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4.2.1. ASTM C-90 Northwest Modifications.
The typical concrete masonry unit manufactured in the Northwest is a Grade N block,
Grade N units require a minimum compressive strength of 1000 p.s.i., average (3 units)gross area. This equates to a netconcrete strength of over 2000 psi. since the block is
approximately 50 % void area.
Some confusion arises over the compressive strength portion of the specification. Many
specs call for the compressive strength of the concrete masonry unit to be 1350 p.s.i.rather than 1000 p.s.i. This is improper as 1350 p.s.i. is the walldesign strength allowable
with Grade N units. This value incorporates the strengths of the mortar and grout as well
as the block into one design value based on net area.
Another ASTM C-90 requirement that stirs up much controversy, misunderstanding andwrong application is that concerning the type classification of concrete masonry units.
C-90 states that there are two types of units for each grade: Type I,Moisture- Controlled
Units, which shall conform to the moisture content requirements of Table I, and Type II,NonMoisture-Controlled Units, which need not conform to the moisture content
requirement shown in Table 1.
ASTM C-90
Table 1 Moisture-Content Requirements for Type 1 Units
Linear
Shrinkage
Moisture Content, max, % of TotalAbsorption (Average of 3 Units)
Humidity Conditions at Job Site or Point of
Use
Humida Intermediateb Aridc
0.03 or less 45 40 35
From 0.03 to0.045
40 35 30
0.045 to 0.065,
max35 30 25
aAverage annual relative humidity above 75 %bAverage annual relative humidity 50 to 75 %cAverage annual relative humidity less than 50 %
Table 2 Strength and Absorption Requirements
Note -- To prevent water penetration protective coating should be applied on the exterior
face of basement walls and where required on the face of exterior walls above grade.
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Grade
Compressive
Strengthmin, psi (MPa)
Water Apsorption,
max lb/ft3 (kg/m3)
(Average of 3 units) with Oven-dry Weight of Concrete, lb/ft3 (kg/
m3)
Average GrossArea
Weight Classification
Averageof 3
Units
IndividualUnit
Light weight
Lessthan
85
(1362)
Lessthan
105
(1682)
Mediumweight
Less than
125 to
105
(2002 to1682)
Normal
weight125
(2002)
or more
N-1N-11
1000(6.9)
800 (5.5) -- 18(288)
15 (240) 13 (208)
S-1a
S-11a
700
(4.8)600 (4.1)
20
(320)-- -- --
aLimited to use above grade in exterior walls with weather-protective coatings and in
walls not exposed to the weather
Table 3 Minimum Thickness of Face-shell and Webs
Web Thickness (WT)
Nominal
Width (W) ofUnits, in. (mm)
Face-Shell
Thickness(FST) min, in.
(mm)a
Webs,a min,in. (mm)
Equivalent Web
Thickness, min.in./linear ftb
(mm/linear m)b
3 (76.2) and
4 (102)3/4 (19) 3/4 (19) 1 5/8 (136)
6 (152) 1 (25) 1 (25) 2 1/4 (188)
8 (203) 1 1/4 (32) 1 (25) 2 1/4 (188)
10 (254)1 3/8 (35)
1 1/4 (32)c1 1/8 (29) 2 1/2 (209)
12 (305)1 1/2 (38)
1 1/4 (32)c1 1/8 (29) 2 1/2 (209)
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aAverage of measurements on 3 units taken at the thinnest point, when measured as
described in Methods C 140, Sections 15 and 17.2.
bSum of the measured thickness of all webs in the unit, multiplied by 12, and divided bythe length of the unit.
cThis face-shell thickness (FST) is applicable wher allowable design load is reduced in
proportion to the reduction in thickness from basic face-shell thickness shown.
Moisture content requirements are included to con trol the amount of shrinkage that canoccur in a concrete masonry unit. There are three facets to consider in evaluating
moisture content and shrinkage.
