ASP Pinelis Klia Hub

8/10/2019 ASP Pinelis Klia Hub

1/21

Lev Pinelis, M.S. Transportation 2006

1.231 Airport Systems Planning, Design,and Management

Fall 200

!"#ala L#mp#r $nternational Airport%

T&e 'e( So#t&)*ast Asia Airline +#-


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1.0 Introduction to the new Kuala Lumpur airport

T&e ne( "#ala L#mp#r $nternational Airport /"L$A (as envisioned and #ilt in

Malaysia d#ring t&e term o Ma&at&ir Mo&ammad, t&e t&Prime Minister o Malaysia.

T&e ormer prime minister, oten reerred to simply as !Dr. M, (as in po(er rom 11)

2003 and is responsile or a vast development eort in Malaysia. +is vision (as

instr#mental in t&e 4onstr#4tion o t&e Petronas To(ers, t&e M#ltimedia S#per 5orridor,

as (ell as "L$A. Alt&o#g& ormer Prime Minister Mo&ammad is no longer in po(er in

Malaysia, t&e development pa4e t&at &e &elped to set appears to 4ontin#e, as Malaysia is

still envisioning rea4&ing !developed nation stat#s y t&e year 2020.

Parti4#larly, t&e anti4ipated s#44ess o "L$A, #ilt in 1, is vie(ed as an essential

stim#lant to t&e Malaysian gro(t& and development. $t (as and is Malaysias &ope t&at

t&e ne( airport (ill event#ally gro( to e4ome t&e dominant So#t&)*ast Asia airline .

T&e Malaysia Airports +olding 7er&ad /MA+7, a government sponsored organi8ation

t&at is responsile or t&e operation o most o t&e airports in Malaysia, in4l#ding "L$A,

&as een #sing vario#s ta4ti4s to oost "L$As air trai4 vol#me. +o(ever, sta#n4&

4ompetition rom Singapore, T&ailand, and so#t&ern 5&ina are limiting t&e s#44ess o t&e

eorts o MA+7 to promote "L$A to regional stat#s.

2.0 Current status of the airline hub competition in South-East Asia

9 parti4#lar 4on4ern or "L$A are 7ang:o: and Singapore, (&i4& are "#ala L#mp#rs

4losest neig&oring airport po(er&o#ses in t&e So#t&)*ast Asia region. 5&angi

$nternational Airport, t&e Singaporean airline , is 4#rrently 4onsidered t&e premier

airport in t&e region, (&ile 7ang:o: is 4onsidered se4ond most dominant. $n addition,

alt&o#g& not as 4lose to "#ala L#mp#r geograp&i4ally as Singapore and 7ang:o:, "#ala

L#mp#r airport planners (ill also &ave to pay attention to +ong "ong, (&i4& &arors an

airport per&aps (it& even more inl#en4e t&an 5&angi. Finally, "L$A (ill also &ave to

:eep a (at4& on t&e developments at t&e neary ;a:arta $nternational Airport, sin4e

parti4#larly in t&e re4ent t(o years, t&e trai4 at ;a:artas main airport, Soe:arno)+atta

Airport, &as een gro(ing signii4antly.


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M#4& is at sta:e or t&ese 4ompeting airports. Fig#re 1 is a grap&i4al representation o

airline trai4 density t&ro#g&o#t t&e (orld. =ello( pat&s indi4ate less dense ro#tes and

red lines indi4ate t&e most densely #sed ro#tes. Apparent rom t&e grap&i4 is t&at 'ort&

Ameri4a, *#rope, and Asia)Pa4ii4 are t&e t&ree dominant regions or airline a4tivity.

'ort& Ameri4a &as &istori4ally een t&e most #sy region, ollo(ed y *#rope, and t&en

y Asia. +o(ever, a44ording to t&e $nternational 5ivil Aviation 9rgani8ation /$5A9,

Asia)Pa4ii4 (ill soon, or t&e irst time ever, attain a larger s&are o (orld(ide airline

lig&t a4tivity t&an *#rope in 200>. 200> predi4ted distri#tion o regional lig&t a4tivity

is presented in Fig#re 2 on t&e ne?t page.

Figure 1. Airline route density.

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2


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Figure 2. Projected distribution of the Worlds regional flight activity in 2005.

