrwD w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD? yDuif;?ta-umif;t&m? ? w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD wnfaxmifonfh tESpf 80 ajrmuftxdrf;trSwfae‹twGuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS o0%fv$may;ydk‹jcif;?

cspfpGmaom&Jabmfwkd‹,ckESpfZlvkdifv 1 &ufae‹wGif w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf oufwrf;tm;jzifh tESpf 80

jynfhajrmufay_yD? w¶kwfjynf uGefjrLepfygwD. orkdif;onf }uD;jrwf*k%fajymifonfhorkdif; jzpfayonf?ygwDwnfaxmif_yD; 28 ESpf-umumvtwGif;wGif &JabmfarmfpDwkef;trSL;ðyaom ygwD

yxrrsKd;quf acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm;onf róuHpzl;aom ukd,fusKd;pGef‹v$wfr+/ tepfemcHr+rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ qif;&Jyifyef;rSmra-umuf/ toufpGef‹v$wf&rSmra-umufonfh róuHpzl;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfjzifhvnf;aumif; awmfvSefa&;c&D;wGiftaumuftauG‹ twuftqif;rsm;ukd jzwfoef;_yD; orkdif;wGifonfh atmifyJGrsm;ukd qGwfcl;&&SdcJh-uonf? tESpfoabmt&qkdaomf rmhufpfvDeif0g'. tajccHrlrsm;ESifh w¶kwfjynf. tcdkdiftrmvufawG‹ukdrSefuefpGmaygif;pyfEkdifjcif;a-umifh 'Drdkua&pDopfawmfvSefa&;wGif atmifyJGrsm;&&Sdum w¶kwfjynfol‹orRwEkdifiHawmfukd xlaxmifEkdifcJh-uonf? TtajccHay:wGif qdk&S,fvpfpepf. tajccHtkwfjrpf ukdvnf;atmifjrifpGmcsrSwfEkdifcJh-uonf?

&Jabmfwdef‹a&Smifzif trSL;ðyaom ygwD. 'kwd,rsKd;qufacgif;aqmifr+onf qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&; umvtwGif;wGif&&SdcJhaom ygwD.tawG‹tóuHESifhoifcef;pmrsm;ukd jyefvnfokH;oyfum w¶kwfjynf. tckdiftrmxl;jcm;csufrsm;ESifh ukdufnDaomqdk&S,fvpfpepfwnfaqmufa&; vrf;pOfay:vpDrsm;ukd csrSwfusifhokH;Ekdifjcif;a-umifhvnf;aumif;/&Jabmfusef;ZDrif; trSL;ðyaom ygwDwwd,rsKd;quf acgif;aqmifr+onf rmhufpf vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:/ wdef‹a&Smifzifoabmw&m; txl;ojzifh wdef‹a&Smifzifoabmw&m;ukd vrf;!eftjzpfxm;_yD;/ Tvrf;pOfay:vpDrsm;twkdif; qufvufusifhokH;Ekdifjcif;a-umifhvnf;aumif; vGefcJhonfhtESpfESpfq,ftwGif;wGif w¶kwfjynf. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHawmf.tiftm;rSm tHhrcef;wkd;wufvmcJhonf?jynfolvlxk. aexkdifr+b0tqifhtwef;rSm tvGefodomxif&Sm;pGm wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmcJhonf?w¶kwfjynf. EkdifiHwumh*k%foduQmonfvnf; }uD;rm;pGmjrifhwufvmcJhayonf? w¶kwfjynf. rsufESmoGifjyifukd tHh-oavmufatmif ajymif;vJoGm;apcJhayonf? Tbufaygif;pkH atmifyJGrsm;uwkdawmif;aomumvtwGif;rSmyifv#if qdk&S,fvpfpepf. omvGefr+ESifhpGrf;yum;ukd xif&Sm;pGmazmfxkwfjyoEkdfifcJh&m u|efawmfwdk‹tygt0if urBmhvkyfom;jynfolrsm;tm; ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpfapcJhayonf? TatmifyJGrsm;twGuf w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifr+ESifh ygwD0ifxkw&yfvkH;tm;vnf;aumif;/ w¶kwfjynf&Sd vlrsKd;pkHjynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;tm;vnf;aumif; u|efawmfwdk‹ygwDtaeESifhvd+ufvSJpGm csD;usL;*k%fðytyfygonf?

qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;wGif w¶kwfjynfol‹orRwEkdifiHu &&SdcJhaomatmifyJGrsm;onf

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jynfolhtm%m

22

orkdif;t"dy`m,f&Sd¶kHomru EkdifiHwumht"dy`m,fvnf; aqmifayonf? vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfw&yftaeESifht&if;&SifpepfxufomvGefaom qdk&S,fvpfpepfonf orkdif;tauG‹taumufrsm;ukd jzwfoef;&rnfrSmra&Smifv$JEkdifapumrl twdwf/ ypPKy`efumvrsm;wGifomru tem*wfumvwGifvnf; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmrnfukdvnf;aumif;/ wkdif;jynfwjynf okd‹r[kwf tcsKdŒwGifomru wdkif;jynftrsm;tjym;wGif rkcsay:xGef;vmOD;rnfukdvnf;aumif; &nf!ef;azmfjyaeayonf?

1989 ckESpfESifh 1991 ckESpfumvtwGif; ta&SŒOa&my jynfol‹'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHrsm;ESifh qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf òydvJcJhapumrl w¶kwfjynf&Sd qdk&S,fvpfpepfonfum; wnfwHh_yD; ckdif_rJcJhayonf? TwGifu|efawmfwdk‹onf ordkif;tawG‹tóuHESifh oifcef;pmrsm;udk b,faomtcgr# arhaysmufIrjzpfay?

qdkAD,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwD acgif;aqmifr+onf rmhufpfvDeif0g' tajccHrlrsm;ukd pGef‹ypfcJh-uonf?"e&Sifðyjyifa&;vuQ%maqmifaom “yGifhvif;a&;” ESifh “taqmufttkHðyjyifa&;” ukd csrSwfusifhokH;cJh-uonf?jynfwGif;wGif "e&Sifvpfb&,f0g' tkHºuGr+onf tESH‹tjyef‹jzpfvmum jynfyrSaESmif h,SufaoG;xkd;vH+‹aqmfr+rsm;ESifh a&m,Suf_yD; EkdifiHa&;wnf_idrfr+onf qkH;¶H+;vufvGwfcJh&onf? EkdifiHa&;tm%monfvnf;òyduscJh&ayonf?

TonfESifh ajzmifhajzmifh}uD;qef‹usifpGmyif w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf rmhufpfvDeif0g' tajccHrlrsm;ukd wif;wif;usyfusyf qkyfukdifcJhonf? “qdk&S,fvpfvrf;a-umif;/ jynfol‹'Drdkua&pD tm%m&Sifpepf/uGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmifr+/ rmhufpfvDeif0g' = armfpDwkef;tawG;tac: ” [laom tajccHrl}uD; 4 &yfudkpJGpJG_rJ_rJqkyfukdif usifhokH;cJhonf? TtajccHay:wGif ðyjyifa&;ESifh jynfyokd‹ wHcg;zGifha&;ay:vpDukd taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf? ,if;ay:vpDukd taumiftxnfazmfonfh jzpfpOfwav#mufvkH;wGif "e&Sifvpfb&,f0g'ukdqef‹usifwkdufzsuf_yD; EkdifiHa&;wnf_idrfr+ESifh jynfwGif;nD!Gwfr+udk xdef;odrf;wnfaqmufcJhonf? Tokd‹qdk&S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;umvwGif rmhufpfvDeif0g' tajccHrlrsm;ESifh w¶kwfjynf. tckdkiftrmvufawG‹ukdrSefuefpGmaygif;pyfusifhokH;Ek difjcif;a-umifh w¶kwfjynfwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HuJhokd‹òyduJGoGm;jcif;r&SdbJ wnfwHhckdif_rJcJhayonf? atmifyJGrsm;ukd qufwkduf&&SdcJhayonf? w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDucsrSwfcJhaom 21 &mpktv,fwGif a&muf&Sd&rnfh &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmfEkdifyguqdk&S,fvpfpepf. omvGefcsufudk qwufxrf;ykd; tvGefxif&Sm;pGm oufaoxljyEkdifrnf jzpfayonf?Tvmrnfh atmifyJGrsm;onf w¶kwfjynftwGufomru urBmhqdk&S,fvpfta&;awmfykHtwGuf tvGefta&;}uD;aomtcef;rS yg0ifayvdrfhrnf? w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf T}uD;av;aom vkyfief;wm0efudkatmifjrifpGm xrf;aqmifEkdifvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfwdk‹ vkH;0,kH-unf ayonf?

‚if;tjyif ,ae‹urBmwGif Adkvfuspdk;rdk;a&;0g'onf qufvufwnf&Sdae_yD; vufuseftiftm;vGefEdkifiH}uD;jzpfonfh tar&duefonf ae&mtESH‹ yHko¿mefwrsdK;r[kwfwrsdK;ESifh qufvufusL;ausmf Adkvfusaeonfudk awG‹&onf? ,ckESpf {_yDvqef;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom wdkufav,mOfrª;0rfa0 usqHk;cJh&onfh‘ta&;tcif;’onf xif&Sm;onfh om"uw&yf jzpfygI TudpPudk w±kwfjynftaeESifh wnf-unfcdkifrmjywfom;pGm &yfwnfajz&Sif;aeonfudk u|efawmfwdk‹ óudqdkygonf?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD taeESifhvnf; Adkvfuspdk;rdk;a&;0g'udk ckcHwdkufyGJqifoGm;rnfom jzpfonf?vuf&SdArmjynf. tajctaewGifrl jynfwGif;_idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ trsKd;om;nD!Gwffa&;

[laom ta&;udpPrsm;onf tjyeftvSefqufpyfae_yD; tjyeftvSef tusKd;ðyaeaom jy\em}uD; 3 &yfjzpfonf? jynfolvlxktusKd;twGuf *¶kwpkduf tjynfht0 ajz&Sif;ay;&ef tylwjyif;awmif;qkdaeaomvkyfief;wm0ef}uD;rsm;vnf; jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk‹ygwDonf Tjy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdif&eftwGufESpf&Snfvrsm; tpOfwpkduf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfcJhayonf? ,ckvnf;qufvufI tjcm;aom jynfcspftiftm;pkrsm;ESifhtwl wpnf;wvkH;wnf;yl;aygif;I tifwkduftm;wkduf vkH;yef;tm;xkwfoGm;ygrnf?

vuf&SdArmjynfwGif _idrf;csrf;_yD; 'Drdkua&pD&Sd¶kHomru trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; wnfaqmufEkdifrSomv#if EkdifiHa&;ESifh vlr+a&;t& wnf_idrfaomywf0ef;usifw&yfudk zefwD;Ekdifayvdrfhrnf? EkdifiHa&;ESifh vlr+a&;t& wnf_idrfr+&SdrSomv#if pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ukd atmifjrifatmif zdzdpD;pD;aZmufcs aqmif&GufEkdifayvdrfhrnf?

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pD;yGm;a&; zGH‹òzd;wkd;wufrSomv#if wkdif;jynf. bufaygif;pkHtiftm; }uD;xGm;vm_yD; jynfolvlxk. aexkdifr+b0 tqifhtwef;jrifhwufvmatmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifayvdrfhrnf? Tokd‹vkyfjcif;jzifhomv#if 21 &mpkurBm}uD;wGif xdkufwefaomtqifhtwef;&Sdonfh Armjynfopfudk wnfaqmufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfwdk‹pJ GpJ G _rJ_rJ,kH-unfayonf? Tvkyfief;wm0efrsm;ukd atmifjrifatmifxrf;aqmif&mwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf wwyfwtm;taeESifh pGrf;tm;&Sdor# yg0ifaqmif&GufoGm;rnf jzpfayonf?

rmhufpfvDeif0g' t"Gef‹&Snfygap?w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD t"Gef‹&Snfygap?u|efawmfwdk‹ygwDESpf&yf/ jynfolESpf&yf. cspf-unfaoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr+

t"Gef‹&Snfygap?

2001 ckESpf/ ZGefv/ 1 &uf? A[kdpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD?

0if¶kd;wckpepfESifh 0if¶kd;trsm;pepf vGefyJ GrSm jyif;xefvmp&m &Sdygonf? xkdvGefyJGwGif -um;nyfcH&v#if wkdif;jynfepfemEkdifygonf? ( xkwfjyefa-unmcsuf 3§2001)

AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwD. udk;}udrfajrmuf jynfvHk;qdkif&muGef*&ufodk@ ay;ydk@onfhArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD.*k%fðyo0%fv$m

odk@ 2001 ckESpf/ {+yDv 10 &uf? obmywdtzJG@ ukd;}udrfajrmuf jynfvkH;qkdif&muGef*&uf AD,uferf uGefjrLepfygwD?

rS A[kdpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD?

ta=umif;t&m? ? *k%fðyo0%fv$may;ykd@jcif;?

cspfvSpGmaom&Jabmfwdk@,ckvkd*k%fa&mifajymif+yD; r*Fvmtaygif;ESifh jynfhpkHaom tcgor,wGif &Jabmfwdk@ESifhwuG

uGef*&ufukd,fpm;vS,ftaygif;tm; u|efawmfwdk‹onf ygwD0ifxkw&yfvkH;ukd,fpm; ypPnf;rJhE_wfcGef;qufojcif; ðyvkyfvkdufygonf? TuGef*&ufonf atmifjrifr_&&Sd+yD; 21 &mpktwGif;wGif AD,uferf'Drdku&ufwpf orRwEdkifiHtwGuf ykdrkdrsm;jym;aom atmifjrifr_rsm;&&Sd&ef pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwfoGm;Ekdifrnf[ku|efawmfwdk‹ ar#mfvifhygonf?

AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDonf *k%fa&mifajymifaom ygwDw&yfjzpf+yD; e,fcsJŒpepfESifh Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;a&;0g'wkd@ukd ykHpHrsKd;pkHjzifh wkdufyJGqifE$Jaeaom urBmhjynfolrsm;u tm;&zG,f rD;¶SL;wefaqmifozG,foabmxm;=uayonf? &Jabmf[kdcsDrif; qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; AD,uferfygwDESifh jynfolwdk@onf “rdrdwkd@ukd,frdrdvGwfajrmufapa&;twGuf rdrdtiftm;ukd tokH;ðycJh=uygonf?” wcsdefwnf;wGif urBmhtiftm;t}uD;qkH;ESifhtarmufrmqkH; usL;ausmfolukd olwdk@onf arhr&Ekdifaomoifcef;pmrsm; oif=um;ay;cJh=uonfhtwGufurBmhjynfolrsm; 0rf;ajrmuftm;&cJ h=u&ygonf? &Jabmf[k dcsDrif;. vrf;!¸efr_twdkif; AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh AD,uferfjynfolwkd@om wkdufyJGr0ifcJhygu tar&duefe,fcsJŒESifh qDwkd;tzJG@wkd@onfta&S@awmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;rS vlrsKd;pkHjynfolwkd@tay: qufvufAkdvfus tEkdifusifhae=uayrnf? a'otwGif;ppfyJGrsm; wyJG+yD;wyJG qifE$Jae=urnfjzpfonf?

okd@&mwGif u|efawmfwdk‹onf urBmhwOD;wnf;aom r[mtiftm;}uD;. v#KdŒ0Suft}uHtpnfrsm;ukd vspfvsLðyxm;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,frdrd owdvufvGwf rjzpfoGm;ap&ef txl;tav;xm;&ygrnf?

qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh tjcm;ta&S@Oa&my qdk&S,fvpfEkdifiHrsm; òyus+yD;aemufwGif urBmay:&Sdjynfolrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;onf AD,uferf'Drkdu&ufwpforRwEkdifiHtay:wGifvnf; tm¶kHpkduftav;xm;vm=uygonf? rñuHpzl;&ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaomppfyJGu azmfxkwfcJhaom tòytysufrsm;ESifh AkH;usif;rsm;A&yG=um;rS ay:xGef;vmaom EkdifiHwEkdifiHtaejzifh rnfuJhokd@ olwkd@.wkdif;jynfudk wnfaqmuf+yD; wkd;wufr_vrf;a=umif;ukd &SmazGoGm;rnfqdkonfukd urBmhjynfolrsm;ESifh ypPnf;rJhrsm;u =unfhjrifvkd=uygonf? urBmhqdk&S,fvpfpepfonf cufcJ=urf;wrf;aom prf;oyfr_rsm;ukd awG@ñuHae&onfhtcsdefwGif AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh AD,uferfjynfolwdk@onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDukd cspfjrwfEkd;+yD; qdk&S,fvpfpepftay:wGif,kH=unfr_xm;&Sd=uaom urBmhjynfolrsm;twGuf ,cifutwkdif; tm;&wufºuzG,f qufvuf&yfwnfoGm;rnf[k u|efawmfwdk‹ ,kH=unfygonf?

o0%fv$m

AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh AD,uferfjynfolwkd@onf qdk&S,fvpfpepfodk@ jzpfay:wkd;yGm;oGm;a&;twGuf ul;ajymif;a&;vrf;a=umif;ukd &SmazG&mwGif ajcvSrf;wvSrf;csif; &SmazGprf;oyfonfhjzpfpOfudkjzwfoef;ae&onfukd u|efawmfwdk‹ owdrlrdygonf? rmhufpf0g' vDeif0g'ESifh [kdcsDrif;tawG;tac:wkd@wGiftajccHonfh qdk&S,fvpfpepfESifh trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;wdk@. &nfrSef;csufukd AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDESihfAD,uferfjynfolwdk@onf atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmf Ekdifvddrfhrnf[k u|efawmfwdk‹ ,kH=unfygonf?ðyjyifa&;ukd pJG+rJpGmvkyf&if; pufr_xGef;um;a&;ESifh acwfrDa&;wdk@ukd rqkwfrepfvkyfaqmif wGef;wifoGm;jcif;jzifhAD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh AD,uferfjynfolwdk@onf qdk&S,fvpfEkdifiHawmf wnfaqmufa&;ESifh trdEkdifiHumuG,fa&;wkd@wGif wkd;wufr_rsm; &&SdatmifjrifEkdifrnf jzpfygonf?

AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDt=um; rsKd;qufa[mif;acgif;aqmifrsm; xkqpfykHoGif;cJhaom q,fpkESpfcsD oufwrf;=umcJh+yDjzpfonfh nDtpfukdygwDqufqHa&;udk u|efawmfwdk‹ tpOft+rJwefzdk;xm;xdef;odrf;oGm;rnf jzpfonf? ,ck&mpkESpf tul;wGif TqufqHa&;onf ykdrkdcdkifrmawmifhwif;vmrnf[kvnf; u|efawmfwdk‹ ,kH=unfygonf? nDtpfukdygwDrsm;. atmifjrifr_rsm;udkd qnf;yl;oGm;&efESifhu|efawmfwdk‹awmfvSefa&;. tcdkdiftrmtajctaersm;wGif odyHenf;uspGm tokH;csoGm;&ef u|efawmfwdk‹ ykdif;jzwfxm;ygonf?

ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd u|efawmfwdk‹ygwDESifh u|efawmfwdk‹jynfolrsm;onf o¿mefrsKd;pkHjzifh qef@usifwkdufyJG0ifae=uygonf? rsufarSmufumvwGif qef‹usifwkdufyJG0ifaeaom tiftm;pkrsm;taejzifh tompD;&ae+yD[k rqkdEkdifaomfvnf; ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf vrf;qHk;a&mufaea=umif; 0efcHae&onfukd urBmu awG@jrifae&+yDjzpfonf?

e,fcsJŒrsm;ukd qef‹usifjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ppftpkd;&ukd ckdifusnfpGm wkdufyJG0ifjcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; u|efawmfwdk‹onf EkdifiHwumh uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_ukd tuskdK;ðyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?

rmhufpf0g' vDeif0g' t"Gef@&Snfygap?AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDt=um; nDtpfukdqufqHa&; t"Gef@&Snfygap?AD,uferfuGefjrLepfygwD t"Gef@&Snfygap?

A[kdpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD?

jynfolhtm%m

25

UCP - CPSU . 32 }udrfajrmuf txl;uGef*&ufodk@ ay;ydk@onfhArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. o0%fv$m

odk@ 2001ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv/ 20 &uf obmywdtzJG@ 32 }udrfajrmuftxl;uGef*&uf UCP - CPSU armfpukd/ ¶k&Sm;jynf? rS A[kdpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynf?

ta=umif;t&m? ? *k%fðyo0%fv$may;ykd@jcif;?

cspfvSpGmaom&Jabmfwkd@u|efawmfwdk‹. ygwD0ifxkw&yfvkH;ukd,fpm; &Jabmfwdk@ukd csD;usL;*k%fðyvkdygonf?

TuGef*&uf vkH;0atmifjrifygapa=umif;vnf; qENðyvkdufygonf?usef&Sdaeao;aom qdk&S,fvpfEkdifiHrsm;/ qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm;/ vuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh urBmh

tzdEdSyfcH jynfolrsm;tay:wGif t&if;&SifurBmhv$rf;+cHKa&;u tvkH;pkHaom &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfonfhwkdufyJGudk qifE$Jaeaom tcgor,wGif EkdifiHwumuGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_onf jyefvnfemvefxlvm&eftwGuf rsm;pGmtm;xkwfvkH;yef; wkdufyJG0ifoGm;&ayrnf? TtcsdefrsKd;wGif uGefjrLepfygwDw&yf.atmifjrifr_ okd@r[kwf qkH;¶_H;r_onf usefnDtpfukd ygwDrsm;tay:wGif wlnDaomtusKd;oufr_ &Sdayonf?,if;aemufcH ta=umif;tcsufa=umifh ypPnf;rJhtzJG‹tpnf;rsm; txl;ojzifh ygwD}uD;rsm;. uGef*&ufrsm;ukd urBmhypPnf;rJhrsm;onf ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;jzifh apmifh=unfhaeavh&Sdygonf? u|efawmfwdk‹onfvnf;¹cif;csufr[kwfyg?

EkdifiHwumht&if;ESifh e,fcsJŒpepfwdk@. enf;y&d,m,fonf tvGef¶kd;pif;vSayonf? olwdk@rESpfòr@aom EkdifiHtm;vkH;udk òzcJGypfjcif;jzifh tm;enf;oGm;ap&efESifh wurBmvkH;ukd t&if;&Sifpepfðya&;okd@oGm;&m olwkd@.vrf;a=umif;wGif &yfwnf[ef@wm;aeaom vuf0JygwDrsm;ukd tm;enf;oGm;ap&ef odk@r[kwf jzpfEdkifygu acsr_ef;ypf&efwdk@ jzpfygonf? rsufarSmuftcsdefwGif tvGeftrif; tm;}uD;aeojzifh olwkd@.&nfrSef;csufrsm; odk@r[kwf ,if;wdk@udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef enf;vrf;rsm;ukd olwdk@zkH;uG,fxm;&ef rvkd=uyg? vuf&SdtcsddefwGif olwdk@onf tiftm;}uD;rm;ae+yD; u|efawmfwdk‹ tm;enf;aeonfudk u|efawmfwdk‹tm;vkH; 0efcH=u&ygrnf?

¶k&Sm;jynfolwdk@tay: ¶k&Sm;uGefjrLepfwdk@.vlóuufrsm;r_ESifh =oZm}uD;xGm;vmaejcif;onfurBmhvuf0J tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;twGuf tpOft+rJ tm;ay;r_}uD;yif jzpfygonf? ¶k&Sm;EkdifiHonf atmufwkdbmawmfvSefa&; arG;zGm;cJhaomae&mjzpf+yD; xkdawmfvSefa&;. }uD;rm;jyif;xefaompGrf;tiftm;rmefwdk@u u|efawmfwdk‹twGuf rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'udk aqmif=uOf;ay;cJh¶kHrubJ e,fcsJ@xrf;ykd;atmufrSvnf; vGwfajrmufapcJhonfudk rnfonfhtcgr# arhoGm;rnfr[kwfay? &JabmfvDeifESifh&Jabmfpwmvifwkd@u olwdk@. olrwlonfhpGrf;&nfrsm;udk usifhokH;cJhaomEkdifiH. rdk;aumif;uifwGif

o0%fv$m

tvHeDonf xm0&vGifhjrL;aeonfukd u|efawmfwdk‹ jrifvkd=uonfrSm obm0usygonf?UCP - CPSU . vuf&SduGef*&ufonf tzJG‹tpnf; tiftm;awmifhwif;a&;ESifh ¶k&Sm;jynf

ypPnf;rJhv_yf&Sm;r_ tm;rmef[keftjynfhjzifh jyefvnf&Sifoefvma&;udk ykdrkdtusKd;ðyEkdifvdrfhrnf[ku|efawmfwdk‹ ar#mfvifhygonf? ¶k&Sm;jynfwGif uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_onf jzpfEkdifor#aom pGrf;tift&SdefjzifhzGH‹òzd;}uD;xGm;vma&;ESifh e,fcsJŒwdk@ESifh AsL¶kdu&uft&if;&Sifwdk@. xrf;ykd;atmufrS ¶k&Sm;jynfolwdk@vGwfajrmufa&;ukd u|efawmfwdk‹onf urBmay:&Sdtjcm;ypPnf;rJh wdkufyJG0ifolrsm;enf;wl awG@jrifvkdygonf?

UCP - CPSU t"Gef@&Snfygap?UCP - CPSU ESifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDt=um; nDtpfudkqufqHa&; t"Gef@&Snfygap?rmhufpf0g' vDeif0g' t"Gef@&Snfygap?

uGefjrLepfwdk@. E_wfcGef;qufojcif;jzifh A[kdpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

jynfolhtm%m

27

ouU&mZf 2000 - 2001 tckacwf[m ppfat;vGefacwf/ tar&duefwOD;wnf; Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;csifaewJhacwfyg? ( xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 1§2001 )

wpn OuUX Akdvfomausmfokd@ tdwfzGi fhay;pm

13/ 10/ 2000 &ufpJGwyfxm;onfh Akdvfoef;a&$ (etz OuUX) xHokd@ Akdvfomausmf (wpn OuUX) rSay;pmukd zwf&ygonf? v#KdŒ0Suf[k owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; rv#KdŒ0Sufvdka=umif; odomygonf? wpnygwDxGufvmoifh+yD[k u|efawmfwdk‹ ajymcJhonfrSm =umyg+yD? ,ckxGufvmojzifh óuqkdygonf?

xGufvmonfh&ufpJGukd =unfhaomtcg etzESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwkd@ “pum;ajymyJG” ponfhtcsdefESifhwkdufqkdifaeonfukd awG@&ygonf? a&;xm;onfhtmabmfukd =unfhaomtcgvnf; “vdyfjymroef@”/ “ordkif;w&m;cH” tjzpfrcHEkdif[k qkdxm;ojzifh T “pum;ajymyJG” jzpfap&ef olwdk@vnf;wGef;aqmfay;aeygonf[kwkdif;jynfokd@ today;vkd[ef &Sdygonf? u|efawmfwdk‹onf Akdvfae0if;xHokd@ raorDwkdif;jynftwGuf aumif;r_wckawmhvkyfoGm;apcsifa=umif; pma&;zl;ygonf? etzESifh NLD aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJG jzpfajrmufatmif ol.t&Sdeft0gukdokH;+yD;ol@wynfhom;ajr;rsm;ukd wGef;ay;ygu wdkif;jynftwGuf aumif;r_wckðyjcif;[k u|efawmfwdk‹,lqrnfjzpfa=umif;pma&;jcif; jzpfygonf?

,ckvnf; wpnwGif;rS wyfrSL;}uD; (a[mif;) rsm;okd@ atmufygtwkdif; t}uHay;vkdygonf? wpntaeESifh wyfrawmfòyuJGrnfukd pkd;&drfaea=umif; txift&Sm; awG@&ygonf? NLD ESifh wpn uJGaejcif;onfwyfrawmfòyuJGjcif;. jy¶kyf[k qkdxm;ygonf? u|efawmfwdk‹ oabmwlygonf? 48 - 49 uvnf; Tokd@yifòyuJGzl;ygonf? xkdudpPukdawmh wpnu xnfhrajymyg? Akdvfae0if; tvkdrusjzpfrSmufdk pkd;&drfIjzpfygvdrfhrnf?u|efawmfwdk‹ em;vnfygonf?

wpnu AkdvfaZmfxGef;vkdvlawG etzxJrS xyfrHay:xGufvmrnfudk pkd;&drfaea=umif; txift&Sm;awG@&ygonf? pdk;&drfxkdufygonf?

etz ppftkyfpkrSm tajcmufwkduf b0ifjrifhaeygonf? Akdvfomausmfwdk@vnf; awG@rdvdrfhrnfxifygonf?a&S@uppftkyfpka[mif;rsm; rvkyfEdkifcJhwmawG olwkd@vkyfEkdifonf[k txifa&muf+yD; b0ifjrifh=ujcif; jzpfygonf?ppfat;acwf ukefqkH;jcif;qkdaom ta=umif;tcsufukd olwdk@xnfhrwGuf=uyg?

xkdokd@ xnfhrwGufaoma=umifh ppfat;vGefacwf. tusKd;aus;Zl; ,m,DcHpm;&jcif;ukd t[kwf}uD;xifae+yD; ppfat;vGefacwfuay;vmrnfh tEW&m,fukd rjrifEdkif=uawmhyg?

90 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJG&v'fukd jiif;y,fjcif;onf jynfwGif;a&;oufouf jzpfygonf? xdkjiif;y,fjcif;.tusKd;quftjzpf EkdifiHwumhcGifwGif txD;usefjzpf&ygonf? aemufqkH;wGif AkdvfaZmfxGef;vkd yk*~KdvfrsKd;ay:&ygonf?

,ckrl jynfya&; (xdkif;ESifh yg;pyfppfwkdufjcif;) ukd vkyfvmygonf? Tb0ifjrifhvkyf&yfa=umifh wdkif;jynf'kuQawG@ygvdrfhrnf? wpnygwD tpkd;&drfqkH;jzpfaom wyfrawmfòyuJGa&;ESifh &yfaernfhudpP r[kwfyg? wkdif;jynfòyuJGrnfhtEW&m,f}uD;yg uyfygvmygvdrfhrnf?

wpn OuUX Akdvfomausmftygt0if AkdvfxGef;wifpaom wpnacgif;aqmifpkonf acwftrsKd;rsKd;ukdjzwfoef;zl;=uygonf? wcsufrSm;¶kHjzifh wkdif;jynfrnfonfhb0 usa&mufEkdifonfukd od=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh vuf&Sdppftkyfpkukd tcsdefrD ðyjyifay;=uyg&ef wkdufwGef;tyfyga=umif;?

