Atma Vilakam

8/14/2019 Atma Vilakam

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Akfl isyjfjlf kiepajs k_j;amof Fxjyaa



Akl isyjjlkiepajs k_j;amof Fxjyaa

wiyspqG ~ Fjkkspa ]aohqgl

Kzashfhaul, jufuaT 641305

elgfGhhadypl, ejaplhkKzaf

98420 27383

98425 50987

Atma Vilakamby Thavayogi Thangarasan Adigal

Published by Sri Agathiar Gnana Peedam

Thooripalam, Kallar 641305

Methupalaiyam

Coimbatore

98420 27383

98425 50987

An Agathiyan Production House Publication 2012





4 lolf ........................................... ................... 71 h;sMkfk lol ................................................. 97

wiyslol .................................................... 97 Dylol..................................................... 100

lol WofOl lap vgMlj j:is ............. 101

lol Hkks Fj_ja;l mskfkl ...................... 106

Dbamms DbaI lol ............................... 109

5 kkfKi_fjy f ...................................... ........... 111 kkfKi isyjjl .......................................... 127

6 h] fm^k_fjy f .............................................. 129 h]fm^kLl Fkof kkKiLl ..................... 132

h]fm^kLl DgUl .................................. 133

h]fm^k_jysof wmpufhaGjy .................. 143

h]fm^k ndg .............................................. 147

7 Fnfkjfja;blf ............................................. 155 8 ko flak fksd;jyf .......................................... 159 9 hs;h]fml f ............................................ ......... 165 hs;h]fm hasball ....................................... 170

is]f]ao enajjsuf hs;h]ml .................... 174

10 Vy sPlf wihfhLl f ...................................... 189 11 ekatftl f ............................................. ......... 195

Dpsajysof ekattl .................................. 197





w<jofoak Mialsjy ia[dj

JtshfH

w<jofoak Mialsjy Snfkspaisufjufjkkaisuf FGkK âs Woft Xasuf 1814 AlAbfG dk lakkksuf hstnfkaaf. kofOdgp18iK ipksuf msggja_, haladiwmoftdgnfkaaf. hsof klK 30iK ipksufkapuanfK i[spaj luapa infkdgnfkaa.

luapaisuf wjga Feua|fgaasUl



11

u_jaispsUl, eh;aj wkUj AofmosUl huAbfGjy kil wmpK STkspaj eh;ajkahfha njasuf Dyy mqokK lpaol F:jsufJxdmpsgG 75 AbfGjyaj ki ia[djia[nfkaaf.

Mialsjyf ksaseuaj m]fmaas. luapaisuf huD:ikksuf hu Xajysuf F_j_ej jagmswjaGkkaa.

MialsjYjJ 3 mqgajy S:nfkoaf - iqliaf

(Snfekaosmspa), msk;LkK Fxjy (kls[naG),mkpaonfka (luapa).

S;alus_j Fxjyaa hsthfhktJ 9i:g_jYjJ LofH hstnfk w<jofoakafS;alus_j Fxjyad;j J:iajj wjabfGFia ks:D:ihf hgkdk i[shgG infkaaf.

Mialsjy kaof mlaks FdgphfehaJl nayJtshfhsgG cofT lak_jYjJ Lofeh DgofS:hfeha:jJ kjiuf wkasiskKisggaa.



12

Fkofhx mlaksj jgxg eidujyKijjhfhggo. kofOdgp ejaib_jy,kbfbqa JxjJl wjagga_Jmms, Amohfhudj,m_J, hak;gdm, kaof i[shgG infkS;alus_j Fxjyaaf hgl Sdijdy

mlaksjJyf dikKisg eibGl WofTwhaofOmals elmoaasgl rtsoaa.

S;alus_j Fxjyaa ldtIjJhf hsofOl 85

i:gl ia[nfK 25.1.1959 Al ekkspsufdkhf^ml FofT Fksjadu 4.30lbsjJ

S;alus_j Fxjy mlakspao Fekdkhf̂ mkkofT ^;bmlaks mlakspdgnfkaa.



13

msk;LkK Fxjyaaf ia[dj

JtshfH

msk;LkK Fxjy 1900 Al AbfGEhf;u lakl maafias i:gl mskksd; Lkunay Hkof js[dl S;alnakH;l laigglhdojJyl F:jsuf hstnfkaa.



14

Siaf msTipksuf V: whbfbsgl mqos wjaGWofT ejgj isdypaxj wjabfx:nfk Fhfwhbf lbfdb WGkK wjaGjj Si:l djpsufFkdo ia_j FK majjd;paj latspK.F_jay ekis Fllof mnfnskspsuf paIl

h;wiyspajs h;]femakslplajekattlyskkdkhf Fhfhaufp ipksuf jbfgaaf.Fxjjx mjm mlaks wha:nfks jqe[ is{nfKisGiaaf.

1922 Al AbfG Siaf luapa naG

infkdgnfkaa. AT AbfGjy j[skK 1928 AlAbfG kapnaG ks:lhsoaa. 1929 Suf msijalsFldldp lbnfkaa. hstJ lThxPl kosepluapa infkdgnfkaaf. FhfehaK w<jofoakMialsjyauf Si:jJ kqgdm k;hfwhttK.hsofoaf kapnaG ks:lhs lThxPl 1940 Suf

luapa infkdgnfkaaf. msk;LkK Fxjy 1947Suf kapnaG ks:hfhspKl F[jofJyl WoftXasuf F:wyays lgl nsTis ldois ljdokiwnts k{im wmpkaa. Fxjyaa moflaajjehakdojdy rts infkaa. hsofoaf

hdojJykksuf Aofl manfks nsdupkdkwkag_jsoaaf.



15

Fxjyaasof FtsId;jy FdokKl wkaJjwhtT F:wyays WofOl whpasgG NzuajwiysinfK ljjdy nufi[shfhGkkso.



16

kiepajs k_j;amof Fxjyaaf

ia[dj JtshfH

SnfNzusof Amsasp;ao kiepajs

k_j;amof Fxjyaaf Fiajy Ed[ wnmiayaJGlhkksuf coftaiK ljiajhf hstnfkia.hxhfHjJj rg imkspsofts Fxhfhdg juis

jtjei i[spsofts F:lhaG hgGk Foftagwmpkskkay isnsepajl wmpK Fksuf jsdgkk



17

wmath i:laoakdk dikK hxhfhxpajLKjduhf hggl whttia. Fxjyaahsofoauf Adg wka[stmadu ngkks infkaa.Aoflqj naggl wjabfg Siaf hu mskkajyMixjdyhf hxkK ApI ngkksoaa. kis;

Sujjsp eldgm wmatwha[siay;ajIlhgxloft_jysuf nGi;ajIl S:nfKSujjsphfhbsdp wmifieo wmpkaa.

kofOdgp ia[jdjpsuf mskkajy ljkKilDbafnfK klK 50iK ipksuf Sufutkdkk

KtnfK KtI ^bfG wjaufusldu, mK;jsas,whaksdj, Jttaul, wiyysp_jsas ehaoftSg_jysuf Jdjiaml eltwjabfG lawh:lkhmspaj ia[nfkaa.

Fxjyaa kil wjayfYl jaukksuf juuatsuf]aohqgl Fdlhfhap WofT Dkks;I AoK.Fkof nslskkel ~ Fjkkspa ]aohqglFdljjhfhggK.



18

Sptdj W[suf wja]fMl Xgx ldumma;usuf FdlnfKyfy Jxeu ~ Fjkkspa ]aohqglAJl. Fjkkspa 12000 Wofjst Nzusufmskkajy iaml wmpPl ldujy Woftkduhfhsuf 331iK hagusuf jq[ jbfgiaT

JtshfhsghfhgGyyK.laThga jufuaT lduphfha

ljkfkao msttuauof (Fjkfkspa) ldukaoaJl

ektspekaa msTjauof lduPlaJl

wkashfhao pamsjfjstia lduPlaJl

AThdg v[nfkwka: ksasiaof jaiufFhfheo Mhfhs;lbsp lduPlael

Skof isyjjl,

jufuaTldu Fjkkspa ldu. ltTl pamjlwhtTia{l mskkajy ldu. AThdg iqGwjabfg Mhfhs;lbspa Mttsj ksasjsoft lduPlAJl.

]ao hqgkksuf hu hu FtHk_jy ngjjsofto.

S_J infK i[shaG wmpeiaajy Kofhl



19

nq_js ljs[mmspaj ia{jsoftoa. mskkajyjs:dh nsofT isdypaGl Snfk SgkkstJhs;ahfkl Dyy huljjy infK Fjkkspajs:dhdp whTjsoftoaf.

Fxjyaa kaof whtt SdtpOhikdk SnfkDuj ljjYl wht eibfGl Woft nufuenajjkksuf epaj ]aohf hpstms FyskKi:jstaa. S_J laka lakl whyablspofT

msthfH i[shaG ltTl FofokaolndgehTjstK. Snfk Ams;ll FdlnfKyfy

Sgkksof F:jsuf ioiamsjy imsjjsoftoaf.F_J imsjJl ioiams J[nfdkjgJ juis,mq:dg, Hkkadg, W{K wha:gjy,hmspattuf ehaoft Fthfhbsjy FxjyaawmpK wjabfG S:jjstaa.

Siaf W{ksp Nzuf FbfgLl hsbfgLl, Akl

kkKil, Akl kasmol.

losk Dglhsof F:dldphf ehatts DgldhiyajJl wntsjdyPl Fkofcul Dpsd;

iyajJl wntsjdyPl wkaJkKk knfk



20

Fjkkspa ltTl ks:iyfYia Lku iyyuaaf id;pao mskka l;hsuf infkia kiepajsk_j;amof Fxjyaa Fiajy WofT k]fma@akls[hufjdujj[jl Ldoia gajgams.Mhfhs;lbspl kiepajspsof FbfgLl

hsbfgLl HkkjkkstjJ ia[fkKd; i[_jsoaaf.

k_j;amof Fxjyaa kiepajs, mskkepajs,mskk laafjj FOhis WofT kikks: X;aof

Fxjyaa kiepajspsof FbfgLl hsbfgLlHkkjkkstjJ ia[fkKd; i[_jsoaaf.

jgnfk 12 AbfGjyaj juuatsuf ki ia[djeltwjabfG ia{l jaukksuf SdtDkks;isof ehasuf leumspa ms_jhfâ wmofThufeiT Sg_jysuf Fjkkspa ]ao

hqgjjqdyjdy nsTisoaa.

leumsp LkuaiK Duj mskka wntslanagxUl, kls[j S;bfgaiK Duj mskkawnts lanagxUl kdudlhf H;iu;ajisy_jsoaa.



21

LofOd;,e;j cyfpy; thGk; midj;J caph;fSk;

xd;nw xd;iwj;jhd; ikakhf bfhz;L Mdhy;

mJ v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W bjupahky; njoj;

njo Xahky; miyfpd;wd. mJjhd; ,d;gk; ;

,d;gk; ,d;gk;. Mk; ,d;gkhd thH;f;if.



22

nkYk; nkYk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njo bghd;

bghUs; nghd;wtw;iw nrh;g;gjd; nehf;fk; me;j

,d;gk; epiyahdjhf cz;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f

ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd;.

,jw;F Kjy; mog;gilahd njit bghd;

bghUs; gzk; brhj;J kf;fs; my;y. mwpt[ xd;W

jhd;.

mwpt[ mjpYk; bjspe;j mwpt[ vd;w xd;nw xd;WnghJk; ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila

,d;g[w;W thH.

,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gk; ek;kplk; jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ ,e;j cyfpy; ntW v';Fk; ,y;iy

vd;w mwpt[ xd;nw nghJk;.

ehk; ahh; vd;gij bjhpe;Jbfhz;lhny nghJk;

,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila.



23

ek;ikg;gw;wp bjhptJ vd;why; cz;ikapy;

ehk; ahh;/

Md;kh vd;why; vd;d/

mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vd;why; vd;d/

Mj;k "hdk; vd;why; vd;d/

kdk;/

bjspe;j kdk;/

kdj;jpd; ,af;fk;/

,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;/

mq/

gukhq/

g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk; ,af;fKk;/

cly;/

caph;/

cyfk; kw;Wk;

gpug";rk;

nghd;w ,itfs; vg;go njhd;wpd/ vg;go

,a';FfpwJ vd;w mwpt[/



24

cly;/

cly; cWg;g[fs; Fwpj;j mwpt[/

cly; ,af;fk;/

cly; eyk; gw;wpa mwpt[/

kdk;/ g";rg{j jj;Jt';fs; gw;wpa bjspt[/

,itfisg;gw;wpa xl;Lbkhj;j mwpnt "hdk;

my;yJ Mj;k "hdk; vdg;gLk;.

,e;j Mj;k"hdj;jhy; fpilg;gnj cz;ikahd

,d;g thH;f;if.



25

]aol"hdk; vd;whny mwpjy;/ mwptpd; bjhpe;j epiy

vd;W brhy;yyhk;. ,d;bdhU tif tpsf;fk;

"hyj;ij mwpjy; vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk;.



26

mqf;fs; njhd;wp mqf;fspd; ,izg;g[

,af;f';fshy; mz;l nguz;lkhfp gpug";rkhfp

cyfhfp caph;fs; gyt[khfp/ vj;jidnahnfho

rPtuhrpfspy; ehDk; xUtd; vd;fpw bjspt[

bgWtnj "hdkhFk;.

Koitg; gpoj;Jf; bfhz;Lnghdhy;

bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. bjhlf;fj;ijg;

gpoj;jhy; Koita[k; mwpayhk;. Mf gpwg;gpd;

bjhlf;fj;ija[k; Koita[k; mwptnj "hdk; ;.

,ijnajhd; mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/

kfj; jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk;

,z';fpanjhh; me; ju';fkhd Nl;rkk;

Vfhe; j Nl;rbkd; w fijiaf; nfS

Fz';Ftpa Mjp me; jf; Fwpia ed; wha;

- brst[ [kpa rhfuk] 113.



27

nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; Mjp me;jf;Fwp

bjhptJjhd; "hdk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.

"hdk; vd;whny mwpjy]/ mwptpd; bjspe;j epiy

vd;W fz;nlhk;. ,d;bdhU tif tpsf;fk;/"hyj;ij mwpjy; vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk;.

clypd; cs;ns caph; rf;jpahdJ RHd;W

,a';Fk;nghJ me;je;j clypd;

mqf;TWfSf;F Vw;g caphpd; rpwg;ghw;wyhf

vGk; tpist[fns czh;r;rpfs;.

,e;j czh;r;rpfisj; Ja;j;J capuhdJ bgUk;

cz;ikj; bjspt[ jhd; mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk;

vdg;gLk].



28

Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk;/ jtk;

vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;.

jtg;gapw;rp jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis

mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs;

kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k;/

tpsf;fpa[k; ; Tw Koa[k;.

]ao ia[fI

thH;f;if vd;gJ \d;W mikg;gpnybray;gLfpwJ.

1. ,aw;if/

2. rKjhak;/

3. ,d;g Jd;g';fs;.

,k;\d;Wk; kdpjd; thH;f;ifia

eph;zapf;fpd;wd. Mfnt ,k;\d;W

gFjpfisa[k; bjspthf Muha;e;J mwptpny

KGik bgw;W thH;tnj "hd thH;t[. ,J jhd; ,d;g thH;t[.



29

bjspe;j ePhpny ePhpd; MHj;jpny ,Uf;fpd;w

fw;fis fhz;gJ nghy btspr;rj;jpny

bghUs;fisf; fhz;gJ nghy xU

tpahghhpahdtDf;F jd;Dila bghUs;

tpw;gid tpiy eph;zak; bra;tJ vspJ.

fhuzk; bfhs;Kjy; tpiy bjhpe;jtd; tpw]gid

tpiy vspjhf eph;zak; bra;thd;.

mijg;nghynt Mirapdhy; FLk;gKk;/

vz;z';fshy; clYk;/ mwbewpahy;

rKjhaKk;/ jj;Jt "hd tpsf;fj;jhy; "hdKk; rkhjhd thH;t[k; ek;ik Mf;ft[k;/ fhf;ft[k;

cjt[fpd;wd.

Mfnt ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; ve;j mst[ "hdk; ,lk;bgWfpwnjh me;j mstpny ekf;Fr;

rpwg;ghd thH;t[ ,d;g[w;W thH;fpd;w epiy/

MH;e;j mikjp fpilf;Fk;.



30

mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk; Mjpgftd; Kjw;nw

cyF vd;w ts;Sth; Fwspd;go cyfj;J

caph;fs; Kjy; ,e;j cyfk; njhd;Wtjw;F

\yfh;j;jh gftd; ‘m’ vd;w xypahy; njhd;wpd.

Mfnt mJnt Kjy; xypahd‘m

’ vd;gjhFk;.

gpuhzpfs; Kjy; kdpjd; ,ae;jpuk; tiu

thiaj;jpwf;fpd;w Jl';Ffpd;w xyp ‘m’

vd;gjhFk;. Mfnt jhd; ts;Stg;bgUkhd;

nkw;fz;l Fwspd; \yk; ‘m’ fuj;ij

Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;.

,e;j cyfj;jpy; cs;s caph;fs; vy;yhnk

mwpt[ rPtd;fshf cs;sd. Mdhy; kdpjd;

vd;w rPtDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. ,e;j

rpwg;gwptpd; \yk; bjspe;j epiybgw;w

bjspe;njhnu "hdpfs; vd miHf;fg;gLth;.



31

Jhprw;w J}a mwpt[ tothd ,aw;ifapd; ey;y

rf;jpfis epidj;J czh;e;J bjspt[

milahtpl;lhy; xUtd; vj;jid fw;wpUe;Jk;

gad; ,y;iy. cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa fy;tp

xd;W cz;L vd;why; mJnt "hdf; fy;tp.