So#r4e% $nternational 5ivil Aviation 9rgani8ation /$5A9, (((.#nes4ap.org

T&e leading 4o#ntries in So#t&)*ast Asia are ig&ting or airport trai4 dominan4e as t&ey

attempt to stim#late t&eir e4onomies and politi4al inl#en4e. A strong airport almost

al(ays 4orrelates dire4tly (it& a strong e4onomy in t&e &aroring 4o#ntry. Ts, airport

development is vie(ed as an important item on t&e agenda o t&e governments o t&ese

4o#ntries. T&e 4ompetition &as prod#4ed a s#rge in 4onstr#4tion and renovation a4tivities

at t&e strongest airports, as (ell as ne( management approa4&es and strategies in So#t&)

*ast Asian airports.

"#ala L#mp#r, o 4o#rse, #ilt "#ala L#mp#r $nternational Airport in 1, (&i4& 4an

4#rrently &andle 2> million passengers per year. To its o(n 4redit, 5&angi Airport is

planning a C>00 million ma:eover o its t(o e?isting terminal #ildings. Pl#s, y 200,

3


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5&angi &opes to 4omplete t&e 4onstr#4tion o a t&ird terminal #ilding, (&i4& is proe4ted

to oost 4apa4ity levels at t&e airport to 6 million passengers per year. /1 9 great

importan4e to t&e airport mar:et in So#t&)*ast Asia is t&at 7ang:o: is 4#rrently

4onstr#4ting t&e ne( S#varnami Airport to repla4e t&e Don M#ang Airport. T&e ne(

airport in 7ang:o:, T&ailands 4apital and largest 4ity, (ill e ale to &andle > million

passengers per year. $t is T&ailands &ope t&at, (it& t&e ne( airport, t&ey (ill not only

overs&ado( "#ala L#mp#r #t also stay 4ontin#e to stay 4ompetitive (it& +ong "ongs

5&e: Lap "o: Airport and Singapores 5&angi Airport. S#varnami is s4&ed#led to

open Septemer 2, 200>. /1, 2

2.1 raffic le!els for each airport from 1""#-200$

T&e airports in Singapore, +ong "ong, 7ang:o:, "#ala L#mp#r, and ;a:arta are all

vying to oost t&eir trai4 vol#mes. Fig#re 3, on t&e ne?t page, presents total ann#al

passenger levels or ea4& o t&e ive airports. 9 note is t&e dramati4 drop in +ong

"ongs trai4 level in 1B. T&e o#tlying data point is d#e to t&e #niE#e politi4al

sit#ation t&e 4ity (as e?perien4ing d#ring t&at time, as reat 7ritain yielded #risdi4tion

o t&e Asian 4ity to 5&ina on ;#ly 1, 1B. As or general trends, d#ring t&e past de4ade,

Singapore, +ong "ong, and 7ang:o: &ave dominated t&e smaller "#ala L#mp#r and

;a:arta airports. +o(ever, re4ently, t&e smaller airports &ave een grad#ally ta:ing a(ay

trai4 rom t&e top t&ree airports.


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Figure 3. otal annual !assengers for five "outh#$ast Asian air!orts during the !astdecade.

Data% $5A9 /3,, Airport 5o#n4il $nternational /A5$ />

2.2 Airlines ser!ed b% each airport

A 4omparison et(een t&e


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able 1. %urrent service availability of 10 to! &orth A'erican airlines for ()*A and

three do'inant airline hubs in "outh#$ast Asia.

&orth America

op airlines KLIA

Sin'apore

(Star

Alliance)

*on'

Kon'

(+ne,orld

Alliance)

an'o

(Star

Alliance)

Ameri4anAirlines H H

Gnited Airlines H H H

Delta Airlines H

'ort&(estAirlines H H H

5ontinentalAirlines H H

GS Air(ays

So#t&(estAirlines

Air 5anada H H

Ameri4a


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able 3. %urrent service availability of 10 to! Asia#Pacific airlines for ()*A and three

do'inant airline hubs in "outh#$ast Asia.