(u|efawmfwdk‹ ajyma&;qkdcGifh&Sdol. xkdif;- Arm ta&;ESifhywfoufonfh xkwfjyefcsuf yl;wJGay;vkddufygonf?)

usef;rmI wdkif;jynftusKd; onfykd;Ekdif=uapa=umif; qkrGefaumif;awmif;ygonf?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;rSoifwdk@.wkdufazmfwkduffzufa[mif;rsm;?

tdwfzGifhay;pm

( 1 )awmfvSefa&;ESifh vkyf}uHa&;wGif

ta&;}uD;aomwlnDr+wck &Sdygonf? ‚if;rSmbkH&efoltay: rkef;wD;r+wGif wlnDjcif; jzpfygonf? vDeif. tpfukdonf vkyf}uHa&;orm; jzpfonf? olonf Zmpepfu Zmrdom;pkukd zefwD;xm;jcif;udk rod? pepfudkrjrif Zmrdom;pkukdom taotvJ rkef;onf? vkyf}uH&ef óud;pm;onf? aemufqkH;rd_yD; ao'%fuscH&onf? Zmpepf &Sdaev#ifZmwa,mufaou aemufZmwa,mufay:vmrnf? aemufZmu a&SŒZmxufawmif qdk;csifqkd;rnf? Ak dvfatmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&_yD; OD;apmwufvmv#if rnfokd‹jzpfrnfenf;/ wcg zqyvxJrS aemufwufolonf ykdaumif;vmoavm = ykdqdk;oGm;oavm = pOf;pm;-unfhyg?

pepfudkrjrif vludkjrifaomolonf rnfonfhtcgr# EkdifiHa&;wnf_idrfr+r&Sd/tckwrsK d; awmf-umwrsKd;/ tawmfAavmif;AvJEdkifonf? w¶kwfjynfrS0rfusifa0hukd-unfh? olonfrefcsL;rif;qufudk rkef;onf/ vkyf}uHonf/ ae‹csif;ncsif;wjynfvkH;ausmf-um;oGm;onf? aemufautrfwD vuf0J*k d%f; jzpfvmonf?csefau&S dwf. vuf,m*k d%f;uk dr kef;I“vuf0J” vkyfjcif; jzpfonf? aemufawmhzufqpf*syef. ¶ky fao;xdyfoD;jzpf _yD;Zmwfodrf;onf? refcsL;rif;quf qef‹usif

a&; “ol&Jaumif;” tjzpfrS/ trsKd;om;opPmazmuftjzpfod k ‹ wpwpajymif;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf? bmha-umifh Tokd‹jzpfoenf;?

olonfpepfudkrjrif/ vludk jrifonf? pepfudk rrkef;/ vlukdrkef;onf? yxrrefcsL;rif;qufukd rkef;onf? aemufcsefau&Sdwfudk rkef;onf? csefau&Sdwfuvuf,m*kd%f; jzpfaepOf rkef;onfrSm udpPr&Sd? olu “vuf0J*k d%f;” jzpf¶k Hr#om?csefau&Sdwfu *syefqef‹usifaeaomtcgrkef;awmh ol *syefESifh aygif;awmhonf?

vkyf}uHa&;um; awmifusacsmif;ESifh wlonf? awmfvSefa&;um; {&m0wDjrpf}uD;ESifh wlonf? awmifusacsmif;onfrk d;onf;onf;&Gm_yDqk dv#if tvGefa&pD;jrefonf? t&Sdeft[kefvnf; jyif;onf?ausmufwkH;}uD;rsm;udkyif wkdufcsoGm;onf?ol‹a&SŒa&mufaev#if rnfonfht&mr# rcHE k di f? toHuvnf; jrnf[D;vSonf?tonf;i,folrsm;twGuf vdyfjymvGifhrwwf cHpm;oGm;Ekdifonf?

odk‹aomf rk d;r&Gmv#ifum;a&vnf; r&S d/ a'gormef[kefvnf; r&Sd/ajcmufoa,mif;oGm;awmhonf? okd‹aomfol‹qDrS pD;qif;onfha&um; jrpf}uD;twGif;okd‹ a&mufygonf?

jrpf}uD;um; awmfvSefa&; 'Da&edrfhumvESifhwlonfh aEG&moD umvrsKd;

wGifyifv#if t&Sdefrysuf pD;qif;_rJ? aEG&moDwGif a&enf;_yD; aomifxGef;v#if xGef;aevdrfhrnf/ yifra&pD;a-umif;um; pD;_rJyif?aemufqkH; awmfvSefa&;atmifyJG[laomyifv,fokd‹um; taES;tjref a&mufvdrffhrnf?

( 2 )awmfvSefa&;ESifh vkyf}uHa&;onf

tbd"rRmcsif;yifrwl = uJGvJGonf? wcku¶kyf0g'ukd/ wcku pdwf0g'udk tajccHonf?pOf ;pm;awG;ac:&mwGi fvnf; wckuawmfvSefa&; taumif;jrif0g't& pOf;pm;onf? wcku tqkd;jriftajccH_yD; url;¶SL;xkd; pOf;pm;onf? orkdif;tjrifcsif;vnff;rwll-uyg? uGefjrLepfrsm;u jynfolvlxkkomork di f;zefwD;olrsm;[kjrif_yD;/ olwk d ‹uwOD;csif;ol&Jaumif;rsm;u zefwD;onf[kjrifygonf? vkyf[efcsif;vnf; jcm;em;ygonf? wcku odyHenf;us vufawG‹0g't& vkyfonf? wcku vufawG‹tvkyfjzpfa&; y"me0g'jzpfonf?

tbd"rRmcsif; rnfr#yif uJGjym;ygap uGef jrLep frsm;u vkyf }uHa&;uk dem;vnfygonf/ pmemygonf/ ukd,fcsif;pmonf[kyif ajymEkdifygonf?

'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&; a&pkefarsmrvkd jzpfaeonfudk olwdk‹róudufovkduGefjrLepfrsm;vnf; róudufyg? “rsufpdvnfav qGrf;qef&av” jzpfaeolrsm;ukd

awmfvSefa&;ESifhvkyf}uHa&;

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30

uGefjrLepfrsm;a&m olwkd‹yg jrifae-uygonf?“rsufpdvnfaeolrsm;” rSmvnf; wcsKdŒutppftr Se f rsufp dvnfaewmjzp fIwcsKdŒuqGrf;qef&zkd‹ rsufpdvnf[efaqmifaejcif; jzpfEkdifygonf? Tokd‹jzpfaeonhftajctaeukd róudufwmcsif;vnf; wl-uygonf?

vrf;qkH;v#if &GmawG‹rnf rSefaom fvnf; uk d,fa&mufcsi fonf h& Gmra&mufrSmukd jrifykHcsif;vnf; wl-uygonf?

okd‹aomfjrifykHcsif; rnfokd‹yifwlap= vkyfykHcsif;um; jy'g;wvrf; oHwvrf;jzpfygonf?

( 3 )xdkif;wGif oH¶kH;pD;onfhudpP ay:pOf

u uGefjrLepfrsm;u xkd&Jabmfrsm;ukd tjypfrajymcJ hyg? pmemr+jycJhygonf? okd‹aomfvrf;r Sm;aeonfud kawmh wm0eft&axmufjycJhygonf?

wESpfukef wESpfqef; y¶kd*sufwif/ aiGxkwf/ wckckvkyf ToHo&mwGifarsmygaeolwcsKdŒukd olwkd‹ rauseyfyg?y¶kd*suft& vkyfonfhtvkyfawGuvnf;rnfrnf&& atmif jri fr +r&jzp fav/rauseyfr+u tpkdiftcJ}uD;vmavjzpf_yD;tvkyfwckud k rnfrnf&&jzpfatmifvkyfvkdufawmhonf?

vky f }uHa&;onf vlxkud ktm;uk d ;p&mrvk d wuk d,fawmfvky fI&onf? okd‹r[kwf vlwpk pk_yD;vkyfI&onf?jrefjrefvnf; tvkyfjzpfygonf? -um-umvkyfaev#ifvnf; r&yg/ ayguf-um;oGm;rnf?

1300 jynfhta&;awmfykH qkH;¶+H;pOfuvnf; aeol&def (r[maqG) . ra-umufw&m;rSm wkd;wufol vli,fóuduf jzpfcJhonf? ol ‹pmrsm;u vky f }uHa&;ud ky J!ef;onf? okd‹aomf xkdpOfuvli,fawGrSmppftawG‹tóuHr&S d/ ppfA[kokwawmifr&SdcJhyg? ,ckjyefpOf;pm;v#if &,fp&mrsm;jzpfaeonf? vufypfAkH;ukd tEkjrLvufeufavmuf txifa&mufaeaom ta&;tom;rsm; jzpfaevdk‹ = =yg?

'kwd,urBmppf jzwfoef; _y D;aomtcg wkd;wufolvli,frsm; rajymESifh

aus;vufvlxkonfyif aoewftrsKd;rsKd;ukdypfwwf_yD; vufypfAk H;jzifh oriftkyfukdypfaomacwf a&mufae_yD?

xkdif;rS&Jabmfrsm;onf vufeuf&Sm& rcufyg? xd d k ‹a-umif h 1300 jynfhta&;awmfykH 'Da&uswGif vkyf}uHa&;0g'updwful;omul;Ekdifaomfvnf; ,ckrl vkyfcsifv#if vG,faeyg_yD?

uGefjrLepfrsm;onf vkyf}uHa&;vkyfzdk ‹ rnfonfhtcgur# pdwfrul;cJhyg?vkyfcsifv#if ocifEk/ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf;/Ak dvfae0if;tp ppftkyfpk0ifAd kvfrsm;uk dvkyf}uHEkdifygonf? olwkd‹.vl,kH teD;uyfudk,f&HawmfvkyfcJhonfh Akdvfrsm;/ wyfom;rsm; uGefjrLepfygwDxJwGif trsm;tjym; &SdcJhygonf?

uGef jrLepfrsm;wGi f &efoluk drkef;onfh'D*&D ykdv#ifom ykdrnf/ ravsmhyg?iuef;aovnf; iapGay:rnfukdodI vkyf}uHa&;udk pdwfrul;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

vkyf}uHa&;. om;aumifrsm;tjzpf uGefjrLepfrsm; cHcJh&onfrSm rsm;vSygonf? ukdodef;azESif htwl tdEN d,okd‹oGm;cJhaom ocifwifa&$ (ausmufqnf) rStp ocifoef;xGef;tqkH; vkyf}uHcHcJ h&ygonf?

Akdvfodef;/ AkdvftmVm0u polpolrsm;vnf; wenf;wzkH vkyf}uHcH&jcif;yifjzpfygonf?

( 4 )vkyf}uHa&;a-umifh&onfh tusKd;

qufrsm;ukdvnf; uGefjrLepfrsm;-unfhygonf? ordkif;wGifóuHcJ h&aygif; rsm;yg_yD?ya'o&mZfrif;ajymif;rif;vJG tusKkd;qufrsm;uk d xnfhwGufv#ifvnf; &ygonf?okd‹aomf xnfhrwGufawmhyg?

vGwfvyfa&; wk dufy J Gacwfvky f }uHa&;r sm;. tusK d ;qufuk domajymygrnf? 'kwd, urBmppft_yD; a&mufvmaom t*Fvdy fe,fc s J Œorm;onfvkyf }uHa&;uk d oG,f0k dufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ twdtvif;aomfvnf;aumif;tm;ay;ygonf? zqyv = uGefjrLepf tuJGumvu vky f }uHowfjzwfc H&aomuGefjrLepfrsm; renf;yg? wjynfvkH;tESH‹

c Hc J h&ygonf? rnfonfhtcgur#vnf;w&m;cHazmfxkwfzrf;qD;jcif; t*Fvdyfurvkyfyg? tr+tcif;[kyif oabmxm;ykHray:yg?

OD;apmESifh vkyf}uHolrsm;ukd rnfolajr‡mufay;cJhI rnfolawG vkyfcJhoenf;/ordkif;udkrDcJholtwGif;vlrsm; od-u ygonf?OD;apmukd vkyf}uHa&;vrf; vkdufvm atmifrnfolawG vkyfc J hygoenf;? rvkyfjzpfvkyfjzpfatmif t*Fvdyf tm%mykdifrsm;uvufeufxkwfay;/ ajr ‡mufay;ygonf?t*Fvdyfrsm;onf vkyf}uHrnfh t}uHtpnfomru ae‹&ufudkyif odae [ef &Sdygonf?

vkyf}uHr+vnf;_yD;a&m vlxk.a'goukd vrf;v$Jvkduf&ef OD;apmukdzrf;/OD;Ekukdtm%mtyf vkyfcJhonf? vlxk.a'goudk vrf;v$ Jay;cJ honf? OD;apmukdpaw;vkdufjcif;jzifh E+wfydwfvkdufovdkvnf;jzpfoGm;onf?

vkyf}uHr+. tusK d;qufaumaumif;cJhyg.avm? OD;Ek.tm;enf;csufudkcsuf,lI qdk&S,fvpfrsm; xif&mpdkif; EkdifcJhonf? Akdvfatmifqef;&SdpOfu olwdk‹ _idrff0yfaeoavmuf = r&S dawmh armufrmaomif;usef;awmhonf? tusKd;qufujynfwGif;ppf jzpfcJhonf? Akdvfatmifqef;&SdpOfu rwdk‹0H‹ rxd0H‹aom jynfol‹&JabmftzJG‹udk awmxJarmif;yk d ‹cJ honf? olwkd‹qdk&S,fvpfxJu qdk&S,fvpfrsm;ukdyif tjyifa&mufatmif vkyfcJhonf?

Akdvfae0if; tm%modrf;0H‹jcif;onfyif vkyf}uHa&;.tusKd;quf jzpfawmhonf? tpkd;&ppfwyfwGif;wGif Akdvfae0if;.wynf hom;ajr;rsm;om use fatmifqd k&S,fvpfrsm; ay:vpDcsIvkyfcJ honf?qdk&S,fvpfr[kwfv#if wyf.xdyfydkif;wGifrnfolrsm;aeI &ao;oenf;?

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wvufukdifwyfjzpfaeaom ppfwyfukdrðyjyifbJ rnfonfht&mr# atmifjrifEkdifrnf r[kwffyg? ppftkyfpk0ifwa,mufudk vkyf}uH¶kHjzifh ppfwyfðyjyif_yD; jzpfoGm;rnf r[kwfyg?

vlxkqENjyyJGjzifh ( 88 ckESpf) uvkyfcJhonf? ( 90) ckESpfu a&G;aumufyJGjzifhvkyfcJhonf? atmifjrifr+ r&cJhyg? 'Drdkua&pD

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31

awmfvSefa&; atmifjrifr+rSm ppfwyfðyjyif a&; rvkyfbJ r&Edkdifa-umif; xif&Sm;aeyg_yD?wvufukdkifppfwyfukd rðyjyifbJ rnfonfht&mr# r&Ekdifa-umif; odomaeyg_yD? TonfrSm Akdvfatmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&jcif;.

tusKd;qufrsm; jzpfygonf?,ckawmh Akdvfatmifqef; [laom ewfae*kd%f;yif tcsKdifcHae&_yD r[kwfavm? OD;apmpcJhaom vkyf}uHa&;. tusKd;qufum;

OD;apmar#mfrSef;cJhaom tvkyfudk Akdvfae0if;ESifh ukr%Du qufvufvkyfaqmifaejcif;yif jzpfawmh onf?( 5 )

uGefjrLepfESifhvkyf}uHa&;wGif orkdif;a-umif;qufpyfr+ &Sdaeygonf? tdENd,rS vkyf}uHa&;0g'D trsm;tjym; uGefjrLepf jzpfvm-uygonf? e,fcsJŒukdrkef;_yD; wdkif;jynfcspfpdwfukd tajccH-ujcif;jzpfI qufpyfaejcif; jzpfygonf?

Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD xlaxmifpOfu b*Fvm;&Jabmfrsm;. tcef;}uD;ygonf? 1939 rS 42 xd ygwD0if trsm;tjym;rSmb*Fvm;&Jabmfrsm; jzpfygonf? &Jabmf*k d&S,fonf ygwDaxmifcJ honfholwOD; jzpfygonf? (ygwD.aiG&wk 25 ESpfajrmufae‹ocifoef;xGef;. rdef‹cGef;wGif &Jabmf*kd&S,fudk axmyem ðycJhygonf?)

b*FgvDygwD0if&JabmfwcsKdΠ(q&m&m*sef ponf) rSm e*kdu b*Fvm;vkyf}uHa&; *kd%f;0ifrsm; jzpfygonf? ArmygwD0if&Jabmfrsm;wGifvnf; e*g;euf*kd%f;0ifa[mif;rsm; ygygonf (jrif;_cH ukdukd}uD; polrsm;)?

vkyf}uHa&;0g'um; uGefjrLepf0g'xuf apmpGmay:cJhaom0g' jzpfygonf? &efolukd rcHcsifpdwf/ rkef;wD;pdwfwGif jrpfzsm;cHxm;aom0g'jzpfI cspfolrkef;ol&Sdaeaom acwfwkdif;wGif &Sdaernfh0g' jzpfygonf? oufqkd;&Snfonfh0g' jzpfygonf? cspfolrkef;oluvnf; tajymif;tvJ&Sdwwfawmh 'Dae‹cspfolu aemufae‹rkef;ol jzpfaewwfygonf? tajymif;tvJ rsm;wwfygonf? okd‹aomfrkef;wD;r+wckwnf;jzifh awmfvSefa&;ukdawmh vkyfIr&yg? vkyf}uHa&;om vkyfI &ygrnf? rnfonfhvkyf}uHa&;r#vnf; pepfajymif;atmifrvkyfEkdifcJhyg?

3/ 11/2000?

“aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJG t+yD;tykdifzsufodrf;vdkufw,f” vdk@ a=unmwJhtcsdef[mtrdArmjynfukd csnfaESmifxm;wJhóu;awGudk awmfvSefa&;enf;eJ@ azmufcJGjzwfawmufypfzdk@ vrf;om&Sdawmhw,f? ( xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 4§2001 )

wcgu 'Daep=um0Vm}uD;xJrSm urBm±GmqdkwJh emrnf tifrwefvSwJh ±Gm}uD;w±Gm±S dowJh? 'D±Gm}uD;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ewforD;yH k jyifwckozG,fajymqdk =uwmawGuvJ w,frsm;qd kyJ? ' DrSm acwfrDenf;ynmtrs d K;rs d K ;a=umi f h r=umawmhwJ humvrSma±$ya'om/ aiGya'omyifawG aygufvmawmhravmufa&;om;=uwm awGvJ renf;bl;wJhav? 'gawGa=umifhrdk@vJvlwOD;[m 'D±Gm}uD;udk tvGefudk pdwf0ifpm;oGm;+yD;'D±Gm}uD;eJ@ ywfoufwJh tcsuftvufawG okawoejyK =unf hwJ htcg tckvd k awG @&owJ h ?Oyrm 'DurBm±Gm}uD;rSm vl100 aexdkifw,fvdk@@yJ qdk=uygpdk@?

'D±Gm}uD;&J@ ukefxkwfvkyfr_[mvGefc J hwJ h tESpfig;q,ftwGif; q,fqawmif wdk;vmw,fwJh? w,f[kwfygvm;aemf? 'gayrJ h olqufawG@±S d&wmawGuawmh pdwfrcsrf;ajr@p&mawGcsnf hvdk @qdk&rvdk jzpfaeygw,f? 'D±Gm}uD;rSm vl50[m xrif;r0}ubl;wJh? aemuf+yD; 25OD;[mvJ aomufa&oef@oef@ raomuf=u&bl;qdkyJ? emrnfvSwJh 'DurBm±GmrSmvl20 [m pmrwwf}uwJhtjyif vl 80 [mvlcsif;wl olcsif;r#wJhtdrf,meJ@ rae=u&bl;qdkwmvJ awG@&w,fav? 'Du±Gmom; w0ufausmfwdk@&J@ wae@wae@0ifaiG[ma':vm0ufawmif r±Sd±Sm=ubl;? tcsrf;omqHk;vl 6 a,mufuawmh w±GmvHk;ydkif "e&J@ 59µ udk ydkifqdkifxm;=uw,f? ydkxl;jcm;wmuolwdk@tm;vHk;[m tar&duefvlrsdK;awGcsnfh jzpfaewmygyJ?

qufajym&&if 'D±Gm}uD;rSm t&if;tESD;vufajymif;vufv$JawG[m wae@udk a':vmoef;aygif; ESpfoef;E_ef;avmufeJ@pD;qif;aeygw,f? 'ga=umifhvJ tajymif;tvJawGu rsm;jym;ygbdaygh? tJ-±Gm}uD;&J@ acsmifususwae&mrSmawmh ab;ywf0ef;usifrSmt&if;tESD; pD;qif;r_awG&J@ *,ufa=umifh "edrdk;awG wzsyfzsyfvGifh/ 0g;wdkifawGwtdtdeJ@ ,drf;xdk;aewJh wJuav;wvHk; ±Sdaeygw,f?tJ'g usaemfwdk@&J@ ppftkyfpkvufatmufu ArmEdkifiHygyJ? 'DvdktcsdefrsdK;rSm tJ'DwJuav;udk tydkifpD;csKyfudkifxm;olrsm;[mtrsdK;om;a&;pum;vHk;awG/ e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;pum;vHk;awGudk avwvHk;rdk;wvHk; atmf[pf&if; usa&mufvmawmhr,fh tEW&m,fudktefwk[efaqmifaeygw,f? tdrfxJu wjcm;vlawGeJ@ ywf0ef;usifuawmh rsufpduef; wap>ra=umufvkyfaewJh olwdk@twGufpdk;&drfylyefae=uwmaygh?

tJ'DwJuav;&J@ tjyifbufrSm v_yf±Sm;oGm;vmaewJh aiGpD;a=umif;}uD;udk pdk;ydkifxm;olrsm;&J@ "etwdkif;twmudk tckvdkazmfjyvdkuf&if oabmaygufoGm;r,f xifygw,f? 1998 ckESpftukefu olwdk@&J@tcef;u¾udk wurBmvHk;eJ@ Ed_if;pmvdkuf&if xkwfvkyfr_pkpkaygif;wefbdk;rSm 40µ/ ukefoG,fr_rSm 60µ/ enf;ynmukefoG,fr_rSm 60-70µeJ@ jynfyrSwdkuf±dkuf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm 90µ ±Sdygw,f?ArmjynfwjynfvHk;&J@ xkwfvkyfr_ pkpkaygif;wefbdk;[m tJ'DuGef*vdkrm&dwfac: {&mrukr%D}uD;awGtxJu omrefukr%D}uD;wck&J@xkwfvkyfr_ pkpkaygif;wefzdk;avmufom ±Sdw,fav?

v$rf;+cKHcHae&+yDvm;“usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSm tifwmeufawmifrS us,fus,fjyef@jyef@oHk;vdk@r&ao;wm/ urBmv$rf;ðcHa&;qdkwm b,fuvm

jzpfay:vmrSmvJ” vdk@ ar;aumif;ar;vmygvdrfhr,f? 'DrSm±Sif;p&m±Sdvmwmu urBmv$rf;ðcHa&;qdkwm&J@ t"duvuQ%m[m tifwmeufr[kwfbl;/ owif;qufoG,fa&;pepf[m enf;emtcef;uom ygygw,f? wu,ft"duuswm/ tqHk;tjzwfay;wmu tm;aewJ@t&if;tESD;awG {&mrtwdkif;twmeJ@ pD;arsmaejcif; jzpfw,fJ? tJ'Dt&if;tESD;awG[m EdkifiHwHcg;awGudk twif;±dkufcsdK; zGifhcdkif;ae=u±HkruEdkifiHawGudk trdef@ay;pjyKae+yDqdkwJh tcsufygyJ?

uurrÇÇmmvvTTrr ff ;; ûûcc HHaa77;;uuoo,,ff,,llvvmmrr,,ff hh

EE dd kkii ffii HHaa77;;ttuuss dd KK ;;qquu ff

jynfolhtm%m

'Dt&if;tESD;awGudk ydkifqdkifolawG[mtar&duefEdkifiHu trsm;qHk;jzpfwJh EdkifiHvGefaumfyd ka&;±Si f;}uD;awGeJ @ b%fvkyfief;}uD;awGjzpf+yD; olwdk@twGuf tumtuG,fay;/ vkyfief;wGifus,fatmif vkyfay;aewmawGuawmh urBmhb%f/ EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@eJ@ urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@wdk@vdk taqmufttHkawG jzpfygw,f?'ga=umifh ArmjynfrSmvJ urBmv$rf;ðcHa&;&J@y%mrvdk@yJajymajym/ tóudvdk@yJqdkqdk tJ'Daumfydka&;±Sif;}uD;awG&J@ t&if;tESD;awGeJ@urBmhb%fpwmwdk@&J@ ajc&mvuf&mawGuawmh tajccsjc,fvS,fp jyKaeyg+yD?avmavmq,fr Smawm h trsm;qH k ;0ifa&mufaewm[m tdrfeD;em;csif;EdkifiHawGuvdk@ ajymEdkifygw,f?

'gayrJh 'gawG[m aemifvmvwWH@awGeJ@ Ed_if;pmvdkuf&if bmrSrajymyavmufygbl;? 'gudk etzppftpdk;&vJ odygw,f?'ga=umifh olwdk@[m tar&duef-t*FvdyfpwmawGudk qef@usifwJhpum;awG yg;pyfuvd_ifvd_ifajymaeayr,fh tJ'D “e,fcsJ@}uD;awG” &J@tdwfxJrSm atmifqkyefxDvufrSwf±SdaewJhtwGuf t+rJwuGufcsef ajymae=uygw,f? 'Dae@Armjynf&J@ ordkif;tauG@tcsdK;[m Armjynftky fp d k ;olvlwef;pm;e J @'DEdkifiHvGefaumfydka&;¶Sif;}uD;awG&J@ Zmwfaygif;cef;vdk jzpfvmaewm awG@&ygw,f?

Armjynfta&;udk ajz±Sif;&mrSmArmjynfuppftkyfpkeJ@ taemufEdkifiH}uD;awG[m ArmjynfjynfolawGudk ab;z,f+yD;olwdk@csif;vuf0g;±d kufajz±Sif;zd k @ óu;pm;ae=uwm[m 'ga=umifhyJ jzpfygw,f?

0g±Si fwef[m tm%m±SifawGtkyfpdk;wJh wjcm;EdkifiHawGxJudkawmh tar&dueft&if;tESD;awG tuef@towfr±SdpD;0ifap+yD; ArmjynfvdkEdkifiHudkrS bmjzpfvdk@EdkifiHa&;tcsuftvufawGudk awmif;qdkae&wmvJ qd kwm[mvJ pOf;pm;p&mtcsufwcsufyg? ta=umif;u “'Drdkua&pDol&Jaumif;}uD;” tar&dueftzdk@ 'Dae@ur Bmr Sm ol @& J @ “' Dr d kua&pDtus d K ;aqmif±Gufr_” awGudk xif±Sm;apwJh “cGif”wcsdK@ vdkygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf w±kwfjynfab;rSmuyfaewJh Armjynf[m ‘armif±Sif’

jzpfoGm;&wmyg?udkvdkeDvufopf?

urBmv$rf;+cKHa&;[m tifrwefacwfaemufusaewJh ArmjynfvdkEdkfifiHawGudkt&if;tESD;awG/ enf;ynmawG/ odyHypPnf;awG/ aemuf+yD; tvkyftudkifawG o,faqmifvmrSmjzpfygw,f? 'gawGudk wwd,urBmEdkifiHawG[m t±dk;rsm;w,f/ acs;cg;w,f rvkyfbJ udk,fhtwGuf &oavmuf,l=u&rSmyg? 'gayrJh urBmv$rf;+cKHa&;uo,fvmwmrSm wjcm;[mawG ±S daeygao;w,fqdkwmudk arhvkd@rjzpfygbl;?

“urBmv$rf;+cKHa&;qdkwm tar&duefv$rf;rdk;r_udk pum;wrsdK;eJ@ vSnfhajymwmygyJ?” (Globalization is only an-

other word for U.S. domination)

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33

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urBmv$rf;òcHa&;eJ@'Drdkua&pD'Drdkua&pDwJhvdk@ qdkvdkuf&if usaemfwdk@ Armjynfom;rsm;[m csufjcif;qdkovdk acgif;axmif=unfhavh±Sd=uygw,f? 'Djy\emrSm

tifrwefrS tuJqwfw,fvdk@ qdk&r,fxifygw,f? 'Dae@usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSmu urBmv$rf;òcHa&;uo,fvmwJh tusdK;aus;Zl;awGvJ rcHpm;&/ 'Drdkua&pDvJ rl;vdk@rS±ªp&mr±Sd jzpfaeavawmh 'DESpfck&J@ qufpyfr_udk b,fvdkem;vnfrvJqdkwm ar;cGef;xkwf&rvdk jzpfaeygw,f?'Drdkua&pD±SdrS jynfyut&if;tESD;eJ@ twwfynmawGvSdrfh0ifvmrSmvm;/ jynfyut&if;tESD;awG trsm;tjym;0ifa&mufvm+yD;rS'Drdkua&pD±SdrSmvm;/ 'DESpfck[m wGJ&ufom; wpHkvm;/ vSnfhywfawG;csifp&mawG jzpfaeygw,f? o¿mefavm*spfxJrSm tajzr±SmbJvufawG@tjzpftysufawGxJrSm tajz±Sm=u&atmifyg?