"hdnk flt[s;. Md;k"hdk; mile;njhnu

flt[s; Mthh;. ,aw;ifapy; ciufpd;w

nguhw;wiyna ,iwtd; vd miHf;fpwhh;fs;.

mfnt ,aw;ifna ,iwtd;. mtd; ghj';fis

tz';Ftnj rpwg;gpwt[ MFk;. mJnt "hd

khh;f;fj;jpd; jpwt[nfhy; vd;gij kwthjPh;fs;.

]ao laajjl – ljkkao ;jmsplao laafjjl ]ao laafjjl.FK VofetaG VofT SdbnfK nstjsoftFnfk;_jlao vgml.



32

]aol whTl

i[sLdtjythH;f;ifapy; jpdrhp ehk; ekJ kdj;ij xU

Kf;fpakhd fUtpahff; bfhz;L ey;yJ bfl;lJ

,uz;Lf;Fnk cgnahfg; gLj;jp tUfpnwhk;.

kdk; ,a';fhky; vija[k; bray;gLj;j KoahJ.

gytpjkhd rf;jpfs; gpug";rj;jpy; gutpf;fplf;fpd;wd. mjpy; Mf;fg{h;tkhd rf;jpfSk;/

mHpt[ rf;jpfSk; Mfhaj;jpy; Rw;wpf; bfhz;nl

,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; rpy rf;jpfs; kpfgykhf

,a';Fk;/ rpy rf;jpfs; gytPdkhf ,a';Fk;.

ey;y rf;jp miyfs; gykhf ,a';Fk; nghJ ehk;

vLj;j fhhpak; btw;wp bgWk;. ekJ thH;tpy;

btw;wp njhy;tpfs; ,e;j ey;y bfl;l rf;jpfspd;

Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy;jhd; eilbgWfpwJ vd;fpw

cz;ikia czu ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; rpy ekJ

vz;z';fspYk;/ rpy btspapy; Vw;gLk;



33

rf;jpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jhYk; eilbgWk;. ekf;F

mg;ghw;gl;l rf;jpapy; rpf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; nghJ ehk;

mjpypUe;J kPsKoahJ. ,e;j jPa

rf;jpapypUe;J KGikahf tpLgl Md;k mwpt[

bgwntz;Lk;.

ehk; vg;nghJk; vy;nyhiua[k; md;g[ld; nerpj;J

re;njhrj;Jld; kdk; tpl;Lg;ngrp gHfp

tuntz;Lk;. kdjhy; Tl xUtUf;Fk; jP';F

bra;af; TlhJ. ekJ guk vjphpf;Fk; Tl

bfLjy; Vw;gLj;jf; TlhJ. ey;yijna bra;

vdt[k; mtUf;Fk; ey;y vz;zj;ijf; bfhL

vdt[k; ,iwtid ehk; ntz;of;bfhs;s

ntz;Lk;. ve;jf;fhyj;jpYk; ve;j rkaj;jpYk; ahh; ek;ik fhzte;jhYk; ; ehk; mtiu

md;g[ld; tuntw;W cgrhpf;f ntz;Lk;. md;ghf

ngrp mDg;g ntz;Lk;. ve;jf; fhuzj;ijf;

bfhz;Lk; ahh; kPJk; nfhgg;gLtnjh jfhj

thh;j;ijfshy; ittnjh TlhJ.



34

ntiyf;fhuh;fs;/ bghpath;fs;/ ekf;F nfhgk;

cz;lhf;Fk;go ngRgth;fs; ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk;

md;g[ld; ngrntz;Lk;. kdjpy; mth;fSf;F

ey;y vz;zj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk;go ,iwtid

gpuhh;j;jpf;f ntz;Lk;.

ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg;

kdpjd; bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy;

jFjp MFk;. ,e;j ghpRj;j kdk;; mwk;/ jtk;/

$gk;/ jpahdk; Kjypa gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J

bra;J te;jhy; jhd; bgw Koa[k;.

Kjypy; rpwe;j FUtplk; brd;W jd;id

mog;gilapy; jpUj;jp mthplk; ey;yhrp bgw;W

nkw;fz;l gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J

tuntz;Lk;.



35

,jw;F Kjypy; kdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W

bjhpe;J bfhs;sntz;Lk;. ghpRj;jkhd

,jaj;ijg; bgw;wpUg;gnj kdpjd;.

thH;f;ifapy; jpdrhp ehk; ekJ kdj;ij xU

Kf;fpakhd fUtpahff; bfhz;L ey;yJ/

bfl;lJ ,uz;Lf;Fnk cgnahfg; gLj;jp

tUfpnwhk;. kdk; ,a';fhky; vija[k;

bray;gLj;j KoahJ.

Mj;k "hdj;ij Mz;-bgz; ,UghyUk;

milahsk;. mjpy; ve;jj;jila[k; ,y;iy.

ekf;F ntz;oaJ vy;yhk;/ jplkhd kdk;/

MH;e;j ek;gpf;if/ mfj;jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz

ek;gpf;if itj;J mtdplk; ruzila ntz;Lk;.



36

ey;y vz;z';fs;/ vy;nyhUk; ed;whf

thHntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ntz;Lk;. ehk;

vg;nghJk; ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf

itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j kdk;

ntz;Lkhdhy; ek; kdjpd; bray;ghLfis

xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;.



37

2 Aofla

Md;kh vd;why; ek;Kila cliy/ capiu,af;Ffpd;w vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sKoahj

Nl;rkf; fUtp vd;W brhy;yyhk;. Md;kh vd;gJ

gukhj;khtpd; Mw;wy;. mwpt[ vd;gJ Md;khtpd;

,af;fr; rpwg;g[.



38

$Pt Md;khnth jd; epiy kwe;J $k;g[yd;fspy;

bray;fSf;F Ml;gl;L/ g[yd;fspd; fth;r;rpapy;

rpf;fp ka';Ffpd;w kaf;f epiyna khia

vdg;gLtJ/ jd;Dila jttypikahy;

g[yd;fth;r;rpapy; ,Ue;J kPz; ;L/ khiaia tpl;L

tpyfp mwpit Md;khtpy; yapf;fr; bra;J

mnjhL xd;whfp gpize;J yakhfpd;w

epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wnghJjhd;/ me;j epiya[k;

gpwHhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghJjhd; "hdk; vd;fpw

tpHpg;g[ epiyapy; Md;kh vd;gJ ,af;fMw;wyhft[k;/ cly; Md;khtpw;F fUtpahft[k;

,Uf;fpd;w epiya[k; czug;gLk;.

AoflaIl FkofAttUlvz;zpyh nfho mz;l';fs; nguz;l';fs;

,g;gpug";rk; njhd;Wtjw;F \y fhuzkhf

tps';FtJ mog;gilahf ,Ug;gJ xUmqrf;jp.



39

mijna rpj;jh;fs; "hdpfs; gukhq vd;W

brhy;fpwhh;fs;. gukhq vd; ;gJ gphpf;f Koahj

mq vd;gJ bghUs;. me;jg; gukhqnt gue;J

tphpe;J fplf;fpd;w mz;l nguz;l';fis

,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. mijna gukhj;kh

vd;wdh;. mnj \y mqtpd; Mw;wny xt;bthU

$Ptuhrpfspd; ,af;f';fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf

tps';Ftjhy; $Pthj;kh vd;wdh;.

Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ msg;gwpa Mw;wy; kpf;fJ.

me;j Mw;wy; ek;kplk; cs;sJ/ mJ

cUtkhw;wJ. mjd; rf;jpia Mw;wiy

czh;e;jth;fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW mw;g[j';fs;

epfH;j;j Koa[k;. ek;kplk; cs;s kfj;Jtk; tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd; rf;jpia

czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;

bfhs;tJjhd; Mj;k"hdkhFk;.



40

Mdhy; ehk; ek;kplk; cs;s Md;khtpd;

Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J bfhs;shky; ek;kplk; cs;s

Mw;wiy vg;go btspf;bfhzh;tJ vg;go

,af;FtJ vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky;

thH:f;ifapy; gytpj my;yy;fSf;F

Mshfpnwhk;. ,g;gog;gl;l my;yy;fspypUe;J

tpLjiy bgw Kad;W btw;wp fz;lth;fs;jhd;

"hdpfSk; rpj;jh;fSk;.

Aofl wkysIMd;kh mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk;/

jtk; vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;.

jtg;gapw;rp/ jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis

mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k;/

tpsf;fpf; Tw Koa[k;/ "hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;.

v';nfnah btl;lbtspapy; njhd;wpaguhkhj;khtpy; njhd;wpaJkhd $Pthj;kh/



41

gukhj;khtpw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy. mijna

ts;syhh;/

jha; tapw; wpy; gpwthJ jhnd Kisj; jikf;F

bjz;ldpl;nld; vd; W brhy;yo

vd;w ghly; \yk; mwpayhk;.

$Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;. gukhj;khtpw;F

$Pthj;khtpw;F vd;d Mw;wy; cz;nlh mnj

Mw;wy; $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. gukhj;kh Xh;

,aw;if. mnjnghy gukhj;khtpy; njhd;wpa$Pthj;kht[k; ,aw;ifapd; TW. gukhj;khtpy;

msg;gwpa Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mnjnghy

$Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. ,e;j $Pthj;khtpd;

mg{h;t rf;jpia gad;gLj;Jtnj/ Mj;k "hdk;

MFk;.

,ij mwpahky; ,f thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp

khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ Md;khit gy



42

Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;/

cz;lhf;Ffpnwhk;. mjdhy; jhd; Md;khit

Jd;g[Wj;jy; TlhJ. Md;kneak; ntz;Lk; vd;W

rhd;nwhh;fs; typa[Wj;Jfpd;wdh;. Md;khit

tijf; ;f TlhJ/ Md;kh gy Jd;g';fSf;F

Mshf;Ffpnwhk;/ cz;lhf;Ffpnwhk;.

mjdhy;jhd; Md;khitj; Jd;g[Wj;jf;TlhJ

Md;kneak; ntz;Lbkd;W rhd;nwhh;fs;

typa[Wj;J fpd;wdh;. Md;khit tijf;fTlhJ/

Md;kh gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ. mJvg;go vd;why;>

flt[isj;njo mila Kad;Wk; mtdhy;

flt[isf; fhz Koahj epiy.

thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw.

bra;fpd;w bray;fspd; tpist[fisg;

gw;wp mwpahik/

o mwpe;Jk; myl;rpak; bra;fpd;w

epiy/



43

o mtkjpj;J mjdhy; Jd;gk;

mDgtpf;Fk; epiy.

Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky;/ gpwh; kPJ

mr;rKk; gif/ Jd;g[Wj;jy;/

nghd;wtw;why; my;yYWk; epiy.

fhkk;/ Fnuhjk;/ nfhgk;/ nkhfk;/ kjk;/

khr;rh;ak;/ lk;gk;/ <h;ij nghd;w Fiwfs;

xd;nwhblhd;W ,ize;J thH;f;if

gytpj rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshfp mtw;iw

yFthfj; jPh;f;f Koahky; jtpj;J jhd;

Jd;g[w;W/

gpwiuj; Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k; thH;fpwhd;.

,g;gog;gl;l rpf;fyhd ,f;fl;lhd NH;epiy

tUfpwnghJ kdpjd; bjhpe;njh/ bjhpahknyh

,e;j ,f;fl;oypUe;J tpLjiy bgwntz;Lk; vd

Kay;fpwhd;. xt;bthU $Pthj;khtplKk; Fiw

eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk;



44

jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjd; tpist[

rpe;jid Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ/ rpe;jpf;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rp

bra;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rpapd; tpist[ bray;fspy;

,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k; bra;fpwhd;. mtd;

braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf; fhz;fpwhd;.

kdpjdpd; beLe;J}ug; gazj;jpy; gurpe;jid

thjpfs;/ rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs;/ ty;Ydh;fs;/ rpj;jh;

bgUkf;fs; nghd;nwhh;fs; gy E}y;fs; vGjpa[k;/

nghjidfs; Twpa[k; kdpjd; FiwghLfis

KGikahf ePf;f Koatpy;iy/ fhuzk; kdpjd;

rKjhak; vd;fpw r';fypg; gpizg;gpy; thH;e;J

bfhz;oUf;fpd;whd;. ,Ug;gpd; FiwghLfs;

vy;yhhplKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; mtdpd; njit/ gHf;fk;/ mwptpd; tsh;r;rp/ re;jh;g;g

NH;epiyfs; ,tidf;Fiw cs;stdhf

Mf;FfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j rpyh;kl;Lk;

rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs;. fhuz/ fhhpa';fis gFj;J

czUfpwhh;fs;. mjdhy; jd; mstpy; gapw;rp



45

bgw;W jd;Dila Fiwia ePf;fpf;

bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,tw;iw czh;e;njhuhy;

czh;j;jg;bgWfpwhh;fs; gyh;. ,g;go gyh;

czh;e;Jk; cgnjrk; bgw;whYk; mth;fspy;

gyngh; jh';fs; bgw;w tpsf;f';fSf;F Vw;g

gHf;fj;ij khw;wpf;bfhs;Sk; mst[ Jzpt[

bgWtjpy;iy. ,g;go rpy gHf;fj;jpw;F

Md;khit kdpjd; moikahf;Ffpwhd;.

xt;bthU kdpjDk; xd;iw kwe;JtpLfpwhd;.

xt;bthU braYk; Md;khtpy;

gjpg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mfnt ehk; gHpr;brhy;/

,Hpthd bray;/ nghd;w gjpt[fis Rj;jg;gLj;jp

J}a;ikahf;fp guk;bghUnshL ,uz;lwf; fyf;fnt ek; cly; xU fUtpahfr;

bray;gLfpwJ vd;gij kwe;J cz;ikfis

czuhky; ,fthH;t[ khiaapy; cHd;W

bfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. Md;kh mwpt[ Kjph;e;J

rpe;jidapy; jhd; bjspt[ bgWk;nghJ



46

bjspe;jth; Rl;of;fhl;o czh;j;Jk; nghJ mwpt[

tpHpg;g[ epiy milfpwJ. mijna ts;syhh;

grpj;jpU/ jdpj;jpU/ tpHpj;jpU vd;W TWfpwhh;.

grpj;jpU vd;why; vg;bghGJk; "hdg;grpnahL

,U vd;gjhFk;. jdpj;jpU vd;gJ khiaapy;

g[yd;fis brYj;jhky; jdpj;jpU vd;gjhFk; ;.

tpHpj;jpU vd;gJ Md;kh khRglhky; tpHpg;nghL

,Ug;gJ vd;gjhFk;.

Aofl ]aolMd;k "hdk; vd;whny kdpjid

mjw;Fj;jFjpahf;Fk; rpwg;gwpt[ vd;gJ bghUs;.

rpwg;gwpt[ vd;d vd;fpw tpsf;fj;ijg; bgWtnj

"hdk; MFk;.



47

"hdpahf ntzL;k;/ "hdk; bgwntz;Lk;

vd;gjw;fhf thH;f;ifia/ thH;f;ifj; Jizia

mh;g;gzk; bra;aj; njitapy;iy.

,d;iwa kdpjd; thH;f;ifna ,ae;jpukak;/

,d;iwa cyfk; tp";"hd cyfk;/ njitfs;

kpFe;J ,ae;jpurhjd';fs; El;gkhd fUtpfs;/

thH;f;iff;F njitahd bghUl;fspd; mjpfhpg;g[

,it kpFe;J bfhz;nl nghfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l

,f;fhyj;jpy; vy;nyhUk; "hdk; bgw Koa[kh

vd;gJ vy;nyhh; kdjpYk; vGfpd;w kiyg;ghd

nfs;tp. kiyg;g[j; njit ,y;iy. vy;nyhUk;

"hdk; bgwKoa[k;.

j';fs; j';fspd; flikfis flika[zh;nthL

bra;J kfpH;nthL ,y;ywj;ija[k; brk;ikahf

elj;jp ed;kf;fisg; bgw;W xGf;fj;jpYk;/

mwj;jpYk;/ rpwe;jth;fshf gapw;Wtpj;J mjd;



48

\yk; FLk;gk;/ Ch;/ ehL/ cyfk; vd;w mstpy;

mikjpahft[ [k;/ ,d;gkhft[k; thHyhk;.

Mj;k "hdk; vd;gJ Rlh;tpl;L gpufhrpf;Fk;

tpsf;F/ ,Uz;l thH;f;iff;F tHpfhl;o. Mfnt

xt;bthUtUk; Mj;k "hdk; bgw

Kayntz;Lk;. ,ayhjth;fs; "hdpfs;

tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp elf;f ntz;Lk;. J}a kdj;jhy;

jhd; Mj;k "hdk; milaKoa[k;; vd;W

typa[Wj;jpdh;. ehk; "hdk; bgw;whh; tHpiag;

gpd;gw;wp mtu; mwpit jd;kakhf itj;Jf;

bfhz;L ehk; Kiwaht[k;/ rpwg;ghft[k; thHyhk;.

vdnt Mj;k "hdk; kl;Lnk thH;tpw;F cah;t[k;/

,d;gKk; mspf;Fk;. Md;k"hdk; bgw;why;

ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; Jd;g';fs;

vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epth;j;jp bra;J bfhz;L/ btw;wp

fz;L epk;kjpahf thHyhk;. Mj;k "hdj;ij

Mz; bgz; ,UghyUk; milayhk]. mjpy;



49

ve;jj; jila[k; ,y;iy. ekf;F ntz;oaJ

vy;yhk;/

1. jplkhd kdk;

2.

MH;e;j ek;gpf;if3. mfj;jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz ek;gpf;if itj;J

mtdplk; ruziljy;

4. ey;y vz;z';fs;/ vy;nyhUk; ed;whf

thHntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ;. ehk; vg;nghJk;

ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j kdk;

ntz;Lkhdhy; ek; kdjpd; bray;ghLfis

xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;.

losk Akfla,iwtd; cyfpy; gy $Ptuhrpfisg; gilj;jhh;.

84 yl;rk; ; $Ptuhrpfs; vd;W TWth; rhd;nwhh;.

