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    SETI - The Search for

    Extraterrestrial Intelligence

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    What are some characteristics of life? In other

    words, how do you decide if something is

    alive?

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    What do we mean by life?

    Hard to define what we mean by life.

    Characteristics of living organisms:

    They can react to their environment and can oftenheal themselves when damaged.

    They can grow by taking in nourishment from theirsurroundings.

    They can reproduce, passing along some of their

    own characteristics to their offspring.

    They have the capacity for genetic change andcan therefore evolve from generation togeneration to adapt to a changing environment.

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    Life in the Universe

    The general case in favor of extraterrestrial life is summed up inwhat are sometimes called the assumptions of mediocrity:

    Because life on Earth depends on just a few basicmolecules.

    Because the elements that make up these molecules are (toa greater or lesser extent) common to all stars.

    If the laws of science we know apply to the entire universe(which we assume), then, given sufficient time, life musthave originated elsewhere in the cosmos.

    The opposing view maintains that intelligent life on Earth is theproduct of a series of extremely fortunate accidents

    (astronomical, geological, chemical, and biological events

    unlikely to have happened anywhere else in the universe).

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    Life on Earth

    Building blocks of life as we know it - amino acids andnucleotide bases (organic, carbon-based, molecules).

    Amino acids build proteins and nucleotide bases form

    genes. In 1953, the first scientist proved that you could make

    amino acids and nucleotide bases from simpleringredients that would have existed on a young Earth(water, methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia).

    Can synthesize biological molecules throughnonbiological means.

    However, these experiments have yet to create a livingorganism.

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    An Interstellar Origin

    Suggested that there wasnt enough raw material on Earth for

    the reactions to occur at a significant rate to form organic

    material.

    An alternate possibility - the organic material was produced ininterstellar space and arrived on Earth in the form of

    interplanetary dust and meteors that didnt burn up during their

    descent through the atmosphere.

    Large amounts of organic material were detected on comets

    Halley and Hale-Bopp.

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    How do you decide if

    something alive is intelligent?

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    Diversity and Culture

    However it got here, we know life did appear.

    Anthropologists believe that intelligence is

    strongly favored by natural selection. Perhaps most important was the

    development of language. This allowed forcultural evolution (the changes in the ideas

    and behavior of society).

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    Life as We Know It

    Generally taken to mean carbon-based lifethat originated in a liquid-water environment,or life as it is on Earth.

    In our solar system, Europa and Titan bothhold the possibility of harboring life.

    Most likely planet to harbor life (or to have

    had it in the past) is Mars. Need to keep in mind that life as we know it

    can exist in extremely hostile environments(and does on Earth as well).

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    The Drake Equation

    Statistical equation that gives the probabilityof intelligent life existing elsewhere in theuniverse.

    Several of the factors are a matter of opinion.

    Important as it divides a huge problem intomore workable chunks.

    Well go through each of the factorsindividually.

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    Which of the following factors

    would you expect to see in the

    Drake equation?A. Fraction of stars with planetary

    systems

    B. Fraction of planets on which life arises

    C. Average lifetime of a technologicallycompetent civilization

    D. All of the above

    E. A and B only

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    Rate of Star Formation

    Milky Way has roughly 100 billion stars

    now shining and is 10 billion years old.

    Using the above figures, we have a starformation rate of 10 stars per year.

    This is probably a fairly good average

    rate, even though we know its variedover time.

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    Fraction of Stars Having

    Planetary Systems If condensation theory is correct, then

    planetary systems are a natural result of thestar formation process.

    We assign a value near 1 to this factor - wethink essentially all stars have planetarysystems.

    We already have proof of other planetarysystems, and the number known will justincrease as technology improves, so werenot simply being overly optimistic here.

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    Number of Habitable Planets

    per Planetary System Habitable zone - three-dimensional zone of

    comfortable temperatures that surrounds everystar.

    Have to exclude the majority of binary starsystems.

    Have to exclude all but 10% of the systemsweve found so far as large Jupiter-like planets

    with interior orbits would destabilize anyterrestrial planets motion.