'Dae@wwd,urBmEdkifiHawGrSm taemufEdkifiH}uD;awG&J@ t&if;tESD;awG 'va[mvSdrfh0ifaewm vlwdkif;todyg? vSdrfhr0ifwmqdkvdk@ tar&duefu oydwfarSmufcdkif;wmcHae&wJh EdkifiHav; tenf;i,fom usefygw,f? enf;ynmpD;0ifr_ qdkwm[mvJ tar&duefOD;pD;wJh taemufEdkfifiH}uD;awG&J@ EdkifiHa&;pOf;pm;csuftwdkif; pD;0ifcJh/ pD;0ifaewm jzpffygw,f? olwdk@&J@ wurBmvHk;v$rf;rdk;a&; enf;AsL[meJ@tnD t&if;tESD;eJ@ enf;ynmwdk@udk jzef@cGJv$wfaew,fvdk@qdk&if vGefr,frxifygbl;?

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34

_ynfolhtm%m

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_ynfolhtm%m

35

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c kwavm *sye fausmi f ;rsm;twGuf jyXmef;pmtkyfrsm;rSm ppftwGif;u‚tcsuftvufrsm;eJ @ ywfoufvd k @vdrfnmvJGrSm; a&;om;xm;wmukd oufqkdif&m wkdif;jynf tpkd;&wcsKd@u rauseyf=ubl;? qef@usifuef@uGuf=uygw,f?w¶kwf/ ajrmufukd&D;,m; wkdif;jynfwdk@uom rauseyf=uwm r[kwfyg? t&if;&SifrS Dc k da&; wd ki f;jynfwjynfjzpfwJ h awmifukd&D;,m;vdk wdkif;jynfrsKd;uawmif uef@uGufygw,f? awmifukd&D;,m;[m *syefEkdifiHqkdif&m ‚&JŒoHtrwfukd jyefvnf¶kyfodrf; ac:,lvkdufwJhtxd ol@&JŒ jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGufr_ oabmxm;udk azmfjyvkdufygw,f?

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etz[m ork di f ;tjzp fr Se fbufu &yfwnfumuG,fr_ rðy¶kHomruolwkd@tusKd;twGuf orkdif;vdrfnmr_yifvkyfcJhygao;w,f? Akdvfcif!Gef@u ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJ hjcif;twGuf *syefudkaus;Zl;wifygw,fvkd@awmif ajymcJhao;w,f r[kwfygvm;?

aemufwzufrSmus etz[mtar&duefeJ@ taemuft&if;&SifEkdifiHwdk@ukdqef‹usifjyaeygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm etzeJ@rav;&Sm;EkdifiHu r[moD,mwkd@ tawmfuav; wlygw,f? r[moD,mu tm&Swk duf& J @ yi fv,f&yf jcm; trs K d ;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpf ol@ukd,fol od'd<wifzkd@eJ@ol@tm%mukd qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;zkd@twGuf taemuft&if;&Sif tkyfpkudkqef‹usifwkdufckdufr_ ðyaejcif; jzpfygw,f?'gayr J h olwd k ‹& J Œ pufr _xlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm taemuft&if;&Sif EkdifiHrsm;ukd twkckd; vkyfaqmifxm;wmjzpfovkdolwkd@tpkd;&acgif;aqmifykdif;u tmomqEN&Sdae=uwJh aiGukefa=u;us tvGef}uD;rm;vSwJ h “r[mpDr Hude f ;” }uD;rsm;[mtaemuft&if;& Si f z G H ‹ òz;wk d ;wufa&;pDrHudef;rsm;ukd ykHwlul;csxm;wm jzpfygw,f? ‚wkd@vkdyJ etzuvnf; taemuft&if;&Sif EkdifiHwkd@ukd rSDckdcsifygvsufu ol@tm%m ol@tkyfcsKyfr_ukd taemuft&if;&SifEkdifiHwkd@u qef‹usifaewmrkd@ wkH@jyefqef@usifr_ ðyae&wJhtjzpfyg?

etz[m r[moD,m tpkd;&xuf yk dqkd;wJhenf;vrf;wckudk ðyvkyfcJ hygw,f? tdrfa&S@aygufuae "m;jyukdqJqdk}udrf;armif;jy&if;u aemufaz;aygufuae"m;jyvufaxmufudk wHcg;zGifhay;vkdufjcif;jzpfygw,f?

*syefu ArmjynfxJukd bufaygif;pk H vrf;toG,foG,frS 0ifa&mufxkd;azmufygw,f? etzvufcHvkd@om 'Dvdkxkd;azmufr_ vkyfEkdifwmyg?

emrnfrsKd;pkHcHxm;wJh *syefjynfrStzJG‹tpnf;aygif;pkHu (Akdvfcif!Gef@eJ@ ppfr[mAsL[m avhvma&;¶kH; tygt0if) eJ@awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r_rsm; vkyfwm[m tqufrjywf vpOfrysuf&SdcJ hygw,f? Armjynf/*syefjynfwdk@rSm awG@ovdk wjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rSmvnf; awG@qkHygw,f?

etz&J@ pD;yGm;a&;udk *syefutzJ G ‹tpnf;trsK d ;r s K d ;& J Œ emrnfc H +y D ;wkduf¶kdufvma&muf t}uHay;ygw,f? *syefu wkduf¶kduf!ef=um;aew,fvkd@ rajym¶kHwr,fyJ usefygawmhw,f? Armjynfokd@ vma&muf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHwJh *syef&J@&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaiG[m Ek difiHjcm; &if;ES D;jr ‡KyfES HaiGrsm;xJrSmtrsm;qkH;r[kwfayr,fhvnf; ArmjynfpD;yGm;a&;rSm olu bufaygif;pkHuae xkd;azmufxm;wmyg? r_ darG;jrLa&;utp/rD;aoG;awmifhavmifpmtqkH; *syef&J@enf;ynmukd rSDckd+yD;vkyf&wmjzpfovkd olyH@ykd;ay;xm;wJh ol@vlrsm; (*syefa&m ArmawGyg)Armjynf pD;yGm;a&; buftoD;oD;rSm &Sdae=uygw,f? ArmjynfrS vlyk*~KdvftcsKdŒukd*syefjynfok d@ zdwfac:+yD; ar;jref;pk Hprf;tuJcwf/ t}uH m%f&,lr_rsm; ðyygw,f?olarG;vkd@&r,fxif&if arG;vdkufygw,f?etzbufuvnf; *syefeJ@ tqifajyajyqufqHwwfwJh vlyk*~KdvfawGukd a&G;cs,fpdppf+yD; tokH;ðyaewm jzpfygw,f? 'DvdkpD;yGm;a&;bufrS *syefu xkd;azmufae¶kHru,Ofaus;r_bufrS xkd;azmufr_[mvnf;tpkHtvif wykHwyif}uD;rdk@ tao;pdwfrwifjyawmhyg?

'Dvkdxkd;azmufr_awGukd vrf;zGifhay;aeolu etzyJ jzpfygw,f? zufqpf0g'qef‹usifa&;ukd arhxm;+yD; ('grSr[kwf)

ydwfyifxm;+yD; *syefukd zGifhay;aewmyg?ta&S@tm&SEk di fi HwcsK dŒu *syefEk di fi HrSmppf0g'jyefvnf acgif;axmifxvmjcif;twGuf pkd;&drfruif;jzpfaecsdefrSm etzu*syeftwGuf a&$wHcg;}uD; zGifhay;xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f?

etztaeeJ@ *syef&J@ ppf0g'ukdrpkd;&drfwJhtwGuf 'DvkdzGifhay;w,fvkd@ qkd&ygvdrffhr,f?

EkdifiHjcm;okawoDwcsKdŒu Armjynftay: *syef&J@ =oZmoufa&mufr_udktawmfuav; tav;xm; wGuf=uygw,f? Armjynf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemufykdif;ppftpkd;&rsm;wufvmjcif;eJ@ zufqpfqefvmjcif;wdk@twGuf *syefjynfrSm wm0efruif;bl;vkd@ xifjrif,lq=uygw,f? 'gwifru O D ;ae0i f ;tp k d ;&& J @ “trs K d ;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'” qkdwm[mvnf; *syefjynfuae &&S dvmw,fvdk @ xif=uygw,f?([pfwvm zufqpf0g'u ‘trsKd;om;qd k&S,fvpf0g'’ uk d aºu;a=umfcJ hovdktwdwfumv *syefzufqpf acgif;aqmifrsm;[mvnf; ay:ay:xifxifr[kwfayr,fh‘trsKd;om; qdk&S,fvpf0g'’ ukd wdrf;!GwfcJhzl;ygw,f?)

*sye fzufqpf 0g'[mAkdvfatmifqef;&J@ bDtkdifatwyfeJ@twlArmjynfxJukd pwifajccsvmcJhw,fvkd@ajym&if rrSefuefygbl;? 'D@t&ifuwnf;u*syefzufqpf0g'&J@ olv#Kdrsm; ArmjynfwGif;okd@ xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufcJh+yD;om;yg? 'kd@Armtpnf;t¶kH;xJu ocif¶_armif (OD;ae0if;)tygt0if ocifApdef - ocifxGef;tkyfwdk@

*dk%f;[m *syefukdvkdvm;wJh*kd%f;vdk@ vlodrsm;cJhygw,f? &JabmfokH;usdyf *syefjynfwGifppfynmoif=um;aepOf umvu OD;ae0if;&JŒ *syeftay:xm;&SdwJh oabmxm;eJ@zufqpfwdrf;!Gwfr_udk Akdvfatmifqef;utawmfuav; b0ifrusjzpfcJhvdk@ wyfrSxkwfypf&ef pOf;pm;wJhtxd jzpfcJhzl;w,fvkd@qk dygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m *syefbk&if hwyfrawmf&J@ v#KdŒ0SufykvdyfwyfzJG@ (uifaywkdif) u vufoyfarG;xm;olvdk@vnf;ajym=uygw,f?

O D ;ae0i f ;[m *sye fzufqpfawmfvSefa&;xJ rv$Jra&Smifom yg0ifcJh&ayr,fh wkdif;jynfvGwfvyf+yD;aemufykdif;rSmOD;ae0if;eJ@ *syefacgif;aqmifrsm; yk*~Kdvfa&;qufqHr_ qufvuf&SdaecJh+yD; OD;ae0if;tay: *syef&J@=oZm qufvufoufa&mufr_ &SdaeqJvkd@ cef@rSef;=uygw,f? 'Duae@jrifae&wmuawmh Arm - *syef qufqHa&;[m rdbeJ@om;orD; qufqHa&;vkdyJetzu csKdrkdifrkdif ujyvkduf - pdwfaumufvkdufvkyf+yD; rdbxHu rkef@zdk;awmif;aewJhykHrsKd;yg?

rarhoifhwmuawmh 'Dae@umv[m ppfat;vGefumv/ urBmhpepfopfykHpHcsrSwfzdk@ wmplaeqJumv jzpfygw,f?}uD; (1) }uD; jzpfcsifaewJh *syefu wynfharG;csifaeovkd Armppftkyfpkuvnf;axmufvSrf;a&;enf;eJ@ upm;vkdykH&ygw,f?

rdrdwd kif;jynfuk d t&if;ðy+yD;w¶kwfeJ@ tdENd,t=um;/ tdENd,eJ@ygupPweft=um;/ w¶kwfeJ@ xkdif;t=um;/tmqD,HeJ@ tD;,lt=um; v_yfpdv_yfpd etz

udk jrifae&ygw,f? aemifrSm w¶kwfeJ@ *syeft=um;/ w¶kwfeJ@ tar&dueft=um;jrifvmEkdifzG,f&S dygw,f? 'Dvdkrvnf¶_yfvkyf+yD; oyGwftlZmwf cif;ae&ifawmhwdkif;jynf&J@ tem*wftwGuf pkd;&drfp&myg?

OD;ae0if; arG;jrLðypkvmcJhwJh Armjynf ppftkyfpk[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ vrf;a=umif;twkdif; qufvufav#mufvSrf; ae=uwmyg? ,ae@ etztpkd;&u - ppftkyfpk/ ppfwyfeJ@ ppftiftm; bufpkHckdifrmawmifhwif;a&;/om;pOfajr;quf aumif;pm;a&;wkd@udk ajcvSrf;& S d& S d jyifqifaewm[m ppf0g'udkyk Hazmfaejcif; jzpfygw,f? Arm - *syefqufqHa&;udk avhvmokH;oyfr,fqkd&if*syefppf0g' jyefvnfacgif;axmifvmjcif;eJ@etz&J@ ppf0g'usifhokH;r_wkd@udk qufpyf=unfhzkd@ rkcsvkdtyfygvdrfhr,f?

,ckvkd uwdkufu¶kduf zkwfylrD;wkduf xvkyfvkduf=uwJh - - Arm - *syef,Ofaus;r_zvS,fa&; tpDtpOfrsm;[mtay:,Ho¿mef (okd@r[kwf) tcsufjyr_om jzpfEkdifygw,f? *syeftpkd;&eJ@ etzwkd@em;vnfr_wckck (okd@r[kwf) oabmwlnDcsufwckc k &,lvd kufjcif;u t"duta=umif;t&m jzpfygvdrfhr,f?

ESpfOD;ESpfbufwk d@rSm v#K dŒ0Suft}uHtpnfrsm; &SdaeEkdifygw,f? jynfolrsm;twGuf tusKd;qufaumif;apr,hf t}uH^m%frsm; r[kwfEkdifyg?

Armjynf jynfolrsm; rsufjcnfrjywf owdcsyfapmifh=unfh&r,fh udpPw&yfjzpfygw,f?

40

jynfolhtm%m

(tDvDa<mfemrmhufpf)

*sifeDeJ@aphpyfa=umif;vrf;wJhtcgrSm um;vf[m 17 ESpf ¶Sdyg+yD?olwdk@twGufvJ arwWmppf arwWmrSef[m rajzmifhjzL; racsmarG@ygbl;? rmhufpf'Dtouft±G,feJ@ aphpyfa=umif;vrf;wmudk ol@rdbawG qef@usifwm[m em;vnf& rcufygbl;? ol aphpyfa=umif;vrf;wJhtwGuf olwdk@tdrftwGif;rSm wdkufcdkufcJhwJh rkefwdkif;udk =unfh&if rmhufpftaeeJ@ yËdyuQawGt=um;u ol@arwWmudkol@zcifvufcHatmif ol¶Sif;jycJh&yHkawGudk odEdkifygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u

qdk&if ol[mwu,fudk jyif;xefwJh±dkvif (Roland) yJvdk@ tazuajymavh¶Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh jy\em[m r=umcifyJ ajyvnfoGm;+yD;ol@touf 18ESpf jynfhwJhumv w0dkufrSmyJ olwdk@ aphpyfwmudktodtrSwf ðyvdkuf=uygw,f? rmhufpf[mol@&J@ *sifeD tvSudkckepfESpf apmifhcJ h&ygw,f? 'gayrJh *sifeDudk odyfcspfwJh um;vftzdk@awmh 'DumvawG[m =umvdkufwm?

1843ckESpf/ *|efv19&ufae@rSm olwdk@ESpfOD; r*Fvmaqmifygw,f? i,fpOfawmifaus;uwnf;u upm;azmf upm;zufvJjzpf/ toufi,fi,feJ@ tdrfaxmifðy=uwmvJjzpfawmh 'Dvif'Dr,m;[m b0wdkufyGJawGxJrSm vufwGJrðzwfcJh=uygbl;?

wdkufyGJawGuvJ jyif;xefvdkufwm? qif;&JcsdK@wJhvSwJhae@&ufawG/ ydkqdk;wmu &ufpuf=urf;óuwfwJh r,HkouFmjzpfr_/qdk;0g;vSwJh yk*~dKvfa&;t& wdkufcdkufr_/ aemuf+yD; pdrf;pdrf;um;um;tzufrvkyfr_/ 'gayrJh 'gawGtm;vHk;udk jzwfoef;&if;yJ &moufyef±d k;ajrusaygif;=ur,fh b0tazmfrGefESpfOD;[m pdwfnpfwcg/0rf;omwvSnfheJ@ rrSdwfrokef wufvSrf;cJh=uygw,f? aoawmifrSrcGJbl;qdkwmudk olwdk@enf;enf;rS oHo,rjzpfcJh=uygbl;? wu,fusawmh aojcif;w&m;uvJ olwdk@udk rcGJEdkifcJhygbl;?

rmhufpf[m ol@woufrSm ol@ZeD;ud kcspf±H komrupGJvrf;r_wrsdK;eJ@ pGJvrf;aewmvJ jzpfygw,f? tckusr&J@ a¶S@rSm¶SdwJhpmudk rodwJhvlawG zwf&&if touf 18ESpf t±G,f vli,fav;wa,mufu tcspfpdwfr$ef+yD; a&;xm;wJhpmvdk@ xif=urSmyg? 'gayrJh'Dpmudk rmhufpfa&;wJhtcsdef[m 1856 ckESpfjzpf+yD; ol@ZeD;*sifeD[muav;ajcmufa,muftar jzpfaeyg+yD? 1863 ckESpfrSm ol@rdcifuG,fvGefwJhtwGuf x&D,m(Triers)udk rmhufpf jyefa&mufae+yD; olu'Dvdka&;cJhygw,f? ol[m“udk,fhtzdk@ a&mra¶S;a[mif;ypPnf;tm;vHk;xuf pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJh 0ufpfzmvif;(Westphalens) u tdrf}uD;udk ae@wdkif;yJ bk&m;zl; oGm;ovdkoGm;cJhw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh 'Dae&m[m =unfEl;zG,f&mi,fpOfb0udk jyefvnfowd&ap+yD; wcsdefuudk,fh&J@ tjrwfEdk;qHk;t&m ¶SdcJhwJhae&mrdk@yJ? udk,fhudkvlawGu ae@wdkif;yJ x&D,mòrd@u‘tacsmqHk;rdef;uav;’eJ@ uyGJobif&J@ ‘rdzk&m;av;’ ta=umif;0dkif;ar;=uw,fav? vlwa,muftzdk@ udk,fhrdef;rudk wòrd@vHk;uESpfvdkzG,f rif;orD;av;taeeJ@ woojzpfaea=umif; od&wm[mw,fvJ=unfEl;p&m aumif;oudk;?”

rmhufpf[m ol@tazudk odyfoHa,mZOf}uD;ygw,f?ol[m ol@tazta=umif; ajym&r,fqdk&if rarmEdkif ryef;EdkifwJhtjyif "mwfyHkay:umpu ol@taz&J@ "mwfyHktdkav;wyHkudk olt+rJaqmifxm;ygw,f? 'gayrJhol[m 'DyHkudk olrsm;awGudk t&rf;jyavhr¶S dygbl;? ol@tazeJ@ rwlvGef;vd k@wJhav? usrtxifawmhawmfawmfacsmwmyJ? rsufvHk;rsufcH k;[m ol@om;twdkif;yJ?E_wfcrf;eJ@ar;yJ ol@om;xuf ydkaysmhaysmif;wJho¿mef aqmifygw,f? wu,fh*sL;±kyfyg/ 'gayrJh acsmwJh*sL;? rmhufpf[m ol@&J@ZeD;

1

rrrmmmhh huuufffpppff ftttaaajjjuuummmiiiff f:::rrrSS Swwwfffpppkk krrrsssmmm:::

um;vfrmhufpforD;tDvDa,mfemrmhufpf (Eleoner Marx) a&;onf

uG,fvGef+yD;wJh aemufrSmawmh usef;rma&;jyefaumif;a&;qdkwJh yifyef;cufcJvSwJh c&D;¶Snf}uD;udk ESif&¶Smygw,f?olu ol@tvkyfudk tqHk;owfao;csifwmudk;? ol[m ol@udk,fay:rSm ol@taz&J@yHk/ usrtar&J@ "mwfyHka[mif;av;wyHkeJ@

(rSefabmifao;ao;av;xJrSm) usrtr *sifeDwdk@&J@yHkawGudk t+rJaqmifxm;ygw,f? oluG,fvGefawmh tJ'DyHkawGudk ol@&ifbwfutdwfaxmifxJrSm awG@=u&ygw,f? tdef*,fvfu tJ'gav;awGudk ol@acgif;xJrSm xnfhay;vdkufygw,f? ?

( 1897 ckESpf Neue Zeit acwfopf*sme,f twGJ 1 rSm yg&SdwJh *smrefbmomrludk t*FvdyfvdkrSwqifh jrefrmjyefxm;jcif;jzpfonf? )

1? 8 &mpkESpfu &Smvrdef;bk&ifppfwyfrS &efolESifhwdkuf&if; usqHk;cJhaom wyfrª;ol&Jaumif;ta=umif; jyZmwfxJrS ol&Jaumif;.trnf?

jynfolhtm%m

42

tdef~<fvf rmhufpfrmhufpfZeD;ESifhorD;ESpfOD;yHk?

,cifqd kAD,uftkyfpk taoG;ta&mif ajymif;oGm;&mwGif taemuftkyfpkESi f h Ed ki fi HwumrS t&if;±Sif }uD;rsm;/vuf,morm;rsm; vufcarmif; xcwf=uonfrSm tHh=op&mr±Sdyg? olwdk@taejzifh&mp kE Sp fwc kE Si f h w0ufr# olwd k @tm;ajcmufvSef@aeaom“wap>}uD;” aysmufoGm;awmhrnf[k ,lq=u[efwlayonf?olwdk@ESifh olwkd@vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;onfhrD'D,m aygif;pHkwdk@onf uGefjrLepf0g'tm;a&pufcstr#a0&ef jyifae=uum om"kac:rnfholudkom ±Smae=uonf? xdk@a=umifholwdk@.rD'D,mrsm;wGif uGefjrLepf tiftm;pkrsm;. v_yf±Sm;r_ta=umif; vH k;0eD;yg;arSmifcsxm;um ygwD}uD;rsm;ta=umif;udkom raumif;owif; ay;vsufaeayonf? jrefrmjynfwGif;rS etzydkifrD'D,mrsm;ESif h tcsdK@ jynfyrS “jrefrmha&;&myg&*l”qdkolwdk@onfvnf; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD[k toH=um;vdkufv#if-“[if/ 'DygwD±Sdao;vdk@vm;” [k cyfwnfwnfjyefI ar;cGef;xkwfwwf=uayonf?

omref rD'D,musif h0wfud kr#rapmifhpnf;=uaom xdkxdkTT yk*~dKvfrsm;. ajymqdkcsuffwdk@ESifh qef@usifpGmyiftEdkifEdkifiH±Sd uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;onf wESpfw}udrfeD;yg; awG@qHkESD;aESmyGJrsm;/ nDvmcHrsm;vkyfum jyefvnftm;,l±SifoefpjyKaeayonf? Todk@aom v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;udk a&pD;a=umif;wckozG,f awG@jrifvm&awmhrnfh umvrSm ra0;awmh[k,Hk=unf&ayonf?

,ck Towif;aqmif;yg;r SmArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. udk,fpm;vS,f

wufa&mufcJhaom eDaygEdkifiH cwWrENLòr@wGif+yD;cJhonfhESpf Edk0ifbmv 5 &ufae@rS 10&ufae@txd usif;ycJhaom uGefz&ifhta=umif;jzpfonf? eDayguGefjrLepfygwD ( ,ltifrft,fvf) Communist Party ofNepal (Unified Marxist Leninist)rS}uD;rSL;usi f;yaom TuGefz&if hod k @udk&D;,m;/ *&d/ *smr%D/ w±kwf/ 'def;rwf/ygupPwef/ z dvdyd ki f / Arm/ AD,uferf/b*Fvm;a'h±Sf/ rav;±Sm;/ =opa=w;vsm;ponfhEdkifiH 19 EdkifiHwdk@rS uGefjrLepfygwDaygif; 28 ckwdk@rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESif hynm±Sifrsm;/ pkpkaygif; 100 ausmfwufa&muf=uonf?

urBm ha'otoD;oD;r S wufa&mufvm=uaom ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ynm±Sifrsm;wGif rwlaom tawG@tóuHrsm; ±Sd=uovdk rwlaom pOf;pm;enf;rsm;ESifhwifjyr_rsm;udkvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mawG@=u&onf? xdk@ jyifnDvmcHt+yD;wGifa=unmcsufwapmif xkwfjyefcJhonfudkvnf; tm;&pzG,f jrifawG@cJh&onf? ,if;wdk@teufrS tcsdK@udk atmufwGif aumufE_wfazmfjyvdkfufygonf?

'de f;rwfEd ki fi H uGefjrLepfygwDudk,fpm;vS,f &JabmfbufwDu,f&Dqifu“qdkAD,uf,leD,HòyduGJjcif;ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;/ txl;ojzifh Oa&myygwDrsm;tay:oufa&mufc J haom tusd K;qufwd k @.aemufwGif EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepf v_yf±Sm;r_onf tajctaeopfrsm;atmufwGi fjyefvnf±SifoefvmcJhayonf?

“1992ckESpf òyH,rf;òrd@wGif tpjyKcJ honf? Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif

uGefjrLepfygwDrsm; awG@qHk=uum uGefjrLepfv_yf±Sm;r_ESi f h 'Drd kua&pDv_yf±Sm;r_wd k @eJ @ywfouf+y D ; tjri fwck &± S dc J h =u+y D ;“qd k± S,fvpf0g' raoqH k;” [laomqHk;jzwfcsufwckudk csrSwfcJh=uonf?

“vGefcJhaom oHk;ESpftwGif; *&duGefjrLepfygwDonfvnf; rSwfwrf;wifxdkufonfh tvkyftau|;jyKr_rsm; ±SdcJhonf?,if;rSm EdkifiHwumuGefjrLepfESifh tvkyform; (ygwD) wdk@. v_yf±Sm;r_ pkpnf;aqG;aEG;Ed kifatmif pDpOfay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? T“atoifaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;”onf uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;ESifh tvkyform;ygwDrsm;tay: Yvnf;aumif;/ e,fcsJ@pepfESif h Ed kifiHvGefvuf0g;}uD;tkyfrsm; tkyfpD;xm;aom urBmhtcif;tusif;opfqdkonfwdk@udk qef@usifonfh wd kufyG Jrsm;tay: Yvnf;aumif;}uD;rm;pGm =oZmoufa&mufcJhonf?

“atoif aqG;aEG ;y G Jr sm;r Smusrwdk@[m t&if;±Sifpepf&J@ vuf±Sdtqifhudk cGJ jcrf;pdwfjzmcJh=uygw,f? qdkAD,uf,leD,HeJ@ ta±S@ Oa&my qdk±S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm;òyduGJjcif;udkvnf; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcJh=uw,ff?usrwdk@&J@&efolu bmvkyfr,f/ bmvkyfEdkifw,fqd kwmudk em;vnfcJ h =uygw,f f?usrwdk@taeeJ@ bmudkowdjyKvdk@ bmawGudka±Smif=uOfoifhw,f qdkwmudkvnf;oabmaygufcJh=uygw,f? usrwdk@&J@ wdkufyGJ[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vlr_tcGifhta&;awG &±Sdzdk@oufouftwGuf ckcHa&;wdkufyGJjzpfraeoifhbl;? æææææ usrwdk@rSm rwlwJhtajcae/ rwlwJh,Ofaus;r_/ rwlwJh tawG@tóuHeJ@ rwlwJhjzpfay:wdk;wufr_tqifhawG±Sd=uygw,f? 'gayrJh wlnDwJhyef;wdkif ±Sdae

E d k i f i H wu mn d v m c H r s m ; r S a eI a r # m f j un f h v d k u f ao m f(owi f ;aqmi f ;y g ; )

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ygw,f” [k wifjycJhonf?tdE N d,jynf uGe f jrLep fy gw D

udk,fpm;vS,fu qdkAD,uf,leD,HESifh ta±S@Oa&myEdkifiHrsm; ysufpD;&jcif;ESifh ywfoufIwifjyxm;onfrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;vSonf? “e,fcs J @oabmw&m;a&;q&mrsm;ESifh 0g'jzef@csda&;orm;wdk@onf0rf;omtm;& wGefusL;ae=u+yD; qdk±S,fvpf0g' ed*Hk;csKyf+yD[k a=unm=uonf? olwdk@onf rmhufpfvDeif0g'. ta&;ygr_ESi f hcdkifrmr_wdk@udk ar;cGef;xkwf=u+yD; ordkif;.ed*Hk;udka&muf+yD/ qdkvdkwmu t&if;±Sifpepfu xm0& pd k;r d k;awmhrnf[lIyifaºuG;a=umfae=uayonf?

“cwWrE NLr Sae+y D ; i gwd k @a=unm=uygpdk@? qdk±S,fvpf0g' b,faomtcgr# r±H _;edrf hE d ki f? ±H _;edrf hoGm;onfrSmqdk±S,fvpfpepf. wckaom yHkpHom jzpf.?TyHkpHudk aemufqHk;vufcHcJh=u olrsm;onfTyHkpHudk jyKjyifjcif;/ ydkrdk aumif;rGefatmifvkyfjcif;rsm; jyK&rnfhtpm; olwdk@udk,fwdkifzsufqD;ypfcJh=uonf? qdk±S,fvpfpepftjyiftjcm;a±G;p&mr±Sd/ rmhufpf0g'tjyif tjcm;a±G;p&m r±Sd æææ?”

TuGefz&if hrSm qdk±S,fvpf0g'ta=umif; tjrifESD;aESmzvS,f=uonfhuGefz&ifhjzpfonfESifhtnD qdk±S,fvpf0g'ESifhywfouf+yD; wifjycsufrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;vSonf? Oyrm rav;±Sm;E d ki fi Hr S & Jabmfxsi fc |m. atmufygwifjycsuf-

“yxrtcsuf- qd k± S,fvpfpep fe J @ ywfouf+y D ; u|e fawmfwd k @& J @txif±Sm;qHk;eJ@ pepftusqHk;vdk@qdk&r,fhoabmw&m;ynm±Sif}uD; um;vfrmhufpfu qdk±S,fvpfpepfqdkwm bmyJ&,fvdk@b,fwkef;ur# teufrzGifhcJhygbl;? ol[mt&if;±SifpepfqdkwmbmyJ/ t&if; b,fvdkvnfywfw,f/ t&if;±Sifpepf jzpfay:vmyHkeJ@ jzpfpOfpwmawGeJ@ ywfoufvdk@ pmtkyf}uD;awG wtkyf+yD;wtkyf a&;cJ hygw,f?'gayrJh olu qdk±S,fvpfpepf[m bmyJqdkwmudkawmh teufzGifhzdk@/ ±Sif;jyzdk@ 0efav;cJhygw,f?