Asia-/acific op

Airlines KLIA

Sin'apore

(Star

Alliance)

*on'

Kon'

(+ne,orld

Alliance)

an'o

(Star

Alliance)

;apan Airlines H H H

SingaporeAirlines H H H H

Jantas Air(ays H H H

All 'ipponAir(ays H H H

5at&ay Pa4ii4 H H H H

T&ai $nternational H H H H

"orean Air H H H HMalaysia Airlines H H H H

5&ina Airlines H H H H

5&ina So#t&ern H H HData% /6,B,,

$.0 KLIAs strate'% in becomin' a dominant airline hub in South-East Asia

T&e Malaysian government &as de4ided t&at t&ey (ant to ma:e "L$A into t&e dominant

airline in So#t&)*ast Asia. Kelated to t&is eort, Malaysia &as also, more generally,

set o#t to e4ome a developed nation y t&e year 2020, and t&e 4o#ntrys e4onomy &as

responded to re4ent development eorts y t&e government (it& steady gro(t&. To

res#me e4onomi4 e?pansion to t&e proportions t&e Malaysian government &opes to

a4&ieve, a dominant airline (ill li:ely e ne4essary. 7#t #st (&at is an airline

and &o( does an airport gain s#4& a stat#s-

An airline is a pla4e t&at provides a 4onvenient pla4e or passengers to 4at4& a lig&t

or is t&e est pla4e to 4&ange planes on a lig&t 4onne4tion. A large portion o t&e4onvenien4e a4tor or an airport is determined y t&e level o 4ongregating a4tivity

(&i4& o44#rs in t&e regional premises o t&e airport. T&e airports region &as to not #st

e an attra4tive spot or to#rists, #t more importantly, a pla4e (&ere t&ere is a large

vol#me o #siness a4tivity. More #siness (o#ld mean a stronger e4onomy and (ill

yield in4reased n#mers o #siness travelers.

B


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To#rism is, &o(ever, also very important or ringing in &ig& vol#mes o air trai4 into a

region. For Malaysia, t&e stat#re o "L$A (ill depend strongly on t&e (or: done y t&e

vario#s to#rism promotion agen4ies s#4& as To#rism Malaysia and t&e rep#tation t&at it

(ill ma:e or itsel ased on opinions o to#rists (&o &ave already visited t&e area. A

strong potential attra4tion possessed y Malaysia t&at promoters 4an o4#s mar:eting

eorts on is t&e 4o#ntrys e?oti4 nat#re. A large, re4ent development in to#rism trends is

e4oto#rism and advent#re travel. ;#st as one e?ample o t&e potential or gro(t& in t&e

to#rism ind#stry, Malaysia 4an e mar:eted to to#rists see:ing s#4& an e?perien4e. /10

Also, it is important or development t&at t&e airport in E#estion provides a good

val#e or t&e airlines t&at ly t&ere. *spe4ially (it& t&e oom o Lo()5ost 5arrier airlines

all aro#nd t&e


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lot o gro#nd to ma:e #p on t&e top airlines in t&e So#t&)*ast Asia region. MAS m#st

(or: to e?pand its ro#te net(or: to s#4& 4riti4al ro#tes as t&e so 4alled !:angaroo ro#te,

(&i4& provides servi4e et(een *#rope and A#stralia. T&is parti4#lar ro#te is 4#rrently

dominated y t&e Star allian4e and 9ne(orld allian4e. For Star allian4e, t&e ro#te is

largely 4arried y Singapore Airlines and T&ai Airlines. 7ot& o t&ese airlines 4onne4t

s#4& lig&ts t&ro#g& t&eir &ome ases in Singapore and 7ang:o:, respe4tively, oosting

trai4 or t&eir 4o#ntrys airports. $n addition, 9ne(orld partners (it& +ong "ong ased

5at&ay Pa4ii4 to serve t&e region on similar ro#tes t&at MAS 4#rrently does not &ave

a44ess to servi4e. /12

$.1.2 rin'in' in a strate'ic forei'n partner for both KLIA and AS.

$nd#stry analysts elieve t&at it is 4riti4al or "L$As and MASs s#44ess to ring in a

oreign strategi4 partner, (&o (o#ld 4arry (it& t&em e?pertise and net(or:ing. S#4& a

partners&ip (o#ld proaly e ne4essary or MAS to develop itsel into maor trans)Asia

ro#tes, s#4& as t&e previo#sly mentioned !:angaroo ro#te, or e?ample. Foreign airport

operators &ave e?pressed an interest in ta:ing #p a sta:e o MA+7. Among t&e more

prominent o t&ese are t&e 7ritis& Airport A#t&ority /7AA, t&e ADP o Fran4e, t&e

operators o S4&ipol Airport in Amsterdam, and t&e Fran:#rt Main in ermany. /11

As t&is partners&ip (o#ld &elp MAS develop ne( ro#tes, t&e opport#nity to oin one o

t&e main (orld airline allian4es in4l#ding Star allian4e, 9ne(orld allian4e, or S:yTeam

allian4e may present itsel. Memers&ip in s#4& an allian4e (o#ld indi4ate t&at MAS and

"L$A &ave indeed gro(n to e4ome prominent aviation entities. 5#rrently, ot&

9ne(orld and Star allian4es already &ave prominent partners&ips t&at 4arry t&eir ro#tes

t&ro#g& So#t&)*ast Asia, so gaining entran4e into one o t&ese t(o may e 4&allenging.