Mdhy; ehk; mwpe;jJ vd;dnth xU E}W ,UE}W



50

vd;whny mjpfk;. ,jpny kdpjdpd; gilg;g[

kpft[k; mhpa xd;W. mwpt[ KGikaile;j xd;W

vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh; "hdpfs;.

7 tifgpwg;g[ 4 tifj;njhw;wk; 84 yl;rk;

$Ptuhrpfs; midj;Jnk Md;khf;fs;

Tl;lk;jhd;. Mdhy; ,tw;wpy; kdpjDf;F

kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. mijj;jhd; MwhtJ

mwpt[ vd;W Md;nwhh;fs; TWfpd;wdh;.

kdpjdhy; kl;Lnk jhd; ahh; vd;W mwpa[k;

rpwg;ghw;wy; ,Ug;gjhy; kdpjd; kdpjdhfp

g[dpjdhfp gpd; flt[s; Mfpd;w nguhw;wiyg;

bgwKofpwJ. mjdhy; kdpjd;

kpfr;rpwe;jtdhfg; nghw;wg; gLfpwhd;.

fhuzfhhpa';fisf; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj

mwpt[f;F kl;Lnk cz;L. mjdhny jhd; cly;

,af;fk; vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F g[yd; ,af;fk;

fhuzk;/ g[yd; ,af;fk; vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F



51

fhuzk; vz;zk;. ,g;go xt;bthd;iwa[k;

fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj Md;kht[f;F cz;L.

mjdhy;jhd; g[yd;fs; Ie;ija[k; fle;J mjw;F

nky; brd;W xt;bthU epfH;r;rpf;Fk;/

njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; vd;d fhhpak; vJ vd;W

fz;L gpof;Fk; Mw;wy; Md;khtpw;F cz;L.

g[yd;fs; fl;Lg;ghL eP';fpa Md;kh J}a

Md;khthf khWfpwJ. me;j J}a

Md;khthy;jhd; gpw caph;fs; bgWfpd;w

Jd;g';ifs/ ,d;g';fis/ mtw;wpd; czh;r;rpfspd; mst[fis fzpj;J ,w';fp

cjt[k; fUiza[s;sk; bgwKofpwJ. kdpjdpd;

cly; fUtpfSf;Fj; njitahf Jizahf

gytpjkhd Ma[j';fs;/ ,ae;jpu';fisf; fz;L

gpoj;J gad;gLj;j jFjp bgw;wJk; kdpj

Md;khjhd;. jd; ,dk; njhd;wp tHptHpahf gl;l

mDgt';fspd; gpujpgypg;ghf kdpj thH;f;ifia

tskhf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ,nj kdpj Md;khtpw;F

cz;L.



52

gynfho caphpd';fs; thGfpd;w ,e;j g{kpna

cyfk;. ,e;j cyfj;ijg; nghd;W vj;jidnah

cyfk; vj;jidnah nfhs:fs; mz;l

nguz;l';fs; bfhz;l gpug";rkhf cs;sJ.

,e;jg; gpug";rj;jpy; kdpjd; vd;gtd; rpW mq

nghd;wtd; jhd;. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpy; kdpj

Md;kh mqnghd;wJ. ,Ue;jhYk; kdpj

Md;khjhd;

,e;j gpug";rj;ij mspf;fpwJ.

nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; xg;gw;w rf;jpfis

fz;Lgpof;fpwJ.

nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; mirt[fisf;Tl

fzf;fpl;Lf; Tw KofpwJ.

nfhs;fspd; njhw;w';fisa[k;/ mjd;

r";rhuj;ija[k; el;rj;jpuf; Tl;l';fisa[k;

bray;ghLfisa[k; fzf;fpl KofpwJ.

nghpaf;f kz;ly ,af;fj;jpd; Mw;wy;fis

vy;yhk; kdpj Md;kh fzf;fpLk; Mw;wiyg;

bgw;Ws;sJ vd;why; ,e;j kdpj Md;khtpw;F



53

nghpaf;f kz;lyj;ijg; nghd;w khbgUk; Mw;wy;

cs;sJ vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ. me;j Mw;wy;

,y;iybad;why; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis

mwpa KoahJ. kdpj Md;kh kfj;jhd rf;jp

bgw;wJ. rpwg;g[g; bgw;wJ. mjdhy; jhd;

nfhs;fspy; eilbgWk; ,af;f';fisa[k;/ mjpy;

fhqk; njhw;wf';isa[k;/ Fz';fisa[k;/

fz;lwpe;J rpwg;ghf Md;kh thH;fpwJ. mjd;

rpwg;ig kdpj Md;kh kl;Lnk czh;fpwJ.

mjdhy; jhd; kdpj Md;kh ,aw;ifg; gpug";rj;ij czh;e;J nghw;wp tHpgl;L mjpy;

fyf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. kdpjd; xUtnd ,e;j

,aw;ifapd; nguhw;wy; cz;ikia

czh;e;jtd;. mwptpd; tsh;r;rp ghpzhkj;jpny

kdpj mwpnt Kothd cr;rkhd

Koitj;jUfpwJ. kdpj mwptpnyjhd; nghpaf;f

kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis mwpaKofpwJ. nghpaf;f

kz;lyj;jpd; Kot[fs; Tl kdpj mwptpny

r';fkkhfpwJ. mj;jifa mwpt[ clw;TW



54

bgw;wtnd kdpjd;. mtd; jd; Md;khit

czh;fpd;w J}a nguwpnt "hdk;.

Md;kh jdJ jPa gjpt[fis ePf;fpg;

guk;bghUis czh;e;J kPz;Lk; gpwthj tHp

czh;e;J fiunawnt cliy fl;of; bfhz;lJ.

mijf;fhj;Jk; tUfpwJ. g[yd;fshy; rpf;fpj;

jtpj;J fl;Lz;L khia vd;fpw tpy';fpd; thapy;

mfg;gl;L mwpt[ bjspt[ mw;w epiyapy;

brayhw;Wk; mnj rkak; mJnt jd;Dila

gl;lwpthy; bjspe;j mwpt[ bgw;W bjspe;j

epiyapYk; brayhw;Wfpd;wJ.

<qiakla h;alakflav';nfnah btl;lbtspapy; njhd;wpa

guhkhj;khtpy; njhd;wpaJjhd; ; $Pthj;kh.

gukhj;khtpw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy. mijna

ts;syhh;/ jha; tapw; wpy; gpwthJ jhnd



55

Kisj; jtu;f;F bjz;ldpl;nld; vd;W brhy;yo

vd;w ghly; \yk; bjhl;Lfhl;loaij mwpayhk;.

$Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;. gukhj;khtpw;F

vd;d Mw;wy; cz;nlh mnj Mw;wy;

$Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. gukhj;kh Xh; ,aw;if.

mnjnghy gukhj; khtpy; njhd;wpa $Pthj;kht[k;

,aw;ifapd; TW. gukhj;khtpy; msg;gwpa

Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mnjnghy

$Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. ,e;j $Pthj;khtpd;

mg{h;t rf;jpia gad;gLj;Jtnj Mj;k "hdk;

MFk;.

,ij mwpahky; ,f thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp

khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ Md;khit gy

Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;. mjdhy; jhd

Md;khit Jd;g[Wj;jy; TlhJ.

Md;khittijf;ff;TlhJ. Mdhy; Md;kh



56

gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ. mJ vg;go

vd;why;>

1. flt[isj;njo mila Kad;Wk; mtdhy;

flt[isf;fhz Koahj epiy/

2. thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw/

3. bra;fpd;wbray;fspd; tpist[fisg; gw;wp

mwpahik. mwpe;Jk; myl;rpak;

bra;fpd;w epiy/ mtkjpj;J mjdhy;

Jd;gk; mDgtpf;Fk; epiy.

4. Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky;/ gpwh; kPJ

mr;rKk; gif/ Jd;g[Wj;jy;/ nghd;wtw;why;

my;yYWk; epiy.

nkw;fz;l Fiwfs; xd;nwhblhd;W ,ize;J

thH;f;ifapy; gytpj rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshfp

mtw;iw yFthfj; jPh;f;f Koahky; jtpj;J jhd;

Jd;g[w;W/ gpwiuj; Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k; thH;fpwhd;.

,g;gog;gl;l rpf;fyhd ,f;fl;lhd NH;epiy



57

tUfpwnghJ kdpjd; bjhpe;njh/ bjhpahknyh

,e;j ,f;fl;oypUe;J tpLjiy bgwntz;Lk; vd

Kay;fpwhd;. xt;bthU $Pthj;khtplKk; Fiw

eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk;

jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjd; tpist[

rpe;jid Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ. rpe;jpf;fpwhd;. Kaw;rp

bra;fpwhd;. Kaw;rpapd; tpist[ bray;fspy;

,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k; bra;fpwhd;. mtd;

braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf; fhz;fpwhd;. Mj;k

"hdk; ,g;nghJ mtDf;F g[yg;glMuk;gpf;fpwJ.



58

3 wlpfhfwha:yf

btl;lbtspjhd; cz;ikahd bka;g;bghUs;.mg;bghUspny ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W

czh;e;J btl;lbtspapny njhd;wpa

caphpd';fs; mj;jida[k; vd; cld;

gpwe;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[ gpwe;J ve;j

caphpd';fSf;Fk; Jd;gk; mspf;ff;TlhJ/



59

Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; kPJ fUiz fhl;o

,d;gj;Jld; thGk; thH;f;ifjhd; tPLngW

MFk;. ,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd; Md;khthFk;.

btl;lbtsp bgUbtspahfpa bka;g;bghUisna

thdk; vd;Wk; thd; vd;Wk; TWth;. tPL ngW

bgw;wth;fis thd; + mth;/ thdth; vd;W

TWth;. njth; vd;Wk; TWth;. jhd; + mth/;

jd;id mtuhff; fz;l fhuzj;jhy; jhdth;/ jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;. jdJ gue;j mwpthy;

vg;bghGJk; btl;l btsp bka;bghUSld;

,izj;J rjhfhyk; epidt[k; braYkhf

,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf;F mth;fspd; cs;sj;jpd;

epiy Rth;f;fk; (Rth; + mfk;). Rth; vd;why;

nghpd;gk;. fLe;jtj;jpd; \yk; Md;khthdJ

jd;dpiy tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ/ mg;go tpsf;fk;

bgWfpd;w J}a epiyiaj;jhd; "hdk;



60

vd;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j KGik ngw;iwna

rhd;nwhh;fs; tPLngW vd;Wk; TWfpd;wdh;.

tPL vd;why; ,lk; my;yJ Mjhuk; vd;W bgah;.

fhuzk; ,y;yhky; fhhpak; gpwg; ;gjpy;iy.

Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; Mnjak; gpwg;gjpy;iy. ve;j

njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; xU Mjhuk;

,Ue;njahfntz;Lk;. mJnghy; Md;khtpw;Fk;

Xh; Mjhuk; ,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;. mjw;F Mjhuk;

vJ ,lk; Mf cs;sJ vd Muha;e;jhy; Kothf

ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j MjhuKk;

,y;yhj xU bghUns vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk;

Mjhukhft[k; ,lkhft[k; ,Ug;gJ czug;bgWk;.

cjhuzkhf nfhapy;nky; fyrk; ,Uf;fpwJ.fyrj;jpw;F nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/

nfhg[uj;jpw;F g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ. g{kpf;F

btl;lbtsp ,lkhf cs;sJ. btl;lbtspf;F

Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh/ ,y;iy. mjd; moKoiaf;

fhzKoahJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt mfj;jpaUk;/



61

ghug;gh moKoa[ e; njog;nghd

gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud; W

neug;gh ntj Kiuj; jpl;l bra; jp

ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj; jpl;l bra; jp

brst[ [kpa rhfuk] 118

btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij

tpsf;fnt jpUkhy; gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J rptd;

ghjj;ijf;fhzr; brd;whh; vd;t[k;/ gpuk;kh

md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz

nkny brd;whh; vdt[k; fij \yk; brhd;dhh;fs;.

btl;lbtsp vd;why; mjw;bfd;W Mjhuk;

,y;iy. Mfnt mJ KjyhfpwJ.

mjpypUe;Jjhd; njhw;wg;bghUs;

njhd;wpapUf;fntz;Lk;. vdnt btl;l btspna

MjpahdJ. mjw;F ntW Mjhuk; ,y;yhjjhy;

mJnt mehjpahdJ. btl;lbtsp vd;fpw

tPl;od; ,af;f rf;jpahy; mfk;njhd;wp/ mfj;jhy;



62

,d;gk; njhd;wp gpd;du; nghpd;g cs;sj;ijg;

bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf thrpfs; vd;gjhFk;.

btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; vd;gjw;F/

bka;g;bghUs; fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F

fw;g';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F

tPzhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

epj; jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F

Kj; jpiu VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

je; jpukhd jye; jd;dpy; epw; nghhf;F

ke; jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

Kj; jkpH; fw; W Ka';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F

rj; j';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

cr;rpf;F nky; brd; W cah;btsp fhz;nghh;f;F

,r;rpg;gp';FVJf;fo>Fjk;gha;

ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f;F

nkhfhe; jk;VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

rhfhky; jhz;o jdptHp nghnthh;f;F

Vfhe; jk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

Mde; jk; bgh';fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F



63

J}de; jhd; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

rpj; jpuf; Tlj;ij jpdk; jpdk; fz;nlhh;f;F

gj; jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; nrh; e;njhh;f;Fg;

gpd;dhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

brj; jhiug; nghyj; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F

ifj; jhsk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;

-Fjk;igr;rpj; jh;

gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j

"hdpfSf;F vJt[nk njitapy;iy vd;gij

tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l ghly;

\yk; tpsf;fp TWtijf; fhzyhk;.

cz;ikahd bghUspd; tpsf;fj;ij Md;kh

mwpa[k;nghJjhd; ek;Kila kaf;fkhd khia

ek;ik tpl;L tpyFfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd;

bghUshf ,Uf;Fk; xd;iw bghUshff; fUJk;

bka;a[zh;t[k; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.



64

Sdtiof Wofhiof paaf?vz;zpyh nfho mz;l nguz;l';fspd; ,af;fk;/

nfhlhd nfho mqf;fs;/ mqf;fs; bjhFg;ghd

$Ptuhrpfs; midj;jpYk; cs;Sk;/ g[wKk;/

nkYk;/ btspa[k; mJtjpy; caph;rf;jpahf

tps';Fk; nguhw;wny ,iwtd;.

,ij ts;syyhh; bgUkhd; brhy;Yk;nghJ/

Fyt[ nguz;lg;gFjpnahh; mde; j

nfho nfhofSk; M';fh';nf

epytpa gpz;lg; gFjpfs; KGJk;

epfH; e; j gw;gy bghUs; jpuSk;

tpyFwhJ mfj;Jk; g[ wj;Jk; nkyplj;Jk;

bka;awp thde; jk; tps';f

myFwhJ xHpahJ mJtjpy; tps';Fk;

mUl; bghU";nrhjp vd; munr.



65

vd;W brhy;fpwhh;. ,e;j khbgUk; ,af;f

rf;jpahd ,iwtd; kdk; vd;Dk;

khaf;fUtpahy; gpwe;jJ Kjy; ,wf;fpd;w tiu

ekJ clk;ig ,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhh;. ,e;j

,af;f rf;jp ekJ clypy; vg;gor; bray;gLfpwJ

vd mwpe;J mnj ,af;f rf;jpia ehk; czh;e;J

me;j rf;jpia ek;Kila cliya[k;/ capiua[k;

ngzg;gad;gLj;Jk; tHptiffis bjhpe;J

bfhs;tnj Md;k"hdk;.

msius_jlf

msius_jl WohfhGiK Aks cu FBisofixiel. msil Wofjst wiggwiyspseu

S:nfK cu FBiao msimjkspsuf ekaoftspDgeu losk Dgu. cumjkspsof FBkofdlep msimjks Spjjl. wiggwiyspseuS:nfK ekaoftsp cu FBiao msius_jlDglwhGkK Miamj jattauf Ax, Cxlxjstaof. FKkaof rkK WofT M:_jm

wmaufjstaa.



66

losk Dgu kaof msius_jl. msius_j kaoflosk Dgu. Snfk hs;h]fm M[tmspsuf ^lsPlM[ofT wjabfx:jjstK. M[ofT wjabfx:jjst

^lspsuf ia{l loskOl M[Ujstaof. M[ofT

wjabfG S:jjst Snfk loskdoDgja;dikK M[u isggauf msius_j

ixikfekaG jabhhGiaof.

Ktis Stnfk hsofH mlakspsof eluf us_jkdk

dikK i[shGjstaafjy. mlaks WoftaufAkspseu mll WofhK wha:y. msilplapAjsisggaa Woft rTjsoftoaf. msilplWoftaeu wiggwiys e<akspseuRjjsplajsisggaaf WofhK wha:y. W_Jl

ispahskK S:jjjrxp e<aksep msiof

WofTl Fnfk msiof Woft e<akspseu S:nfKmsil Wofjst Attu DbfgaoK.

msimjks

Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F \ykhdJ,uz;L rf;jpjhd;. mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp



67

vd;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt gukhqthFk;. mnj nghy

kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L \y

mqf;fs; fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk;

vd;fpd;w Mz; Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k;/ rf;jp vd;fpw

bgz; Rf;fpyg[Gt[k;. ,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy; $Ptd;

cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. gukhqtpdhy; g";rg{jk;

cz;lhdJ. mjd; fyg;ghy; $Ptuhrpfs;

cz;lhapw;W. $Ptuhrpfns g";rg{j fyg;gpd;

Mw;wiyf;bfhz;ljhFk;.