    We assign a value of 1/10 to this factor (or 10%).

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    Fraction of Habitable Planets

    on which Life Arises If the chemical reactions that led to the

    complex molecules that make up livingorganisms are completely random, then thisfactor is probably close to 0.

    Lab experiments indicate that these reactionsarent completely random (some are morefavored than others), so maybe life isnt sorare.

    Well be optimistic and go with a value near 1for this factor.

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    Fraction of Life-Bearing Planets

    on which Intelligence Arises One school of thought sees natural selection

    as a universal process and the developmentof intelligence as inevitable, making thisfactor nearly 1.

    The opposing side says that intelligent lifehas existed on Earth a relatively short periodof time compared to simple life, so itsprobably rare, making this factor very small.

    Well be optimistic and assume the value isnearly 1.

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    Fraction of Planets on which

    Intelligent Life Develops and

    Uses Technology

    If the rise of technology is inevitable, given enough

    time, then this factor is close to 1.

    If it is not inevitable, then this factor could be muchless than 1.

    Based on the fact that several tool-using societies

    arose independently at several places on Earth, well

    go with technology being inevitable and take thisfactor to be close to 1.

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    Average Lifetime of a

    Technological Civilization Combining our factors thus far in the Drake equation

    (10 x 1 x 1/10 x 1 x1 x 1 = 1), we can say that:

    The number of technologically intelligent

    civilizations now present in the Milky Way galaxy =lifetime of a technologically competent civilizationin years.

    So if average lifetime is 1000 years, then there are1000 civilizations present.

    If the average age is less than a few thousand years,then civilizations are unlikely to have the time tocommunicate with even their nearest neighbors.

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    Dr. Frank Drake is the Director of the SETI Institute's Center for

    the Study of Life in the Universe and also serves on the Board of

    Trustees of the SETI Institute as Chairman Emeritus.

    In 1960, as a staff member of the National Radio AstronomyObservatory, he conducted the first radio search for extraterrestrial

    intelligence.

    He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences where he

    chaired the Board of Physics and Astronomy of the National

    Research Council (1989-92). Frank also served as President ofthe Astronomical Society of the Pacific. He was a Professor of

    Astronomy at Cornell University (1964-84) and served as the

    Director of the Arecibo Observatory.

    He is Emeritus Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the

    University of California at Santa Cruz where he also served asDean of Natural Sciences (1984-88).

    In his spare time Frank enjoys cutting gem stones and growing

    orchids.Frank has three grown sons and two daughters in college.

    Both daughters are superb ballet dancers.

    http://www.seti.org

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    Meeting Our Neighbors

    Lets assume the average lifetime of a technological civilization

    is 1 million years.

    The Drake equation tells us that there are 1 million such

    civilizations and we estimate their distances to be about 100light-years apart from one another.

    Two-way communication would then take 200 years.

    Could we ever meet them? The speed of the fastest space

    probes is 50 km/s. It would take us 50,000 years just to reach

    Alpha Centauri (one of the closest stars). A distance of 100light-years would take a million years to travel.

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    Radio Searches

    A cheap way to make contact across interstellar

    space is to use electromagnetic radiation - fastest

    means of transferring information from one place to

    another.

    Radio is the best bet as its least affected by

    interstellar dust, etc.

    Possible to detect waste radio emissions as well

    (like the TV and radio emissions from Earth).

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    The Water Hole Suppose that a civilization has decided to assist searchers by

    actively broadcasting its presence to the rest of the galaxy. Atwhat frequency should we listen for such an extraterrestrialbeacon?

    The constituents of water (which is thought to be necessary for

    life), H atoms and OH molecules, radiate near 18 and 20 cm(radio wavelengths). Radio wavelengths interact the least withgas and dust, making the galaxy largely transparent to them.This region of wavelengths is called the water hole.

    In the same region of wavelengths, theres the least static ornoise from other sources (stars and interstellar clouds).

    Commonly known by the acronym SETI (search for

    extraterrestrial intelligence), radio searches have been

    underway since the late 1990s.

    No signals of extraterrestrial life have been detected.