1. What are the humidity conditions at the jobsite or point of use? In an area that is
continually damp, rainy and very humid, masonry would not tend to dry out and shrink.Shrinkage takes place when excessive water leaves the unit through evaporation or
drying. Arid or desert area will cause the excessive moisture in the unit to leave rapidly
and thus shrink more than in a humid area. Accordingly, in humid areas, the moisturecontent of the block can be higher than the moisture content in arid areas.
The humidity conditions are defined as follows:
Humid, when the average humidity is above 75 %;
Intermediate, when the average annual humidity is between 50 % and 75 %;
Arid, when the average annual humidity is less than 50 %.
This average annual humidity is generally obtained from the local weather bureau, which
may or may not have the same condition as the jobsite.
2. What is the absorption of the masonry units? The heavier the unit, the less water it is
permitted to absorb.
3. What is the total shrinkage of the units from saturated wet to oven dry? Table 1 givesthree ranges of shrinkage:
1. 0.03 % or less
2. from 0.03 % to 0.045 %
3. from 0.045 % to 0.065 % max.
Masonry units that have very little shrinkage, 0.030 % or less, can have higher moisturecontent because the loss of water will not create excessive shrinkage in the block. Units
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with high shrinkage, 0.065 % may have excessive movement or shrinkage if the units are
very wet and they dry out in an arid climate.
The total linear shrinkage of the unit will be a governing factor in determining how muchmoisture may be in the block.
With the materials used in the manufacturing of block in the NW., it is recommended that
the shrinkage requirement be specified as 0.045 % - 0.065 % maximum. In Seattle for
example, the maximum moisture content would then be 35%, as taken from Table I
4.2.2. Basic Use. 1) Reinforced structural walls.
4.2.3. Grades. There are two grades of hollow concrete block: N and S. The grade N unit
is for general use in exterior walls above and below grade and for interior walls.
The Grade S unit is limited to use above grade in exterior walls with weather protective
coating and in walls not exposed to the weather.
4.2.4. Compression. This is the vertical load applied upon a block unit in its normalposition in accordance with ASTM specification. Block shall develop not less than 700
p.s.i. grade S, and 1000 p.s.i. for Grade N over the average gross area with an average of
three units, Higher strength block are available. Consult with local manufacturer whendesired.
4.2.5. Moisture Control. Two types of hollow concrete block are covered as follows:
TYPE I: Moisture controlled units shall conform to a maximum moisture content
requirement dependent upon the linear shrinkage properties of the block and the humidityconditions at the jobsite. Block with less shrinkage potential are permitted to have higher
moisture contents.
TYPE II: Non-moisture controlled units are not required to meet a moisture content
requirement.
4.2.6. Dimension.No overall dimension (width height, and length) shall differ by morethan 1/8 inch from the specified standard dimensions.
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Configurations and dimensions of a typical 8x8x16 unit
4.3. Solid Load-Bearing Units. This section covers solid concrete block (units with 75%
or more solid area) ASTM C-145 is the most widely used solid block specification.
4.3.1. Basic Use. 1) Veneer, 2) Cavity walls, 3) Multi-wythe reinforced walls.
4.3.2. Grades. There are two grades of solid load-bearing concrete block "N and S". Thegrade N unit is for general use in exterior walls above and below grade and for interior
walls.
The Grade S unit is limited to use above grade in exterior walls with weather protective
coating and in walls not exposed to the weather.
4.3.3. Compression. Block shall develop not less than 1200 p.s.i. for grade S units, and1800 p.s.i. for grade N over the average gross area with an average of three units.
4.3.4. Moisture Content. Two types of solid concrete block are covered as follows:
NOTE: Same info as 4.2.5.
4.3.5. Dimension. Two types of hollow concrete block are covered as follows: NOTE:Same info as 4.2.6.
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Gross and net CMU area
Concrete Masonry Unit interior wall
Next page
The NW Masonry Guide Table of Contents
Masonry Institute of Washington
Washington State Conference of Mason Contractors
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