Dpsuf mjksclypd; cs;ns capy; rf;jpahdJ mjhtJ

btl;lbtspapny cs;s Mw;wy;fs;

gpuhztha[tpd; \yk; \r;Rf; fhw;why; clypd; cs;ns ,Gf;fg;gl;L nfhof;fzf;fhd ekJ

cly; mqf;fSf;F Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J

cliy ,af;f itf;fpwJ. ,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w

me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd; RUf;fkhf capy; rf;jp



68

vd;fpnwhk;. clypd; cs;ns capy; rf;jpahdJ

RHd;W ,a';Fk;nghJ me;je;j clypd;

mqf;TWfSf;F Vw;g caphpd; rpwg;ghw;wyhf

vGk; tpist[fns czh;r;rpfs;. ,e;j

czh;r;rpfisj; Ja;j;J capuhdJ bgUk;

cz;ikj; bjspt[/ mwpt[/ my;yJ "hdk;

vdg;gLk; rPtdpd; gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,wg;gpw;Fk;

,ilna eilbgw;w bjhlh;gaznk

thH;f;ifahFk;.

<qiofcaph; ,y;iynay; cly; ,Uf;fhJ/ cliy

itj;Jj;jhd; caph; cz;lh> ,y;iyah>

vd;gij mwpa Koa[k;. Mfnt caph; cly; ,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J itf;fpd;w xg;gw;w

fUtpna Md;kh vdg;gLtJ. ,e;j ,uz;Lk;

mjhtJ clYk;/ capUk; nrh;e:J bray;gLfpd;w

xU bghUisj;jhd; rPtd; vd;fpnwhk;.



69

clypd; cs;ns caph] rf;jpahdJ btl;l

btspapny cs;s Mw;wy;fis gpuhztha[tpd;

\yk; \r;Rf; fhw;why; clypd; cs;ns ,Gj;J

nfhof;fzf;fhd ekJ cly; mqf;fSf;F

Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J cliy ,af;f itf;fpwJ.

,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fshshd

,g;gpug";rj;jpy; ,Ue;J kdpj $Ptd; cw;gj;jp

MfpwJ.

Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F \ykhdJ

,uz;L rf;jpjhd;. mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp

vd;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt gukhqthFk;. mnj nghy

kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L \y

mqf;fs; fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk; vd;fpd;w Mz; Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k;/ rf;jp vd;fpw

bgz; Rnuhzpjg;g[Gt[k; ,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy;

$Ptd; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. ,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w

me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd; RUf;fkhf caph] rf;jp

my;yJ $Ptd; ; vd;fpnwhk;. ,e;j ,uz;Lk;





71

4 lolkdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLtJ xd;W g[wkdk;

(btspkdk;). ,d;bdhd;W cs;kdk;.

btspkdkhdJ gytpj Mir/ ghr';fshy;

cl;gl;lJ. mjDila Jizth;fshd g[yd;fs;

bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ fhJ/ \f;F/ brtp Mfpa Ie;J



72

g[yd;fs; jhd; ek;Kila btspkdij

Ml;og;gilf;Fk;. gytpjkhd Rf';fis

mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;. ,jd; \yk; gy

,d;dy;fs; neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk;/ jPz;ly;

,d;gj;ijj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. njfk; kdpjidj;

jtwhd ghijapy; nghfr;bra;a[k;. ,jpypUe;J

tpLgl Kaw;rpf;f ntz;Lk;. fz;/ tha;/ ,J

kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. kdpjDf;F kpfkpf

Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j fz; ghh;g;gJ vy;yhk;

mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w Miriaj; J}z;LtJk;/ mwpit tsh;f;f gog;gJk;

,f;fz;fns/ MH;kdija[k; ghh;itapy; ghh;j;J

kdjpy; gjpaitf;Fk; kpfKf;fpakhd

mitakhFk;. \f;F/ thridfis mDgtpg;

gJld; kdfpsh;r;rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j

cWg;g[ bray;gLk;. brtp/ ,J nfl;gjw;fhf

,d;dpir kw;Wk; ngr;Rf;fs;/ gy

tptfhu';fisa[k;/ ey;yJ/ bfl;lJ

nfl;fKoa[k;. ,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf

kdkhdJ murhl;rp bra;J kdpjid



73

ey;yJ/bfl;lJ/ ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og;

gilf;Fk;. Mfnt ,e;j btspkdk;

ml';fpdhy;jhd; cs;kdk; jpwf;Fk;.

cs;kdkhdJ vija[k; bra;af;ToaJ. mjw;F

ey;yit bfl;lit bjhpahJ. btspkdk; vd;d

brhy;fpwnjh mij mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ

epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L.

cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy; mghukhdJ. ,jd;

rf;jpfis vGj;jhy; mstpl;Lf;Tw KoahJ.

gytpjkhd Mghr/ jPa vz;z';fis mfw;wp

ekf;F vJ njitnah mij czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf

cs; kdJf;Fj; bjhpag; gLj;jp tpl;lhy;

cs;kdk; mij mg;gona epiwntw;wp tpLk; Mw;wy;gilj;jJ.

Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og; gilf;Fk; btspkdij

mlf;Ftjw;Fjhd;/ \r;Rgapw;rp/ jpahdk;/



74

ke;jpu';fs;/ ghuhaz';fs; Kjypad

bra;antz;Lk;. Kjypy; btspkdij xUepiyg;

gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; btw;wp bgw;why;

cs;kdjpy; ekJ ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ

kpfr;Rygk;.

btspkdij mlf;fr; rhd;nwhh;fs; ,uz;L

cghaj;ijf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. xd;W jj;Jt

hPjpahf ,J ,jdhy; jPikahfnt ,ijj;

js;sptpl ntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila

mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd rpe;jidapy; xt;bthU jPa

vz;z';fis xJf;fp/ kdij jd;Dila

mwptpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L te;jhh;fs;.

,d;bdhd;W ml';fhj fhisia mlf;Ftjw;F

bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy ml';fhj kdij mlf;f

\r;R gapw;rp bra;J \r;Rf;fhw;iw mlf;fpj; jd;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L te;jhh;fs;. kdjpw;Fk;/

Rthrj;jpw;Fk;/ ,ilbtsp ,y;yhj bjhlh;g[z;L.



75

kdk; ve;j mst[ bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[

\r;Rf; fhw;wpd; mst[k; bray;gLk;. Mfnt

kdkl';fpdhy; \r;R ml';Fk;. \r;rl';fpdhy;

kdk; ml';Fk; vd;gjhFk;.

kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w gpizg;gpy;

mfg;gl;Lf; bfhz;Ls;shd;. mtd; md;whlk;

gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f ntz;oa

NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp thGfpwhd;. Mfnt

mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J kdij mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr;

brYj;jp kdkl';fr; bra;tJ vspjhd

fhhpakpy;iy. fhuzk; nahrpg;gjw;F fhyk;

nghJtJ ,y;iy.

Mfnt jw;fhy NH;epiyapy; \r;R gapw;rpapd;

\yk;jhd; kdij mlf;f ntz;oa fl;lha

epiyapy; cs;shd;. rpj;jh;fs; kdij

ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; \yk; "hdj;ijg;



76

bgwKoa[k; vd;W czh;e;J bjhpe;J mjw;F

m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;l tifahd

gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;.

xUtd; j';f Mguzk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why;

ciyapy; ,l;L fha;r;rp j';fj;ij/ jfLfshf;fp/

fk;gpfshf;fp/ gf;Ftkhf brJf;fp/ Mguzk;

bra;fpd;whnd. mJnghy kdija[k;/

cliya[k;/ nahfj;jpd; \yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp

"hdk; bgw cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs;

kf;fSf;Fk; gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E}y;fs; \yKk; brhy;ypa[s;shh;fs;. Mfnt jFe;j

gapw;rpapd; \yk; g[yd;fis btsp

tptfhu';fspy; nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk;

brYj;jtplhky; g[yd;fis bty;tjw;Fg;

gapw;rpfs; Kiwfs; fz;Lgpoj;jhh;. mjd; \yk;

Rthrk; jhdhff; fl;Lg;gLk;. Rthrk;

fl;Lg;gLk;nghJ kdRk; fl;Lg;gLk;. kdk;

fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Uf;fpd;wth;fns rpwe;j nahfpfs;.



77

mij mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/

kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke; jpuk; brgpf;fntz;lhk;/

kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia epWj; j ntz;lhk;

kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia cah; j; j ntz;lhk;kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke; jpuk; brk;ikahFnk

nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; kdj;jpwk;

bfhz;lth;fSf;F vJt[k; ve;j gapw;rpa[k;

njitapy;iy vd;W TWtjpypUe;J kdijbrk;ikahf itj;J thH gHfpf;bfhs;s

ntz;Lk;. vJt[k; gHf;fkhfp gpd;g[ tHf;fkhfp

khWfpwJ. Mfnt ey;y tHf;fkhf thH

KaYnthk;.

kdk; jd;trkhf ,Ue;J Ml;og; gilj;jjhy;

kdpjd; vd;W bgah; te;jJ. kdJ + jd; vd;gJ

jhd; kdpjd;. mnjnghy; ehd; vd;w Mztk;



78

nknyh';fp ,Ue;jtid eu + mfk;/ eu mfk;

bfhz;ljhy; eud; vd;Wk; bgah; cz;lhapw;W.

,d;bdhd;W eufk; vd;W Vd; bgah; cz;lhapw;W

vd;why;/ ehd;/ vdJ vd; kf;fs;/ vd;bghUs;/ vd;

M!;jp/ vd;W FWfpa tl;lj;jpw;Fs; rpf;Fz;LmtDila mwpthdJ bray;gLk;nghJ fhkk;/

Fnuhjk;/ nfhgk;/ nkhfk;/ kjk;/ khr;rh;ak;/

lk;gk;/ <h;ir nghd;w jPa Fz';fspd; ; tpistha;

gy;ntW Jd;g';fSf;F Mshf nehpLk;. ,ijna

eufk; vd;gJ. eu mfk;/ jPik mfk;/ jPikahd

mfj;jhy; vGk; bjhy;iyfisna eufk; vd;W

Twpdhh;. Mfnt Kjypy; J}a;ikahd kdj;ij/

mfj;ijg] bgWtnj "hdk; bgWk;

tHpKiwahFk;.

kdpjdpd; thH;f;if fPH;fz;l epiyfspy;

,a';FfpwJ.

1. ,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;fpw thH;t[ epiy.

2. ,aw;if tpjpj;j CH;tpid ,iwepiy.



79

3. rKjha mikg;g[ ePjp mwbewp.

4. murh';fk;.

nkw;fz;l epiyfspy; kdpj Md;khthdJ gl;L

bjsptila[k; bjspt[jhd; thH;itca;tpf;fty;yJ. Jd;g';fis fise;J

,d;gj;ijf; ju ty;yJ. nkw;fz;l epiyfspy]

btw;wp fhznt rhd;nwhh;fs; ey;y E}y;fis

vGjp rpwg;ghf thH tHp tiffisr; Twpr;

brd;whh;fs;. mtw;wpy; fij thapyhff;

TWfpd;w E}y;fs; gftj;fPij nghd;wJ.

fw;gidahff;TWk; fijfs; rpy ,uhkhazk;

nghd;w fhtpa';fs;. ,j;jifa E}y;fis

gog;gjpd; \yKk; thH;f;if mDgt';fspd;

\yKk; gapd;W mwbewp gpwHhJ rj;jpak;/ jh;kk;/

ePjp/ vd;fpd;w xG';F Kiwapy; cWjpahd

gHf;fj;ij filgpoj;J thH;e;jhy; kdpjDila

thH;t[ rpwg;ghft[k;/ ,d;gkhft[k;/ mikjpahft[k;

mika[k;. ,Jnt Md;kPf gazj;jpw;F



80

jpwt[nfhyhf mika[k;. ,e;j cah; bewpna

Md;kPf thH;t[ vd;W Twyhk;. Md;khtpd;

epiyawpe;J mjd; ,ay;iga[k; czh;e;J

vz;zk;/ brhy;/ bray; ,tw;why; mwbewp

gpwHhJ thH;e;J tUtJ Md;kPf thH;thFk;.

,g;go mwbewp nghw;wp xGfp thH;tjhy; Md;kh

J}a;ik bgw;W KGik milfpwJ. ,J xU

rpwg;ghd Md;kPfg; gazk; vd;W Twyhk;.

jd;Dila mwptpd; bjspthy; ,g;go thH;f;if

nkw;bfhs;tjhy; ,tw;iw xUtif Md;k"hdk; vd;W bfhs;syhk;. Md;kPf thH;t[ jhd;

Md;k "hdj;ij jUk;. ,jw;F jdpkdpj

xGf;fk; kpf kpf Kf;fpak;. jdpkdpj xGf;fk

Md;k "hdj;jhy; kl;Lnk bgw Koa[nk jtpu

kw;w bray;ghLfshy; bgw KoahJ. jdpkdpj

xGf;fnk xg;gw;w xGf;fkhd rKjhakhf khw

cjt[k; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.



81

mwtHp gpwHhJ thGk; bka;"hd tpsf;fj;jpd;

\ynk jdpkdpj xGf;fk; tsUk;. cyf kf;fs;

eyk;ngz Koa[k;. bka;"hd tpsf;fk; vd;fpw

Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk;/ jtk;

vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;.

jtg;gapw;rp/ jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis

mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs;

kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k;/

tpsf;fpa[k; ; Tw Koa[k;. "hdj;ij mspf;f

,aYk;.

kdjpy; cjak; MFk; xU bray;ghl;il vz;zk;

vd;W TWfpnwhk;. vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpd; xU

rf;jp MFk;. btl;lbtsp btspa[yfpy; g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w fth;e;jpGf;Fk;

<h;g;g[r; rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; me;j <h;g;g[r;

rf;jpia vjphpilahf tpyf;fpj;js;Sk;

tpfh;#z rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vz;zk;

vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtif rf;jpahFk;.



82

,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w Mw;wy; ml';fpa[s;sd.

,aw;ifahd ,e;j ,aw;iff; fs";rpaj;

jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w fUtpahdJ rpwpjst[

fpufpj;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j

me;j rf;jpia kdk; jd;Dilajhf

jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. gpwF me;jr;

rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna

brYj;JfpwJ. ,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd;

\yKk;/ Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd; \yKk;/

cztpd; \yk; cly; ,af;fk; eilbgWtJnghy/ ,Jnghynt mnj cztpd;

\yk; Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk; cz;L

gz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJ

ehk; vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy;

btspna Js;SfpwJ. Mfnt kdk; vd;W

brhy;yg;gLtJ mwpt[s;sjy;y vd;gij

mwpfpnwhk;. Mdhy; mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy;

njhd;WfpwJ. mt;tpjk; mJ njhd;Wthjw;F

vd;d fhuzk;> vd;why; mwpt[s;s Md;kh mjd;

gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; Md;kh xd;nw



83

xd;W kl;Lk;jhd; mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ.

kdk; vd;gJ btspa[yfj;ij Md;kh

gw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLk; fUtpahf kl;Lnk

,Uf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf ,e;jg; g[j;jfj;ij

vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;. g[wj;jpy; g[j;jfk; vd;w

totj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jg;bghUis

cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J bfhs;tjpy;iy.

mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj ,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ

kdijr;brd;W jhf;fp xU J}z;Ljiy mjhtJ

miyfs; cz;L gz;qfpd;wd. ,e;jJ}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk; tifapy; kdk; g[j;jfk;

vd;w totj;ijg; bghUs;gLj;JfpwJ.

,t;tpjkhf jz;zPhpy; miyfs;

cz;lhtijg;nghy kdjpy; vz;z miyfs;

njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpdw cyfk;

kdjpy; miyfs; njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkhf

,Uf;fpwJ. g[fj;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh ahidapd;

cUtnkh kdpjdpd; cUtnkh btsp

cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. mjhtJ mtw;iwg;gw;wp



84

btspapypUe;J tUk; J}z;LjYf;Fg; gjpyhf

ekJ kdjpy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; gw;wp

kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. g[wj;jpy;

,Ug;gJ kdjpy; tprj;jpia cz;Lgz;qtjw;F

fhuzkhf kl;Lnk mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j

cz;ikia tpsf;Ftjw;F xU Kj;Jr;rpg;gpia

cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;. Kj;J vg;go

cz;lhfpwJ vd;gJ vy;nyhUf;Fk; bjhpe;jnj.

g[wj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpahf xU fpUkp

Kj;Jr;rpg;gpapd; Xl;Lf;Fs; g[Fe;J mijcWj;JfpwJ. mjhtJ rpg;gpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;

g{r;rpia mJ jpdt[f;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j

bjhe;jutpypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf rpg;gp

kpDkpDg;ghf xUtpj jpuhtfj;ij mjhtJ

vdhky; tifia ff;fp btspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gpwF

rpg;gp jdf;F cgj;jputk; tpistpj;j fpUkpia

Rw;wpYk; me;j vdhky; giriag; g{rpf;fpUkpia

\o kiwj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Kj;J

cz;lhfpwJ.



85

ekJ mDgtj;jpy; Kj;J cz;lhtjw;F

xl;Lz;zp fpUkp fhuzkhf ,Ug;gJnghy

btspcyfk; ekJ mDgtj;jpw;F mog;gilf;

fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. rpg;gpf;Fs; fpUkp

g[FtJ nghy; Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf g[Fe;J

gpug";rk; ekf;Fg; g[yg;gLfpwJ. rpg;gp vdhky;

giria btspg;gLj;JtJ nghy ,e;j gpug";r

braiy ehk; mwpfpnwhk;. ,t;tpjk; kdjpy;

eilbgWk; braiy rhjhuz kdpjd; xUnghJk;

mwpe;J bfhs;skhl;lhd;. Vbddpy; mt;tpjk; mtd; bjhpe;J bfhs;s Kaw;rp bra;a[k;

mnjrkaj;jpy; jd; vdhky; giria btspna

mDg;g[fpwhd;. gpwF jd;Dila me;j vdhky;

g{r;irna ghh;f;fpwhd;. Mfnt kdk;

cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj; jtpu ntW

vija[k; kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s

,aYtjpy;iy. cz;ikahd Md;kh kdjpw;F

gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; ifapy; cs;s

fUtpahf kdk; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd





87

gHpr;bray;fs; bra;J/ jdf;Fk;/ gpwh;f;Fk;

Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;fpwJ. Mfnt gpu";r

khiaapy; Md;kh cHd;W jtpg;gij jtph;j;J

khia kaf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl cz;lhf;fpa

rpj;jh;fs; gapw;rpna nahfh vd;gjhFk;.

loK hjJil Fdgnfkauf HuofjyjgGhfhagxuf Sp_Jl. HuofjyjgGhfhagxuf S:nfkauf DbafIjyjgGhfhagxuf Sp_Jl. DbaIjyjgGhfhagxuf S:jJl loskof Whfwha{Klmanfk wma=hspaj S:hfhaof. Fiof DkgxufWhfwha{Kl Hof msashfHk ki{l. FdlkspaoLjl. Wkkdjp hs;mmdopaoaUlh;h;hfhsofT nskaolajj djpabfG wittswhTl kstof whttioajstaof. DbafI

jgGhfhagxuf S:hfhiof kstlfhg ApnfKwitts jaBl iufuhl DyyioajS:jjstaof. Dbafmms jgGhfhagxuf dikKjwjayhiOjJ kqdljy wn:_jaK. nufuAPUl nufu Ae;ajjspLyyioajIlS:hfhaof.