“'kwd,tcsuf- t&if;±Sifpepf

udk EdkifiHa&;abm*aA'taeeJ@ tus,ftjyef@ aqG;aEG;=uayr,fh ol[m EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_vm; qdkwmusawmh a0cJ G&cufae=uwkef;yg? t&if;±Sifpepf&J@ EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;[m bmvJ/ t&if;±Sifpepfv_y f± Sm ;r _& J @ o¿mef[m bmvJvd k @ar;aumif;ar;=uygvdrfhr,f? b,fol@rSmrStajzr±Sdygbl;? 'D±_yfaxG;wJh jy\emawGudkt&if;±SifawGudk,fwdkifawmifrS ajzzdk@óud;pm;=ur,f rxifygbl;?

“rmhufpf&J@pOf;pm;enf;twdkif;vdkuf+yD; pOf;pm;=ur,fqdk&if t&if;±Sifpepfqdkwm abm*aA'zGJ@pnf;r_ o¿mefwckudkzGifhqdkwmom jzpfw,f/ ol@&J@oabmw&m;/EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_wdk@[m 'DzGJ@pnf;yHk&J@txufrSm ±Sdae+yD; tvGefudkaxGjym;umo¿mefawGvJrsm;jym; vSygw,f?”

AD,ufer fuGe f jrLep fygwD uvnf; tvm;wljy\emrsdK; wifjycJhonf?“qdkAD,uf,leD,HeJ@ ta±S@Oa&myEdkifiHawG&J@qdk±S,fvpfpepf yHkpH[m rmhufpftdef*,fvfwdk@&J@ ar#mfrSef;csufawGudk azmfxkwf+yD;vDeifu wdk;csJ@xm;wmrSefayr,fh 'DyHkpHawG[m tm;vHk;twGuf jynfhpHkwJh/ jyKjyifvdk@r&wJh pHawGvdk@ rqdkEdkifygbl;? 'ga=umifhvJEdkifiHwck ausysufwm[m ol@aemufuwjcm;EdkifiHwcsdK@ vdkufygw,fqdkOD;awmifrSwu,fhqdk±S,fvpfpepf ysufokOf;oGm;+yDvdk@ajymr&wmygyJ? ………… …………'Dae@vdk vl@tod wdk;wufaewmawmifrSvlawGudk t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufaoausapwJ h obm0uyftE W&m,f }uD;awGb,fvdk jzpfw,fqdkwmudk rkefwdki f;awG/avayGawG =unf h +y D ; ± Si f ; jyvd k @ r&=uao;ygbl;? qd kAD,uf,leD,H tp±S dwJ hEdkifiHawG usqHk;&wmrSm ±Sif;jyvdk@r&ao;wJhta=umif;&if;awG trsm;}uD; ±Sdygw,f?”

wufa&mufol tm;vHk;vdkvdkonf,ae@urBmwGif óuHawG@ae&aom vlr_jy\emrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm=uonfjzpf&m/obm0usp Gmyi f urBmv$r f ; òc Ha&;(globalisation) ESifh ywfoufI ajym=uonfrSm rsm;vnf;rsm;/ pH kvnf;pHkvSayonf? xdktxJrS tcsdK@udk atmufwGif azmfjyvdkufygonf?

tdE N d,uGe f jrLep fy gw D- “Ed ki fi Hwumb¾mt&if;ESifh tar&duefe,fcsJ@acgif;aqmifaom *sD-7 (G-7) EdkifiHrsm;wdk@.csKyfudkifr_atmuf±Sd EdkifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;wd k@onf rzG H @ òz;ao;aomEdki fi Hrsm;tm;tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifr_ uif;rJ hapumTEdkifiHrsm;tm; aoap±Sifap tqHk;tjzwfay;vsuf ± S dayonf? æææ ææærzGH@ òz;ao;aom EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wdk@rStpdk;&awGzdwfac:ae/ aemufrSvdkufae=uonfh TaiGukaÉukÉmrSm pD;arsmaeaomaiGylrsm;om jzpfonff? rsufpdwrSdwf/ cvkwftESdyfwGif EdkifiHwckxJrSaeI ydkrdkpm;usufaumif;aomtjcm;EdkifiH wckxJodk@ a&muf±SdoGm;=uonf?æææ ,if;onf qmavmifrGwfodyf/ tiwf}uD;usaeaom/ awG@or#udk0g;rsdK+yD; tqDpk&eftpOf tirf;r&jzpfaeayonf? Tonf t&i f;± Si fpep f.(xkwfvkyfr_ESifh) uif;uGmr_udk azmfjyonfhtxif±Sm;qHk; om"ujzpfonf? tojymonfOpPmeudk udk,fpm;rjyK/ ol@udk,folomudk,fpm;ðyonf? Tpepfonf ody` HESif henf;ynmudkvnf; t}uD;tus,f tvGJoHk;pm; jyKaeayonf?”

,ae@acwft&if;±Sifpepftm; tdENd,uGefjrLepfygwDrS ±Si f; jyxm;yH kr Smvnf;pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSonf? “,if;onft&if;±Sifpepf. txGwftxdyfjzpfonf?qufoG,fa&;ESif h tdkifwD (IT) acwf.t&if;±Sifpepfjzpf+yD; qdkAD,uf,leD,H òyduGJoGm;+yD;aemuf rnfolr# r[efh wm;Edkifonfhxi fwd ki f ; }uJaeaom t&if;± Si fpep f /wurBmvHk;tay: Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;aeonfht&if;±Sifpepf jzpfonf? æææ æ,if;onfo¿mefopfe,fcsJ@pepfjzpf+yD; vufeufopfrsm;udk toHk;jyKum udkvdkeDaESmifóud;rsm;udk ±dkufcsdK;cJh=uaom rzGH@òzd;ao;onfhEdkifiHrsm;tm; udkvdkeDjyefjyKvkyf&ef vHk;yef;aeayonf?”

AD,uferfEd ki fi H uGef¹r lepfygwD .wifjycsufrSmvnf; avhvmxdkufonf?“jy\emu 'DurBmv$rf;òcHa&;qdkwmudkb,folawGu pDr HaewmvJ qd kwmyJjzpfw,f?ææææææ urBmv$rf;òcHa&;qdkwmudk vlwef;pm;awGeJ@ Ed kifiHa&;/

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pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;tiftm;pkawG[m udk,fh±_a'gifh/ udk,fhtusdK;pD;yGm;tay:yJ tajccH+yD;pO f;pm;=uwmyg? urBmv$rf; òc Ha&;[mqif;&JwJ@ wwd,urBmEdkifiHawGeJ@ wae@0ifaiG wa':vmawmif r±SdwJh vloef;aygif;1500twGuf zlvHkwJhb0 aqmif=uOf;rvmygbl;?”

urBmv$rf;ðcHa&;ESifh ywfoufIajym=um;=u&mwGif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mwifjy=uonfrsm;teuf atmufyg t,ltqrsdK;ud kvnf; awG@&onf? “,ae@umv urBmv$rf;ðcHa&;onf o¿meft&vnf;aumif;/ vuQ%mt&vnf;aumif;r kcsraoG jzwfoef;&rnf qd konfrs d K; /ajymif;vJr&aom a&pD;a=umif;qdkonfrsdK;vH k;0r[kwf”(tdEN d,uGefjrLepfygwD) ?Tt,ltqrSm ,cktcg urBmtES H @ay:aygufvsuf±S daom urBmv$rf;òc Ha&;qef@usifonfh v_yf±Sm;r_}uD;rsm;rS trsm;pk.t,ltqESifh wlaeonf?

TuGefz&ifhwGif tm%m& uGefjrLepfygwD}uD;rsm;u rdr dwd k @E d ki fi HE Si f hygwD.qdk±S,fvpfpepfwnfaqmufa&; t,ltqESifh tawG@tóuHrsm;udk wifjy=uonf?

w±kwf jynf uGe f jr Lep fy gw D-“jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfw,fqdkwmrSmu|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@ ydkrdk}uD;rm;wJh tusdK;tjrwfudk &±Sdzdk@twGuf obm0uspGmyJwefzdk;wcsdK@udkay;&/ pGef@pm;&ygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh a±S@wef;a&mufwJh odyHeJ@enf;ynm/tkyfcsKyfr_twwfynm pwmawGudk &±Sdzdk@twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;u &if;E S D; ¹r ‡ ky fES Hr _ud kzdwfac:wm/ zufpyfvkyfief;awG/ EdkifiHjcm;om;csnfhydkifwJh vkyfief;awGudk cGifhjyKwmawG[m tusdK;±S dygw,f? 'Dvkyfief;awGuzefwD;vdkufwJh tpGef;xGufwefbdk; wpdwfwydkif;udk EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;¹r‡kyfESHolawGu ,lygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh EdkifiHawmfu 'DtwGuftcGefaiGudk&±Sd+yD; tvkyform;awGu vpm&ygvdrfhr,f?u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@ tcsdK@aomenf;ynmeJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_twwfynmwdk@udkoif,lEdkif+yD; aemufqHk;owif;eJ@ aps;uGufwdk@udkvJ &vdkufygr,f? wckvHk;òcHvdkuf&ifqdk±S,fvpfpepftwGuf tusdK;±Sdygw,f?'gayr J h wu,fvd k @ u|e fawmfwd k @& J @

&JabmfawG[m awmfvSefa&;owdaygh+yD;t&nftcsif;r±S dbl;qdk&ifawmh ay;&wJhwefzdk;[m odyf}uD;ygvdrfhr,f? txl;ojzifhtaemufu&efvd kol tiftm;pkawG&J @“+idrf;csrf;pGm jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_” tpDtrHawGeJ@ raumif;wJh tusdK;quf trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh jzpfay:vmwJh tusifhysuf jcpm;r_awG[m u|efawmfwdk@ygwDudk ydkrdkjyif;xefwJhprf;oyfr_awGeJ@ &ifqdkif&ap/ pGef@pm;r_awGy d k }uD;apygw,f? ææææ ææææu|efawmfwd k@[m w±kwfjynfvuQ%maqmifwJ h qd k± S, fvpfpepfud k wnfaqmufaeygw,f? t&if;±Sifpepf usifhoHk;aewm r[kwfygbl;? trSefyJ/ t&if;±Sifpepfud k u|efawmfwd k @ ra=umufygbl;?qd k± S, fvpfxkwfvky fr _e J @ u d kufnD +y D ;qdk±S,fvpfwnfaqmufa&;udk taxmuftulðyr,f h t&if;±Si f vl @tzG J @tpnf;twGif;u vlom;awG&J@ &±S dcsufawGudktoHk;ðyzdk@ vdktyfwJhowWdeJ@ t&nftcsif;awG u|efawmfwdk@rSm ±Sdygw,f?”

A D,ufer f uGe f jr Lep fy gw D-“AD,uferf jynfolawG[m ygwDeJ@twlESpfaygif; 70 r# twlcsDwufcJ h=u+yD;wJhaemufrSm tzdk;wefvSwJh tawG@tóuHESifhoifcef;pmrsm; &±SdcJh=uygw,f? 'gawG[ma±S@umvtwGuf vrf;!¸efcsufvJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'gawGuawmh trs d K ;om;vGwfvyfa&;eJ@ rmufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/[dkcsDrif;tawG;tac:ay:rSm tajcjyKwJhqdk±S,fvpfpepfqdkwJh &nfrSef;csuftay:rSmcdkifrm&r,f? jynfoludkrSDcdk+yD; vufawG@eJ@udkufnDpGm wDxGifr_±Sd±Sd vkyf&r,f/ topfxGif;azmufr_awG jyKvkyf&r,f? EdkifiHawmf&J@tiftm;eJ@ acwf&J@tiftm;wdk@udk aygif;pyf&r,f? ygwD&J@acgif;aqmifr_ tcef;udk jr‡ifhwifa&;[m y"meusw,f?”

udk&D;,m;Ed ki fi Htvkyform;ygwD-“jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_ vrf;a=umif;rSm tauG@taumufawG ±SdEdkifayr,fh ordkif;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r_&J@ t"duvrf;a=umif;[m rajymif;vJEdkifygbl;? urBmhqdk±S,fvpf v_yf±Sm;r_[mwkH@qdkif;r_eJ@ oabmw&m;a&; ±_yfaxG;r_awGuae vGwfajrmufvm+yD; jyefvnf±Sifoefum tajccHopfay:rSm xyfrHwnfaqmuf

&if; qdk±S,fvpfvrf; vdkuf=uwhJ EdkifiHawG[m wdk;wufr_vrf;a=umif;ay:udk wufvSrf;vm=uw,f?

“wdk;wufwJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrSefor#&J@vuf±Sdordkif;wm0efuawmh vGwfvyfa&;/qdk±S,fvpfa&;eJ@ jynfolawG&J@ta&;udkjywfjywfom;om; umuG,f+yD; rSefrSefuefuef OD;aqmifoGm;zdk@ jzpfygw,f?”

rsufar SmufumvwGi f r dr dw d k @vufawG@vkyfudkif&rnfhvkyfief;ESifh ywfouf+yD; ygwDtoD;oD;/ vlyk*~dKvftoD;oD;wdk@wifjy=uonfh tcsufrsm;rSm vGefpGmrSpdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ygonf? udk,fhwdkif;jynf vufawG@ESifhtnD wifjyaomrav;±Sm;rS ynm±SifwOD;. pOf;pm;enf;rSm Todk@jzpfygonf? “rav;±Sm;EdkifiHuwdk;wufwJh tiftm;pkawG[m 'DEdkifiH&J@EdkifiHa&;pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; OD;pGmtm;jzifh udk,fhtiftm;ud k,fwnfaqmufa&; vky f =u&r,f?'Dvdkjyifqifr_[m 'Drdkua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGufomru rdrdwdk@&J@a&±Snf wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGufyg ta&;ygvSw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtajymif;tvJeJ@ ywfoufwJh a'otoD;oD;&J@ tawG@tóuHawGudk aygif;±Hk;oHk;oyfvdkuf&if 'Drdkua&pD(wenf;tm;jzifhtm%m±Sif jzKwfcsr_) [m tvkyform;jy\emawG tm;vHk;udk ajz±Sif;ay;wmr[kwfbl;qdkwm awG@&vdrfhr,f? trsm;óuduf 'Drd kua&pD[m tvkyform;awGpnf;±Hk;v_yf±Sm;zdk@eJ@ rdrdwdk@&J@ ta&;awmfyHkudkqufvufo,faqmifzdk@wdk@twGuf vdktyfwJh tajctaeawG zefwD;ay;ygw,f?”

,ae@umvtajctaeudk zdvdydkifuGefjrLepfygwDrS & Jabmfrsm;u Todk@oHk;oyfjyxm;onf? “urBmhpepf topfwzef z±dkz&Jjzpfr_[m ESpfq,f&mpkESpf&J@aemufqHk;q,fpkESpfrSm jzpfay:cJ hwmyg?'Dtcsdef[m e,fcsJ@orm;awGu ‘qdk¶S,fvpfpepf usqHk;r_’ twGuf tljrL;csdKºuGae=u+yD;‘vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufeJ@ urBmv$rf;òcHa&;’qdkwJh qdkif;bkwfawGatmufrSm ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;eJ@ tzdESdyfcHjynfolawGudk wdk;cJs@aoG;pkyfaecsdefjzpfygw,f? Oa&mywdkufrSmq,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ukefvGef+yD;aemuf

yxrurBmppfvdkyJ ppfyGJawGjyefjzpfyGm;aeygw,f?”av;euftm;wufzG,f tifwmae±Sife,foDcsif;oHjzifh tqHk;owfcJhaom nDvmcH}uD;ta=umif; rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKtyfaom

Taqmif;yg;udk *&duGefjrLepfygw DrS &Jabmft,fvpPef;j'm;upP. rdef@cGef;ygpmom;rsm;ESifh ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf?“wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tHkºuGr_awG[m igwdk@acwfumv&J@vuQ%mudk ajymif;vJaprSm r[kwfbl;? EdkifiHwum awmfvSefa&;

v_yf±Sm;r_}uD; aemufwvSrf;qkwfae&wJh vuf±Sdumv[m ,m,Dom jzpfw,f? onf;oefvmaewJh vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJawGeJ@twljyefvnf±SifoefxºuGwJh umvudk a&muf±Sdvmaew,f?21 &mpkESpf[m EdkifiHwumt&if;&J@ xdk;ppfudk awmfvSefwJhtiftm;pkawGujyefvnftm;pk+yD; wGef;vSefwJh/ wefjyefwdkufppfqifwJh acwfumv jzpfvdrfhr,f? igwdk@&J@ 'D&mpkESpfrSm urBmhawmfvSefa&;v_yf±Sm;r_topfeJ@vlr_awmfvSefa&; tajrmuftjrm;udk rkcsawG@=u&vdrfhr,f?”

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jynfolhtm%m

jyifopfbk&iftkyfpdk;r_tm; jynfolrsm;u pGJcsufwifae=upOf

rrSSwwffaavvmmuuffoomm;;aavvmmuuff

b0twGufawmif;qdkcsuf

“ighb0rSm wdkufyGJawGeJ@ jynfhv$rf;aeygap/” (um;vfrmhufpf. i,f±G,fpOfu aºuG;a=umfoH)

“May my life be full of struggles!” Karl Marx’s motto when he was young.

tpdk;&&Jhwm0ef

“tpdk;&qdkwmrSm OpPm"eydkifqdkifr_udk xdef;odrf;zdk@uvGJ+yD; wjcm;bm&nf&G,fcsufrS r&Sdbl;? ”

(+Adwdo#tbd"rRmq&m *|efavmhcf?1632-1704)

“Government has no other end but the preservation of property.” John Locke (1632-1704)

a_yvnfvdkaompdwf

“vufoD;qkyfxm;&if vufqGJE_wfqufvdk@r&bl;?” (tif'D&m*END/ 1917 - 1984)

“You cannot shake hands with a clenched fist.” Indira Gandhi (1917-1984)

obm0ywf0ef;usif

Tajr}uD;udk cspfjrwfEdk;yg? ,if;rSm oifhrdbu oifhtm; t+yD;ay;xm;aomt&mr[kwf/ oifhaemifvmaemufom;rsm;u

oifhtm;iSm;ay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? ”(a±S;a[mif; tar&duefvleD pum;yHk)

“Treat The Earth Well, It Was Not Given To You By Your Parents, It Was Loaned To You By Your

Children.” (An ancient American Indian proverb)

a&G;aumufyGJ

““cifAsm;u a&G;aumufyGJEdkifw,f/ 'gayrJh rJa&awmh usKyfuEdkifw,f/”(,cifeDum&m*GmrS tm%m±Sif

temwmqD,dkqdkrdkZm &J@ a±G;aumufyGJrSm rJcdk;onf[k pGyfpGJcH&&mwGif ajymaompum;? 1925-1980)””

“You won the elections, but I won the count. ” Anastasio Somoza (1925–1980),

Nicaraguan dictator.

oHcif;wrefcif;

““oHwrefaumif;qdkwm trsdK;orD;wa,muf&J@arG;ae@udkom rSwfrd+yD; olhtoufudk rrSwfrdoljzpfw,f”

(tar&duefuAsmq&m a&mbwfza&m h/ 1874-1963)

“A diplomat is a man who always remembers a woman’s birthday but never remembers her

age. ” Robert Frost (1874–1963), U.S. poet.

a&yGufyrmwoufvsmwnf;

“AD,uferfawGudkajymvdkuf? 'if;wdk@aemufudkqkwf&ifqkwf? rqkwf&if ausmufacwfjyefa&mufatmif AHk;}uJypfr,fvdk@/”

(1964ckESpf/ AD,uferfppfyGJrSm ppfOD;pD;csKyfvkyfpOfu AdkvfcsKyfum;wpPvDar&J@ }uHK;0g;pum;)

“Tell the Vietnamese they’ve got to draw in their horns or we’re going to bomb them back

into the Stone Age.” General Curtis Lee May.

tar&duefavm*spf

“usKyfwdk@eJ@twlr&yfwJhvl[m usKyfwdk@udkqef@usifolyJ/” (1953-59u tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; vkyfcJhol

*|efazmfpwm'g;vufpf/ 1888-1959)

“Those who are not with us are against us.” John Foster Dulles (1888-1959)

48

pGefhv$wf_cif;&Jht"dy`m,f

“wckcktwGuf toufrpGef@Edkifbl;qdkwJhvl[m vljzpfaezdk@ raumif;bl;?” (tar&duefvlrnf;acgif;aqmif

rmwifvlomuif;? 1929-1968)

“A man who won’t die for something is not fit to live. ” Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–

1968), U.S. civil rights leader.

rlvm;tusdK;pD;yGm;vm;

“EdkifiHawGrSm tusdK;pD;yGm;yJ&Sdw,f? rlr&Sdbl;?” (,ciftar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; [ife&D upfpif;*g;/ 1923-)

“Nations have interests but no principles. ” Henry Kissenger( 1923-)

trSefw&m;

“*,fvDvD,dkudk jypf'%fcsrSwfwJhtcgrSm olu‘urBm}uD;[m vnfywfaewkef;yJ’vdk@ a=unmcJhw,f/

'Dae@usaemfwdk@uGefjrLepfawGuvJ ol@xufravsmhwJh ,Hk=unfr_rsdK;eJ@ a=unmvdkufygw,f- urBm}uD;[m

vnfywfaewkef;yJ/” (blvfa*;&D;,m;EdkifiHom;/ wwd,uGefjrLepftifwmae¶Sife,f&J@twGif;a&;r‡l; a*smf*sD'DrDxa&mhAf

(1882-1949) udkemZDrsm;utr_qif+yD; ±Hk;wif&mwGif ±Hk;Yolajym=um;aomrdef@cGef;?) ( 'Drdef@cGef;udk emZDcHk¶Hk;u

qHk;atmifajymcGifhray;cJhygbl;?)

“When Galileo was condemned he declared:”E pur si muove!” No less determined than

Galileo we Communists declare today “E pur si muove!” The wheel of history moves on towards

the ultimate, inevitable, irrepressible goal of Communism.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

Georgi Dimitrov (1882-1949)

49

rSwfcsufrvdkaom

pum;rsm;

“wdkeDbvJ,m;[m aus;vufudk em;rvnfbl;? ol@rdef;ruqdk ydkqdk;ao;w,f?”“bvJ,m;a&;qGJwJh bwf*suf[mtrd_ufyHkvdkyJ?”(+Adwdo#rif;om; tuf'0yf.=uif,mqdkzDonf {nfhcHyGJwckY Tpum;rsm;udkajymrdojzifh t}uD;tus,f a0zefcHvdkuf&onf?)

( 2001ck/ {+yDv/ wdkif;rfr*~Zif;rS )

tar&duefEdkifiH tdk[dkif;tdk;jynfe,f pifpifemwDòrd@wGif vlrnf;vli,fwOD;udk &JawGu 0dkif;zrf;&if;ypfowfonfhudpPa=umifh vlrnf;rsm;.qlylr_ jzpfyGm;cJh&onf? xd kqlylr_E Si f h ywfoufaomudef;*%ef;tcsdK@rSm- ol@udk0dkif;zrf;wJh &Jom;OD;a& 12? ol@udkypfonfhusnf 1? 1995ck up+yD; 'Dòrd@rSm &Juypfowfvdk@ao&olOD;a& 15? e,l;a,mufòrd@u tvm;wljzpfpOf&J @tqaygif; 4 qausmf towfcH&wJhvlawGxJrSm yg0ifaewJhvlrnf;OD;a& &mE_ef; 100µ 'Dòrd@rSm±SdwJhvljzLOD;a& 57µ ( tifwmeufowif;wyk'frS )

“tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m ygupPwefE d ki fi H& J @ r dwfaqGE d ki fi Hy g? p D ;y Gm;a&;e J @ukefoG,fa&;wdk@rSm &if;ESD;wJh qufqHr_awG±Sd=uygw,f? Edk@ayrJh rljy\emawGrSmawmhusaemfwdk@taeeJ@ olwdk@udk raxmufcHE d ki fy gbl;? ' Dudp Pr Sm usaem fw d k @u‘AJ&D;aqm&D;’ vdk@yJ ajym&ygr,f? 'gayrJh'Dusaemfwd k @&J @ AJ&D;aqm&D;[m w±kwfwdkufav,mOf ysufusr_twGuf tar&duefuajymwJ h A J& D;aqm&D;e J @ rwlygbl;?usaem fwd k @ a jymwJ h A J& D ;aqm&D;[mav;av;eufeuf ajymwmyg?”( ukvor*~vlhtcGifhta&; nDvmcHwGifajymaom ygupPwefud k,fpm;vS,f.rdef@cGef;rS )

“'kwd,urBmppftpydkif;wGif Oa&my ESifhtar&due f r[mrdwfwyfrsm;tm;*syefutEdkif&jcif;rSm xdkudkvdkeDjyKjcif;cHae&aom EdkifiHrsm;tm; &JpGrf;owWd±SdapcJhonf?”

( tm&SwdkufrS EdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;ujyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uGufajymqdkae=uaomfvnf; etztpd k ;&u vH k;0a&iH kE_wfydwfaeaom *syefEd ki fi Hausmif;oHk;ordkif;pmtkyfopfxJrS )

1960ckESpfu pDtdkifat. tpDtpOftultnDjzif h usl;bm;Ed kifiHyd kif 0ufyifv,fatmfwGif usL;ausmf wdkufcdkuf&if;r±_rvS±H_;edrfhcJ haom wyfom;a[mif;rsm;toif;onf rdrdwdk@.toif;om; ESpfOD;tm; toif;rS xkwfypfvdkufonf?

ta=umif;rSm“Ttoif;om;2OD; onfusL;bm;EdkifiHodk@ oGm;vnfaom a=umifhjzpfonf?”[l.?( 2001? {+yDv? e,l;p0dcfr*~Zif;rS )

tar&duefEdkifiHwGif wdkufcsif;ypf'Hk;ysHrsm;wGif wyfqifxm;aom nluvD,m xdyfzl;aygif;u 5400/ c±kZf 'Hk;ysHESifhAHk;}uJav,mOfrsm;wGif wyf+yD;o,faqmifEdkifaom nluvD,mAHk;aygif;u 1750/enf;AsL[mvufeufrsm;wGif wyfqifxm;onfu 1670/ wjynfvHk;±Sd befumrsm;twGif; 0Sufxm;onfu 10000±Sda=umif; od&aomtcgrSm orwbk±SfuTodk@ ajymxGufoGm;onf?“usaemfwdk@rSm bma=umifh'gavmuf

trsm;}uD; ±Sdae&w,fqdkwm pOf;pm;vdk@r&bl;? 'gawG bmvkyfzdk@vJ”?xdktcgwGif &D*ifvufxufrSpI vHk

+cKHa&;*k±k}uD;vkyfvmaom&pfcswfyg;vf(Richard Perle) u ,ckuJhodk@ ajzvdkufonf[k e,l;pf0dc f*sme,fwGif azmfjyxm;onf?“trSefajym&r,fqdk&if 'D[mawGudk

usaemfwdk@u b,fawmhrS toHk;jyKrSmr[kwfbl;/ ±k±Sm;awGuvJ toHk;jyKrSmr[kwfygbl;?”

( 2001 ck/ ±dkufwmowif; )

vmbfay;vmbf,l vkyfaepOf

cdk;+yD; ±d kufxm;aom AD'D,dkwdyfacGrsm;

a=umifh jy\emwufum trdEd ki fi HrS

xGufajy;&+yD; AifeDZGJvm;EdkifiHrS zrf;qD;

jyefydk@cJhaom yD±l;EdkifiHrS axmufvSrf;a&;

t}uD;tuJa[mif; Avm'DrD±dkrGefwDpDEdku

ol@tm;ppfaq;aom w&m;ol}uD;tm;

,ckuJhodk@ ajymcJhonf?