As an alternative, t&e ot&er maor airline allian4e t&at e?ists is 4alled t&e S:yTeam

allian4e. T&e 4#rrent memers o t&is allian4e in4l#de Air Fran4e, Delta, AeroMe?i4o,

"orean Airlines, 5SA 58e4& Airlines, Alitalia, "LM, 5ontinental, and 'ort&(est.

K#ssian)ased Aerolot and 5&ina So#t&ern Airlines &ave re4ently applied or

memers&ip to t&is allian4e. For Malaysia Airlines, oining t&is allian4e (o#ld e a

logi4al opport#nity to p#rs#e. $n a4t, MAS only re4ently #sed to e part o an allian4e


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4alled t&e


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made t&e ollo(ing statement 4on4erning t&is ee (aiver% !


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$.$.1 5e!elopment of the 267000 acres of land surroundin' KLIA

Sin4e "L$A (as #ilt in t&e o#ts:irts o t&e "#ala L#mp#r metropolitan area, t&e area

s#rro#nding t&e ne( airport (as initially largely #ndeveloped. Ts, MA+7 &as set o#t

to develop t&e s#rro#nding lands o "L$A or e4onomi4 and 4ommer4ial a4tivities. S#4&

developments s&o#ld &elp to improve "L$As trai4 demand, as t&e airport (ill e4ome

more 4onvenient to #se or a greater maority o people. As part o t&is development plan,

MA+7 envisions a similar development as o44#rred aro#nd t&e Los Angeles

$nternational Airport /LAH in t&e Gnited States. 9ne e?ample o t&e potential eneits o

developing t&e s#rro#nding area o "L$A is t&e already #ilt Sepang $nternational 5ir4#it

/S$5, a 4ar ra4e tra4: t&at &as already dra(n in many visitors or ra4ing events and &olds

promise to 4ontin#e to do so. T&e S$5 &eld a Form#la 1 event in 1, (&i4& attra4ted

6>,000 visitors, B0O o t&ese oreign. T&e 1 event is 4redited as &aving 4ontri#ted a

total o >00 million Malaysian Kinggit /KM to t&e e4onomy. $n 2000, t&e same event

dre( in >,000 visitors and KM 1 million to t&e e4onomy. $n 2001, t&e event attra4ted

B>,000 visitors, t&e de4rease li:ely to do (it& t&e SAKS s4are. 'evert&eless, t&e notion is

4lear. More o s#4& to#rist attra4tions (o#ld &elp t&e Malaysian e4onomy and "L$A

tremendo#sly. /11

$n addition to to#rist attra4tions, Malaysia &as ta:en drasti4 a4tions t&at (ill ring

government and #siness a4tivity 4loser to t&e area o "L$A. 9ver t&e past de4ade, a ne(

administrative 4enter 4alled P#traaya &as een developed. T&e ne(ly developed 4ity no(

serves as Malaysias 4apital and is strategi4ally lo4ated at essentially t&e midpoint o t&e

line et(een "#ala L#mp#rs do(nto(n area and t&e area (&ere "L$A &as een #ilt.

T&is 4onvenient lo4ation allo(s or easy a44essiility rom P#traaya to t&e 4o#ntrys

iggest 4ity and iggest airport at t&e same time. $n addition, #st (est o P#traaya is

5yeraya. 5yeraya is also a ne( development t&at (as #ilt to serve as a te4&nologi4al

4enter or Malaysia, and is intended to #n4tion similarly to t&e Gnited States Sili4on

Ialley, or e?ample. 5yerayas role (ill e to oost #siness a4tivity and te4&nology

gro(t& in t&e region. 7ot& P#traaya and 5yeraya lie along t&e "L$A *?press Kail

Lin:, (&i4& provides 4onvenient transit options to "#ala L#mp#rs do(nto(n and

"L$A.


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government t&at t&ese developments (ill &elp to oost t&e 4o#ntrys e4onomy, and

sim#ltaneo#sly, "L$As trai4 vol#mes.