88

DbafIjJl Snfk VggkkstJl wn:_jspwkagaH DbfG. i[spsuf ngnfK wmuUjsoftehaK Wksaha;ak ishkdkj jaBjsoft ehaKS;kkl DdtnfKisGl ehaoft DbafmmsEthGksoftK. V:iof maGl ehaK maGkdu

lol EtTj wjayyalu ejah Dbafmmseleua_js ks:hfhs Fido mag eibfGlWofjst Akks; DbafI ekaofTjstK.Sekehau mLkapkksuf FUiujkksUl masDtisoajy nbfhafjy lkkspsUl mas hufeiTmlhi_jysof cul losk lolaoK ejah,

kah, Sofh, Kofh_jYjJ AyajstK.

Sofh Kofhl Wofhek losk ia[jdj. eldunagG Fts]of V:iof wmaofoaof SofhlKofhl Wofjst Ddgjdyk kaeo latts lattsehagGj wjyjsetal Woftaof. Ajei

ia[jdj WofhK Vaf Hkkjl. msaskkiajymsaskKj wjabfeg S:nfkKl SufduF{kiajy F{Kwjabfeg S:nfkKlSufdu. msashfhia F{iKl, F{kiamsashfhKl Foftag ia[jdjhf HkkjkksofFkkspap_jy. Sofhl EthGl ehaK lo



89

ljs[mms FdgjstK. Kofhl EthGjsoftehaKlol eikdo FdgjstK.

Aj Snfk Sofhl, Kofhl Woft Snfk S;bfGwmpuhaGl W_ej ekaofTjstK? WoA;apmms wmpK haafjJl ehaK Vifwia:loskosof Adm, is:hfH, Attadl,WksahaafhfH, whatadl ehaoftittaufDbfgajsofto. losk lol Fdk kaofis:lHkstK. jsdgkkauf lsj lsj mnfekamlFdgjstK. i:lhspK nsdteitak ehaK

Kofhl FdgkstK. Dyyhxep Sdi SofhlKofhl kaoa? Wofjst ejyisjJ, SdiSofhl Kofhl Fufu WofTkaof hksufwmaufuspaj eibfGl. ja;bl SdijdyWufual hs;mmdojy.

hs;mmdojdym mnfkshfhktJ Sdtiof nljJFtsI, dj, jauf, Dguf WofT WkkdoFip_jdyj wjaGkks:jjstaof. Ajeihs;mmdojdy mnfkskK idjhfhGkk FtspSpuak ja;bel Sofhl, Kofhl Ajhaisjjstaof loskof. Dyyhxep Kofhl

WofhK VofT DbfG Woftauf hmsjwjaGdl,



90

ia[ i[spsufdu, FK Kofhl. kq;ak enap,FK Kofhl.

lodkhf hjJihfhGkk wkaspak ja;bkkaufmLkapkksuf hufeiT mlhi_jdyhfhaafjjsetal. SyipK iaushof ks:lblngnfK S;bfG cofT lak_jey Ajsofto.ktwjadu wmpK wjabfgaof Woft wmpks,wmpkskkausuf i:jstK Wofo ja;bl?Woftauf jaiuf Kdt kjiuf FtsishfH, jbiof ldois Sdgep kj;aT WofT wmpksk ka[suf

ehaghfhgGyfyK. Sofwoa: Htl Fekwmpksk ka[suf 85 ipK nsdtI whtt Snfksphfhs;kla 100 ejaxdpk kabfxp <okKdjlsJnfk Snfksp nagdg huf eiThs;mmdojYjJ lkkspseu msaskKk wjabfegnagdg AYidkPl haafjjsetal. 26 ipksuf

ks:lbl Ao Sdy]of jbiof, ldois,hsbjjauf ktwjadu wmpk Anfk Sdy]oflodkPl haafjjsetl, 85 ipK kyyakipksuf nagdgep nsaijsjjsoft ipkao SnfklokdkPl haafjjsetl. Wofo eiThaG?WofT haafjJl ehaK hs;mmdojdy <q;bskK

kqafIjaBl ksbfdl 90 ipK LksnfkiajJ



91

S:jjstK. Fia ia[fjstaaf. Fek lokksbfdliaushOjJ Sufdu. Fnfk iaushof DpsafS[nfkaof. Shfhxhfhgg Snfk ksglaolokksbfdl Vifwia:i:l Whfhxhf whTiK?Woftauf FktJ i[sjagGiK Aoflqjl.

Aoflqjkkauf lgGel lokksbfdlwhtLxPl. Aofl Woftauf Dpsa. SnfkDpsasof isdypagGk kkKikdk FtsnfKwjabfgauf lol wmldlpaJl. Vifwia:maofeta:l Dpsa isdypagGk kkKikdkFtsp F:l haGhgGyfyaajy.

kofdoptsnfKSofhLt wibfbsuaei

V: knfks;lf nq wmaufu eib fGlf wibfbsuaei

kofdoptsp kljfwja: ejxufdu

kofdo ptspalu f kaeo F[sjsoftaeo WofT hufeiT haguf cul rTidkj

jabual. kofdoptsiK Whfhx? WoftejyisjJ nufu Aoflqj Amaofjdy FBjsmskkajy W{ksp Nzufjdyhf hxkK isyjjlwhTiksof cul Dpsa isdypagGkkkKikdk Ftspual. Dpsa isdypagGkkkKikdk Ftsnfkieo kkKi ]aos.



92

maka;b losk ia[jdjpsuf ljjyWufeua:l kkKi ]aosjyaj LxPla?FktJ en;l EK? Woft ejyiskao SofdtpmLkapkksuf Lofeo nstjstK. FijamlS:jjstiafjy kkKi ]aos Aj LpU_jy.

Fijaml Sufuakiafjy DgduPlDpsd;Pl ehBjsoft hpstms whT_jy.Shfhpstmspsof cul lol hjJil FdgPl.ekdiptt ejahl, lo F{kkl, kqafjjlaoLxI WGjJl Attu, J[hfhltt kofdl,enaptt Ae;ajjsplao Dguf Sdijdyhf

whtT Sofhlaj ia[ual. lol hjJihfhGiktjaj EthggKkaof cmMhf hpstms,Amohf hpstmsjy ehaoftdijy. lokstJFyhfhasp Attu DyyK. loksof AttuaufWdkPl makskKj jagg LxPl. Fhfhxmakdo hdgkkiajy kaof kdulps;auf

uaasdp S{hfhi:l, jbfhaadipaufS:lHj jlhsdp idyhfhi:l,jbfhaadipaeu wl|lasml wmpKjagGhiajy hua Snfk Dujsuf Dyyoaf.

hs;h]fm Attduhf whTiktjJ hu i[sjy

S:nfkaUl Fdk whtT hpof wht



93

eibfGlaoauf FktJasp Ve; j:is lolkaof. losk lolaoK Wdk nsdojjsteka FdkFdgnfKisGl. Dka;blaj hbl mlhakskKhbjja;of AjeibfGl WofT FekJtsjejayaj S:jjstiof hbjja;of

Ajs;aof. Fekehauf gajfga AjeibfGl,Wof<soqpa AjeibfGl Wofjsoft Wbfbkksofisdyiaj naggl wjayjstK lol. hsofHFKiaj latsisGjstaof.

maka;o mLkap ia[jdjpseuep

DofOdgp lol DojJ eibfxpdkkk:jstK. FktJasp kJks lokstJ S:jjstK.Fek ehauf Aoflqjhf hadkpsUlSjia[jdjpsUl mas, Dof lolaoK WdkQafjsteka Fdk FdgpLxPl Wo FtspLxjstK. Fkoaeu kaof nufu wmpksjdy,

nufudijdy, lol Fdk ejgG QafkKnufuhxpaj loskof wmpuhg eibfGlWofjst Fxhfhdgpseu kaof kall, nqks,enafdl, V{_J, hbfhaG FkkdoPlEthggo.



94

Snfk mLkap V{_JjJ laThgG ngjjstloskdo Snfk mLkapl VKjJjstK,nsnfksjjstK. Fkoauf loskof Sj ia[jdjpsuf Jttiauspajstaof. mLkapl DofdoJttiauspajJjstK. mLkapj JttkKjJ

Ayajs Kofhhf hGjstaof.

Sjia[jdjpsuf lsj lsj LjjsplaoK S;bfG:

1. mLkap V{_J,

2. Sufut V{_J.

mLkap V{_J ehau Sufut V{_JjJlaThgG V:iof ngjJl ehaK kaofSufutkksuf Kofhl i:jstK. SufutkksajJWofT Vaf Sujjbl S:jjstK. Fkofhxia[j jtTj wjayfy eibGl. jbfbspl,

jtH, enafdl, mLkapkdkm maafnfK ia{ljgGhfhaG.

jbiTjjaj ldoisPl, ldoisjjajjbiOl, Siafjy S:i:l emafnfKJ[nfdkjdy iyajjsoft laofH, ipkao

jaukksuf J[nfdkjy whtetaaf jiosjjeibfxp whaThfH, Sitdt Sufut



95

Sujjbl nljJ ehaksjjstK. Snfk SufutSujjbl laThGl ehaK losk ia[jdjKofhlajstK. JGlhkksuf mmm;Ijy WkoaufEthGjsofto Woftauf jbioaoiof ldoisSgkkseu msu WksahaafHjdy Wksahaafhfhaof.

Fnfk WksahaafhfHjJ Ettaaf ehauf ldoispsofwmpuhaG Sufduwpoftauf Dgeo Fiof loksuf ljs[mms S:jjaK. Fek ehauf jbiofShfhx S:jj eibfGl WofT ldoisWksahaafhfhayf. WksahaafhH ngiak ehaKloljs[mms Sufdu.

kaplaajy msu iqgxuf J[nfdkjyhxjjisufdu Wofhktjaj J[nfdkjdyejahkekaG FxkJ KofHTkKjsoftnsj[mmsdp haafjjsetal. Fek ehau msyaldoisdp FxkK KofHTkKjsoft jagmsdphf

haafjjsetal. mtT hxkkiajy jGdlpaoiaakdkjyauf V:id; V:iaf kbfxkK wjayikaUl lol eikdohfhGjstK.

FUiujkksuf maspaohxeidu wmppisufduWofT eluksjaas ksgGikaUl lol

eikdohfhGjstK. Shfhx Foftagl



96

FOhishfhK kaof losk ia[jdjpajstK.Snfk nsdudp latt Wofo wmpp eibfGl?losk lokdkhf hbfhGkk eibfGl. lolhbfhg eibfGlaoauf Lkusuf nufu msnfkdo,nufu wmpufhaG, nufuiafjeyaG DtI,

Sdti[shaG ehaoft Dpasp wmpufjyauflokdk hbfhGkk eibfGl. msu losk:jJlo S:jjel ia[jdjpaj S:jJl.Fiajy wmaufiK kaof mas WofTmaksjjsoftiafjy DbfG. Fhfhx h[js i:jsoftFnfk h[jjkksof ja;blaj lolK lo S:jj

iphfhgG isGl. lol S:jjLyyiajYjJDbfdljy HasnfK wjayYl AttuSufualu ehaJl. ja;bl DgusofFBjrTjy Fhfhx EtT EtT h[jskofOdgp <qi mjks JdtnfK isGjstK.Dps;attu, <qi mjks Jdtnfk loskOdgp

FtsiaoK maspao Ldtpsuf wmpufhgaK.FhfehaK hs;mmdojYjJ kqafI jaBlkstdo lol S[nfK isGjstK. Ajei <qimjksdphf ehbsjjahfhK lsj lsj FimsplAjstK. Fnfk <qi mjksdp ehbsjjahfhK kaofepajl WofhK.



97

h;sMkfk lolkdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLtJ. xd;W btspkdk;.

,d;bdhd;W cs;kdk;.

wiyslolbtspkdkhdJ gytpj Mrhghr';fSf;F

cl;gl;lJ. mjDila Jizth;fshd bka;/

tha;/ fz;/ fhJ/ \f;F/ Mfpa Ie;J g[yd;fs; jhd; ek;Kila btspkdij Ml;og;gilf;Fk;.

gytpjkhd Rf';fis mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;.

,jd; \yk; gy ,d;dy;fs; neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk;/

jPz;ly; ,d;gk; nghd;wtw;iwj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.

njfk; kdpjidj; jtwhd ghijapy;

nghfr;bra;a[k;. ,jpypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpf;f

ntz;Lk;. tha; ngRtjw;Fk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk;

cjt[tJ. mnj rkak; bfl;ltw;iw ngRtjw;Fk;

rhg;gpLtjw;Fk] J}z;LtJ. fz;/ ,J



98

kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. kdpjDf;F kpfkpf

Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j fz; ghh;g;gJ vy;yhk;

mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk] vd;w Miriaj;

J}z;LtJk;/ mwpit tsh;f;f gof;f cjt[tJk;

,f;fz;fns. MH;kdija[k; ghh;itapy; ghh;j;J

kdjpy; gjpaitf;Fk; kpfKf;fpakhd

mitafkhFk;. fhJ ,d;dpiriaf; nfl;gJ

kw;Wk; ngRtJ/ gy ey;yJ bfl;lJ nghd;w

tptfhu';fis nfl;f cjt[tJ. \f;F

thridfis mDgtpg;gJld; kdfpsh;r;rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j cWg;g[ bray;gLk;.

,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf btspkdkhdJ

murhl;rp bra;J kdpjid ey;yJ bfl;lJ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og; gilf;Fk;. Mfnt

,e;j btspkdk; ml';fpdhy;jhd; cs;kdk;

jpwf;Fk;. Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og;gilf;Fk;

btspkdij mlf;Ftjw;Fjhd \r;Rgapw;rp/

jpahdk;/ ke;jpu';fs;/ ghuhaz';fs; Kjypad



99

bra;antz;Lk;. Kjypy; btspkdij xUepiyg;

gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; btw;wp bgw;why;

cs;kdjpy; ekJ ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ

kpfr;Rygk;. kdjpw;Fk; Rthrj]jpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp

,y;yhj bjhlh;g[z;L. kdk; ve;j mst[

bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[ \r;Rf; fhw;wpd;

mst[k; bray;gLk;. btspkdij mlf;fr;

rhd;nwhh;fs; ,uz;L cghaj;ijf;

ifahz;lhh;fs;. xd;W jj;Jt hPjpahf ,e;j

vz;zk; ; jPikahdJ vdnt ,ijj; js;sptplntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd

rpe;jidapy; xt;bthU jPa vz;zjija[k;

xJf;fp/ kdij jd;Dila mwptpd;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ. ,d;bdhd;W

\r;Rf;fhw;W hPjpahf ml';fhj fhisia

mlf;Ftjw;F bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy ml';fhj

kdij mlf;f \r;R gapw;rp bra;J \r;Rf;fhw;iw

mlf;fpj; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ.

,Jnt kdkl';fpdhy; \r;R ml';Fk]/



100

\r;rl';fpdhy; kdk; ml';Fk; vd;gjhFk;.

kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w gpizg;gpy;

mfg;gl;Lf; bfhz;Ls;shd;. mtd; md;whlk;

gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f ntz;oa

NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp thGfpwhd;. Mfnt

mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J kdij mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr;

brYj;jp kdkl';fr; bra;tJ vspjhd

fhhpakpy;iy. fhuzk; nahrpg;gjw;F fhyk;

nghJtJ ,y;iy. Mfnt jw;fhy NH;epiyapy;

\r;Rg; gapw;rpapd; \yk;jhd; kdij mlf;fntz;oa fl;lha epiyapy; cs;shd;.

Dyflol

cs;kdkhdJ vija[k; bra;af;ToaJ. mjw;Fey;yit bfl;lit bjhpahJ. btspkdk; vd;d

brhy;fpwnjh mij mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ

epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L.

cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy; mghukhdJ. ,jd;

rf;jpfis vGj;jhy; mstpl;Lf;Tw KoahJ.



101

gytpjkhd Mghr/ jPa vz;z';fis mfw;wp

ekf;F vJ njitnah mij czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf

cs; kdJf;Fj; bjhpag;gLj;jp tpl;lhy; cs;kdk;

mij mg;gona epiwntw;wp tpLk; Mw;wy;

gilj;jJ.

lol WofOl lap

vgMlj j:iskdjpy; cjak; MFk; xU bray;ghl;il vz;zk;

vd;W TWfpnwhk;. vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpd; xU

rf;jp MFk;. btl;lbtsp btspa[yfpy;

g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w fth;e;jpGf;Fk;

<h;g;g[r; rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; me;j <h;g;g[r;

rf;jpia vjphpilahf tpyf;fpj;js;Sk;

tpfh;#z rf;jp ,Ug;gijg; nghyt[k; vz;zk;

vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtif rf;jpahFk;.

,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w Mw;wy; ml';fpa[s;sd.