“aemufxyfAD'D,dkawG =unfhOD;rvm;?

usKyfrSm tacGaygif; 30000 ¶Sdw,f?”( &Sif[Gmowif;pOf/ 27-6-01 )

rif;orD;&JŒpum;

udef;*%ef;wcsdK@

aqm&D;jcif;awmhrwlygav

edyGefordkif;opf

0ufyifv,fatmf&J@usdefpm

azmfvdkufr,fwJhazmfvdkufr,f

urBmheHygwfwpf.'kuQ

ajomfZ,m;wGif tar&duefEdkifiHrS vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;u &DywfbvDuifywD. +yD;cJhonfha&G;aumufyGJtwGuf

ay;cJhaom vª'gef;aomaiGyrm% ( a':vmoef;aygif; ) ESifh a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf,if;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;

toHk;ðyaomaiGpkpkaygif;. &mcdkifE_ef;wdk@udk azmfjyxm;onf?

vkyfief;trsdK;tpm; a':vmoef; &mE_ef; jyefvnftusdK;cHpm;&r_

aq;vdyfESifhpD;u&uf

opfa&eHESifh"mwfaiG@

"mwfowWK

b%fESifhc&uf'pfu'f

aq;0g;ava=umif;vkyfief;

7³55

3³225³4

2³6

25³6

17³84³2

83

8278

77

60

6861

pD;u&ufxkwfvkyfolrsm;tay: zuf'&,ftpdk;&u pGJqdkxm;aomtr_rsm;udk zsufodrf;ay;jcif;?opfxkwfvkyfa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;tm; ydwfyifr_udk ±kyfodrf;ay;jcif;?puf±Hkrsm;. umAGef'dkifatmufqdkuf"mwfaiG@xkwfvkyfr_ uef@owfcsuftm; y,fzsufjcif;/ usdKwdkoabmwlnDcsuftm; ab;csdwfjcif;/ tmwdwfa'o&Sd xdef;odrf;xm;aoma'orsm;wGif a&eHwl;azmfcGifhðyjcif;?obm0ywf0ef;usif oef@&Sif;a&; pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm; zsufodrf;ay;jcif;?a'0gvDcHoGm;&aom c&uf'pfu'fydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS aiGjyefodrf;&mwGifvG,fulapaom bDvfOya' jyXmef;ay;jcif;?vlr_zlvHka&;Oya'udk aps;E_ef;ruef@owfbJ ðyjyifay;jcif;oydwfrsm;udk Oya'jzifh twm;tqD; ðyvkyfay;jcif;/ x&yfpfuJhodk@vkyfief;}uD;rsm;tm; uef@owfaomOya'wdk@udk jyefav#mhay;jcif;

rsufarSmufacwf t&if;&Sifpepf.tqifhopf

1? ed'gef;tcsKdŒaom orkdif;ESifhabm*aA'

ynm&Sifrsm;u 20 &mpkESpf&Sd t&if;&Sif pepfòyduJGoGm;_yD? 21 &mpkESpfwGif vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfwck ay:xGef;vmvdrffhrnf? ,if;pepfum; urBmht&if;&Sifpepf (global capital-

ism) okd‹r[kwf t&if;&Sif pepfopf (new

capitalism) jzpfonf[k a&;om;ajymqkdae-uonf? olwk d‹u e,fcs JŒpepf[laoma0g[m&ukd rokH;-u? tod&SdpGma&Smif-ujcif;jzpfayrnf? e,fcsJŒpepfqkdonfrSm vlom;orkdif;wGif urBmppf}uD;ESpfckukd zefwD;cJhaompepf/ vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm aoauscJh&_yD; "eOpPmypPnf;rsm;ESifh vl‹,Ofaus;r+ tarGtESpfrsm;udk nufnufausatmif zsufqD;cJ haom pepfjzpfI ‚if;ukdarSmufax_yD; aemiftESpfw&mwGif ay:vmrnfhpepfrSm “,Ofaus;odrfarG‹onfh xGef;vif; awmufajymifonf h t&if;& Si fpepfopf” jzpfrnf[kqkdvdk[ef wlayonf?

vlr+p D ;y Gm;a&;pepf jzpfay:wkd;wufr+rSm wpdwfwykdif;taeESifh tcsKdŒtcsdefwGif aemufjyefqkwfjcif;/ òyduJGoGm;jcif;/ ysufpD;oGm;jcif; &Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf;wckvk H;taeESif hqk daomf a-umifvdrfavSum;ozG,f/ a&v+dif;ozG,f ðyrlv+yf&Sm;jcif; jzpfayonf? jzpfay:wk d;wufjcif;jzpfayonf?

vlom;orkdif;wGif a&S;bkHpepf

(Primaeval Communal System) OD;pGmay:aygufcJhonf? xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;ukdpkaygif;ykdifqkdif_yD; pkaygif;xkwfvkyfumtxGufypPnf;rsm;udk pkaygif;&,l-uonf?vlwef;pm;uJGjym;r+r&S dao;/ vlwef;pm;wkdufyJGvnf; ray:ao;I Ek difiHawmfESifhtpdk;&qkdonfrSmvnf; wnf&Sdzkd‹ rvdkao;ay? xkwfvkyfa&; ud&d,monf tvGef¶k d;wm_yD; twwfynmvnf; edrf husvSojzif h xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r+rSm tvGefaES;auG; aemufusvSonf?

aus;u|efpepfu a&S;bkHpepfudktpm;xd k;c J honf? vlwef;pm;uJ G jym;r+&S dvm_yD? Ek difiHawmfvnf;ay:aygufcJ h _yD?aus;yk di fu|efyd kif&Sifu aus;u|efrsm;uk doHajcusif;cwfum tvGef&ufpuf -urf;ñuwfpGm tvkyfvkyfcdkif;cJhonf? aus;u|efrsm;. “tpGef;xGuftvkyf” (surplus

labour) wckvkH;omru “vdktyfaomtvkyf” (necessary labour) {&mrtrsm;ykdif;ukdyg tykdifpD;cJhonf? aus;u|efpepforkdif;wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;cJhaom jzpf&yfrsm;udk b,fokd‹r# arhaysmufEkdifp&m r&Sday?rnfokd‹qkdapumrl xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pkjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+wGif aus;u|efpepfonf a&S;bkHpepfESifhpmaomf wqifhjrifhwufvmjcif;jzpfonf? vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepf wqifhjrifhwufvmjcif; jzpfonf?

ya'o&mZf a jr& Si fpep fuaus;u|efpepfudk tpm;xkd;cJhonf? ya'o&mZf ajr&Sifu ajru|efrsm;ukd -umyGwfukdifum &uf&ufpufpuf zdES dyfaoG;pkyfcJ honf? tvkyfoD;pm;c/ oD;ES HoD;pm;c/

tojymoD;pm;cESi f h p D;y Gm;a&;abmifvGefaom t"rRenf;emo¿mefrsm;jzif ha jru|e frsm;. “tpGe f ;x Guftvky f”wckvkH;ESifh “vkdtyfaomtvkyf” tawmfrsm;rsm;ukdygaoG;pkyfcJhonf? ya'o&mZfajr&Sifpepf ordkif;wGif aoG;csif;csif;eDcJhaomykefuefr+rsm;uk d jynfzk H;um;csI &rnfr[kwfay? ok d ‹apumrl xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;&mwGif ya'o&mZfpepfonf aus;u|efpepfxuf wqifhjrifhwufvmjcif; jzpfonf? vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfwqifhjrifh wufvmjcif; jzpfonf?

ya'o&mZf ajr&Sifpepfae&mwGift&if;&Sifpepfu 0if,lcJhonf? ukefpnfxkwfvkyfa&;onf tjrifhqkH;tqifhtxdjzpfay:wdk;yGm;vm_yD; vkyftm; (labour

power) onf vl‹tzJ G‹tpnf; twkdif;twmt& ukefpnf (commodity) jzpfvmaomtcg t&if;&Sifvl‹tzJG‹tpnf; jzpfvmayonf? t&if;&Sifonf vkyftm;ykdif&Sifjzpfojzifh tvkyform;rsm;udk y,fy,fe,fe,f aoG;pkyfEkdifcGifh&cJhonf? tvkyfcsdefwkd;jr‡ifhonfhenf;jzifh tvkyform;rsm;.“tpGef;xGuftvkyf” ukd qef‹xkwfvkduf_yD;“vkdtyfaomtvkyf” ukd avsmhenf;apcJhonf? Tenf;jzifh “tºuGif;rJh tpGef;xGufwefzkd;” (Absolute Surplus Value) ukd!‡pf,lcJhonf? tvkyform;rsm;u wkdufyJGqifjcif;a-umifh Tenf;udk usif hokH;&efcufvmonfhtcgwGif twwfynm wkd;jr‡ifhonfhenf;jzifh tvkyform;rsm;. “vkdtyfaomtvkyf” ukd avsmhenf;ap_yD; “tpGef;xGuftvkyf” ukd wdk;rsm;apcJhonf? Tenf;jzifh “E+dif;,SOfjcif;tpGef;xGuf wefzdk;”

e,fcsJhpepfopf

rsufarSmufacwft&if;&Sifpepf.tqifhopf

(Relative Surplus Value) ukd !‡pf,lEkdifcJhonf? t&if;&Sifpepfordkif;wGif t&if;&Sifu oHajcusif;ESifh -umyGwfudk ukdifrxm;apumrl/ xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;ESifh vkyftm;ukdykdifqkdifxm;ojzifh &uf&ufpufpuf aoG;pkyfEkdifcGifh&cJhonf? txGufypPnf;rsm;udk tydkifp D ;E k di fc Gi f h&c J honf? t&if;& Si f vl ‹tzJ G ‹tpnf;wGif aoG;ac|;pGef;cJhaom vlwef;pm;wkdufyJGrsm;um; rSwfwrf;wifI ukefEkdifrnfr[kwfay? Tokd‹jzpfapumrl xkwfvkyfa&;tiftm;pk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+wGif t&if;&Sifpepfonf ya'o&mZfpepfxuf wqifhjrifhwufvmjcif; jzpfonf? ,cifvlr+ pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;ESi f hpmaomf tbufbufwGi ftwkdif;twm}uD;rm;pGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmjcif; jzpfonf?

xkdenf;wl 20 &mpkESpfwGif ay:xGufvmaom e,fcs JŒpepfonfvnf;aumif;/ rsufarSmufwGif jzpfay:vmaome,fcsJŒpepfopfonfvnf;aumif; vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif y d kr d k jrif hrm;vmjcif;jzpfayonf? xdkpepfrsm;ESifh qef‹usif_yD;wnf&Sdaeaom qdk&S,fvpfpepfonf wqifhjrifhonfh vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk ukd,fpm;ðyaeayonf? Tokd‹aom vlom;ord kif;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ukd rnfonfh tiftm;pkurSwm;qD;Edkifrnf r[kwfay? ta-umif;um;orkdif;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+w&m;ESifh avsmfnDaoma-umifh jzpfayonf?

2? e,fcsJŒt&if;&Sifpepfjzwfoef;cJhonfhc&D;pOft&if;&Sifpepfonf 18 &mpkESpf

'kwd,ESpf0ufykdif;rS pwif_yD; }uD;rm;pGmjzp fxGe f ;vmc J honf? 19 &mpkE Sp fESpfw&mtwGif; zG H ‹ òzd;wkd;wuf &if hrSnfhvmcJhonf? “vGwfvyfpGm òydifqdkifonfht&if;&Sifpepf”/ “pHwift&if;&Sifpepf” [kac:wGifcJh onf?

um;vfrmhufpfu t&if;&Sifpepfukd oabmw&m;t&/ ordkfif;t& okH;oyf_yD; “vGwfvyfpGmòydifqdkifr+u xkwfvkyfa&;pkpnf;r+ (concentration of production)

ukd jzpfay:aponf? ,if;uwzef jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ wpkHw&maom tqifhokd‹ a&mufonfwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr+ (monopoly)

ay:aygufaponf” ( ADtdkif=vDeif “ e,fcsJ‹pepf = t&if;&Sifpepf. tjrifhqHk;tqifh ESm18 ) [k !¸efjycJ honf? wu,fhjzpf&yfuvnf; Ttwkdif;yif jzpfvmayonf?

1860 = 70 c kE Sp fr sm;wGi fvGwfvyfpGmòydifqdkifr+ (free competition)

txGwftxdyfokd‹ a&mufcJhonf? xkdpOfuvuf0g;}uD;tkyfr+[lonfrSm jrifomxifom r[kwfao;? uvva&-unfwnfpyif&Sdao;onf?

1873 ckESpfuyfqkdufr+ ay:aygufvm_yD;aemufwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyf “umw,fvf” tzJG‹rsm; war#mfwac: }uD; ay:vmayonf? okd‹aomf wnfwnfwHhwHhr[kwfao;? pyfull;rwful; o¿mefr#om&Sdao;onf?

19 &mpkESpftukef pD;yGm;a&;zGH‹òzd;r+umvESifh 1900 = 03 usyfwnf;r+uyf ay:vm_yD;aemuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf“umw,fvf” tzJG‹rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;b0wckvkH;wGif tkwfjrpfwck jzpfvmayonf?t&if;&Sifpepfonf e,fcsJŒpepftjzpfodk‹ajymif;vJoGm;cJ honf? Oa&mywkduftzkd‹ajym&v#if 20 &mpkESpftpwGif e,fcsJŒpepfjzpfwnfvmayonf?

xkwfvkyfa&; pkpnf;r+a-umifhvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;um; e,fcsJŒpepf. a,bk,sESifh tajccHw&m; jzpfayonf? e,fcsJŒpepf. pD;yGm;a&;tESpfom&vnf; jzpfayonf?

e,fcsJŒpepftqifhwGif xkwfvkyfa&;onf twdkif;twm}uD;rm;pGm vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; vuQ%maqmifvmonf? oD;jcm;tm;jzifhqkdaomf twwfynm wDxGifr+ESifhjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r+jzpfpOfonfvnf; vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; vuQ%maqmifvm ayonf? (so-

cialization of production)

xkwfvkyfa&; vl‹tzJ G‹tpnf;vuQ%maqmifapumrl txGuf ypPnf;rsm;udk &,lr+rSm yk*~vduvuQ%m jzpf_rJjzpfvsuf &Sdayonf? vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; qkdif&mxkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm; (social means of

production) onfvnf; vltenf;pkuyk*~vduykdifqkdif_rJyifjzpfonf? “vGwfvyfpGmòydifqkdifr+” [laom a,bk,sabmifrSm

qufvuf&Sdapumrl vufwqkyfpm vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;u usefvlom;w&yfvkH;tay: pkd;rdk;r+um; tq&mr#ruyk dr k d }uD;av;vmayonf? rc Hr&y fE d ki favmufatmif 0efxkyf0efykd;'%frSm ykdrk d}uD ;rm;vmayonf? qif ;& Jc sr f ;omtpGef;ESpfbufuGmjcm;r+um; -umav}uD;xGm;av jzpfvmayonf?

vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrwkdifrD t&if;&SifpepfwGif pufr+t&if; (industrial capi-

tal )onf t"dutcef;rS ygcJhonf? e,fcsJŒpepfwGifrl pufr+vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzJG‹rsm;.pufr+t&if;ESi f h b%fvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;. b%ft&if; (bank capital )

aygif;pyfr+rS ay:vmaom b¾mt&if; (fi-nance capital ) onf t"du jzpfvmonf? 1910 ckESpfwGif tcsrf;omqkH;t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;jzpfaom t*Fvef/ jyifopf/tar&duefE Si f h *smr%Dwd k ‹onf urBmhb¾mt&if;. 80 &mckdifE+ef;eD;yg;ukd ykdifqkdifxm;_yD; urBmay:&S d usefEk di fi Hrsm;onfwenf;r[kwfwenf;qk dovdk TEk di fi Hwumh b¾mt&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;/ wenf;qkdaomf urBmhb¾mt&if; a'gufwkdif}uD;4 ck. _rDpm;rsm;b0/ tqG,ftyGm;rsm;b0okd‹ tenf;ESifhtrsm; qkdovdk qkdufa&mufvmcJhayonf?

vGwfvyfp Gm òy di fqk di fonf ht&if;&Si fpepf. xl;jcm;csufw&yfum;“ukefpnfwifykd‹r+” jzpfayonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepf (0g) e,fcsJŒpepfwGifrlum; “t&if;wifydk‹r+”onf xl;jcm;csufw&yf jzpfvmayonf?

t&if;wifykd‹r+ jzpfEkdifvmonfhtcsufum; acwfaemufusonfh Ed ki fiHtrsm;tjym;onf urBmht&if;&Sifpepf.tjyeftvSefqufoG,fr+ abmiftwGif;okd‹0ifa&mufvmjcif;a-umif h jzpfayonf?t"durD;&xm;vrf;rsm;ukd azmufvkyf_yD;cJhav_yD? okd‹r[kwf azmufvkyfEdkifcJhav_yD?pufr+vkyfief; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;Ekdif&ef tajccHta-umif;tcsufrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmcJh_yD jzpfonf?

t&if;wifykd‹r+twGuf vkdtyfr+um; a&SŒwef;a&mufaeonfh EkdifiH tcsKdŒwGif

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“t&if;pkykHr+” (accumulation of capi-

tal )tvGef}uD;rm;aom twdkif;twm okd‹qkdufa&mufcJh_yD; “t&if;twdkif;xuftvGefaygrsm;vmjcif;” (super abundance of

capital ) jzpfayonf? Tokd‹jzpf&onfhta-umif;rSm xkdEdkifiHrsm;wGif v,f,mvkyfief;Y acwfaemufusvsuf&S d jci f; /jynfolvlxkonf qif;&JrJG jymusvsuf&Sdjcif;a-umifh tjrwf&zkd‹ t&if;jr‡KyfESHEdkifrnfhtajctae rjynfhpkHaoma-umifh jzpfayonf?

20 &mpkESpftpykdif;wGif t&if;wifykd‹r+onf tvGef}uD;rm;aom twkdif;twmokd‹ a&muf&S dcJ hayonf? xkdpOfut&if;wifykd‹r+wGif t"duEdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom_Adwdef/ jyifopf/ *smr%Dwdk‹onf tajctaecsif; rwl-uay? _Adwdefu t"dutm;jzifh‚if;.ukdvdkeDrsm;&Sd pufr+vkyfief; vkyfcif;ukdifcif;rsm;wGif t&if;jr‡KyfESHonf? jyifopfu t"dutm;jzifh Oa&mywkduf/ a&S;OD;pGm¶k&Sm;wGif acs;iSm;a&;t&if; jr‡KyfESHonf? xkd‹a-umifh _Adwdeftm; “ukdvdkeDe,fcsJŒpepf”(colonial imperialism)/ jyifopftm;“acs;iSm;a&;e,fcsJŒpepf” (usury imperi-

alism) [k orkwfcJh-uonf? *smr%D.ykHpHum; wwd,trsKd;tpm; jzpfayonf?*smr%DwGif ukdvdkeDtenf;tusOf;om&SdI‚if;.t&if;udk Oa&myESifh tar&duwGiftnDtr# cJGa0jr‡KyfESHayonf?

vuf0g; }uD;tky f t&if;& Si ftzJ G ‹rsm;jzpfaom “uGefbd ki f ;” rsm;/“umw,fvf” rsm;/ “qif'Dudwf” rsm;ESifh“x&yfpf” wdk‹u yxrOD;pGm jynfwGif;aps;uGufudk cJGa0,lvkduf-uonf? wkdif;jynfwjynf. pufr+vkyfief;ukd tjynfht0 eD;yg;ydkifqdkif&,lvkduf-uayonf?

t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif jynfwGif;aps;uGufqkdonfrSm EkdifiHjcm; aps;uGufESifh ra&Smifv$JombJ qufpyfvsuf &Sdayonf? t&if;&Sifpepfonf -um &SnfpGmuyifurBmhaps;uGufukd zefwD;cJhav_yD? t&if;wifykd‹r+ wkd;rsm;vmonfESifhtr# vuf0g;}uD;tkyf uGefbkddif;}uD;rsm;. EkdifiHjcm;ESifhukdvkdeDqufoG,fr+rsm;/ “-oZm e,fy,frsm;” (spheres of influence)bufaygif;pkH

wkd;csJŒvmonfESifhtr#/ T “uGefbdkif;”rsm;t-um; EkdifiHwumhoabmwlnDcsuf&zdk‹ tajctae zefwD;vmayonf? EkdifiHwumh umw,fvf ay:aygufzdk‹ tajctaezefwD;vmayonf?

Tum; ,ciftqifhrsm;ESif hrE+dif;,SOfomatmif ykdrkdjrifhrm;aom urBmhtwkdif;twmt& xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh t&if;pkpnf;r+[laom tqifhopfw&yfokd‹ a&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfayonf? “vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvGe ftzJ G ‹”rsm; (super monopoly)

ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfayonf?1907 ckESpfwGif *smr%D taxG

axGv#yfppfukr`%D (German General

Electric Company ) ESif h tar&dueftaxGaxGv#yfppfukr`%D ( American

General Electric Company )wdk‹ pmcsKyfcsKyf_yD; urBmudk cJGa0vdkuf-uonf? olwkd‹t-um; òydifqkdifr+ &yfpJoGm;onf? tar&duefx&yfp fu tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESi f huae'gukd “&_yD;”/ *smrefx&yfpfu *smr%D/-op}wD;,m;/ ¶k&Sm;/ a[mfvef/ 'def;rwf/qGpfZmvef/ wl&uDESifh abmfvfuefa'orsm;udk “&cJh” onf? rowfrSwf&ao;aompufr+vkyfief;cJ Gtopfrsm;ESif h wkdif;jynftopfrsm;wGif “orD;ukr`%Drsm;” xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufEd ki fa&;twGuf txl;v#KdŒ0Suf pmcsKyfrsm;udk csKyfqkdcJh-uonf?enf;ynmopf wDxGifr+rsm;ESif h prf;oyfvkyfukdifr+rsm;udk zvS,f&efvnf; oabmwlnDcJh-uonf? Tx&yfpfESifh òydifqdkif&efum; cufcJvSayonf? bDvsHrsm;pGmukdt&if;tjzpf csKyfukdifxm;onf? urBmESifht0Srf; acsmifóudacsmif-um;rusef vkyfief;cJGrsm;/ at*sifpDrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/tquftoG,frsm; jzef‹-uufxm;onf?okd‹apumrl jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ wajy; rnDnmjcif;a-umifhvnf;aumif;/ ppfjzpfjcif;a-umifhvnf;aumif;/ aºuG;_rD rqyfEkdifawmhojzifhukr%Dtyfvkduf&jcif;a-umifhvnf;aumif;tiftm;pktaetxm; ajymif;vJoGm;onf&Sdaomf/ ‚if;wdk‹t-um; urBmudkjyefvnfcJGa0a&;rSm a&Smifv$JI&rnf r[kwffay?

ukefoG,fa&; a&a-umif;oGm;vma&;wGif *smr%DrS [if;bwf =

tar&du (Hamburg - America)

ukr`%DESif h aemf*sL;csmvdGKuf ( Nor-

ddeutscher Lloyd ) ukr`%Dwd k ‹utar&durS EkdifiHwumhukefoG,fa&; a&a-umif;ukr%D ( International Mercan-

tile Marine Co)ESifh pmcsKyfcsKyf_yD; urBmukdcJ Ga0vkduf-uonf? *smrefukr`%Drsm;ut*Fvdyf = tar&duef a&a-umif;oGm;vma&; e,fy,fwGif 0ifa&mufòydifqdkif-urnfr[kwfa-umif; tmrcH&onf? rnfonfhoabFmqdyfrsm;u rnfonf hbufE Si f houfqkdifa-umif; twdtus owfrSwfcJhonf? pmcsKyfoufwrff;rSm tESpf ESpfq,fjzpf_yD;/ ppfjzpfvmcJhaomf oabmwlnDcsufy,fzsufa-umif; tcsuftvufukdvnf;xnfhoGif;owfrSwfcJhayonf?

EkdifiHwumh oHvrf;umw,fvf(International Rail Cartel ) ukd 1884ckESpf avmufuwnf;uyif zJG‹pnf;cJhonf?umw,fvf tzJ G ‹0i frsm;jzpf -uaom_Adwdo#/ b,fvf*sD,HESifh*smref oHvrf;xkwfvkyfolrsm;u oufqkdif&m EkdifiHrsm;.jynfwGif;aps;uGufrsm;wGif tcsif;csif; ròydifqdkif&ef oabmwlnD-uonf? EkdifiHjcm;aps;uGufrsm;ukd ‘udkwm’ owfrSwfcJGa0vdkuf-uonf? _Adwdo#ukr`%D ESpfckuEkwfxGufoGm;ojzif h 1886 ckESpfwGifumw,fvfysufpD;oGm;_yD;aemuf/ 1904ckESpfwGif t*Fvef/ *smr%D/ b,fvf*sD,H/jyifopf/ tar&du/ -op}wD;,m;/ pydefwdk‹yg0if_yD; jyefvnfxlaxmifcJhayonf?

EkdifiHwumhoGyfqif'Dudwf ( In-

ternational Zinc Syndicate) ukd 1909ckESpfwGif zJG‹pnf;cJh_yD; *smref/ b,fvf *sD,H/jyifopf/ pydef/ t*Fvef tkyfpkig;cku wOD;pDrnfr#xkwfvkyf&rnf qkdonfukd twdtusowfrSwfcJh-uonf? tvm;wl enf;emt&“EkdifiHwumh 'kdif;erdkufx&yfpf” wGifyg0if-uaom *smref / jyi fopf / tar&duefazmufcJ G,rf; xkwfvkyfolrsm;uvnf;wurBmvkH;udk cJGa0,lvkduf-ujyefonf?

b¾mt&if;u }uD;pkd;aeonfhacwfwGif yk*~vdu vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzJG‹rsm;( private monopolies) ESifh EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm; (state monopo-

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lies) onf a&maxG;,Sufwif jzpfaeayonf? xkdpOfu *smr%DwGif TykHpHonf ykdrdkxifxif&Sm;&Sm; azmfjycJhonf? yk*~vduvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm; pD;yGm;ysufvmonfhtcgwGif EkdifiHawmf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹tjzpf csKyfukdifr+ cHvkduf_yD;/ jyefemvefxlvmonfhtcgwGif yk*~vduvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹tjzpf jyeftoufoGif;jcif;rsK d;vkyfcJh-uonf? 1911 ckESpfwGif tar&duef“x&yfpf” udk vdrfnmzdk‹ESifh rdrdvkyfief;wd k;wufjzpfxGef;z d k ‹twGuf *smr%DYEkdifiHawmfa&eH vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹ ay:vmonfhjzpf&yfonf om"uw&yf jzpfayonf? wenf;qdk&aomf vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;t-um; urBmukd pD;yGm;a&;t& cJGa0a&; wdkufyJGwGif yk*~vdu vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;ESifh EkdifiHawmf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;. taetxm;onf '*Fg;wjym;. acgif;ESifhyef;yif jzpfayonf? Tenf;jzif h Ek difiHawmf vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifpepf (state monopoly capital-

ism ) onf wpwp jzpfxGef;vmayonf?t&if;&Sifrsm;u urBmukdcJGa0

onfqkd&mY a&muf&Sdaeonfh xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh t&if;pkpnf;r+ twdkif;twmu vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjrwf &&Sdapzdk‹twGuf ‚if;wkd‹tm;wGef;aqmfjcif;a-umifh Tenf;emukd usifhokH;jcif; jzpfayonf? olwkd‹onf “t&if;.tcsKd;tpm;t&” cJGa0-ujcif; jzpfonf?uke fpnfxkwfvky fa&;E Si f h t&i f;& Si fpepfwnf&Sdonfh tajctaewGif tjcm;cJGa0a&;enf;em qkdonfrSm r&SdEdkifay? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ twkdif;twmtvkduf tiftm;tcsKd;tpm;onfvnf;uJGjym;jcm;em;ayonf?

e,fcsJŒpepftqifhwGif urBmukdpD;yGm;a&;t& cJGa0r+tay:wGif tajccHIEkdifiHa&;t& urBmukd cJGa0a&;onf ay:xGef;vmayonf? urBmay:wGiftkyfpk 3 ck ay:vmayonf? ukdvdkeDykdif&Sifrsm;/ ukdvkdeDrsm;ESif h yk HpHtrsKd;rsK d;jzif h azmfjyaom rS Dcd kae&aomwkdif;jynfrsm; jzpfayonf?

uk dvd ke DE k di fi Hum; E k di fi Ha&;vGwfvyfr+yif r&Sdaom/ e,fcsJŒEkdifiHwckckuEkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t&/ ppfa&;t&

vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfukdifxm;aom EkdifiHukdqkdvkdayonf? e,fcsJŒEdkifiHrsm;tzkd‹ udkvkdeDrsm;onf jrif hrm;aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjrwf &&Sd&ma'o/ ukef-urf;rsm;&&ma&aomufjrpf/ ukefacsmrsm; a&mif;cs&maps;uGuf/ vkyftm;rsm; aps;taygqkH;&&me,fajr jzpfayonf?

ukdvdkeDrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifr+onfvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG ‹rsm;tm; òydifbufEkdifiHrsm;ESifh &ifqkdif&mwGif tompD;&&eftjynfh0qkH;tmrcHcsufrsm; &&Sdapojzifhvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;u TykHpHukdtvdkvm;qkH; jzpfayonf?

yk HpHtrsKd;rsK d;jzif h rS Dcd kae&aomwkdif;jynfrsm;um; EkdifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfonf[k todtrSwfðyjcif;cH&_yD; b¾ma&;t&/ oHwrefqufqHa&;t& rSDckdae&aomwkdif;jynfrsm;ukd qkdvkdayonf? rSDcdkdae&aomo¿mefwrsKd;um; ukdvkdeDwykdif; EkdifiHo¿mef jzpfayonf?

