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Charles Calleros
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84 CHI.-KENT J. INT L & COMP. L. Vol. XIII
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Introduction .........................................................................................86
I. Common Law and Civil Law Legal Methodology ...........................87
II. Cause, Consideration, and Reciprocal Inducement...........................90
A. The French Code Civil ..........................91
B. The Common Law Requirement of Consideration .......................92
1. A Brief History......................................................................93
2. Consideration in Modern U.S. Contract Law ...........................95
III. Promissory Estoppel as Shield and Sword ................................. 101
A. Protecting Reliance on Promises as well as Representations of Facts .............................................................................................. 101
1. Promissory Estoppel in the United States .............................. 102
2. English Estoppel for Reliance on a Promise........................... 104
B. Promissory Estoppel as a Sword, as Well as a Shield ................. 105
1. Estoppel as a Shield in England ............................................ 105
2. Estoppel as a Sword in the United States ............................... 108
No. 2 Cause Considera tion Prom issory Estoppel 85
C. Explaining the Divergence Between Promissory Estoppel in England and the U.S. ...................................................................... 111
1. Sword and Shield More Fully Defined .................................. 111
2. Is the Divergence Narrowed Through Recognition of an Implied Exchange? .................................................................................. 112
3. Filling the Gap: English Recognition of Promises Under Deed 115
Conclusion......................................................................................... 118
86 CHI.-KENT J. INT L & COMP. L. Vol. XIII
Charles Calleros
Every legal system restricts the class of promises that merit legal enforcement. Most legal systems will readily enforce a promise that the promisor had consensually exchanged for another promise. Legal tradi-tions differ, however, in the extent to which they will enforce a gratuitous promise a promise to make a gift. Compared to the civil law concept of cause, the common law requirement of consideration is fairly restrictive. A charitable motivation can provide the cause, or reason, for a promise to make a gift; however, the consideration requirement excludes such gratui-tous promises.
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