,e;j ,aw;iff; fs";rpaj;jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w



102

fUtpahdJ rpwpjst[ Mw;wiy fpufpj;J vLj;Jf;

bfhs;fpwJ. mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j me;j rf;jpia

kdk; jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. gpwF

me;jr; rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna

brYj;JfpwJ. ,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd;

\yKk;/ Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd; \yKk; tUfpwJ.

cztpd; \yk; cly; ,af;fk;

eilbgWtJnghy/ mnj cztpd; \yk;

Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk; cz;L

gz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJehk; vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy;

btspna js;SfpwJ. Mfnt kdk; vd;W

brhy;yg;gLtJ mwpt[s;sjy;y vd;gij

mwpfpnwhk;. Mdhy; mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy;

njhd;WfpwJ. mt;tpjk; mJnjhd;Wtjw;F vd;d

fhuzk; vd;why; mwpt[s;s Mj;kh mjd;

gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

cz;ikapy; Mj;kh xd;nw xd;W kl;Lk;jhd;

mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ. kdk; vd;gJ



103

btspa[yfj;ij Mj;kh gw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;

fUtpahf kl;Lnk ,Uf;fpwJ. cjhuzkhf

,e;jg;g[j;jfj;ij vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;. g[wj;jpy;

g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;

,e;jg;bghUis cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J

bfhs;tjpy;iy. mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj

,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ kdijr;brd;W jhf;fp xU

J}z;Ljiy/ mjhtJ miyfis cz;L

gz;qfpd;wd. ,e;j J}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk;

tifapy; kdk; g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;ijg; bghUs;gLj;JfpwJ. ,t;tpjkhf jz;zPhpy;

miyfs; cz;lhtijg;nghy kdjpy; vz;z

miyfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpd;w

cyfk; kdjpy; miyfs; njhd;Wtjw;F

fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. g[j;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh

ahidapd; cUtnkh kdpjdpd; cUtnkh btsp

cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. mjhtJ mtw;iwg;gw;wp

btspapypUe;J tUk; J}z;LjYf;Fg; gjpyhf

ekJ kdjpy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; gw;wp



104

kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. g[wj;jpy;

,Ug;gJ kdjpy; ,r;rj;jpia cz;L

gz;qtjw;F fhuzkhf kl;Lnk

mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

Mfnt kdk; cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj;

jtpu ntW vija[k; kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s

,aYtjpy;iy. cz;ikahd Md;kh kdjpw;F

gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; ifapy; cs;s

fUtpahf kdk; ,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd

kdpjdhfpa eP (Mj;kh) epw;Fk;nghJjhd; kdk;

mwpt[ilajhfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd; kdJf;F

mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; jpwika[z;lhfpwJ. Mj;kh

kdijf; iftpl;LtpLk;nghJ mJ J}s;Jshfr; rpjwpg;ngha; xd;Wnk ,y;yhky; btWik

mile;J tpLfpwJ.

,g;nghJ kdk; vd;d vd;gijg; g[hpe;J

bfhz;Oh;fs;. rpj;jk;/ kdk;/ vy;yhk; xU



105

,Ug;gplkhFk;. mjpy; vGfpd;w miyfSf;Fk;/

RHpfSf;Fnk/ tpUj;jp vd;w bgah;. ,e;j

tpUj;jpapd; \ynk ek;khy; mwpag;gLk; cyfk;

ekf;F gpug";rkhf tps';FfpwJ. Md;kh/ kdk;

vd;w epiyapy; tpUj;jp vd;w miyfshYk;/

RHpfshYk;/ ,d;g';fisa[k; Jd;g';fisa[k;

mDgtpj;J mjpnyna MH;e;J yapj;J jdJ

gpwtp nehf;fj;ij kwe;J kha cyfpy;

thGk;nghJ mof;fo czh;r;rptrg;gLfpwJ.

mj;jifa czh;r;rptrg;gLk; Md;khjhd; nguhir/ rpdk;/ gw;W/ ghy;fth;r;rp/ cah;t[ jhH;t[/

t";rk;nghd;w mWtif Fz';fshf khw;wk;

bgWfpwJ. Md;kh ,g;gog;gl;l Fz';fspd;

vGfpd;w vGr;rpapd; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk;/ kPz;Lk;

gHpr;bray;fs; bra;J jdf;Fk; gpwh;f;Fk;

Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ. Mfnt gpug";r

khiaapy; Md;kh cHd;W jtpg;gij jtph;j;J

khia kaf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl rpj;jh;fs;



106

cz;lhf;fpa gapw;rpna nahfh my;yJ nahfk;

vd;gjhFk;.

lol Hkfks Fj_ja;lf

mskklfMd;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf;

bfhz;L czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[/

1. gw;Wjy;/

2. epr;rapj;jy;/

3. xUg;gl;L vGjy;/

4. rpe; ;jpj;jy;/

vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,dp xU bghUis

,d;dJ vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida

gHf;fk; gw;wp mjd; tpidf;F <lhf mijj;

jdf;F cwthfnth/ gifahfnth/

bghJthfnth czUk;. ,g;go czh;jyhy; ;

,d;gk;/ Jd;gk;/ kaf;fk; vd \d;W tpj



107

Fz';fSs; xd;whf ghpzkpf;Fk;. ,t;thW

ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk; g[j;jpia/ Md;kh ,J Jd;gk;/

,J ,d;gk;/ ,J ,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J

gpd; mf;Fzk; njhd;Wfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; ehd;

,d;g[w;nwd;/ Jd;g[w;wnd;/ ka';fpndd;/ vd

czUk]. ,t;t[zh;t[fs; ; fhl;rpfs; MFk;.

g[wj;nja[s;s; fz;qf; fpdpabjhU bghUisf;

fz;L ,d;g[Wk; nghJ Kd;dh; ,J

njhd;whfhl;rpa[k; ,d;dbjd czUk;

khdrf;fhl;rpa[k;/ ,J ,d;d ,d;gk; vd;Dk; jd; ; czh;t[ fhl;rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf fhuz

fhhpa Kiwapy; fly; miynghy; Md;khtpd;

czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;. ,g;goahf

Md;kjj;Jtk; 24k; Md;kht[f;Fj; J}atotpy;

neu; bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd.

rpj;jh;fs; kdij ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; \yk;

"hdj;ijg; bgwKoa[k; vd;W czh;e;J bjhpe;J



108

mjw;F m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;L tifahd

gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;.

xUtd; j';f Mguzk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why;

ciyapy; ,l;L fha;r;rp j';fj;ij/ jfLfshf;fp/

fk;gpfshf;fp/ gf;Ftkhf;fp Mguzk;

bra;fpd;whnd/ mJnghy kdija[k;/ cliya[k;/

nahfj;jpd; \yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp "hdk; bgw

cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. kf;fSf;Fk;

gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E}y;fs; \yk;

vGjpitj;Js;shh;fs;. Mfnt jFe;j gapw;rpapd;

\yk; g[yd;fis btsp tptfhu';fspy;

nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk; brYj;jtplhky; g[yd;fis

bty;tjw;Fg; gapw;rp Kiwfisfz;Lgpoj;jhh;fs; ;. mjd; \yk; Rthrk; jhdhff;

fl;Lg;gLk;. Rthrk; fl;Lg;gLk; nghJ kdRk;

fl;Lg;gLk;. kdk; fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Uf;fpd;wth;fns

rpwe;j nahfpfs;. mij mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ/





110

bfhLf;fpwJ. ,it rPuhf/ Kiwahf/

bray;glhky; ,uj;jnkh/ fhw;nwh/ btg;gnkh/

khWgl;L bray;gLkhdhy; ve;j ,lj;jpy;

khWghlhfr; bray;gLfpwnjh me;j ,lj;jpy;

cs;s mqf;Tl;lk; eypt[Wk.; mg;nghJ

$Ptrf;jpahd capUf;Fj; Jd;gk; vd;fpw

czh;itj;jUk;. ,j;jifa Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J

tpLgl VjhtJ xU tHpiaj;njLfpwJ. mJ xU

brayhfnth bghUshfnth NH;epiyahfnth

,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;j njlny ehl;lkhfpwJ/Kaw;rpahfpwJ/ gpd;g[ brayhf;fk; bgWfpwJ.

,e;j njlypd; bjhlh;gaznk Jd;g

czh;thft[k;/ njita[zh;thft[k;/ Kaw;

rpahft[k;/ brayhft[k;/ ,d;gJd;g tpist[

fshft[k;/ bjspthft[k; Kothft[k; tphpe;J

bray;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf clnyhL bfhz;l

bjhlh;ghy; capUf;F Vw;gLk; mDgt';fspd;

bjhFg;ghf kdk vd;w Nl;Rkf;fUtp

bray;gL:fpwJ.



111

5 kkfKi_fjyfme;jg; g";rg{j Mw;wy; vg ;go kdpj rhPuj;jpy;

bray;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; ghh ;g ;nghk; . ,t;t[yfnk

Ik;bgUk; g{j mqf;fshy; MdJ. ,t;itak;

bgWk; g{j mqf;fspy; xt;bthd;Wk;/ xt;bthU

mqt[k; 96 jj;Jt';fs; mike;Js;sd. ,e;j 96

jj;Jt';fns kdpj rhPuj;jpy; bray;gLfpd;wd.



112

jjJt'fs 96

1. Kjy; jj;Jtk; 30

2. ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; 30

3. \d;whk; jj;Jtk; 36

Kjy jjJtk 30d tpguk

1. g{jk; 5/

2. bghwp 5/

3. g[yd; 5/

4. fd;nke;jphpak; 5/

5. fd;ktprak; 5/

6. fuzk; 4/

7. mwpt[ 1.

mjd; tpguk; tUkhW/

g{jk; 5/

1. gpUjptp-kz;/

2. mg;g[-ePh;/

3. nja[-mf;dp/

4.

tha[-fhw;W/5. Mfhak;-btsp.



113

bghwp 5/1. brtp/

2. njhy;/

3. fz;/

4. ehf;F/

5. \f;F

g[yd; 5/1. rj;jk;-nfl;fg;gl;lJ (brtpf;F caph;f;TW)/

2. ghprk;-bjhL czh;t[ mwptJ (clk;g[f;F

capy;TW)/

3. cUtk;-fhz;gJ (fz;qf;F caph;TW)/

4. ,urk;-mWRit mwptJ (ehf;Ff;F

caph;f;TW)/

5. fe;jk;-thrd mwpt[ (\f;Ff;F caph;TW)

fd;nke;jphpak; 5/

1. tha;/

2. fhy;/

3. if/

4. mghdk;/

5. Fwp



114

fd;k tprak; 5/1. ngRjy;-thf;Ff;F caph;f;TW/

2. flj;jy;-fhYf;F caph;f;TW/

3. bfhLj;jy;/ th';fy;-iff;F caph;f;TW/

4. tpLjy;-vUtha; caph;f;TW/

5. kfpH;jy;-Fwpf;F caph;f;TW

fuzk; 4/1. kdk;-xd;iw ,izg;gJ/

2. g[j;jp-mjid tprhhpg;gJ/

3. mf';fhuk;-mjidf; bfhz;L nky;

vGk;g[tJ/

4. rpj;jk;-mjidr; bra;J Kog;g[/

mwpt[ 1/1. jd;idf; fz;L kfpH;e;jpUj;jy;

,uz;lhk jjJtk 30d; tpguk

1. eho 10/

2. tha[ 10/

3. ra';fs; 5/

4. nfhrk; 5/

eho-101. gpuhzd;/



115

2. mghdd;/

3. tpahdd;/

4. cjhdd;/

5. rkhdd;/

6. ehfd;/

7. Th;kd;/

8. fphpfud;/

9. njtj;jd;/

10. jd;brad;

1. gpuhzd; g[Ut kj;jpapy; njhd;wp rpj;j ehoapy;

g[Fe;J \yhjhuj;ij mile;J/ bjhg;g[s;/

gpd; \f;Fj; jhdj;jpy; Kl;o ,lfiy/

gpd;fhiyfspy; Xo fghyj;ijr; Rw;wp/

\f;F Jthuj;jpy; btsptUk; Rthrk; 12m';Fyk; ePz;L btspte;J ehd;F

m';Fyk; fHpe;j 8 m';Fyk; cs;ns

brd;W kPz;Lk; g[wg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J

Rthrk; Jt';FfpwJ. ,g;gor; bray;gLk;



116

Rthrk; ehHpif xd;Wf;F 360 Rthrk; ,ut[

gfy; 60 ehHpiff;F 21/600 Rthrk; kdpj

clypy; bray;gLfpwJ.1

,e;j Rthrk; 21/600-f;F tpguk;/

1. \yhjhuj;jpy; Rthrk; 6000

2. Rthjpl;lhdj;jpy; Rthrk; 6000

3. kzpg{ufj;jpy; Rthrk; 6000

4. mdhjfj;jpy; Rthrk 6000

5. tpRj;jpapy; Rthrk; 1000

6. Mf;fpidapy; Rthrk 10007. Rfd;ufhuk; Rthrk; 1000

ehs; xd;Wf;F 21/600 Rthrk; ,a';fp ,jpy;

7/200 Rthrk; fHd;W 14/400 Rthrk; cs;ns

brd;W kdpj cliy brayhf;fg;

gLj;JfpwJ.

2. mghdd

1 24 epkprk; bfhz;lJ-1 ehHpif



117

Fjj;ija[k;/ Fa;aj;ija[k; gw;wp epd;W

kyrhjpfis fHpg;gJ

3. tpahdd ; njhypny epd;W ghpr';fis mwptpg;gJ

4. cjhdd ; gpria czlhf;fp cz;l czit

cztpd; rf;jpia mjhtJ rhuj;ij

72/000 eho euk;g[fspy; brYj;jp rhPuj;ij

tsh;g;gJ.

5. Rkhdd vy;yh tha[tia[k; VWjy;/ ,w';Fjy;

,y;yhky; rkdhff; bfhz;L ,a';FtJ

6. ehfd ; tpf;fYk;/ ff;fYk; cz;lhf;FtJ

7. Thkd ; fz;zpny epd;W ,ikg;gJ

8. fphpjud ;

g[Utkj;jpiag; gw;wp epd;W Jk;ky;/

mGtpj;jy; bra;tJ

9. njtjhjjd ;



118

tHpj;jpUf;Fk; nghJ XLtpj;jYk;

cyht[jYk;/ a[j;jk; gz;qtpj;jy;

bra;tJ

10. jd brad ; gpuhzd; clk;ig tpl:Lg;nghdYk; jhd;

gphpahky; epd;W clk;ig ,a';fr; bra;J

tphptpj;jYk; bra;J \d;W ehl;fSf;Fg;

gpwF fghyj;ijg; gpse;J Xog;nghtJ

ra';fs; 5/1. mkh;thrhak;/

2. gfph;thrhak;/

3. rhythrhak;/

4. kdthrhak;/

5. Rf;fpy thrhak;

1. mkhthrhak

cz;l czt[ rhuk; mkUkplk; 2. gfph;thrhak

md;d rhuk; gfph;e;J bfhLf;Fkplk;3. rhythrhak

ePh; ,w';Fk; ,lk; 4. kdthrhak

kyf;FHp ,w';Fk; ,lk;

5. Rffpy thrhak ; Rfpyd; gphpa[k; ,lk;



119

nfhrk; 5/1. md;dka nfhrk;/

2. gpuhzika nfhrk;/

3. kndhika nfhrk;/

4. tp";"hdka nfhrk;/

5. Mde;jka nfhrk;.

1. md;dka nfhrk ; Jynjfkhfpa clk;g[

2. gpuhzika nfhrk gpuhzDk; fd;nke;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ

3. kndhika nfhrk

kdKk; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ4. tp hdka nfhrkg[j;jpa[k; "hnde;jphpaKk; To epw;gJ

5. Mde;jka nfhrkgpuhztha[k; Rkj;jpa[k; To epw;gJ

\d;whk jj;Jtk 36d; tpguk

1. Mjhuk; 6/

2. kz;lyk; 3/

3. kyk; 3/

4. njhrk; 3/

5.

Vlid 3/



120

6. Fzk; 3/

7. ,uf;fk; 8/

8. tpid 2/

9. mt!;ij 5.

Mjhuk; 61. \yhjhuk;/

2. Rthjpl;lhdk;/

3. kzpg{ufk;/

4. mdhfjk;/

5. tpRj;jp/

6. Mf;i"

1. \yhjhuk ; vUtha;/ ehw;rJuf;Fs;ns ehspjH;

Kf;nfhz totkhf ,Uf;Fk/; vGj;J

X';fhuk;/ epwk; khzpf;f epwk;/ fzgjp.

2. Rthjpllhdk ; vUtha;f;Fk; nkny ,uz;L tuw;fil

mst[k; bjhg;g[Sf;Ff; fPnHa[k;

,Uf;Fkplk;/ ehw;nfhzk;/ MW ,jH;/

vGj;J eh fhuk;/ gilg;g[ gpuk;kh/

brk;bghd; epwk;.



121

3. kzpg{ufk ; bjhg;g[H;/ gpiwnfhzkhdJ/ ,jd;

eLnt epw;Fk; vGj;J kh fhuk;/ gj;J

,jH;/ kufj epwk;/ njtij tp#;q

4. mdhfjk ;

,Ujak;/ Kf;nfhzkhdJ/ ,jd; eLnt ,Uf;Fk; vGj;J rp fhuk;/

gd;dpwd; ;L ,jH;/ !;gof epwk;/

cUj;jpud;

5. tpRjjp

fhz;lk; (fGj;J)/ mWnfhzk;/ 16,jH;/ nfk epwk;/ vGj;J th fhuk;/

njtij knfRtud;

6. Mfig[Ut kj;jp/ tl;lkhapUg;gJ/ 3 ,jH;/

gof epwk;/ vGj;J a fhuk; nkw;fz;l tpguj;jpd; \yk; Mjhuk;

Mwpnya[k; MW vGj;J Xk; ekr;rptha/

MW Mjhuk; MWtplhft[k;/ ,jH;fs;



122

Tl;odhy; 51 ml;ruk; vd;gJk;

fz;Lbfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

kz;lyk; 31. mf;dp kz;lyk;/

2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk;/

3. re;jpu kz;lyk;.