Tokd‹jzifh t}uD;qkH;t&if;&SifE k k di fi H }uD;rsm;t-um; wurBmvk H ;tm;e,fajrt& cJ Ga0a&;onf t_yD;owfcJ hayonf? Ttcsufu v,f,mEkdfifiHrsm;ukdomru pufr+vkyfief;jrifhrm;pGm xGef;um;aom a'orsm;ukdyif odrff;,lzdk‹ óud;pm;r+rsm; ay:vmayonf? rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm;a'oudkyifrqdk odrf;yd kufEk di f&eftwGufurBm}uD;udk jyefvnfcJGa0&ef wGef;aqmfay;aeayonf? ,if;tcsufa-umifh e,fcsJŒpepf. tESpfom&w&yfum; Akdvfuspkd;rkd;a&;twGuf tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;t-um;òydifqdkifr+ jzpfayonf? EkdifiHa&;t&qkdaomfa,bk,stm;jzifh e,fcsJŒpepfonf t-urf;zufr+ESifh azmufjyefr+qDokd‹ OD;wnfv+yf&Sm;jcif; jzpfayonf?

e,fcsJŒpepfonf r$m;vkdaoG;pkyfaom/ ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfonf? urBmwckvkH;ukd cJGa0_yD; vufatmufcH Ek di fi Hrsm;uk d aoG;pkyf&mrSvufwqkyfpm EkdifiH}uD;rsm;u jrifhrm;onfhvuf0g;}uD;tkyf tjrwfrsm;ukd &&S dcJ h -uonf? Ttjrwfrsm;ukd tokH;ðy_yD; rdrdwkd‹.tkyfpkd;aom vlwef;pm;udk ºuG,f0aponfomru ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. txufv$m

ESif h atmuftqif h vlwef;pm;rsm;uk dvmbfxdk;ay;_yD; emcHapcJhayonf? t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;tvkdus odrf;oGif;EdkdifcJhayonf?

e,fcsJŒpepfwGif ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom wdrf;!Gwfr+u pufr+vkyfief;. wpkHw&maom vkyfief;cJGrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/wpkHw&maom EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;tcsKdŒumvrsm;wGif tom&&SdcJhonf?okd‹apumrl Ttcsufu t&if;&SifpepfvsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;jcif;ukd wm;qD;xm;jcif; rðyay? ta-umif;um; qef‹usifbufwdrf;!Gwfr+jzpfaom vsif jrefp Gmjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ESifh twwf ynmwkd;wufr+u e,fcsJŒpepfwGif pufr+vkyfief;. wpkHw&maom vkyfief;cJGrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;. wpkHw&maomtv$mwGifvnf;aumif;/ wpkHw&maomwkdi f;jynfrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; yxrwdrf;!Gwfr+ukd tenf;ESifhtrsm;qkdovdkazmufzsufaejcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf?wckvkH;udk-unfhv#if t&if;&Sifpepfonf,cifuxufykdrdkvsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeavonf? Twkd;wufr+onf a,bk,stm;jzifh jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ wajy;rnDnmr+ukdykdIykdIjzpfay:aponf? Tjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+wajy;rnDnmr+uwzef oD;jcm;tm;jzifht&if;tºuG,f0qkH; EkdifiHrsm;wGif ysufpD;,kd,Gif;r+ukd ay:vGifapjyefonf?

yxrurBmppfjzpfcgeD;tcsdefwGif*smr%D. pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+onft*FvefESifh jyifopfxuf ykdrkdvsifjrefonf?wzef tar&duefu *smr%Dxufyk dvsifjrefjyefonf? ,if;tcsufa-umifhtar&duef t&if;&Sifpepf. r$m;vkdaoG;pkyfaom t*Fg&yfrsm;onf xifxif&Sm;&Sm;ay:vGifcJhayonf?

e,fcs J ŒpepfE Si f h tacsmi f0g'jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+onf aygif;pnf;vsuf&Sd&me,fcs J Œqef ‹usi fa&;uk d tacsmi f0 g'qef‹usifa&;ESifh ruJGruGmaygif;pyfxm;zkd‹vkdayonf?

e,fcs J Œpepfonf aoyef;yGi f haeaom t&if;&Sifpepfvnf; jzpfayonf?ul;ajymif;aeaom t&if;&Sifpepfvnf;rnfayonf? t&if;&Si fpepftwGif;rS

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vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr+ ay:vmonf? Tonfyifqdk&S,fvpfpepfokd‹ ul;ajymif;Ekdif&ef tpcsDcsufjzpfayonf?

e,fcsJŒpepf tajctaeatmufwGif wqifhjrifhaom vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfokd‹ul;ajymif;Ekdif&ef ¶kyfykdif;qkdif&m wiful;vk dtyfcsufrsm; ay:vmayawmhonf?vkyfcif;}uD;wckonf tvGef}uD;rm;aomtwkdif;twmtxd }uD;xGm;vmaomtcgtcsuftvufaygif;pkHukd twdtus wGufcsufr+tay: tajccH_yD; vloef;q,ftcsKdŒtwGuf vkdtyfaom tajccHukef-urf;rsm;. okH;yk HESpfyk H okd‹r[kwf av;ykHokH;yk HukdpDrHudef;wusay;tyfEk di f&ef pnf;¶k H;Ek di faomtcg/ rdkifaygif;&maxmifcsDIa0;aomtoifhawmfqkH; xkwfvkyf&mae&mokd‹ ,if;ukef-urff;rsm;ukd pepfwus pnf;¶kH;r+&S d&S dykd‹aqmifay;Ekdifaomtcg/ ukefacsmypPnf;trsKd;tpm; tajrmuftjrm;ukd xkwfvkyfEkdifonftxd wckwnf;aomA[kdXmeuvkyfief;tqifhqifhukd !ef-um;pDpOfEkdifaomtcg/ pm;okH;olukaÉukÉmtwGuf wckwnf;aompDrHudef;t& TtxGufypPnf;rsm;ud k jzef ‹cs dE k di faomtcg rdr dwk d ‹rsufarSmufwGif xkwfvkyfa&; vl‹tzJG ‹tpnf; vuQ%maqmifr+onf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ay:vmayawmhonf? yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;ESifh yk*~vduykdifqkdifr+ qufqHa&;[laom tumOcGHonf xkwfvkyfa&; vl‹tzJ G‹tpnf; vuQ%maqmifr+[laomtwGif;o¶kyfESifh rukdufnDawmh? TtumOcHGonf tcsdeftawmf-umr# qufvufI,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aeonfh taetxm;jzif hwnf&Sdwef&monf? okd‹aomf ol‹tm;ra&Smifrv$Jom z,f&Sm;ypf&rnfom jzpfayonf?

Tokd‹jzifh e,fcsJŒpepfacwfwGiftwkdif;twm}uD;rm;aom xkwfvkyfa&;vl‹tzJG ‹tpnf; vuQ%maqmifr+onfqd k&S,fvpfpepftwGuf ¶kyfyk di f;qk di f&mwiful;vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd zefwD;aeayonf?t&if;& Si fpep fud k qd k& S,fvpfpepfE Si f htpm;xkd;a&;onf awmfvSefaomckeful;ajymif;vJr+ jzpfayonf? awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifhom jzpfay:Edkifayonf? ¶kyfykdif;qkdif&m

tcsuftvufrsm;uk d omru yuwdbm0ESi f h twWbm0ta-umif;tcsuftrsm;tjym;ukdvnf; vkdtyfayonf?

e,fcs JŒpepfonf qd k& S,fvpfpepftwGuf EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m wiful; vdktyfcsufrsm;uk dvnf; zefwD;aeayonf?t&if;&Sifpepf. yÉdyuQtm;vkH;ukd tqkH;pGeftxd jzpfay:wdk;yGm;apavonf? xkwfvkyfa&; vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; vuQ%maqmifr+ESifhyk*~vduykdifqkdif&,lr+ o¿meft-um; yÉdyuQonf tajccHyÉdyuQ jzpfonf? TtajccHay:wGif t&if;&Sifpepf yÉdyuQrSefor#onf onf;oefjyif;xefvmayonf?ta&;t}uD;qkH; yÉdyuQrsm;um; tvkyfESifht&i f ;t-um; yÉ dyuQ/ r S Dc k dae&aomwkdif;jynfrsm;&S d tzdES dyfcHjynfolrsm;ESif he,fcsJŒEk difiHrsm;t-um; yÉdyuQ/ e,fcsJŒEkdifiH}uD;rsm;t-um; yÉdyuQwkd‹yifjzpfonf?TyÉdyuQrsm;ukd cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm_yD; “e,fcsJŒpepfonf ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm; vlr+awmfvSefa&;. tóudumv jzpfonf”( AD=tdkif=vDeif e,fcsJh‹pepf t&if;&Sifpepf.tjrifhqHk;tqifh ESm 10 ) [k vDeifuodyHenf;uspGm azmfxkwfcJhayonf?

EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifpepf

yxrurBmppfumv (1914 =18 ) wGif EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepf. yxrv+dif;vkH; ay:aygufcJhonf?Tonfa&Smifwcif ,m,Dtcsif;t&mr[kwfay? ordkif;t& yuwdbm0us_ydD;ra&Smifrv$Jom ay:ayguf&rnfh jzpfpOf.tpdwftykdif;omv#ifjzpfI ppfuykdrkdvsifjrefapjcif;om jzpfayonf? 1917 ckESpfavmufwGif e,fcsJŒpepfESifhywfoufI “Tacwfumvonf twkdif;twm }uD;rm;aomvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm; ay:aygufvmonfhacwfumvr# omru vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifpepfu EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifpepf tjzpfokd‹ wkd;wufjzpfay:vmaom acwfumv jzpfonf” ( AD =tdki f=vDeif vufa&G;pOfusrf; twGJ 2/tydkif;1/ ESm 231? ) [k vDeifu wkd;csJŒ&Sif;jycJhayonf? urBmppfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;r+uyfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/

ppfa&;qefr+ESifh EkdifiHa&;tkHºuGr+rsm;onfvnf;aumif; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfukd EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepftjzpfokd‹ ajymif;vJap&mwGif vsifjrefapcJhayonf?

1929 = 33 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;aom urBmhpD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;r+uyfonfEkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wdk;yGm;&mwGif ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftykdif;w&yfjzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;r+uyf'%f rcH&atmif enf;emtajrmuftjrm;jzifh tpdk;&u t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;tm;tumtuG,fay;avonf? t&if;& Si fp D;y Gm;a&;ud k “csKy fuk di f” ay;c J honf?pD;yGm;a&;wGif “pDrHudef;rsm;” jzifh vkyfukdifapcJhonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;onf jynfolrsm;. ukefusp&dwfjzi f hcsrf;omºuG,f0vmayonf? EkdifiHawmfuvrf;rsm;azmufay;onfhenf;jzifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;. o,f,lykd‹aqmifa&;wGif ukefus&rnfh p&dwfpursm;udkavsmhenf;apcJhonf? v#yfppf"mwftm;ay;¶kHrsm; aqmufay;jcif;jzifh olwdk‹ukefus&rnfhaiGukd oufomapcJhonf? EkdifiHawmfuvuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzJG‹rsm;xHrS a&mif;rxGufonfh ukefypPnf;rsm;udk 0,f,lI *dka'gifrsm;xJwGif okdavSmifxm;cJ honf? okd‹wnf;r[kwf tvG,fwulyif zsufqD;ypfcJhonf?xkdokd‹aomukefypPnf;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;wGifaps;csIa&mif;Ek di f&ef vuf0g; }uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;tm; acs;aiGrsm;ESifh trawmfa-u;rsm; ay;cJhonf? Tvkyfenf;udk EkdifiHjcm;wGif aps;csIa&mif;jcif; (dumping )

[k ac:avonf?zufqpf*smr%DwGif b¾m

t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHawmf. yl;aygif;r+onf txGwftxdyfokd‹ a&mufcJhonf?t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;onf rdrdwkd‹. vkyfcif;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfukd,fpm; aqmif&GufEkdifayonf? EdkifiHawmf tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;wGift&if;&Si f }uD;rsm;. ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0if_yD; pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;cJGrsm;ukd tkyfcsKyfavonf? olwd k ‹u vuf0g; }u D;tky ftzJ G ‹r sm;xHwGi f atmf'gr Sm,lonf?aps;E+ef;rsm;owfrSwfonf? ukef-urf;rsm;

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cJGa0ay;onf? EdkifiHawmfonf wqifhwkd;I“t&if;A[kdwGif pkpnf;a&;” twGuf tokH;awmfcHonfh ud&d,m jzpfvmayonf?v$wfawmfwGi f Oya'rsm;ðyI tpkpyfukr `%Di,f tm;vk H ;uk d zsufodrf ; _y D ;vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;xJwGif yl;aygif;yg0ifaponf? zufqpfEd kifiHawmfu ypPnf;rJ hvlwef;pm;. ckcHr+udk t-urff;zufESdyfuGyf_yD;tvkkyform;or*~rsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ukd zsufodrff;ypfcJhonf? TwGif EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfonf ‚if;.vk,ufzsufqD;onfh vuQ%mukd tjynfht0 azmfjycJhayonf?

'kwd,urBmppfonf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&SifpepfrS EdkifiHawmf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepftjzpfodk‹ ul;ajymif;&mwGif ykdrdkvsifjrefapcJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpwifIEdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfonf e,fcsJŒEdkifiH}uD;rsm; wGif jzpfxGef;cJh_yD;zH G‹ òzd;_yD;t&if;&SifEk difiH rSefor#wGif rwlonf htwd ki f;twmt& tjrpfwG,fc J hayonf?

rnfonfhe,fcsJŒEkdifiHwGifrqkd EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&SifpepfonfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;cJGtm;vkH;ukd ajymif;vJypfjcif; r[kwfay? ‚if;ESifh ab;csif;,SOfIvuf0g; }uD;tky fr[kwfaom tv,ftvwfESifhti,fpm; vkyfcif;udkifcif;rsm;onf qufvufwnf& S daeayonf?tenf;ESifhtrsm;qkdovkd òrd‹aeESifhaus;vuf"e&Sifaygufprsm;ESifh t&if;&SifpepfrwkdifrDuaoG;pky fr +o¾mef tºuGi f;tusefrsm;onfvnf; qufvufusef&Sdaeayonf?

'kwd,urBmppftwGif; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJhaom EdkifiHawmfESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;. yl;aygif;r+onf ppf_yD;onfhaemufvnf; tqkH;rowfEdkif¶kHomru EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf taqmufttkHtopf.tajccHt*Fg&yf jzpfvmayonf? pD;yGm;a&;ukd ppfa&;qefaponfh taqmufttkHonf_i dr f ;c sr f ;aomumv&S d E d ki fi Hawmf,E W&m;wGif r&Sdrjzpfonfh tpdwftykdif;jzpfvmayonf? urBmppfESpfck. tusKd;quf taejzifh e,fcsJŒEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;tcsuftcsm ae&mrsm;ukd ppfa&;vuf0g;

}uD;tkyf tzJG‹rsm;u csKyfukdifxm;ayonf?Ed kifiHawmftm%mudk yd krk dxd

a&mufpGm tokH;csEdkif&eftwGuf b¾mt&if;&Si f}uD;rsm;onf rdrdwk d‹uk d,fwk dif0ef}uD;rsm;/ ta&;}uD;aomXme acgif;aqmifrsm;/ oHtrwfrsm;/ t&m&Sd}uD;rsm;tjzpfjzifhyg0ifxrf;aqmifcJ h -uonf? Ed kifiHawmf,E W&m;ESi f h vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJ G ‹rsm;csdwfqufvkyfr+rSm tvGefeD;uyfvSojzifholwdk‹t-um; e,fedrdwfpnf;a-umif; cJGjcm;zkd‹yif rvG,fulawmhonfh tajcokd‹ qdkufa&mufcJhayonf? EdkifiHawmfonf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. ta&;udpPukdpDrHcef‹cJG&onfh aumfrwDtjzpfodk‹ ajymif;vJcJhayonf?

EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif òydifqkdifr+o¿meftopf jzpfay:vmayonf? jynfolrsm;.OpPm"euk d vk,ufa&;ESi f h E d ki fi HawmftaqmufttkH&Sd ta&;}uD;aomXmersm;ukd csKyfukdifEkdifcGifh &&Sda&;twGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;t-um; wkdufyJGrsm;ay:vmjcif; jzpfayonf? EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfu trsm;qkdif&m &efykHaiG tvJGokH;pm;vkyfr+ukdw&m;0if jzpfapcJhayonf?

EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepfokd‹ ul;ajymif;&mwGif EdkifiHawmfykdifo¿mefonf wpk Hw&maom twk di f;twmt& wkd;rsm;vmayonf? oD;jcm;tm;jzifhqkd&vsif tvkdtavsmuf vnfywfr+/ v#yfppf"mwftiftm;/ tEkjrLtiftm;wdk ‹ESif h ywfoufaom acwfrDtwwfynm vsifjrefpGm wkd;wufvmr+uvnf; EdkifiHawmfykdifvkyfcif;rsm; wkd;rsm;vmr+ukd wGef;aqmfay;avonf? pcgpwGift&if;jr‡KyfESHr+ txl;}uD;rm;pGmvkdtyfaompufr+vkyfief;cJG topfrsm;ukd xlaxmif&mwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;uEdkifiHawmftay: 0efxkyf0efykd; v$Jay;vkdufayonf? Tvkyfcif;rsm;ukd aqmufvkyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ pufud&d,m wyfqif&mwGifvnf;aumif; olwkd‹u uefx¶kdufwmrsm; tcef;rS yg0if-uonf? Tenf;jzifht&JpGef‹vkyf&efrvkdawmhbJ tjrwfrsm;rsm;

&zkd‹ tmrcHcsuf &&SdcJhayonf? EdkifiHawmfykdifwkd;vmonfh tjcm;ta-umif; w&yfum;ppfvufeufxkwfvkyfonfh puf¶kHtopfrsm;ESifh ‚if;ESifhqufpyfaeonfh pufr+vkyfief;cJGrsm;ukd xlaxmifjcif; jzpfayonf? Tpuf¶kHrsm; wnfaqmuf_yD;aemuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;tm; iSm;&rf;vkyfukdifapcJhayonf?

Ed kifiHawmfESif hyk*~vdu zufpyfo¿meftrsKd;rsKd;vnf; ay:aygufcJhonf?tDwvDESifh taemuf*smr%DwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;cJ GtrsKd;rsK d;&S d ukr`%D tajrmuftjrm;wGif EdkifiHawmfu tpk&S,f,m trsm;tjym; ykdifqkdifcJhayonf?

E d ki fi Hawmf vuf0g; }uD ;tky ft&if;&Sifpepf. t*FgvuQ%mw&yfum;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;t-um;&SdyÉdyuQrsm;wGif Ed kifiHawmfu wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifpGufzufjcif; jzpfonf? rausreyfjzpfaeaom tvkyform;rsm;uk dt-urf;zuf_yD; E S dr feif;jcif; jzpfonf?tvkyform;rsm;u oydwfarSmuf_yD; ta&;qk d vmonfhtcgwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;udk tumtuG,fay;&eftwGuf tpkd;&u 0ifa&mufpGufzufI zdtm;ay;avonf? EdkifiHawmf.w&m;Oya'rsm;ESifh trdef‹'D*&Drsm; Oyrmtar&duwGifowfrSwfxm;aom “wmhzf[mwavOya'” ( Taft - Hartley Act )

qk dygu tvky form;or* ~rsm;uoydwfar Smuf&e fE Si f h tjcm;v+y f& Sm;r+rsm;vkyf&ef tvGefcufcJapcJ hayonf?xdk‹jyif aexkdifr+p&dwf }uD;jrifhaecsdefwGif“vkyfcrsm;ukdcJxm;onfh” tpdk;&. ay:vpDonf vkyfom;jynfolrsm;ukd ykdrdkaoG;pkyfEkdif&ef vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;tm;taxmuftul ðyay;cJhayonf?

ppf_yD;acwfwGif t*Fg&yfwckum;Ed ki fi Hawmf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJ G ‹rsm;.EkdifiHwumhe,fy,ftwGif; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; jzpfayonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifrsm;u EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ ukefpnfrsm;wifykd‹&mwGifEdkifiHawmfu aiGaxmufyHh&onf? yk*~vduwifykd‹&mwGifvnf; acs;aiGrsm;ukd EdkifiHawmfu wm0ef,lI ay;acs&onf? yk*~vdu

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aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;u t&JpGef‹Irvkyf&Jaompufr+vkyfief;cJ Grsm;ESif h wkdif;jynfrsm;okd‹t&if;wifykd‹r+ukd EdkifiHawmfuyif wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;& ayonf?

t&if;&Sif “yl;aygif;a&;” ay:vpD(policy of capitalist integration) um;Ek difi Hwumhe,fy,fwGif t&Sif;vif;qk H;azmfjyaom Ed ki fi Hawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifpepf. wdrf;!Gwfr+rsm; jzpfayonf? Tay:vpDt& twkdif;twm tvGef}uD;rm;aom EkdifiHwumh vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;jzpfonfh Oa&my ausmufrD;aoG;ESifhoHr%dtkyfpk (European Coal and Steel

Community) / Oa&mytEkjrLtiftm;tzJG‹(European Atomic Energy Associa-tion) / taemuf*smr%D/ jyifopf/ tDwvD/b,fvf*sD,H/ a[mfvefESifhvlZif;bwfwdk‹pwifyg0ifaom Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;tkyfpk( European Economic Community)okd‹r[kwf “bkHaps;” (Common Market)

ESifh _Adwdefacgif;aqmifaom tjcm;taemufOa&myEkdifiHtcsKdŒ yg0ifaom Oa&myvGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fa&;tzJG‹ (Euro-

pean Free Trade Association) wdk‹ay:vmayonf?

“t&if;&Sifyl;aygif;a&;” (capi-

talist integration) onf “yk* ~vduvuf0g;}uD;tkyf Ek difiHwumhumw,fvfrsm;” . jzpf¶dk;jzpfpOfESifh jcm;em;ayonf?‚if;onftpk d;&rsm;t-um; oabmwlnDcsuf. tusKd;qufjzpfayonf? tpkd;&rsm;u tiftm;t}uD;rm;qkH; vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk tm;ay;axmufcHayonf?taemufOa&my&Sd b¾mt&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;ESifhEkdifiHa&; &nfrSef;wGufqr+rsm;onf “yl;aygif;a&;” ay:vpDwGif xif[yfjyvsuf&S donf? wdki f;jynftoD;oD;.aps;uGufrsm;uk d “bk Haps;” tjzpfy l ;aygi f ;v k duf jci f ;E Si f h taumufc Ge ftwm;tqD;rsm;ukd zsufoddrf;vkdufjcif;ok d ‹r[kwf avsm henf;oGm;apjcif; jzi f htwkdif;twm}uD;rm;aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;onf rdrdwkd‹.}uD;pkd;r+ e,fedrdwfukdwkd;csJŒ-uonf? aps;uGufrsm;ESifh t&if;

jr‡KyfESH&m e,fy,fukd us,fjyef‹vmaponf?vuf0g;}uD;tkyfaoG;pkyfr+ a'oukd wkd;csJŒvk duf _y D ; tvk ky form;vlwef;pm;.awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk yl;aygif;wGef;vSef-uayonf? “bkHaps;” qkdonfrSm “x&yfpfrsm;jzifh_yD;aom Oa&my” jzpfayonf? t}uD;rm;qkH; vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;t-um;aps;uGufcJ Ga0onf h rsufarSmufumvo¿mef jzpfayonf?

Ek difiHwumh EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;onf qdk&S,fvpf Ed kifiHrsm;ukd OD;wnfqef‹usif&ef &nf&G,fxm;aom _cdrf;ajcmufwkdufckdufa&; tkyfpkrsm;.pD;yGm;a&;tajccH jzpfayonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ESif h 'Drd kua&pD v+yf&Sm;r+ukdES dr feif;&efESif h udkvk deD0g'opfay:vpDukdtaumiftxnfazmf&ef zJG‹wnfxm;aome,fcsJŒr[mrdwftzJG‹ jzpfayonf? t&if;&Sif“yl;aygif;a&;” ukd aoG;xdk;vH+‹aqmfolum;tar&duefe,fcsJŒorm; jzpfayonf? olutaemufEkdifiHrsm;&Sd azmufjyefa&; tiftm;pkrSefor#ukd pkpnf;cdkifrmap&ef &nf&G,fayonf? “yl;aygif;xm;aom” Oa&myudk‚if;.usL;ausmfa&;ay:vpDt& wif;wif;usyfusyf qkyfukdifxm; ayonf? Tenf;jzifht&if;&SifavmuwGif ‚if;.acgif;aqmifr+tqifhae&mukd xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef &nf&G,fayonf?

vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&SifpepfrSEdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sifpepftjzpfokd‹ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+onf wqifhjrifhaom vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfw&yf jzpfay:vmap&eftwGuf _yD;jynfhpkHaom ¶kyfydkif;qkdif&mta-umif;tcsufrsm;udk zefwD;vkdufjcif;jzpfayonf?

vDeifu Tokd‹a&;cJhonf? “EdkifiHawmf vuf0g; }uD;tkyf t&if;& Si fpepf[lonf qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf _yD;jynfhpkHaom ¶kyfydkif;qkdif&mjyifqifr+ jzpfonf?q d k& S, fvp fpep f. t0i fw Hc g ;ay gu fjzpfonf? orkdif;avSum;wGif avSum;xpfwc k jzp fI ‚i f ;avSum;xpfE Si f hqdk&S,fvpfpepf[kac:aom avSum;xpft-um;wGif -um;avSum;xpfrsm; r&Sdawmhay?” (ADtdkif=vDeif vufa&G;pOfusrf;

twGJ 2/ tydkif;1/ ESm 158)3 ? e,fcsJŒpepfopf. tajccHtkwfjrpf

2 ck?(u) urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;

( globalisation )e,fcsJŒpepfopf. tóudumv

TumvwGiftar&du/ *smr%D/_Adwdef/ *syef/ jyifopfpaom e,fcs JŒEkdifiHrsm;wGif xkwfvkyfa&;pkpnf;r+onfróuHpzl; }uD;rm;cJhonf?

Oyrm 1976 ckESpfwGif t}uD;qkH;tar&duef aumfykda&;&Sif; 500 wGif tvkyform; 17 oef;eD;yg; &SdcJhonf? tar&du&Sdtvkyform;OD;a&.20 &mckdifE+ef; ausmfr#jzpfayonf? Taumfyk da&;&Si f;rsm;uukefypPnf; 66 &mckdifE+ef;udk a&mif;cscJhonf?

1916 ckESpfu t&if;&SifurBmwGif“jynfaxmifpk oHr%daumfykda&;&Sif;”( United States Steel Corporation)[kac:aom tar&duefukr%D wckr#om&Sd_yD; ‚if;.tpkpyft&if;onf a':vm 1bDvsHausmfr#om &Sdonf? 1976 ckESpfwGifum; bDvsHESifhcsD_yD; t&if;jr‡KyfESHaom ukr%Daygif;rSm 350 cef‹ jzpfvmayonf?

1975 ckwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvGefarmfawmfum;x&yffpf “*sife&,f armfawmfaumfydka&;&Sif;” ( General Motors Cor-

poration ) wGif t&if;a':vm 22 bDvsHausmfr#&Sd_yD; tvkyform; 8 odef;eD;yg;r#&Sdonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;&Sd a&eHpufr+vkyfief;ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;aom “e,l;*smpDpwif;'wfa&eH”vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹wGif tvkyform; 7odef;ausmf &Sdayonf? armfawmfum; pufr+vkyfief;wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹ 3 cku Tvkyfief;cJG&S d xkwfvkyfa&; 90 &mckdifE+ef;ausmfukd csKyfukdifxm;onf? ukr%D}uD; 4cku ava-umif;oGm;vma&;wGif 65µ/oHr%dpufr+vkyfief; xkwfvkyfa&;wGif 47µukd csKyfudkifxm;ayonf?

tjcm;e,fcsJŒEkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf;Tenf;E Si fE Si fyi f jzp fonf? *smre fjynfaxmifpkorRwEk di fi HwGif vkyfcif;pkpkaygif;. 13µ u xkwfvkyfa&;. 50µcef‹ESifh wkdfif;jynf&Sdvkyftm;. 40µ ukd pkpnf;

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csKyfukdifxm;onf? _AdwdefwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzJG‹ 50 u t&m&mukd }uD;pkd;xm;onf? _Adwdo# oHr%daumfykda&;&Sif; (Brit-

ish Steel Corporation) u wkdif;jynf.oHr%dxkwfvkyfa&; 90µ ausmfukd csKyfukdifxm;ayonf? jyifopfwGif ukr%D}uD; 2 ckuoHr%dxkwfvkyfa&; 3§4 udk pkpnf;csKyfukdifxm;onf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹ 4cku armfawmfum;xkwfvkyfa&; wckvkH;ukdykdifqkdif_yD; tjcm;tzJG‹ 4 cku a&eHtxGufypPnf; xkwfvkyfa&;wckvkH;ukd csKyfukdifxm;ayonf? *syefwGif oH owWKukr%D}uD; 4cku oHpdrf;tm;vkH;ESifh oHr%d 3§4 ausmfukdxkwfvkyf_yD;/ ukr%D 8 cku oHr[kwfaomowWKvkyfief;wGif vkyfukdifcJhonf?

Twkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd tao;pm;ESifhtvwfpm;vkyfcif;rsm;onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;tay:wGif wkduf¶kdufrSDcd kae&onf? olwdk‹onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;xHrS atmf'grsm;&_yD; vkyfief;vkyfukdif-uonf? acs;aiGrsm;/ ukef-urf;rsm;ESifh twwfynmrsm;udkvnf; &&SdcJh-uonf? vufawG‹tm;jzif h vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzJG‹rsm;.aemuf_rD;qJGrsm; jzpfvmayonf?

txufwGifqkdcJ haom e,fcs JŒEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sif tpdwftykdi f;onf pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfa&;. 20µ rS 30µ cef‹&Sdayonf?

xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh t&if;pkpnf;r+onf tvGef}uD;rm;aom twdkif; twmokd‹a&muf&Sdaeonfh tajctaewGif vkyfom;jynfolrsm;ukd aoG;pkyf&eftwGuf tjcm;o¿mefrsm;vnf; ay:vmayonf? Tonfum; trsKd;om;aygif;pkH ukr`%Drsm;(multinational companies) rsm; jzpfayonf? Tukr%Drsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmft-um;tvGefeD;uyfaomqufoG,fr+rsm;&S d _yD;tjyeftvSefrSDck dae-uonf? jynfwGif;ESifhE k di fi Hwumhtwkdi f;twmt& aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,f&mwGif EdkifiHawmftpkd;&onfTukr%Drsm;. tokH;awmfcHud&d,mrsm;jzpfayonf? Tukr`%Dwckcsif;yifv#ifpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;wGif }uD;rm;vSonf?Oyrmqkd&v#if tar&du&Sd tiftm;}uD;trftifpDwckjzpfaom “*sife&,farmfawmf

aumfyd ka&;&Si f;” . xkwfvkyfa&;onfa[mfvef/ b,fvf*sD,HESifh qGpfZmvefwdk‹.pkpkaygif; pufr+vkyfief; xkwfvkyfa&;xufomvGefayonf? tcsKyfqkd&aomf Tukr`%Drsm;onf e,fcsJŒpepf. wGef;tm;rsm; jzpfayonf? ‚if;tm;wkd;cs JŒonfht"duo¿mefw&yf jzpfonf? udkvd keDpepfopf. a'gufwkdifrsm;jzpf_yD; Tukr%Drsm; usufpm;&m wkdif;jynfrsm;. tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdifqkdifr+ESifh vGwfvyfa&;ukdtE W&m,fðyaeayonf?

b¾mt&if;.pkpnf;r+ESifh A[kdcsKyfuk di fr+a&csdefonf tvGefjrif hrm;_yD;b¿mt&if;tkkyfpkrsm;u e,fcsJŒEkdifiHrsm;udkpk d;rkd;xm;ayonf? tar&duwGif a&mhcfzJvm;/ armf*if/ *sL;yGef‹/ rJvGef/ zkd‹'f/ csDum*dk/wufqyfpf/ umvDzk d;eD;,m;ESif h tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;uvnf;aumif; / _A dwdefwGi fa&mhofcsKdif;/ bJ&if;/ q,fjrL&,f tkyfpkrsm;uvnf;aumif;/ *smr%DwGif u¶kyf/ qD;rif;/rifeufpfrif;/ okdifqif/ *gvif ponfhtkyfpkrsm;uvnf;aumif;/ tDwvDwGif zD;,uf/t,fvfzm= ¶kdrD,dk/ rGefw,f'Dqif/ atmfvDA,fwDponfh tkyfpkrsm;uvnf;aumif;/jyi fopfwGi f tdrfaxmifp k }uD;rsm;uvnf;aumif; toD;oD;csKyfudki fxm;ayonf?

e,fcsJŒpepf. pD;yGm;a&; t*Fg&yfwckjzpfaom t&if;wifykd‹r+onf wqifhwdk;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJhonf? t}uD;rm;qkH; t&if;wify k d ‹onfh Ek di fi Hrsm;um; tar&duefjynfaxmifp k / *sye f / zuf'&,f*smreforRwEkdifiH/ _Adwdef/ jyifopfwdk‹ jzpfayonf?,if;EkdifiHrsm;teuf tar&duef jynfaxmifpkonf tiftm;vGefEkdifiH jzpfojzifh 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;_yD;onfhaemuf ‚if;.wkduf¶kduft&if; jr‡ KyfES Hr +onf zH G ‹ òzd;_yD;t&if;&Si fEkdifiH}uD;rsm; tygt0if urBmt&yf&yfokd‹ysHŒESH‹_yD; t&if;jr‡KyfESHonfh t&Sdefonf vsifjrefvSayonf? 1946 ckESpfwGif 7²2 bDvsHa':vm&Sd&mrS 1950 ckwGif 11 ²2 bDvsHa':vm jzpfvmonf? 1964 ckESpfwGif 44² 3 bDvsHokd‹ a&muf&S d_yD; 1977 ckwGifbDvsHa':vm 60 ausmf jzpfcJhayonf?