$.$.2 Air car'o potential for KLIA

Passenger air trai4 gro(t& is not t&e only gro(t& oe4tive t&at "L$A &as. T&e ne(

airport also &opes to e4ome one o t&e top destinations or air 4argo in t&e Asia)Pa4ii4

region. $n p#rs#it o t&is goal, "L$A &as estalis&ed a !Free 5ommer4ial one /F5,

(&i4& is a 20)a4re distri#tion and transs&ipment 4enter 4apale o &andling one million

tonnes o reig&t ann#ally. Air 4argo &andling is proe4ted to gro( in "L$A to 60,000

tonnes y 200. /1

T&e no par:ing or landing ee or > years poli4y at "L$A e?tends to air 4argo 4arriers and

s&o#ld ring in more 4arriers. Malaysian seaports are also :no(n to 4&arge relatively

4&eap servi4e ees. Malaysias (illingness to 4&arge t&ese lo( ees or airport a44ess, as

(ell as or seaport a44ess, &as &elped it to dra( in 4argo trai4. T&e lo( ees strategy

seems parti4#larly ee4tive or attra4ting reig&t s&ippers, e4a#se t&ey do not 4are i t&e

4o#ntry t&ro#g& (&i4& t&ey are moving t&e s&ipments is neit&er an attra4tive to#rist

destination nor i it &as a strong e4onomy or not. As 4apa4ity or 4argo s&ipment gro(s in

t&e Malaysian airports and reig&t trai4 in So#t&)*ast Asia also 4ontin#es to gro(, t&e

lo( ees s&o#ld 4ontin#e to dra( in more reig&t trai4. David L. 5#nning&am ;r.,

president o Federal *?press in t&e Asia)Pa4ii4, said in rea4tion to t&e lo(er Malaysian

ees at t&e airport, !$t ma:es yo# say, QS&o#ld $ give it a try- 5ostN is ovio#sly a

4omponent o any de4ision yo# ma:e in terms o (&ere to ly to. /12

$.# /romotional efforts

As (it& any prod#4t, advertisement is essential or "L$As s#44ess. MA+7s mar:eting

team &as een a4tively doing #st t&at or "L$A. T&e ee4t o t&is eort is apparent. $n

1, (&en t&e airport irst opened, $nternational Air Transport Asso4iation /$ATA

ran:ed t&e airport 1>t&est in t&e


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its improving rep#tation. A good rep#tation (ill e #se#l in ringing in more trai4 to

"L$A.

$.#.1 ourism

Strong to#rism a4tivity is a :ey or t&e development o a 4entral airline . Malaysia is

4#rrently dra(s t&e largest n#mer o international to#rists o all o t&e 4o#ntries stri4tly

4onsidered to e in So#t&)*ast Asia. A44ording to Fig#re elo(, (&i4& s&o(s ann#al

international to#rist arrivals or t&e regions 4orresponding to t&e strongest air a4tivity in

So#t&)*ast Asia, +ong "ong does dra( in more to#rists t&an Malaysia, #t +ong "ong is

not te4&ni4ally in So#t&)*ast Asia.

Figure +. *nternational tourist arrivals in regions ,ith strongest air!orts in "outh#$astAsia.

Data%


16/21

Kes#lts o t&e s#rvey are presented in Fig#re > on t&e ne?t page. Kes#lts s&o(ed t&at, in

a4t, Singapore, +ong "ong, and T&ailand (ere all destinations t&at re4eived more

a(areness t&an Malaysia. T&is dis4repan4y et(een a4t#al to#rism n#mers and t&e

per4eptions o to#rism a4tivity indi4ates t&at an ee4tive mar:eting strategy to

disseminate a4t#al to#rism inormation (o#ld e a (ort&(&ile investment or Malaysia.

'ot only (o#ld t&is send a message to potential to#rists t&at Malaysia is a more

prominent to#rist destination t&an t&ey may t&in:, #t per&aps more importantly, t&is

(o#ld send a message to airlines, (&o may also e #na(are o t&e a4t#al ig#res, t&at t&e

Malaysian to#rism mar:et is E#ite ro#st.

Figure 5. A,areness of Asia#Pacific travel destinations by travel agents around the

World.