1. mfdp kzlyk ; ,J \yhjhuk; MFk;

2. Mjpjj kz;lyk ; ,Uja !;jhdk; MFk;

3. re;jpu kz;lyk ; rfd;fhu jskhFk;.kyk; 3

1. Mztk;/2. fhkpak;/3. khia1. Mztk

clk;ig ehd; vd;W ,Ug;gJ2. fhkpakfz;ltw;wpy; kdk; Mirg;gLk;

3. khiajdf;F tUtij mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ.

njhrk; 31. thjk;/

2. gpj;jk;/



123

3. jpnyhj;jkk;

1. thjktha[tpd; bray; tpist[

2. gpjjkmf;fpdpapd; tpist[

3. jpnyhjjkk

fgj;jpd; tpist[ Vlid 3

1. mh;j;j Vlid/

2. g[j;jpu Vlid/

3. cyf Vlid

1. mh;jj Vlid

jputpaj;ij njo Mirg;gly; 2. gjjpu Vlid

g[j;jpuh;fs; njo Mirg;gly; 3. cyf Vlid

cyf tpra';fs; njo Mirg;gly;Fzk; 3

1. ,uhl;rfk;/

2. jhkrk;/

3. rhj;tPfk;

1. ,uhlrfkmf';fhukha; btl;lsk;/ Fj;jt[k;/fof;fskhapUg;gJ

2.

jhkrk



124

ke;j g[j;jp/ cd;kj;jkha;/ kj;jpakha; ,Ug;gJ

3. rhjtPfkmlf;fk;/ md;g[/ tpntfk;/

Ik;bghwpahf;fy;/ mUs;/ "hdk;/ jtk;/

bghiw/ nkd;ik/ tha;ik

Kjypatw;iwa[ilajha ehl;l';

bfhz;oUg;gJ

,uhfk; 81. fhkk;/

2. Fnuhjk;/

3. cnyhgk;/

4. nkhfk;/

5. kjk;/

6. khr;rhpak;/

7.

,Lk;ig/8. mf';fhuk;

1. fhkkMir

2. Fnuhjkgpzf;F

3.

cnyhgkgpoghL



125

4. nkhfkgphpak;

5. kjkfh;tk;

6. khr;rhpakcjl;oy; cwt[k;/ cs;sj;jpy; gifa[k; itg;gJ

7. ,LkigcjhrPdk;

8. mf'fhuknfhgpj;jy;

tpid 21. ey;tpid/

2. jPtpid1. eytpid

g[z;zpak; bra;jy; 2. jPtpid

ghtk; bra;jy; mtj;ij 5

1. rhf;fpuk;/

2. brhg;gdk;/

3. RHj;rp/

4. Jhpak;/

5. JhpahjPjk;



126

1. rhffpukyyhlj;jhdk;

2. brhggdkfz;l!;jhdk;

3. RHjrp,Uja !;jhdk;

4. Jhpakehgp (bjhg;g[H;)

5. JhpahjPjkFwpaplk;

Kg;gJ Kg;gJ Kg;gj; jtWtU"; brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapYs; thH;gth;

brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapy; rpije; j gpd; byhg;gpyd; tU nkhl;blLj; jhnu

96 jj;Jt';fSk; ek;Kila rhPuj;jpd; vg;go>

bray;gLfpd;wd vd;W ghh;j;njhk;. ,jpy;

Md;kj;Jtk; vd;gJ 24. Mitahtd/

1. g{j';fs; 5/

2. jd;khj;jpiufs; 5/

3. "hnde;jphpa';fs; 5/

4. fd;nke;jphpak; 5/

5. me;jf;fhuzk; 4



127

Mfpa ,e;j 24-k; Md;kht[f;F J}a tothf

,Ue;J nenu bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L tps';Ftjhy;

Md;k jj;Jtk; vdg;gl;lJ. nkw;fz;l

Md;kjj;Jtj;jpd; tpsf;fj;ij vth; mwpthnuh

mtnu ,t;t[yfj;jpy; thHj;bjhpe;jtd; Mthd;.

Rit/ xsp/ CW/ Xir/ ehw;wKkdpiwe;jpd;

tif bjhpthd; fl;nl cyF vd;w ts;Sth;

tha;ik bghHpapd; \yk; fhzyhk;.

nkw;fz;l g{j';fspd; Ie;jpd; Nl;Rk Fz';fns

jd;khj;jpiufshFk;.

kkfKi isyjfjlf

mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ

clyhdJ 24 jj;Jt';fnshL To

bray;gLfpwJ. mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd

Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ clyhdJ 24

jj;Jt';fnshL ToaJ. epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/



128

fhw;W/ Mfhak;/ Mfpa Ie;J g{j';fspd;

Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj kdpj cly;.

nkw;fz;l g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; totk;/ Fzk;/

epwk;/ vGj;J cz;L vd;W "hdpfs;

Twpa[s;sdh;.

Ie;J g{j';fs; xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; vl;L tpjkhd

Fzhk;r';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk

Fz';fs; vd;fpw jd;khj;jpiu cz;L. mJnr

rg;jk;/ !;ghprk;/ +gk;/ urk;/ fe;jk; vdg;gLk;.

,ijna Xir/ CW/ xsp/ rit kzk; vdg;gLk;.

,e;j Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy; bjhHpy

g[hpfpd;wd> vd;W Muha[k; nghJ gukhq vd;fpw

Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd; jd;dpaf;f

RHw;rpapdhy; mz;l nguz;l';fs; cUthapd.



129

6 h]fm^k_fjyfgukhqf;fspd; gy;ntWgl;l ,af;f epfH;r;rpfns

nghpaf;f kz;lyk; mjd; Kjy; jdpepiy tpz;

vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Kjy; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpna

fhw;W vdg;gLk; mit nkhjpf; bfhs;tjhy;

Vw;gLk; btg;g epfH;r;rpna beUg;g[ vdg;gLk;.

ePuftha[/ gpuhztha[/ vDk; ,Utifahd fhw;W



130

Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ.

ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna kz;/ ,t;ite;J

epiyfSk; Ie;J bgsjPfk;/ Ie;J gphpt[fs;

Mdgoahy; mtw;iw g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.

Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia

czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).

vhpkiyf; FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij

cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk;

ePiu cz;lhf; FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s

lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw

czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ.

gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis

CW/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;w xt;bthU

vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf;f gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;J

vGr;rp/ fth;r;rpahf cs;s mGj;j

,af;ff;fl;lj;ij tpz; vd;Wk;/ xyp vGr;rpbgwk;

,af;fj;ij fhw;W vd;Wk;/ xsp vGr;rpbgWk;

,af;fj;ij beUg;g[ vd;Wk; Rit vGr;rp bgWk;

,af;fj;ij ePh; ; vd;Wk; kzk; vGr;rp bgWk;



131

,af;fj;ij kz; vd;Wk; TWfpnwhk;.

tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 103 tifahd elements

fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy; ml';fpa[s;sd.

kz;zpd; ,Wf;fj; jhy; gyntW cnyhf';fs;

tpisfpd;wd vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk;

g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.

epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak;/ Mfpa Ie;J

g{j';fspd; Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj

kdpj cly;. nkw;fz;l Ik;g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk;

totk;/ Fzk;/ epwk;/ vGj;J cz;L vd;W

g{jk; tot[ epwk; vGj;J Fzk; bjhHpy; Fwp bja;tk; fiy

kz; ehw

nfhzk;bghd;ik y fodk; jh';fy; tr;rpfuk; mad; epth;j;jp

ePh; gpiw btz;ik t jd;ik ghjk;

bra;jy; jhkiu jpUkhy; gpujp#;il

jPKf;

nfhzk;brk;ik u btk;ik

xd;W

tpjpj;jy;Rthjpfk; tpj;ij

fhw;W mWnfhzk; fUg;g[ a gue;J rhpj;jy; mWg[s;sp knfrd; rhe;jp

Mfhak; tl;lk; g[ifik Q btspahjy; ,lk;

bfhLj;jy;

mKj

gpe;Jrjhrptk;

rhe;jpafPij



132

"hdpfs; Twpa[s;sdh;. mJ gpd;tUkhW

cs;sJ.

h]fm^kLlf Fkof

kkfKiLlgukhqtpdhy; g";rg{jk; cz;lhdJ. mjd;

fyg;ghy; $Ptuhrpfs; cz;lhapw;W. $Ptuhrpfns

g";rg{j fyg;gpd; Mw;wiyf; bfhz;ljhFk;.

me;jg; g";rg{j Mw;wy; vg;go kdpj rhPuj;jpy;

bray;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; ghh;g;nghk;. kdpjdhd

$Ptdplk; mDgtKk; rpe;jida[k; To mwpt[g;

bgUf;fk; Vw;gl;L jd; fhuz epiyeho Muha[k;

nghJ guepiy eho Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy

czh;e;j kdpjdhy; jj;Jt tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ.

,t;t[yfnk Ik;bgUk; g{j mqf;fshy; MdJ.

,e;j Ik;g{j mqf;fspy; cs;s xt;bthU

mqtpY[k; 96 jj;Jt';fs; mike;Js;sd. ,e;j

96 jj;Jt';fns kdpj rhPuj;jpy; bray;





134

gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k;

mstpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g/ m';F

eilbgWk; ,af;fk; gy;ntW epiyfis

milfpd;wJ. mj;jifa ntWghLf;sjhd;

Fwpg;ghf mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa

gphpt[fshfpa tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh;/

epyk; vd;gdthFk;.

,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU epiynahL kw;w

epiyia ve;j mstpy; To ,ize;J

,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;g mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/

Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[ [ vd;w MWtifahd

epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; xt;bthU gphptpYk;

gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[ epiyfSk;

cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU

,af;fj;jpYk; jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/

gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk; Vw;gl;L xd;W

gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd. ,e;j

Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs;

mqthfp/ mqf;fs; To fhw;whfp/ btg;ghfp/ePuhfp mz;lbtspapny jd;idj;jhnd RHd;W



135

Rw;wp kpje;J bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. mjd;

kj;jpapy; gFjpapy; tpiut[ Fiwe;j mqf;fs;

beUf;f Kw;W fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf;fp

ePh;tuk;gpw;F nky; te;J bfl;oahd ghpzhknk

epykhFk;. nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy; Vw;gLk;

mqf;fs; mGj;jj;jhy; btg;gk; mjpfkhfp mjd;

tpisthf cnyhf';fs;/ ,uj;jpd';fs;/

,urhad';fs; ,itaht[k; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd.

nkYk; nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Kiwhafj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mqmLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/

kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ ePh;/ Mfpa ehy;tifr;

RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; vd;w

,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ

mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ.

nkYk; mt;tpj;jhdJ Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W

,a';fp jhtu ,dkhfpa Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ.

mjpypUe;j <uwpt[ ,dkhd g[G njhd;wp/ mijj;

bjhlh;e;J \twpt[/ ehywpt[/ Iawpt[g; gpuhzpfs;/



136

Mwwpt[s;s kdpj ,dKk; njhd;wpa[s;sd.

,t;thW gunk mqbtd;w capuhfp mJnt

jd;dGj;j ,af;fj;jhy; clyhfp clYs;

,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp mr;rf;j;jpna xypahfp/

xspahfp/ Ritahfp/ kzkhfp/ czUk;

jpwDkhfp/ caph;fs; vd;w ghpzhk rpwg;ig

bgw;wJ. ,j;jifa ghpzhkj; bjhlUk;

,af;f';fSk; ,ize;j xU nghpaf;f

kz;lyk;jhd; gpug";rk;/ g";rg{jk; vd;wiHf;fg;

gLfpd;wJ. kdpjdhd $Ptdplk; mDgtKk; rpe;jida[k; To mwpt[g; bgUf;fk; Vw;gl;L jd;

fhuz epiyeho Muha[k; nghJ/ guepiy eho

Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy czh;e;j kdpjdhy;

jj;Jt tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. gpug";r ghpzhkk; xU

tisaj;ijg; nghd;wJ. ,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp

mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd;

Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd; tiua[s;s kdpjd;. kdpjnd

jd; ,ay;iga[k;/ epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd;

njtd; vd;W filrpapny guj;jpny Kot[

bgWfpwJ. flypny njhd;Wk; miyfs; flypny



137

ml';FtJ nghyt[k;/ ePhpd; mirit miybad

kjpf;fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; guk;k jdJ ,af;ff;

fl;l';fSf;nfl;g;g gy;ntW msptYk; tYtpYk;

Vw;w jhH;t[fis bfhz;l ,af;f'; fshft[k;

fhl;rpfshft[k; ,Uf;fpdwd.

,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd. vdnt ehk;

fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy;

gunkahk; guj;ij; jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd;

VJ> fhqk; njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f

epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk; fUj;Jf;F ntW

ntwhf tpsf;fg;bgw;w nghJk;/ MH;e;j Muha;e;j

tpsf;fj;jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa guKk;/ mjd;

epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/ epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg;

guj;jpny Koe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; \d;Wk;

xd;whfnt ,Uf;Fk; ngUz;ik mf;fhl;rpahFk;.

cyfj;jpYs;s bghUl;fs; aht[k; kdpj ,dk;

cl;gl xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU \yg;bghUshy;

Mdit. mit mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU

jdpg;bghUspy; nrh;e;JtpLk;. ,J ,aw;ifapd;



138

tpjp. ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k; tpyf;fy;y.

,j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; jd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/

fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j

jdpg;bghUl;fs; jdpj;J ,a';fpdhYk; ,it

xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd. fhw;W

kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk;

cwp";Rk;/ beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[

btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ btw;wplnkh

fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ ,Jnt ,aw;ifapy;

mike;j rkepiyj; jj;JtkhFk;. ,it xd;iwxd;W kp";Rk;nghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;.

,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpnwhk;.

Jd;g';fis czh;fpnwhk;. kdpj clypYk; ,e;j

Ie; jdpg;bghUl;fs; (g{jk;) cs;sd.

g";rg{jkhfpa Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fshy; Md

,t;t[lk;g[ Kotpy; kz;nzhL neuoahfnth

kw;w ehd;F jdpg;bghUl;fshy; ce;jg;gl;L

gpd;dh; kz;nzhL kz; nrh;tJ jpz;zk;. njhy;-

kz;/ tha;-ePh;/ fz;-beUg;g[ tapW-btsp \f;F-

fhw;W ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xd;iw xd;W



139

fl:Lg;gLj;jp rkkhf itj;jpUf;Fk; tiu mikjp

epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Ie;j

jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy;

thGk; thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;. nehaw;w

thH;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk; vd;gJk;

KJbkhHpahFk;. ,iwtd; cyfpy; gy

$Ptuhrpfisg; gilj;jhh;. 84 Mapuk; $Ptuhrpfs;

vd;W TWth; rhd;nwhh;. Mdhy; ehk; mwpe;jJ

vd;dnth xU E}W ,UE}W vd;whny mjpfk;.

,jpny kdpjdpd; gilg;g[kpft[k; mhpa xd;W.mwpt[ KGikaile;j xd;W vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh;

"hdpfs;. gunk mqthfp mq ,af;fj; bjhlh;

tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf; fhl;rpfshfp/

gyg;gytd ntWghLfisg; bgw;W

tps';Ffpd;wd vd Kd;dnk mwpe;njhk;.

mJnt J}a mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp

epiyapy; fhyk;/ J}uk;/ gUkd;/ ntfk; vd;w

vy;iyfspy; fl;Lg;gl;l czh;tpy;/ ,d;g

Jd;gkhft[k;/ fzpjj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gythft[k;



140

,e;j ehd;F msitfisf; fle;j nghJ vy;yhk;

xd;Wgl;L gukhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;w

tpsf;f';fs; bjspthf czug;bgWk;. gunk

ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. ehd; vd;gJ jdpna ,y;iy.

guj;ijj; jtph;j;J ntW xd;Wnk ,y;iy. ,af;f

epfH;r;rpfs; midj;jpw;Fk; bghUshft[k;/

mtw;wpw;F Kjy; \y rf;jpahft[k; ,Ug;gJ

guk;bghUs; xd;nw. Mjpepiyapy; gukhft[k;/

mqepiyapy; capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j

bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/

fhl;rpfshft[k;/ ,af;f';fshft[k;/ ,Uf;fpd;w

me;j xU bghUs; ehd; vd;w brhy;ypd;

cz;ikf;fUj;J vd;W bjspthf tps';Fk;.

mGj;jkhf mqf;fs; ,ize;J ,a';Fk; xUepfH;r;rpna J}a cly;. mjDnl mGj;jk;

Fiwe;J Mdhy; tpiut[ mjpfkhfp Nf;Fkhfr;

RHd;W ,a';Fk; mqj; bjhlhpaf;fnk caph;/

J}aj;jpDnl caph;rf;jp RHd;W tUk;nghJ

Vw;gLk; nkhjy; epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/ rit



141

kdk;/ czh;jy; vd;Wk; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;

tpisfpd;wd. clYk; mqf;fshy;/ capUk;

mqf;fshy; mqf;fspd; \ynk guk; Mfnt

clyhf capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy;

gukhf ,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd;. ehd;

vdg;gLgtnd mtd;. mtd; vdg;gLtd; bja;tk;

vdg;gLfpwhd;/ Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;. gpuk;kk;

vdg;gLfpwhd;. mtidj; jtph;j;J jdpna xU

epfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy. mtnd ehd;/ ehnd mtd;/

vd;W bjspthf czh;e;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.jd;idg; g[yd; czh;r;rpfshy; vy;iyfl;o

czUk; jd; Kidg;ng kaf;fk;.