'kwd,urBmppf_yD;onfhaemuf

urBmwGif tiftm;tcsKd;tpm; t&if;cHrSajymif;vJvmonfwGif e,fcsJŒEkdifiHrsm;onfukdvkdeDpepfa[mif;tpm; ukdvkdeD pepfopfudkusifhokH;vmayonf? t}uD;rm;qkH; ukdvdkeDpepfopf usifhokH;onfhEkdifiHrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jzpfayonf? 1973 = 1975cktwGif; tar&du u ,cifukdvkdeD/ udkvkdeDwykdif;ESifh rSDcdkae&aomwkdif;jynfrsm;wGifjr‡KyfESHaom tpkd;&ESifh yk*~vdut&if;onf‚if;a'orsm;wGif jr‡KyfESHaom t&if;pkpkaygif;. 36µ cef‹ &Sdayonf?

1970 ckESpftv,fumvonfe,fcsJŒpepf tqifhopfwckokd‹pwif ul;ajymif;aeonfhumv jzpfayonf? 1950 =70 ckESpfumvwGif ay:aygufvmonfhowif;enf;ynm awmfvSefa&;onf ul;ajymif;r+ukd vsifjrefapavonf?

pD;yGm;a&;urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;( Economic Globalization)

urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; ( Glo-

balization ) ESi f h owif;enf;ynmawmfvSefa&; ( Information Techno-

logical Revolution) onf tar&duefOD;aqmifaom e,fcsJŒpepfopf. tajccHtkwfjrpf 2 ck jzpfayonf?

TwGife,fcsJŒpepfa[mif; òyduJGoGm;_yD; vlr+pD;yGm;a&;pepfopf ay:vmjcif;r[kwf? pD;yGm;a&;urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;ESifhwwd,t}udrf twwfynm awmfvSefa&;jzpfaom owif;enf;ynmawmfvSefa&;tajccHay:wGi f e,fcs JŒpepfopfonfrsufarSmufacwf t&if;&Sifpepf. tqifhopftjzpfjzif h t&Sdeft[kef vsifjrefpGmjzp fay:wd k ;y Gm;vmjci f ; jzp fayonf?e,fcsJŒpepf. tESpfom&ESifh tajccH t*Fg&yfrsm; rajymif;vJonfomru qufvufIbufaygif;pkHrS jrifhrm;pGm wkd;wufjzpfxGef;vmjcif; jzpfayonf? tckdiftrmtajctaeajymif;vJvmonfESifhtr# jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+w&m;ESifh avsmfnDpGm enf;emo¿mefrsm;ajymif;vJvmjcif; jzpfayonf?

vGefcJhonfhq,fpkESpf (1990 =2000) wGif “pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” v+dif;vkH;wckonf wm;qD;Ir&onfht&Sdeft[kefjzifh wurBmvkH;ukd v$rf;òcHoGm;

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onf? “urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” onfrsufarSmufurBmhpD;yGm;a&;wGif t"dut*Fg&yf jzpfvmayonf?

“urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” OD;wnfcsufonf tem*wf urBmhpD;yGm;a&;/EkdifiHa&;/ ,Ofaus;r+ponfwdk‹ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;&mwGif euf¶+dif;pGm-oZmoufayvdrfhrnf?

rmhufpf0g' tjrift&qdkaomft&if;&Sifpepfonf pwifay:aygufvmuwnf;u xkwfvkyfa&;udk EdkifiHwumhxkwfvky fa&;tjzp fod k ‹vnf;aumi f; /ap s;uGufud k E d ki fi Hwumhaps;uGuftjzpfodk‹vnf;aumif; ajymif;vJap&ef wGef;aqmfay;avonf?

rmhufpfu “ uGefjrLepfygwDa-unmpmwrf; ” wGif Todk‹ wifjycJhonf?

“ acwfrD pufr+vkyfief;onfurBmhaps;uGufudk xlaxmifcJhav_yD? ,if;twGuf tar&duudk &SmazGawG‹&Sdr+uvrf;cif;ay;cJhonf? Taps;uGufu ukefoG,fa&;udkvnf;aumif;/ a&a-umif;oGm;vma&;ud kvnf;aumif;/ ukef;a-umif;qufoG,fa&;udkvnf;aumif; }uD;rm;pGmjzpfay:wdk;yGm;apcJhonf? Tjzpfay: wdk;yGm;r+uwzef pufr+vkyfief;wdk;csJ‹r+udk jyefvnf-oZmoufcJhonf? pufr+vkyfief;/ ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;/ a&a-umif;oGm;vma&;ESif hrD;&xm;rsm;udk wdk;csJ ‹vmonfESifhtr#t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;onf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmonf? ‚if;.t&if; wdk;rsm;vmonf?tv,facwfqDu qif;oufvmaomvlwef;pm; rSefor#ud k aemufwef;od k ‹wGef;ydk‹cJ havonf? ” (rmhufpf=tdef*,fvufa&G;pOfusrf; twGJ (1 ) ESm 35 )

acwfrDpufr+vkyfief;ESifh urBmhaps;uGufudk xlaxmif_yD;aemuf t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;onf Ed ki fi Ha&;tm%mud kodrf;ydkufEdkifcJhayonf?

“ xkwfvkyfa&;udk tqufrjywfawmfvSefa&;qefatmifvkyfjcif;/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf; ta-umif;tcsuf rSefor#udk r&yfrem; r_idr frouf jzpfapjcif;/ xm0&tm;jzifh raocsmra&&mr+ESifh v+H‹aqmfr+wdk‹um; ,cifacwfumvrsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifacwfumvudk rwljcm;em; xl;jcm;ap

avonf?‚if;. txGufypPnf;rsm;twGuf

tqufrjywf aps;uGufwdk;csJ‹&ef vdktyfr+ut&if;&Si fvlwef;pm;tm; urBmhajrjyifw0Srf;vHk;odk‹ tajy;tv$m; a&muf&Sdapavonf? ae&mwumwdkif;wGif todkufcsaponf? ae&mwumwdkif;wGif tajccsaponf? ae&mwumwdkif;wGif tquftoG,frsm;udk jzef‹-uufaponf?

urBmhaps;uGufudk toHk;csjcif;tm;jzifh t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;onf EdkifiHwdkif;&Sd xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh pm;oHk;a&;udk urBmhvuQ%m aqmifapavonf? æætrsdK;om;pufr+vkyfief;ta[mif; rSefor#zsufqD;jcif; cHcJh&onf? ( 0g ) ae‹pOfESifhtr#zsufqD;jcif; cHae&onf? pufr+vkyfief;topfrsm;. z,fxkwfjcif;udk cH-u&onf?ææ ,if;pufr+vkyfief;rsm;um; jynfwGif;&Sdukef-urf;rsm;udk tacsmudki fawmhonfr[kwf? a0;vHaoma'orsm;rS ukef-urf;rsm;udk toHk;csjcif; jzpfonf? ,if;pufr+vky fie f ;rsm;. txGufyp Pnf;r sm;ud kjynfwGif;rSmomru urBmhae&mwumwdkif;wGif pm;oHk;-uonf? jynfwGif;xGufypPnf;rsm;ESifh a&mifh&J wif;wdrfEdkifawmhonfr[kwf? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS txGufypPnf;rsm;jzifhvdktyfr+topfudk jznfhwif;-uawmhonf?a'oa[mif;ESifh trsdK;om;oD;jcm; uif;uGmr+/ rdrdbmom vHkavmufaer+qdkonfh tpm;t&yf&SpfrsufESmpvHk; tjyeftvSef qufoG,fvm-uonf? urBmESifht0Srf; trsdK;om;rsm; tjyeftvSef rS Dcd kvm-uonf?±kyf0wˆKt&omru todynmxkwfvkyfa&; t&vnf; Tenf;ESifESif jzpfvmonf?trsdK;om;wckjcif;. todynmzefwD;r+rsm;onf bHkypPnf; jzpfvmayonf?trsdK;om;t& wzufowfusr+ESifh usOf;ajrmif;r+rsm;um; -umav-umav tajctaeESifh udkufnDjcif; rjzpfawmh? trsdK;om;qdkif&mESifh a'oqdkif&m pmaytajrmuftrsm;twGif;rS urBmhpmayw&yfonfay:xGef; vmayonf?

xkwfvkyfa&;ud&d,mtm;vHk;vsifjrefpGm wdk;wufaumif;rGefapjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ qufoG,fa&;enf;emrsm;

tifwdkuftm;wdkuf vG,fulacsmarm vmapjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;onf trsdK;om;tm;vHk; t±dkif;pdkif;qHk;trsd K;om;rsm;ud kyifrusef ,Ofaus;r+e,fy,ftwGif; qG JoGi f;c J hayonf? ”(rmhufpf = tdef*,f vufa&G;pOfusrf; twGJ(1 ) ESm37 = 38)

t&if;&Sifpepfay:aygufvm_yD;onfhaemuf pD;yGm;a&;urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; ( economic globalization ) tygt0if urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; wckvHk; ( glo-

balization ) rnfodk‹rnfyHk ay:aygufvmonfudk ,ckacwf tac:ta0:toHk;tE+ef;ESifh r[kwfapumrl rmhufpfonftvGef&Sif;vif; euf±+dif;pGm oHk;oyfcJh_yD;jzpfayonf?

vDeifu t&if;&Sifpepf. tjrifhqHk;tqifh/ e,fcsJ‹pepfudk bufaygif;pHkrS cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm_yD; rmhufpf.oHk;oyfcsufudk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;cJhayonf? trsdK;om;jy\emwGifwnf&Sdaeaom ordkif;qdkif&m wdrf;!$wfr+rsm;udk Todk‹&Sif;jycJhonf?

“ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeaom t&if;&Sif pepfwGif trsdK;om;qdkif&m jy\emYordkif;qdkif&m wdrf;!ïwfr+ESpfck &Sdonf? yxrwdrf;!ïwfr+um; trsdK;om;qdkif&m b0ESifhtrsd K;om;v+yf& Sm;r+rsm; Ed k; -um;xºuGvmjcif; jzpfonf? trsd K;om; zdE S dy fr+rSefor#udk qef‹usifwdkufzsuf_yD; trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm;udk xlaxmifjcif; jzpfonf?

'kwd,wdrf;!ïwfr+um; o¿meftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh EdkifiHwumh tjyeftvSef qufoG,fr+ jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vm_yD; wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmjcif;/ trsdK;om;t& uef‹owfcsKyfaESmifr+rsm; òyduGJoGm;jcif;/ t&if; EdkifiHwumh twdkif;twmt& wnDw!Gwfwnf; pkpnf;vmjcif;/ a,bk,stm;jzifhpD;yGm;a&;b0/ EdkifiHa&;/ ody` Hynm tp&Sdonfwdk‹wGifvnf; EdkifiHwumh twdkif;twmt& wnDw!Gwfwnf; pkpnf;vmjcif; jzpfayonf? ” ( vDeif pkaygif;usrf;twGJ (20 ) ESm 27 )

Tordki f;qd kif&m wdrf;!ïwfr+ESpfckpvHk;onf t&if;&Sifpepf. yuwdbm0w&m;rsm;udk udk,fpm;ðy_yD; azmfjyae

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ayonf? yxrwdrf;!ïwfr+onf a,bk,soabmt&vnf;aumif; / wd ki f ; jynfwckjcif;wGifvnf;aumif; t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ tapmydkif;tqifhrsm;Yv$rf;rdk;onfhtcef;rS yg0ifayonf? 'kwd,wdrf;!ïwfr+um; t&if;&Sifpepf &if hrSnfhvmaomtqifh ( 0g ) e,fcsJ‹pepf tqifhwGif ay:vGifxif&Sm;pGm azmfjyayonf?

od k ‹ jzp fI p D ;y Gm;a&;urBm htoGifaqmifr+ (economic globaliza-

tion) onfvnf;aumif;/ urBmhtoGifaqmifr+ ( globalization ) wckvHk;onfvnf;aumif; t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+wGif 'kwd,ordkif;qdkif&m wdrf;!ïwfr+o¿mefrsm; jzpfayonf?

vufawG‹t&-unfhv#if “pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” qdkonfrSmjzp fpO fwck jzp f _y D ; Tjzp fpO fr Swqif haps;uGufESifh xkwfvkyfa&;wGif wkdif;jynfrsm;t-um; tjyeftvSef rSDcdkr+rSm wae‹wjcm;wkd;rsm;vmayonf? wkdif;jynfwjynf.abmifukdausmfI tvkyf/ t&if;/ ukefpnf/0efaqmifr +/ twwfynmESi f h owif;jzef‹csda&; vnfywfr+ukd wGef;aqmfay;avonf? xkwfvkyf&mwGifvkdtyfaomtpdwftyk di f; toD;oD;ESif h ukef-urf;ypPnf;rsm;tm; tusKd;oufa&mufr+&Sd_yD;taumif;qkH;tokH;csEk di f&ef taxmuftulðyayonf? urBmhtxGufE+ef; wkd;yGm;a&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkH xdef;!‡da&;ud k }uD;rm;pGm-oZmoufapojzif hpD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;onfwk di f ; jynfrsm;t-um; p D ;y Gm ;a&;t&ydkrdk}uD;rm;pGm tjyeftvSeftrSDo[Jðyr+ukdjzpfay:apavonf?

“pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” onf xkwfvkyfa&;enf;emESif hwk d;wufr+enf;emrsm; jzpfay:wd k;yGm;ajymif;vJr+rS ra&Smifrv$Jom ay:vmonfhtusKd;quf jzpfayonf? pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; vsifjrefpGm jzpfay:wdk;yGm;&mwGif tcdkiftrmta-umif;tcsufrsm;& S dayonf? pp fat;_yD ;qk H ;oGm;onf haemufydkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;vmr+u aps;uGufwk d;cs JŒvmaponf?

txGufE+ef; jrifhwufvmaponf? Ek difiHwumh tvkyfcJGa0r+ukd taxmuftuljzpfap_yD; ukef-urf;ypPnf;rsm;/ txGufypPnf;rsm;ESifh t&if;rsm;ukd vsifjrefpGmESifhtwdkif;twm}uD;rm;pGm vnfywfvmaponf? wcsdefwnf;wGif acwfrDtwwfynmenf;emrsm;tm; &SmazGawG‹&S dcsufrsm;u tvkyfcJGa0r+ukd jr‡ifhwifay;_yD;xkwfvkyfa&;tpdwftykdif;rsm; vnfywfr+ukdacsmarmajyjypfapayonf? Ek difiHwumhvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzJG‹rsm;jzpfaom “trsKd;om;vGefukr`%Drsm;” (Transnational

Companies) ESifh EkdifiHwumh pD;yGm;a&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;u vkyfief;buftoD;oD;ukdcsKyfukdifxm;ayonf?

ESpfbufc|ef"m;ozG,fjzpfaom“pD;yGm;a&;urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” onfurBmhpD;yGm;a&;wGif aumif;usKd;qkd;usdK;ESpfbufpvkH;udk aqmif-uOf;vmonf?wzufwGif vGefcJhonfhESpftcsKdŒtwGif;urBmhpD;yGm;a&;onf wnfwnf_idrf_i drfwkd;wufcJhonf? oGif;ukef okd‹r[kwf ykd‹ukeftcGeftaumuftwm;tqD;rsm;ESifh tjcm;twm;tqD;rsm; avsmhenf;oGm;jcif;a-umifh urBmhukefoG,fa&;onf }uD;rm;pGmwkd;wufvmonf? EkdifiHwumh wkduf¶kduft&if; jr‡ Ky fE S Hr +wk d ;rsm;vmjcif;a-umif hwkdif;jynftoD;oD;wGif xkwfvkyfa&; jrifhwufvmaponf? pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; v+dif;vkH;ESifhtwl acwfrDtwwfynm txl;ojzif h owif;enf;ynmvsifjrefpGmysHŒESH‹vmonf?

tjcm;wzufwGifum; e,fcsJŒpepfopf wnf&Sdaeonfh tajctaewGift&if;/ twwfynmESifh aps;uGufponfwkd ‹wGi f tompD;&xm;aom zH G ‹ òzd ; _yD;EkdifiHrsm;onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjrwfrsm;ukd&&SdoGm;_yD;/ zHG ‹òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;um; rajymyavmufaomtjrwf tenf;tusOf;ukdom &&Sdavonf? zGH‹òzd;qJEkdifiH tcsKdŒrSmzG H ‹ òzd;_yD;Ed kifiHrsm;xuf rsm;pGmaemufususef&pfaeayonf? yk drd kqdk;0g;onfum;zGH‹òzd;_yD;EkdifiHtcsKdŒonf urBmhtoGifaqmifr+udk tokH;csum tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;. tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdifqkdifr+udk csK d;azmuf-u

onf? ,Ofaus;r+ESifh tpOftvm tarGtESpfrsm;ukd xdyg;-uonf? tjcm;Ek difiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; wnf_idrfr+udk zsufqD;ae-uayonf?

rsufarSmuftajctae (ouU&mZf 2000) wGif urBmay:&Sd aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD; 500 u urBmhtxGufypPnf;pkpkaygif;wefzd k; 33 µ ESif h urBmhukefoG,fa&;. 75 µ ukd csKyfukdifxm;onf?

r-umrDtcsdefwGif aumfykda&;&Sif;}uD; 12 cku urBmhpm;eyf&duQm xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;wckvkH;ukd csKyfukdifEkdifvdrfhrnf[kwGufq-uayonf?

“urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” avxkonf rsufarSmufukefoG,fa&;avmubuftoD;oD;wGif ysHŒESH‹vsuf&Sdonf? b%f/ava-umif;oGm;vma&; aumfyd ka&;&Sif;/aiGacs;iSm;a&; aumfykda&;&Sif;/ pawmhaps;uGufESifh vufvDrdom;pk qdkif}uD;rsm;onf jzpfEk difonfhenf;jzifh urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;ukd azmfaqmifae-uonf? Oyrmtar&duefwGif a':vmoef;aygif; 70˜000xufrenf;aom wefzkd;&Sdonfh aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;. yl;aygif;r+onf vpOf&Sdaeayonf?1999 ckESpf ZlvkdifvrS 2000 ckESpf {_yDvtwGif; w}udrfv#if a':vmoef;aygif;10˜000 txufwefzkd;&Sdonfh aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;. yl;aygif;r+onf vpOf&Sdaeayonf?

“tifwmeuf” uvnf; TjzpfpOfvsifjrefatmif wGef;aqmfay;aeavonf? pD;yGm;a&; urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;wGif wu,fhwGef;tm;w&yfum; “tifwmeuftojym” ay:vmjcif; jzpfayonf?urBmhtojymaps;uGufwGif ,cktcsdefYae‹pOfzvS,fonfh tojymwefzk d;onftar&duefa':vm bDvsH 1000 xufausmfvGefayonf?

“tifwmeuf pD;yGm;a&;” ( In-

ternet Economy )twGif;wGif aiGudkifol/b%f/ aumfydka&;&Sif;/ yk*~vduvkyfcif;&SifESifhukefonfrsm; rnfolrqdk ºuGuf ( mouse)

ukd ESdyfvkduf¶kHESifh urBmhwae&mrS tjcm;wae&mokdk‹ aiGtxyfvdkuf tykHvkdufajymif;a&$Œa&muf&Sdvmayonf? tcsuftvuf[lor# tifwmeufr Swqif h

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tvG,fwul vnfywfa&muf&Sdvmojzifh,ae‹tcsdefwGif urBmay:wGif rnfonfhae&mwGif aeolyifjzpfap todynmukdtvG,fwul&&Sd zvS,fEkdifayonf? TwGifjzpfay:vmonfh tusKd;oufa&mufr+um;yxr tar&duwGif/ onfhaemuf tjcm;urBmt&yf&yfwGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh txGufE+ef;wkd;wufr+ aygufuJGvmjcif; jzpfayonf?

“tifwmeuf” tokH;ðyr+onfv$rf;r k d;vmonfh tcsif;t&m jzpfvmonfESifhtr# xkwfvkyfa&;wGif tpOftvmtpdwftykdif;rsm;jzpfaom “t&if;” ESihf“u|rf;usifonfhvkyftm;” onf pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;ukd tqkH;tjzwfay;onfh tpdwftykdif;rsm;r[kwfawmhbJ pD;yGm;a&;wGifikyfv#Kd;aeonfh tiftm;onf owif;tcsuftvufudk csKyfukdiftokH;ðyEkdifonfhpGrf;&nfESifh ykdIykdI qufpyfvmayonf?

ppf_yD;acwftrsm;ykdif; umvwGiftar&duef. twwfynmukd tokH;vnf;ðy/ r dr d.zefwD;wDxGi fr +r sm;ESi f hvnf;aygif;pyfEd kifojzif h taemufOa&myESif h*syefonf wjznf;jznf;tar&duudk rSDvmayonf? 1970 ckESpfwGif tar&du.wOD;csif;0ifaiGonf tjcm;t"du zGH‹òzd;_yD;EkdifiH}uD;rsm;rSmxuf 31 µ jrifh&mrS 1991ckESpfwGif uGmjcm;csufrSm 10 µ r#om&SdcJhayonf? tifwmeufacwftwGif; 1999ckESpfwGifum; uGmjcm;csufonf 22 µausmfr# jzpfvmjyefayonf? tifwmeufay:vmjcif;a-umifh b%fvkyfief;/ ynma&;/!‡dE+dif;a&;/ vufvDa&mif;0,fa&;ponfh0efaqmifvkyfief;trsKd;rsKd; vkyfaqmif&efrsm;pGm vG,fuloGm;ayonf?

18 &mpkESpf tv,fydkif;wGifay:aygufcJhaom yxrpufr+awmfvSefa&;u_Adwdeftm; t"dupufr+vkyfief;EkdifiH}uD;tjzpfokd‹ a&muf&S dapcJ h_yD; 19 &mpkESpfaemufykdif; 20 &mpkESpftpykdif;wGif ay:aygufonfh 'kwd,pufr+awmfvSefa&;u tar&dutm; t"dupufr+vkyfief;EkdifiH}uD;tjzpf_Adwdefae&mwGif tpm;xkd;cJhonf? wpdwfwykdif;ta-umif;um; tar&duu wDxGifzefwD;r+topfrsm;ukd ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm azmfaqmifEdkifjcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf? tar&du

onf vuf&S dtcsdefwGif tifwmeufudkv$rf;rkd;xm;qJ jzpfonf? uGefysLwmESifhwOD;csif;qufoG,fr+wGif w0ufausmfESifhtifwmeufukefoG,fa&;wGif av;ykHokH;ykHukdqkyfukdifxm;ayonf?

“tifwmeuf” u wDxGi fzefwD;r+E+ef;ukd vsifjrefap_yD; ukefusp&dwfukd avsmhenf;aponfhtjyif urBmhukefoG,fa&;ukd wkd;yGm;apavonf? “tifwmeufukefoG,fa&;” ukd tokH;ðyjcif;a-umifh 1998ckESpfwGif urBmhtwkdif;twmt& ukefusp&dwfukd 17 bDvsHa':vmr# ac|wmEdkifcJh_yD;2002 ckESpfwGif 1 ²25 x&DvD,Ha':vmac|wmEdkifvdrfhrnf[k wGufq-uayonf?TwGif tar&duefukr`%Drsm;u tusKd;tjrwf w0ufukd &&Sdvdrfhrnf[k cef‹rSef;-uavonf?

tcsdefwpk Hw&m jzwfoef;_yD;onfhaemuf tifwmeufpD;yGm;a&;wGiftar&duu yxrqkH;ESifhtrsm;qkH; tusKd;tjrwf&&S daeonf h taetxm;onfajymif;vJoGm;vdrf hrnf[k wGufcsuf-uonf? ta-umif;um; aemif 5 ESpft-umwGif Oa&mywGif tifwmeuf wOD;csif;qufoG,fr+ tdrfaxmifOD;a&onf 3 qausmf wdk;vm_yD; tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGiftifwmeuftokH;ðyolOD;a&onf vmrnfh 2ESpfwGif tenf;qkH;ESpfqausmf wkd;vmrnf[k óudwifcef‹rSeff;ae-uI jzpfayonf?

abm*aA' ynm&SiftcsK dŒu“urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” onf udpPaumif;jzpfonf? igwkd ‹ yk dcsrf;omvmvdrf hrnf/aysmf&$ifzG,f&mae‹&ufrsm;udk óuHawG‹-u&vdrf hrnf/ urBmESif ht0Srf;vnfywf_yD;csr f;ajr‹om,monfhb0udk c Hpm;-u&vdrfhrnfpojzifh xifrSwf-uonf? tjcm;ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;url oHo,&Sd -uonf? “urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” onfwu,fwef; udpPaumif;jzpfonfqdkygutb,fha-umifh EkdifiHwumh pD;yGm;a&;onfr-umc% uarmufurjzpfae&ygoenf;[k ar;cGef;xkwf-uonf?

b¾ma&; vkyfief;&Sif}uD;wOD;jzpfol “a*smhaqma&mhp f” ( George

Soros) u ol.pmtkyf “urBmht&if;&Sif

pepf. uyfqkdufr+” ( The Crisis of

Global Capitalism ) wGi f urBm hb¾ma&;pepfonf vkH;0òydusrnfh taetxm;wGif&Sda-umif; EkdifiHwumh twdkif;twmt& yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ESi f hðyjyifa&;rsm;uomv#if ‚if;udkwm;qD;Ekdifrnfjzpfa-umif; owday;xm;ayonf?olu tm&Sb¾ma&;uyfqkdufr+udk &nf!ef; ajymqkdcJhonf?

1997 ck/ ZlvdkifvwGif b¾ma&;uyfqkdkufr+onf “xkdif;” wGif pcJhonf?onfhaemuf rav;&Sm;/ tif'k deD;&Sm;/zdvpfykdif/ awmifukd&D;,m;ponfhEkdifiHrsm;okd‹vsifjrefpGm ysHŒESH‹oGm;onf? tuJjzwfolwcsKdŒu Todk‹jzpf&jcif;onf TEkdifiHrsm;ut&if;&Sifpepf. ykHyef;rusaom okd‹r[kwfr&ifhrSnfhaomo¿mefay:wGif trSDo[Jðyaejcif;a-umifhjzpfonf[k apm'uwuf-uonf? ,cifu “tm&SpHjy” ( Asia

model )rsm;[k ‚if;wkd‹udk csD;ajr‡mufac:&mrS,ckaomf “rdwf&if;aqG&if; t&if;&Sifpepf”( crony capitalism) [k uifyGef;wyf-ujyefonf? Tuyfqkdufr+ukd tm&SvuQ%maqmifonfh uyfqdkufr+oufouftjzpfowfrSwfajymqkdjcif;onf tjynhft0rSefuefjcif; r&S day? Tuyfqdkufr+onfvufwiftar&duESifh ta&SŒOa&myokd‹ jyef‹oGm;cJhonf? taemufOa&myESifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpk. b¾ma&;aps;uGufrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;rsm;udkyg xddcddkufcJhonf?Tenf;jzifh 1997 ckESpfwGif EkdifiHwumhb¾ma&;uyfqkdufr+onf txGwftxdyfokd‹ a&muf&SdcJhonf?

1997 ck/ ZGefvESifh 1998 ck/-o*kwfvt-um;wGif “xdkif;” bwfaiGrSm42 µ/ “xkdif;” pawmhaps;uGufwGif 59µtoD;oD; usqif;cJhonf? jynfwGif;okH;aiGwefzdk;xkd;qif;oGm;onfhtcg jynfwGif;aiGacs;olrsm;. aiGt0iftxGuf pm&if;&Sif;wrf;onf tajctaeqkd;0g;oGm;ayonf? EkdifiHjcm;rS t&if;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;uvnf;usqif;aeaomaps;uGufrsm;udk pGef‹cGmoGm;-uonf? xkdif;/ ukd&D;,m;ESifh tif'kdeD;&Sm;wdk‹u EkdifiHwumhaiGa-u;&efykHaiGtzJG‹ ( IMF)

xH tultnDawmif;-uonf? okd‹aomf

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‚if;.tpDtpOfonfvnf; t&mra&mufcJhay?

TwGif 1997 ckESpfuyfqkdifr+Yvwfwavmta-umif;&if;onf jynfwGif;wGifok H;pJ GonfhaiGa-u;. rwnf_idrfr+rStpcsDaomfvnf; t"duta-umif;um;urBmhb¾ma&;pepfyifudk,fwGif pJ Guyfaeonfh a&m*grsm;a-umifh jzpfayonf?ta&;}uD;aom ta-umif;rsm;um; = ( 1 ) xkwfvkyfa&; jzpfpOfwGif yg0ifaomt&if;o¿mef 3 ck ( tojym t&if;money capital / xkwfvkyfa&; t&if; pro-

ductive capital / ukefpnft&if; com-

modity capital ) .vSnfhvnf a&;onf“twkd;” yGm;apaomt&if; (interest -

bearing capital ) . vSnfhvnfa&;ESifhrwlay? acs;iSm;a&;t&if;/ b%ft&if;ponfwdk‹wGif oD;jcm;v+yf&Sm;r+ jzpfpOfESifhoD;jcm;v+yf&Sm;r+w&m;rsm; &S dayonf?vkHavmufonfh xdef;csKyfr+ r&Sdojzifh EkdifiHwumhb¾ma&; aps;uGufrsm;onf rwnf_idrfay? Taps;uGufrsm;. jzpf¶kd;jzpfpOfr[kwfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;. '%fudkcH&ygu jynfwGif;b¾ma&; aps;uGufrsm;onf ydkIrwnfr_idrf jzpfvmayonf? ( 2 ) rsufarSmuf tajctaewGifpD;yGm;a&;urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;ESifh owif;enf;ynmawmfvSefa&; jzpfxGef;aeaomtcsdefwGif EkdifiHwumh twkdif;twmt&xkwfvkyfa&;ESi f h t&if;p kpnf;r +onfvnf;aumif; xkwfvkyfa&;ESifht&if; A[kdcsKyfudkifr+onfvnf;aumif; tqrwef}uD;xGm;vmayonf? ,ae‹urBmwGi fvSnfhvnfaeaom tojymt&if;onfpkpkaygif;t&if;wefzdk;. 41 µ cef‹&Sdayonf?TtajctaewGif tar&duef OD;aqmifaom e,fcsJŒpepfopfonf ‚if;.vuf¶kH;ESpfbufjzpfaom EkdifiHwumhaiGa-u;&efykHaiGtzJG‹ESifh urBmhb%fudk qkyfudkif_yD; tojymaps;uGufud k jc,fvS,faeayonf? rdrdtwGuftusKd;&Sdrnfh ae&mrsm;wGif tcsuftvuft& aiGy H ‹y k d ; _y D ; tusK d ;& S drnfrxifonfh ae&mrsm;wGif qkwfqkdif;xm;jcif;jzifh tusyftwnf;rSm ykdI}uD;vmayonf?