So#r4e% (((.asiamar:etresear4&.4om

9ne t&ing t&at t&e Malaysian government &as done re4ently is t&at t&ey so#g&t to target

parti4#lar gro#ps o to#rists (&o (o#ld e strong potential visitors to t&e 4o#ntry. For

e?ample, Malaysia &as een s#44ess#l in t&e post) Septemer 11t&(orld to position itsel

as an ideal va4ation spot or Aras (orried ao#t travel &assles and pre#di4e t&at t&ey

mig&t en4o#nter in


17/21

at &ome. /1B T&e strategy seems to &ave een (or:ing. As a res#lt o t&e in4reasing

travel demand rom t&e Ara (orld, many Arai4 airlines &ave 4ommen4ed servi4e to

"L$A. =emen and Jatar Airlines ot& egan to serve "L$A in early 2002. *gypt Air and

"#(ait Airlines also egan servi4e in 2002. Also, *mirates Airlines &ave in4reased lig&t

reE#en4ies in t&e past several years. /12 T&is p&enomenon (it& t&e Arai4 to#rists

ma:es apparent t&at i t&ere is demand y t&e to#rists, t&e airlines (ill provide t&e servi4e

to (&ere t&ese to#rists (ant to go.

Anot&er potentially deep to#rist gro#p t&at t&e Malaysian government &as tried to sell

to#rism in Malaysia to is t&e 5&inese to#rist gro#p. Malaysias pop#lation 4onsists o

more t&an 0O et&ni4 5&inese. $n "#ala L#mp#r, t&is per4entage is even larger. As

Malaysia &as moderni8ed, t&e gro(ing 4lass o al#ent 5&inese natives 4o#ld e dra(n

rom to 4ome to Malaysia as a !&ome a(ay rom &ome. T&e Malaysian government &as

re4ogni8ed t&is opport#nity and &as een mar:eting Malaysia as a to#rist destination to

t&e 5&inese. /1 T&e anti4ipated s#44ess o in4reased to#rist n#mers rom 5&ina (ill

ring (it& it more reE#ent lig&t a4tivity on 5&inese ased airlines, on4e again &elping

"L$A gro(. Similar initiatives targeting ot&er et&ni4 gro#ps 4o#ld prove very ee4tive

or Malaysia to dra( in more airline servi4e to "L$A.

#.0 4ecommended Action /lan for KLIA

Malaysia Airports +olding 7er&ad /MA+7, t&e government sponsored organi8ation

operating "L$A, and t&e Malaysian government are p#tting ort& immense eort to

develop "L$A into a dominant airline in So#t&)*ast Asia. *ssentially all o t&eir

eorts are positively prod#4tive in in4reasing trai4 vol#me levels at "L$A, alt&o#g&

some ta4ti4s are more 4riti4al to p#rs#e t&an ot&ers. $n t&e se4tions elo(, o#r parti4#lar

areas o o4#s or development eorts are re4ommended on t&e asis o t&e analysis o

t&e data and res#lts presented in t&is st#dy. T&e o#r 4riti4al iss#es or t&e 4ontin#ing

gro(t& o "L$A to stat#s are identiied as t&e ollo(ing% Malaysian e4onomi4

development, to#rist mar:eting, lo()4ost 4arrier o4#s, and t&e 4ontin#ing development

o Malaysia Airlines.

16


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#.1 Economic de!elopment

9 parti4#lar importan4e to "L$A is t&e 4ontin#ing gro(t& and development o t&e

Malaysian e4onomy. An apparent advantage t&at Singapore and +ong "ong &ave over

"#ala L#mp#r is a s#perior e4onomy (it& a more estalis&ed #siness environment.

"#ala L#mp#r s&o#ld see: to attain similar stat#s. As t&e e4onomy 4ontin#es to develop,

#siness a4tivity (ill &elp to sp#r "L$As trai4 vol#me.

#.2 ourist maretin'

Malaysia already &as one o t&e strongest to#rism ind#stries in So#t&)*ast Asia.

+o(ever, t&e developing nation &as re4ently gained ne( mar:etaility potential to

to#rists s#4& as t&ose rom


19/21

#.# Continuin' de!elopment of ala%sia Airlines

T&e strongest airports rig&t no( in So#t&)*ast Asia are in Singapore, +ong "ong, and

7ang:o:. 'ot 4oin4identally, t&eir asso4iated national airlines, Singapore Airlines,

5at&ay Pa4ii4 Airlines, and T&ai $nternational Airlines are also amongst t&e strongest in

Asia. Moreover, t&ese t&ree airlines are all part o one o t&e maor


20/21

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21/21

13. To#rism F#t#res $nternational. 200.*ndustry *ssues and rends 8 Airline alliances.9nlineN Availale% &ttp%@@(((.to#rism#t#resintl.4om@spe4ialO20reports@allian4es.&tml 0 De4emer 200N

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16.

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