( 3 ) Oa&mya':vm (,l¶kdaiGa-u; )ay:vmonfhtcsdefwGif t"duaiGa-u;tkyfpkonfokH;ck jzpfvmayonf? *syef,ef;aiGrSm tajymif;tvJjzpf_yD; rwnf_idrfaom taetxm;wGif&Sdojzifh ,m,D‚if;udkrpOf;pm;bJ csefvSyfxm;-uonf? Tokd‹qkdv#if pwmvifaiGonf Oa&mya':vmESifh tar&duefa':vm t-um;wGif roufrom arsmaeonfudk awG‹&ayonf? ,ciftcsdefrsm;wGif t"duaiGa-u;tkyfpkrsm;twdkuftckdufjzpfr+a-umifh pawmhESifh bGef;vufrSwfaps;uGufrsm;wGif &yfqkdif;oGm;jcif;rsm; &SdcJhayonf? a':vmwefzdk; jrifhwufr+onf tm&Sb¾ma&; uyfqkdufr+wGif vwfwavmta-umif; jzpfcJhayonf? aiGa-u;pepf rnfokd‹jzpfapumrl tjypftemtqmrsm;um; a&Smifv$JI r&Ekdifay? v+yf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeaom aiGa-u;zvS,fa&;E+ef;rsm; ( fluctuating currency rates)onfOD;wnfcsufaemufvkduf_yD; aps;upm;r+a-umifh yifukd,ftm;jzifhyifv#if rwnf_idrfay? tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# aps;upm;r+u }uD;xGm;vmonfwGif rwnf_idrfr+onfvnf; wjznf;jznf;}uD;rm;vmayonf? owfrSwfxm;aom zvS,fa&;E+ef;( fixed exchange- rate) rsm;um;tE W&m,f&Sdayonf? ta-umif;um; aiGa-u;wefzdk; usqif;r+rsm;onf ¶kwfw&uf}uD;rm;aom qkH;¶+H;r+rsm; ay:aygufapEkdifaoma-umifh jzpfayonf? tm&Sb¾ma&;uyfqkdufr+onf om"uw&yfyif jzpfonf?

t&if;& Si f pep fatmufwGi fxm0&vuQ%maqmif_yD; _yD;jynfhpkHonfhajz&Sif;enf;rsm; r&S day? jynfwGi f;ESi f hEk difiHwumhb¾ma&;aps;uGufrsm;onfyifudk,ftm;jzifhyif rwnf_idrfay? ‚if;wkd‹onf }uD;-uyfr+ESifh xdef;!‡dr+ vkdtyfayonf?

urBmESif ht0Srf; “urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” avxkatmufwGif aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm; yl;aygif;r+a-umifh vkyfom;rsm;qif ;& J' kuQa&muf -u&onf? ,ckE Sp fazazmf0g&DvwGif usif;yaom urBmhukvor*~ ukefoG,fa&;ESif h jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+tpnf;ta0;Y tpdk;&rsm;ESifh rywfouf

onfh tzJG‹tpnf;rsm; (non - govern-

mental organizations) u pkaygif;wifjyonf h tpD&ifcHpmwapmifwGi f Tokd ‹a&;cJhonf? “aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;. ‘urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;’ vkyf&yfonf tvkyf&Sdolrsm;tm; ra&&maomb0okd‹ ydk‹aqmifaeavonf? twnfwus r[kwfonfhvkyfcif;rsm;&Sd ukd,fcE<mtm;enf;_yD; a&m*g&Sdaom vkyfom;rsm;um; tvkyfrS xkwfypfjcif; cH-u&onf? Todk‹aom wdrf;!Gwfr+onf vsifjrefpGm ysHŒESH‹vmayonf?”

rsm;pGmaom tvSL'geðy toif;tyif;rsm;ESif h ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;u “urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” onf vkyfcrsm;edrfhusvmr+/ urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr+/ opfyifrsm;ðyef;_yD; a&wdkufpm;cH&r+/ vlr+0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm; avsmhenf;vmr+ESifh qif;&J'kuQa&mufjcif; wkd;rsm;vmr+. t"duw&m;cHjzpfonf[k cdkifrmpGm ,kH-unfae-uayonf? “wDtifpD” ( TNC )

rsm;u xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;ukd zGH‹òzd;_yD;EdkifiHrsm;rS a&$Œajymif;oGm;jcif;um; tjcm;r[kwf/ vkyfcukdESdrfhcszkd‹ESifh tvkyform;rsm;tm; &GH&Smp&maumif;onfh vkyfcGiftajctaeatmufwGif tvkyfvkyfckdif;zdk‹ zdtm;ay;jcif; jzpfonf[k ‚if;wdk‹u ajym-uayonf?

,Ofaus;r+ urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;( Cultural Globalisation )

tar&duef ,Ofaus;r+ = ¶kyf&Sif/*Dw/ ¶kyfjrifoH-um; = onf urBmwGifv$rf;rd k;aeayonf? 1 997 ckESpfwGifwurBmvk H ;Y jyocJ haom tar&duef¶kyf&Sifum;rsm;rS &&Sdonfh0ifaiGonf tar&duefa':vm oef; 30˜000 ausmfayonf?‘wkdufwif;epf’ (Titanic) um; wum;wnf; uyifv#if tar&duefa':vm oef;1˜800 tjrwf&cJhonf?

‘a[mvD;0k'f. tvkH;t&if;ESifhxkd;ESufr+a-umifh a'otoD;oD;&Sd azsmfajza&; vkyfief;rsm;onf ajcmufcef;ukef-uonf? ‘ruUpDudk’ wGif ,cifuESpfpOfESpfwdkif; ¶kyf&Sifum; 100 ausmfr# jyo&_yD;-unfh¶+olrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;cJhonf? ,ckaomfum; wESpfv#if ¶kyf&Sifum; 10 um;yif

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rjyEkdifawmhay?‘e,l;a'vD’ rS ‘0gaqm’ ESifh

‘&D,kd'D*sae;¶kd;’ txd EdkufuD (Nike ) / qkdeDpaom urBmokH;ypPnf;rsm;onf vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;wGif cHpm;csuftopfw&yf jzpfvmayonf? EkdifiHjcm;,Ofaus;r+ csOf;eif;0ifa&mufr+u a'ocH,Ofaus;r+ESifh trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r +uk d wd kufpm;aeayonf?,Ofaus;r+rs K d ;p k H òy di fwlwnf&S da&;ud ktE W&m,fðyaeayonf? “urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” v+dif;atmufwGif wefjyefa&pD;a-umif;rsm;vnf; r&Sdonfr[kwfay? Oyrm‘b&mZD;’ ¶kyf jrifoH-um; tpDtpOfuay:wl*DwGif xkd;azmufcJhonf? ‘avmhpftdef*s,fvdpf’ wGif vufwiftar&du.xl;jcm;onfht*Fg&yfrsm;rSm wae‹wjcm;odomxif&Sm;vmonf? od k ‹aomf Ttcsif;t&mrsm;um; wckcsif;t&mr#omjzpfayonf?

,Ofaus;r+ urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;. t"duwGef;tm;w&yfum; taemufurBmwGi f “urBm htoGi faqmi fonf hòrd‹ }uD;rsm;” trsm;tjym; ay:vmjcif;jzpfayonf? ok d ‹aomf vlOD;a&woef;txuf òrd‹opfrsm;onf urBmhta&SŒjcrf;ESifhtmz&du/ vufwiftar&duwkd‹wGifvnf;r-umc% jrifawG‹ae&ayonf? 1995ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 5 oef;ausmf&Sdonfhòrd‹ 38òrd‹&Sdonf? 2015 ckESpfwGif 71 òrd‹ txdwkd;vm_yD; t}uD;qkH;òrd‹}uD; 10 òrd‹teuf 9òrd ‹onf tm&S/ vufwiftar&duESif htmz&duwGif &S dvddrf hrnf[k cef‹rSef;-uayonf? ‚if;wkd‹onf yifrprf;a&wHcGefjzpfvm_yD; ‚if;wkd‹. qif,ifxkH;zJG‹r+/ ¶kyf&SifESifhazsmfajzr+wdk‹ukd taemufurBmokd‹ jyefvnfay;ykd‹vdrfhrnf[k wGufq-uayonf?

(c) owif;enf;ynmawmfvSefa&;( Information Technological

Revolution ) ESifhtodynm pD;yGm;a&; ( Knowledge

Economy )tem*wforkdif;ynm&Sifrsm;u

rsufar Smufork di f ;umvonf ork di f ;csdefcGifv#may:wGif tqkH;tjzwfay;onfhtcef;rS ygonf[k qkdaumif;qkd-uvdrfhrnf?

ta-umif;um; TumvtwGi f;wGi fta&;ygonf h wDxGifprf;oyfr+rsm;ESi f htopf&SmazGawG‹&Sdcsufrsm; tajrmuftjrm;ay:vmjcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf? Oyrmqkd&aomf “uGefysLwm” acwfokd‹ a&mufcJhonf? “tifwmeuf” ay:vmonf? “ZD0tif*sifeD,mtwwfynm” xGef;um;vmonf? “y&rmtEkpdwf twwfynm( Nano Technology ) pwifay:aygufvmonf? “urBm htoGi faqmi fa&;”acwfokd‹ a&mufcJ honf? “urBmhtoGifaqmifa&;” ESifh “owif;enf;ynm awmfvSefa&;” tajccHay:wGif e,fcsJŒpepfopfonf tawmiftvufpkHpGm xGef;aygufvmayawmhonf?

owif;enf;ynm awmfvSefa&;onf 21 &mpkESpf.ausm¶kd; jzpfvm_yD;owif;enf;ynmuk d tajcc Htkwfjrpftjzpfxm;onfh wwd,t}udrf pufr+awmfvSefa&;onf jzpfay:vmayonf?owif;enf;ynm awmfvSe fa&;E Si f hp D ;y Gm;a&;urBm htoGi faqmifa&;wk d ‹.tusKd;quftaejzif h ay:xGef;vmaom“todynmpD;yGm;a&;” ( Knowledge

Economy ) onf wurBmvkH;ukd *,uf¶kdufvsuf&Sdonf?

todynmpD;yGm;a&;todynmpD;yGm;a&;onf tod

ynmESifhowif;ukd xkwfvkyfa&;/ cJGa0a&;ESif h tokH;csa&; tay:wGiftajccHonfhpD;yGm;a&;wrsKd;jzpfayonf?

“owif;enf;ynm awmfvSefa&;” ESifh “pD;yGm;a&;urBmhtoGif aqmifa&;” . tusKd;oufa&mufr+tjzpfjzif hay:aygufvmaom todynm pD;yGm;a&;wGif t"dut*Fg&yfrsm;um; = todynmonf tqkH;tjzwfay;onfh tcef;rS yg0ifonf? owif;ESifh tmumo,mOf/ a-u;eef;/ w,fvDzkef;/ a&'D,dk/ ¶kyfjrifoH-um;wkd‹jzifh qufoG,fa&;rsm;onf A[kdr¾dKifjzpfonf? ody`Hynm pl;prf;&SmazGa&;ESifh0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm;onf ta&;ygaomtcef;rS yg0ifonf? vl.xkd;xGif;zefwD;Ek di fpGrf;&nfonf wifóudvk dtyfr+w&yfjzpfonf? todynmESifh qufpyfaeaom

vkyfief;rsm;onf trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;wGiftwkdif;twm}uD;rm;pGm yg0ifonf?

todynmpD;yGm;a&;onf urBmESifht0Srf; ysHŒESH‹vsuf&Sdaomfvnf; zGH‹òzd;_yD;EkdifiHtcsKdŒwGifom v$rf;rkd;onfhtqifhae&m&&Sdaeayonf? todynm pD;yGm;a&;ukdr¾dKifðy_yD; tvkyfwm0efcJGa0r+w&yf jzpfwnfvmonf? ‚if;onf urBmhpD;yGm;a&;wGif tqkH;tjzwfay;aom tcef;rS yg0if_yD;‚if;.t&Sdef-oZmum; EkdifiHwumh EkdifiHa&;wGifvnf; us,fjyef‹vsuf&Sdayonf?

todynmpD;yGm;a&;onf tpOftvmpD;yGm;a&;wGif t&if;cHrS ajymif;vJr+rsm; jzpfay:apvdrfhrnf? ( 1 ) pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufaponfh enf;emrsm;wGif ajymif;vJr+w&yf jzpfvm_yD; odyHynmESif h enf;ynm wkd;wufr+onfpD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufap&mwGif ta&;tygqkH;tpdwftykdif; jzpfvmayvdrffhrnf? ( 2 ) pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+w&m;wGiftajymif;tvJ wpkHw&m jzpfvmonf?pD;yGm;a&; puf0kdif;ozG,f vnfywfr+ukdtm;enf;apjcif;jzif h pD;yGm;a&; a&v+dif;ozG,f v+yf&Sm;r+ wpkHw&menf;vm_yD;xdcdkufysufpD;r+vnf; wpkHw&m oufomvmapvdrfhrnf? ( 3 ) tpOftvmpD;yGm;a&; taqmufttkHwGif ajymif;vJvmonf? tem*wfpD;yGm;a&;onf o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;ESifht&if;tay:rSmxuf todynmtay: ykdrdktrSDo[Jðyvmvdrfhrnf? todynmvkyfief;onf t"dutykdif;u¾ jzpfvmayvdrfhrnf? ( 4 ) xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfr+wGifajymif;vJvm_yD; todynm pkpnf;yg0ifonfh txGufypPnf;rsm; ay:vmayvdrfhrnf?twkdif;twm}uD;rm;pGm pkpnf;xkwfvkyfr+rStwdkif;twmao;i,fI jzef‹cJGxkwfvkyfr+tjzpfokd‹ ajymif;vJvmayvdrfhrnf?

todynm p D ;y Gm;a&;onfxkwfvkyfa&; tiftm;pk jzpfay:wdk;yGm;r+ukd}uD;rm;pGmwGef;aqmfay;_yD; urBmhpD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkHrsm;onfvnf; tvdkufoifha jymif;vJvmayvdrf hrnf? todynmpD;yGm;a&; tajctaeatmufwGif xkwfvkyf

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a&;onf jri f hrm;p Gm vl ‹tzJ G ‹tpnf;vuQ%maqmifvmayonf? aps;uGufwGifzvS,faom ukefpnfrsm;onf ykdIykdI“EkdifiHwumh twdkif;twmt& t&m&mtusKH;0ifaom txGufypPnf;rsm;” ( in-ternational comprehensive products)jzpfvmayonf? “trsKd;om;vGef ukr`%Drsm;” u urBmhxkwfvkyfa&;ESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfr+ukd pkd;rkd;xm;onf? zvS,fa&;jzpfpOfwGifuGefysLwmrsm;/ owif;ESifh tcsufjytrSwftom;rsm;udk tokH;ðyjcif;a-umifh EkdifiHwumhaps;uGufonf róuHpzl; }uD;rm;vmayonf? zvS,fa&;jzpfay:onfhE+ef; ( ex-

change frequency ) onf jrifhrm;vm_yD;wk di f; jynfwk di f ;a'owkdi f;. pD;y Gm;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+onf urBmhaps;uGufESif h eD;eD;uyfuyf qufoG,fvmonf?

“tifwmeuf pD;yGm;a&;” ESifhb¾ma&;vsifjrefpGm wkd;wufvm&mYESpfbuftusKd;oufa&mufr+ jzpfay:ayonf? tifwmeufukefoG,fa&; ‘tqajr‡mufudef;wkd;wufr+” ( geometric pro-

gression ) u txGufE+ef;ukd }uD;rm;pGmjr‡if hwifay;vkdufonf? wcsdefwnf;wGifpD;yGm;a&;aqmif&Gufr+ukd avsmhyg;oGm;aponf? ‘tifwmeuf’ tay: tajccHonfhacwfrDb¾ma&;onf rsufarSmufpD;yGm;a&;. tcsuftcsm jzpfvmonf? t&if;twdkif;twm tvGef}uD;rm;pGm wkd;csJŒr+ESifht&Sdefjrif hrm;pGm vnfywfr+u obm0o,HZmwrsm; xda&mufpGm owfrSwf&mYtusKd;&Sdaponf? wcsdefwnf;wGif b¾ma&;t& t&JpGef‹r+topfrsm; ay:aygufvmaponf?

todynmpD;yGm;a&;onf urBmhtoGifaqmifa&; jzpfpOfukd vsifjrefaponf? Tonfu wdkif;jynfrsm;t-um;tjyeftvSefrSDckdr+ukd euf¶+dif;vmaponf?Tokd‹ jzif h E k di fi HwumhEk di fi Ha&;uk d yk dr k dus,fjyef‹euf¶+dif;aom pD;yGm;a&; tkwfjrpfay:okd‹ a&muf&Sdvmaponf? bufaygif;pkHtusK H;0ifaom trsK d;om; tiftm;pktoD;oD;onf òydifqkdifr+topfwzef óuH&jyefavonf? avmavmq,fwGif todynm pD;yGm;a&;onf tzHG‹òzd;qkH; EkdifiH}uD;

rsm;. trsK d;om;pD;yGm;a&;wGif t"dut*Fg&yfESifh OD;wnfcsuf jzpfvmayonf?vmrnfhtESpf ESpfq,f okd‹r[kwf okH;q,ftwGif;wGif t&nftcsif;jynfh0olrsm;udkzefwD;odrf;oGif; tokH;csEdkifonfh wdkif;jynfwjynf. tiftm;ESifh todynmt&if;tES D ;onf ,if;wd ki f ;jynf wnfwHhEk di frwnfwHhE d ki f ok d ‹r[kwf xGef;um;Ek di frxGef;um;Edkif qkdonfukd tqkH;tjzwfay;ayvdrfhrnf?

todynmpD;yGm;a&;onf EkdifiHwumhtiftm;pkrsm; t-um;&S d csdefcGifv#mukd ajymif;vJapavonf? pufr+vkyfief;taqmufttkH xdef;!‡ dr+ud k wausmhjyefIvkyfaqmif&ef wGef;aqmfay;avonf?todynmpD;yGm;a&;ESifh wygwnf; jrifhrm;pGm t&if;jr‡KyfESHa&;/ ynma&;t&nftcsif;jrif hrm;a&;ESi f h jrif hrm;onf h aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;ponfwdk‹ yg&S dojzifh zG H‹ òzd;_yD;EkdifiHrsm;onf tompD;rsm;pGm &vsuf&Sdayonf? ,cktcgwGif TEdkifiHrsm;onfpufr+vkyfief;tkyfpkukd zJ G ‹pnf;_yD; todynmpD;yGm;a&; wkd;wufr+twkdif;twmudkowfrSwfxm;&Sd-uonf? odyHynm &SmazGprf;oyfr+ESi f h urBmhtwkdi f;twmt&vkyfaqmif&ef pepfrsm;ukdvnf; csrSwf-uonf? Tokd ‹ jzif h Tta&;udpPwGifzGH‹òzd;_yD;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh zGH‹òzd;qJ EkdifiHrsm;t-um;/awmifykdif;ESifh ajrmufykdif;t-um; uGmjcm;r+onf us,foxuf us,fvmaeayonf?todynm pD;yGm;a&;onf aemufykdif;umvwGif jzpfay:wdk;yGm;Ekdif&ef tcGifhta&;rsm; ay;vifhupm; zGH‹òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;tzk d ‹ taumiftxnfazmfEd ki f&efum;ykdrkdIcufcJvSayonf?

todynm pD;yGm;a&;upD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwGif EkdifiHwumhwkdufyJGrsm;r-umc%ay:aygufap&ef zefwD;aeayonf? pD;yGm;a&;pnf;urf;csufrsm; owfrSwfcsKyfxdef;a&;/ aps;uGuf&&Sda&;/ t&nftcsif;jynfh0olrsm; &SmazGa&;/ todynm twwfynmykdifqkdifr+ tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf }uD;-uyfa&;ponfwkd‹rSm tem*wf EkdifiHwumhEkdifiHa&; wkdufyJGrsm;wGif qufxkH;ozG,fjzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u wGufq

ae-uayonf?4?

e,fcsJŒpepfopfESifhtiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;.qufqHa&;jy\eme,fcsJŒpepf. EkdifiHa&;tESpfom&

onf Akdvfuspkd;rkd;a&;ESifh tiftm;EkdifiHa&;usifhokH;&eftwGuf tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;t-um; òydifqkdifr+ jzpfayonf? tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;. tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdi fqkdifr+udkajymifajymifwif;wif; csKd;azmufr+ jzpfayonf? e,fcsJŒpepfopfonfvnf; Tenf;twkdif;yifjzpf_yD; ‚if;.v+yf&Sm;r+ twdkif;twmrSm ykdrkdus,fjyef‹ euf¶+dif;vmayonf?

qdkAD,uf,leD,H òyduJGoGm;_yD;aemuf urBmwGifwckwnf;aom tiftm;vGefEd kifiH jzpfvmonfh tar&duefonf‚if;.acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif “r¾dKifwckwnf;aom urBm” xlaxmif&efóud;yrf;vsuf&Sdonf?

uvifweftpkd;&. trsKd;om;umuG,fa&; tpD&ifcHpmwGifyg&Sdaom ‚if;.urBmhaoe*FAsL[mum; vmrnfh 10 ESpf =15 ESpftwGif;wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf urBmhta&;udpPrsm;Y wufwufºuGºuG yg0ifv+yf&Sm;rnf? qkdvkdonfrSm “0ifa&mufpGufzufr+topf” wufwufºuGºuGðyvkyf_yD; Akdvfuspkd;rkd;a&;0g' usifhokH;&efjzpfayonf? Taoe*FAsL[mESif htnDaewkd; ( NATO ) ukd ppfat;umvtwGif;wGif umuG,fa&;ppftkyfpktjzpfxm;&SdcJh&mrS ,cktcsdefwGif a'oabmifxuf ausmfvGefaom xkd;ppfvuQ%m&Sdonfh ppfa&;EkdifiHa&; tzJG‹tpnf;tjzpfokd‹toGifajymif;apcJ hayonf? aewdk;tzJ G‹0ifrsm;udk pkpnf;_yD; ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;ukdpdwftvdkus AkH;}uJwkdufckdufcJhonf?bJvf*&dwf&S d w¶kwfoH¶kH;ukd 'kH;usnfjzifhypfcwfcJhonf? *syef = tar&duef vkHòcHa&;umuG,fa&;pepfudk cdkidrmawmifhwif;ap_yD;*syef–tar&duef yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;ay:vpD vrf;!ïefcsufrsm;udk *syef.ywf0ef;usi f {&d,mrsm;yg tusK H ;0i fapcJhonf? “a'oqdkif&m 'Hk;ysHumuG,fa&;pepf” udk wdk;csJŒ_yD; ‘xdkif0rf’udkyg xnfhoGif;cJhonf? tar&du. ‘urBm‹aoe*FAsL[m

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,ae‹tar&du. Adkvfuspdk;rdk;vdkaom tmomqENonf tvGeftrif;jyif;xefaeaom tajctaewGif Ed ki fi HwumhqufqHa&;rsm;onf tiftm;&Sda&;ESifh cJGcGmIr&ay? tiftm;tay:wGifomtajcwnfvsuf &Sdayonf? e,fcsJŒpepfopfacwfumvwGif tm;enf;aomwdkif;jynf.pum;onf t&mrxifay? acwfaemufusaom wdki f;jynfonf tES drfcH&rnfomjzpfayonf?

_idrf;csrf;a&;ud k cspfjrwfEd k; _yD;w&m;r#wr+ud k vd kvm;aomwd ki f;jynftm;vHk;&Sd jynfoltm;vHk;onf wcJeufaoG;pnf;nD!Gwf_y D; e,fcs JŒpepfopfrS

ay:aygufvmaom Adkvfuspdk;rdk;a&;0g'ESifhtiftm;EdkifiHa&;udk qef‹usifwdkufyJG0if-u&rnfjzpfayonf? w&m;r#w_yD; wdk;wufonfh EdkifiHwumhpepfopfw&yf ay:xGef;vm&ef vkH;yef;tm;xkwf-u&rnf jzpfayonf?

5? ed *Hk; ,ae‹urBm‹t}uD;qHk;aumfydka&;&Sif;500 ( Global 500 ) u urBm‹ pD;yGm;a&;udk pdk;rdk;cs,fvS,fvsuf&Sdonf? ‚if;wdk‹onfe,fcsJŒpepfopf. pD;yGm;a&; tajccH jzpfayonf? “aewdk;” vdk usL;ausmfa&; tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&; tajccHvnf;jzpfayonf?

vGefcJhonfhtESpf 130 ausmfurmhufpfu Todk‹ajymcJhonf?

“Tajymif;vJr+jzpfpOf. toD;tyGifhtm;vHk;udk vk,l_yD; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfonfh ºuG,f0aom t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;.ta&twGufonf tqufrjywf avsmhenf;vmavav/ }uD;rm;onhf udk,fpdwfESpfjzm 'kuQcHpm;&r+/ tzdESdyfcH&r+// u|efoabmufjzpfr+/ tvGeftrif;qif;&Jr+/ aoG;pkyfcH&r+ xkxnf}uD;onf }uD;rm;vmavav jzpfayonf/ ” (rmhufpf=tdef*,fvufa&G;pOfusrf; twGJ (1) ESm 460)

t&if;&Sifrsm;.“t&if;” pkyHkvmonfESif htr# vkyfom;jynfolrsm;.“tºuGi f ;r J h qi f;& Jr J G jymusr + ” a&m“E+dif;,SOfjcif; qif;&JrJGjymusr+” yg jzpfay:vmonf[k qdkvdkayonf?

“tºuGif;rJh qif;&JrJGjymusr+ ”( Absolute Impoverishment ) qdkonfum; vkyfom;jynfolrsm; qif;&JwGif;eufoxufeufvmjcif;/ tpma&pm csdKŒwJhoxuf csdKŒwJhvmjcif;/ tdk;ajctdrfajc rJhoxufrJ hvmjcif;/ a&m*gb, xlajymoxuf xlajymvmjcif; jzpfayonf?

“E+dif;,SOfjcif;qif;&JrJGjymusr+”(Relative Impoverishment ) qdkonfum; csr f ;omqif ;& J tpGe f ;E Sp fzufuGmjcm;oxuf uGmjcm;vmjcif; jzpfayonf?

,ae‹ 10 E Sp fqufwd kufpD;y Gm;a&;wd k;wufae_yD; tºuG,f0qH k;

wdkif;jynfvnf;jzpf / e,fcs J Œpepfopf.xdyfoD;vnf;jzpfaom tar&duudk -unfh-updk‹? ( 1 ) 1974 ckwGif tar&du&Sd vlOD;a&. 16 &mcdkifE+ef;onf “qif;&Jr+pnf;a-umif;”atmufwGif aexdkif-u&onf/1997 ck wGif vlOD;a&. 19 &mcdkifE+ef;txdwufvmayonf? ( 2 ) 1990 ckwGif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;aeaom tar&duefjynfom;rsm;onf oef;30 ausmf &Sdayonf? pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&. 12&mcdkifE+ef; jzpfayonf? 1997 ckE Spf pufwifbmv 15&ufae‹wGif tar&duefv,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;XmerS xkwfjyefaom tpD&ifcHpm wapmifwGif Todk‹ azmfjycJhonf? 1994 ckESifh 1995ck t-um;wGif b¾ma&;ta-umif;a-umifhtpm;taomufwGif aiGav#mhoHk;&aomtar&duef rdom;pkOD;a&onf 4 ‹ 2 oef;&Sd_yD; tpma&pm rvHkavmufaom rdom;pkOD;a&onf 12 oef;r# &Sdonf?

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tar&duefjynfaxmifpk pHcsdeft& -unfhv#if 0ifaiGtedrfhqHk; a&csdefwGif&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;onf omreftdrfaeEd ki fa&;twGuf &ufowWwywfv#ifem&Daygif; 60 r# tvkyfvkyf&_yD; pkpkaygif;0ifaiG. 30 &mcdkifE+ef;udk pdkufxkwf&ayonf? e,l;a,mufE Si f h [m0d ki f,D& S dtvky form;rsm;onf td fr faeEd ki fa&;twGuf 119 em&DESif h 144 em&D-umr#toD;oD; tvkyfvkyf-u&ayonf?

( 4 ) r-umao;rDu cef‹rSef;csufrsm;wGif tar&duef&Sd tdrfajcrJhol tenf;qHk;oHk;yHkwyHkvlOD;a&onf jyif;xefaom pdwfa0'emESifh pdwfacsmufcsm;aom a&m*grsm;cHpm;ae&ayonf?

tar&duonf rjzpfrae aq;ukoa&; tmrcHpepf rowfrSwf&ao;onfhwckwnf;aompufr+EdkifiH}uD; jzpfayonf?tar&duef oef;acgifpm&if; AsL±dk. tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;wGif tar&duefvlOD;a& 41 ²7 oef;onf aq;ukoa&; tmrcHcsuf csdK‹wJhaea-umif; azmfjyxm;ayonf?

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