,';Fjhd; bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ.

gukhqf;fspd; gy;ntWgl;l ,af;f epfH;r;rpfns

nghpaf;f kz;lyk;. mjd; Kjy; jdpepiy tpz;

vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Kjy; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpna

fhw;W vdg;gLk;. mit nkhjpf; bfhs;tjhy;

Vw;gLk; btg;g epfH;r;rpna beUg;g[ vdg;gLk;.

ePuftha[/ gpuhztha[ vDk; ,Utifahd fhw;W



142

Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ.

ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna kz;. ,t;ite;J

epiyfSk; Ie;J bgsjPfk; gphpt[fs; Mdgoahy;

mtw;iw g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.

kz;zpd; ,Wf;fj;jhy; gyntW cnyhf';fs; tpisfpd;wd vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk;

g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;. gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf;

bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis CW/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/

kzk; vd;w xt;bthU vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf;f

gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;J vGr;rp/ fth;r;rpahf cs;s

mGj;j ,af;ff;fl;lj;ij tpz; vd;Wk;/ xyp

vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij fhw;W vd;Wk;/ xsp

vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij beUg;g[ vd;Wk;/ Rit

vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij ePh; vd;Wk;/ kdk;

vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij kz; vd;Wk;

TWfpnwhk;. tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 92 tifahd

Element fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy;

ml';fpa[s;sd. gd;dbdL';fhykhf khDlk;

mz;lbtspapy; kdpjidg; nghd;w gpwcaphpd';fs; cz;lh> m';F ntw;Wyf thjpfs;



143

cz;lh vd rpe;jid te;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf

ghftjk; Nhpaidg; nghd;W gynfho

Nhpad;fSk;/ gyfpuf';fSk;/ m';F thGk;

kdpjh;fisg; nghy nkk;gl;l $Ptd;fisf;

Fwpj;J ngRfpwJ. g";r g{jj;jpy; g{kpapy; kl;Lnk

gpug";rj;jpy; capUk;/ mwpt[k;/ Vw;gl;l

njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l fpufk; vd fUJk; kj

ek;gpf;iffSk; cs;sd.

h]fm^k_fjysofwmpufhaGjyfg";r g{j';fSk; xU epfH;r;rp kz;lyj;jpy; mJ

rpwpjhdhYk; bghpjhdhYk; ve;j tpfpjj;jpy;

fye;Js;sdnth/ mjw;nfw;g ,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/

tpist[fspYk; ntWghL cz;lhFk;. fhw;wpy;

tpz;qk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/ tpz;qk; ePhpy;

btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/ kz;zpy; ePh;

btg;gk; fhw;W tpz; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;.



144

,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd. xt;bthU g{jKk;

jd;dstpy; jdpj;jdpna ,a';Fk;nghJ xU

jd;iknahLk; kw;bwhd;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j

,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/

mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk; gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F

Vw;g btt;ntwhd rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk;

,a';Fk;. ,jdhy; xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k; ntW

ntwhd jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj;

njhw;w';fshf cUthfpd;wJ. tpz;zpd;

jd;epiy ,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp MfpwJ.

mJ fhw;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk;

rf;jpahfpd;wJ. mJ btg;gj;jpy; xsptpLk;

rf;jpahfpwJ. ePhpy; mJnt Ritahfp kz;zpy;

thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/

kzk; vd;w ,af;fj;jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL

xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf

,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/

kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd

RHy;fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd;



145

ghijapy; RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l mGj;jk;

Kjyhd Itif ,af;f';fspYk;

g';FbgWfpd;wd.

,e;j Itif ,af;f mjph;t[ miyfs; Kiwahfj; bjhlh;e;J eilbgWkhdhy; mjd;

tpisthf tpj;Jf;TWfs; tpise;J ,ize;J

me;j kz;lyj;jpy; czh;r;rp vd;w ,af;fk;

cUthfpd;wd. mg;nghJ me;j kz;lyk; mwpt[

vd;w rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd tpj;J

Mfpd;wJ. ,e;j tpj;Jf; nfhs';fs;jhd;

vy;yhtifahd caphpd';fSf;Fk; mog;

gilahd rpw;wiufs; MFk;. ,j;jifa tpj]Jf;

nfhs';fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; bgUfpf;To

bfhj;jhf mike;J ,a';fp bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/

czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy;/ vd;w rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg;

bgWk;nghj mj;bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk $Ptd;

vdg;gLk;. ,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq vd;w xnu

rf;jp xUg[wk; fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/



146

,itahfp J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/ ,tw;wpDnl

mnj gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr;

rpwg;ng klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit

kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshft[k;

$Ptfhe;jkhft[k; kpsh;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Nf;Fk

epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/

Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk; czh;jy; vd;w

epfH;r;rpna mwpt[ vdg;gLk;. caph; ; ,af;fj;jpd;

tpisthd xU rpwg;g[ epiyna mwpt[ MFk;.

caph; vd;gJ gukhq. ,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs; vz;zpwe;jd vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf \d;W

gphpt[fspy; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. nghpaf;f

kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz; vd;w caph;j;Jfs;

epiwe;j bgU';fskhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,e;epiyapy; ,J gpug";r caph; ;. ,Jnt

kfhfhrk; (kfh + Mfhrk;) tpz;.

jpul;rp epiyfshd fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;

Mfpa ehd;F g{j';fspYk; cs; epiw Mw;wyhfmike;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk; vd]w



147

tpist[fshf kyh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,af;f

epfH;r;rpfspy; ,Jnt g{jhfhrk; (g{jk; Mfhrk;)

vdg;gLk]. tpj;J vd;w mog;gil mikg;igf;

bfhz;L mq mLf;Fshy; mike;j clypy;

,nj tpz; czh;r;rp vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhf

kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; mnj tpz;

rpjhfhrk; (rpj;jk; Mfhrk;) MFk;. ,Jjhd;

$Ptd;. rpjhfhrk; vd;w epiynahL/ g{jhfhrKk;/

kfhfhrKk;/ neh; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUj;jyhy;

xt;bthU $PtDk; gpu";rk; KGika[k; jd;ndhL,izj;Jf; ; bfhz;nl ,a';Ffpd;wJ.

h]fm^k ndg

cjJk Kia;kksof elthJksdpmmaanfk Miaml Cxoau

Fjos

cjJk kbfxof Wksa Htlaj Cxoauf jatT

cjjsof naoJ HtLl jdunfK Cxoau Ajapl



148

cjjsof Miaml en;ajm wmoftau lbf

cjjsof Miaml jq[ajm wmotau nqa

Miamkdk dikK Sj ia[jdjpsuf Whfhx

Vifwia: wmpusUl witts jabfhK Wofhdkm; ma|fks;l Wofjst Nzusuf isyjjlajjrthfhgGyyK. m;l Woftaeu cmM WofTwha:y. SK cmM ma|fks;l WofhkaJl.L{jj m;ma|ks;kdk isyjjaisggaUlM:jjlajj rTksetal.

mnfks; jdu ngjJl ehaK KzkOhfHku,kaeo KzK wmuuuf, Hkkadgjy Fbskuf,ks:lbl wmpkuf, Agjdy eidujJWGkkuf, jsbT, Jyl wigGkuf, iqG, ldoia_Jkuf, JxHJkuf, wha:yjdy isttuf,

kojJ eluaoiajdy jabm wmuUkuf,wkpi hs;ksgdg wmpkuf, M;l kqafkkuf,

lbf, nqaf kkfKil Dujspuf isija;l Wofhkauf FK Ktit

SpUjJ WGkKj wjayfyhfhg lagfgaK. Fjos nufisdo kisdoS;bfdgPl ma:lf. lttdi Wufualf Ktit Spuf.



149

mlakaol ehmuf, jufis ejgGj wjayfYkuf,Sdi Wufual wmpiK nofdlpaJl.

vasp jdu ngjJl ehaK J: Dhekmlwhtu, Dhekml wmpkuf, Wksasdp is;gguf,hpsa isdykkuf, ispaha;l ehmuf, kq;ai[jdjk kqafkkuf, m_jqkl haguf, ehmkwkag_Jkuf, makskkuf, wjaufUl isgkdkkkqafkkuf, Dbi:nfKkuf, nskksd; wmpkuf nofdlpaJl.

Shfhx Eof Snfk Snfk Miaml ndgwhTl

ehaK Sofo Sofo wmpdu wmppmwmaofoaajy WofhK ejyis. vaspjdungjJl ehaK MiamlaoK hsgas i[spajhfehap wmpufhGl. mnfks;jdu ngjJl ehaKcdypsof hJks L{jj wmofTi:l.

Miaml msu jol Fksjl AJl ehaK APyJdtjstK WofT mskkajy jbfGhsxkKyfyaajy.

Lpuf 1nsl sgk fk st fJ 6 cmfM 2 i:gl f APy f

Jk sd; 1nsl sgk fk st fJ cmfM 2 0 i:gl f APy f



150

losko f 1nsl sgk fk st fJ cmfM 2 i:gl f APy f

Adl 1nsl sgk fk st fJ 4 cmfM 5 i:gl f APy f

ekd; 1nsl sgk fk st fJ 2 cmfM i:gl f APy f

eltjbfg ish;hfhx Jksd;dphf ehauf loskof

1 nslsgkkstJ 16 cmM isGjsoft ehaKlFkOdgp APu 20 i:glaj Jdtpjja;bl Jksd;psof eijl Fksjl. FKVGikauf Fkof APy JdtjstK.SofwoaofT FkOdgp cu FBjrtsof ha;lhasp SpuHlaJl.

loskof 1 nslsgkkstJ 16 cmM wmpufhggaUlJksd;dp ehaofT VGiksufdu,Dd[hfhksufdu hu lg_J Jksd;dpjjagxUl Dd[hfH JdtI. FkoaeuAPgjaul 120 Aj nqgxjjstK. AdlpaoKlsjj Jdtnfk FuI cmM isGiKlgGlufualuf FK wlKiaj Fxeluf FxWGkK wmuUl. Fkoauf 500 i:glia[jstK. ekd;epa 1 nslsgkkstJ 2 cmMisGjsoftK. Fkof wmpuhaG lsj lsj JdtI

Fkoauf 2000 i:gl ia[jstK.epajsjuf k_jy kiiusdlpauf wiysep 12 F_Jul



151

wmufUjsoft Miamkdk Jdtjj JdtjjhufeiT iusdljy, mskKjjy whttoaf.

11 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf Duj Admjyf

ehaJl

10 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf ]aol DbgaJl

9 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf iseijl ekaofTl

8 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf Kz;kfkseu ngjjsoft

nsj[fmfmsjy wkasPl

7 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf

6 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf Ajapkfksuf

Dyydijy nsduwkasPl

5 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf Dguf jap mskfksDbgaJl

4 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf 8 idjpao mskfKjjyfdjrGl

3 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf iaosuf Wufuajbg_jysUlm]fmasjfjual

2 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf rGisgGrGhapual

1 F_Jul Miaml ngnfkauf Aoflkasmol

jabual



152

Miaml Dkskk Sgkksuf nsdukkauf mlaksehasofh nsdupdgpual, Aja;l SoftsS:jjual.

loskOdgp Miamkdk dikK Whfhx

wpuual djpa[ual Wofhdk haafjJl

ehaK mskkajysof iufuhLl FtsIjrafdlPl hs;lsjj dijjstK.

hs;abapall, iamsepajl Wofjsthpstmsjdywpufual maspao J:isosglwkasnfK wjabfG hpstmspsuf St_j eibfGl.

maka;blaj hufeiT Hkkj_jdyhfhxkKisgG hpstms wmpiK Dasp hudokk;aK. msu eidyjysuf FKei DgUjJSdg T DbfgajjsisGl. hs;abpalkksoaufWhfhx Wnfkiskkksuf hpof Fdgjsetal

Wofhdk haafhfehal. hs;abpalkkauf

FdgPl nofdl, enapjy i;aluf kGjjual,Ae;ajjsplao Dguaj dikKjwjayUkuf, APdy Fksjaskkuf. lokksufiusdlPl, WdkPl AeuamskK maspao LxIWGjJl kbfdlPl, Huofjysof F{jJehaoftdijy Mkkl wmpPl. hs;abaplhpstms cul kof lodk AYl, AYdlk



153

ks;do wht LxPl. V:maka;b loskof V:nslsgkkstJ 25 Lku 30 id; Miam_jyisgual. enapayspaj S:nfkauf MiamlJTjspkajIl, Wbfbsjdj Fksjlaj S:jJl.ekafmms whtt epajsjYjJ V: nslsgkkstJ 15

Lkuf 18 id; Miaml ndgwhTl. m;amas 8Miam_jy iskkspaml Dyyo.

hs;abapl makdopsuf witts FdgnfkioFdgPl huoaoK,

1 nslsgkkstJ8 Miaml lsJks,

1 lbsjJ8 x 60 = 480 Miam_jy,

1 nay FufuK24 lbs en;kkstJ 8 x 60 x 24 = 11520 Miam_jy lsJks,

8 Miaml lsJkshfhGikauf loskosof APy1 i:gkktJ Mlaaf 162 nagjy FksjlaJl,

hs;abapl hpstms ksol 1/2 lbs en;l wmpkauf1 nslsgkkstJ2 Miaml JdtPl,½

2 Miaml lsJkspaoauf 1 i:gkkstJ APy6

nay FksjlaJl.

SK Whfhx Ftsispuf âilaj DbafiK?Woft ejyis Sptdjpajei W{iK SpuH.



154

Dka;blaj elaggaaf iajokdkep WGkKjfwjayeial. Fnfk iajokkstJ Fksjl VgglwjaGkkauf FksUyy haj_jy ekpnfK 10i:gl Cg eibfxp iajol 5 i:gkksuf kofkstdo S[nfK isGjstK. Fek ehauf nlK

Dgusuf Dyy FBkks;ofjYl FksjcmMjjatT wiusepTikauf Dpsafm mjksdpS[nfK Dgu isd;isuf kyafnfmmspdgPl.Ajei Miamhf hpstms cul jgGhfhGkKlehaK Dgusof Dy DThfHjjysof Dpsa mkKis;pl JdtnfK APy nqgxhfHl Ae;ajjsp

ia[Il Dbfgajsofto.



155

7 Fnfkjfja;blf1. kdk;/

2. g[j;jp/

3. rpj;jk;/

4. mf';fhuk;

vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.



156

xU bghUis mwpa g[yd;fshd bka;/ tha;/

fz;/ \f;F/ brtp/ vd;git g[wj;nj ,Ue;J

bray;gLfpd;wd. mit jUk; tpra';fisg;

gjpt[ bra;J mfk; ; cs;ns ,Ue;J bray;

gLfpd;wd. mfj;nj epd;W bray;gLk; fUtp

mff;fUtpfs; my;yJ me;jf;fuzk; MFk;.

kdk; VnjDk; xU bghwpthapyhf tUk;

bghwpfspd; bra;jpfis me;jg;bghUspd; kPJ

epWj;jp ,J ,d;djhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd epidj;Jre;njf epiyapy; ,Ug;gnj kdk; vdg;gLk;. g[j;jp

- mJ ,Jjhd; vd epr;rapf;Fk.; ,e;j epr;ra

czh;t[ bray;totk; bgw fUtp/ fuzhjpfs;

Cf;Ftpf;f vGk;g[k; epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk;

MFk;. ,e;j bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff;

bfhz;L tUjy; rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;.

Md;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf;

bfhz;L czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[ gw;Wjy;/

epr;rapj;jy;/ xUg;gl;L vGjy;/ rpj;jpj;jy;/ vd

ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,dp xU bghUis ,d;dJ



157

vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida gHf;fk;

gw;wp mjd; tpidf;F <lhf mijj; jdf;F

cwthfnth/ gifahfnth bghJthfnth

czUk;. ,g;go czh;jyhh; ,d;gk;/ Jd;gk;/

kaf;fk; vd \d;W tpj Fz';fSs; xd;whf

ghpzkpf;Fk;. ,t;thW ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk;

g[j;jpia Md;kh ,J Jd;gk;/ ,J ,d;gk;/ ,J

,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J gpd; mf;Fzk;

njhd;Wfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; ehd; ,d;g[w;nwd;/

Jd;g[w;wnd;/ ka';fpndd; vd czUk; ,t;t[zh;t[fs; ntjidf; fhl;rpfs; MFk;.

g[wj;nja[s;s ntjidf; fz;qf; fpdpabjhU

bghUisf; fz;L ,d;g[Wk; nghJ Kd;dh; ,J

njhd;whfhl;rpa[k; ,d;dbjd czUk;

khdrf;fhl;rpa[k;/ ,J ,d;d ,d;gk; vd;Dk; jd;

ntjidf; fhl;rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf fhuz

fhhpa Kiwapy; fly; miynghy; Md;khtpd;

czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;. ,g;goahf

Md;kj;Jtk; 24-k; Md;kht[f;Fj; J}atotpy;



158

nenu bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd. cyfpy;

cs;s xt;bthUtUk; jdJ $Ptdpd;

rhpj;jpuj;ijf; fz;L bfhz;lhy; cyfpy; vy;yhk;

,d;gk;jhd; ,t;t[yfpy; vJt[k; ey;yJk; ,y;iy

ez;gd; giftd; fpilahJ. xt;bthU

Md;kht[k; jd; Ra J}a mwpit mwpe;J tpl;lhy;

vy;yhk; rkk;/ vy;yhk; ,d;g kak; MFk;. Mfnt

Mj;k"hdk; bgWtJ ,d;wpikahjJ. kdpjd;

thHj;bjhpe;jtd;. thHntz;Lk;. bjhpahjth;

bjhpe;jth; fhl;Lk; tHpia ek;gpa[k;/ gpd;gw;wpa[k; thH ntz;Lk;. thHj;bjhpe;J thH:gth;fshd

mwp"h; bgUkf;fs; "hdpfis ek;gp mth;fisg;

gpd;gw;wpa[k; thH;gth;fns gf;jh;fs;. ,e;j

bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff; bfhz;L tUjy;

rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j epr;ra czh;t[

bray;totk; bgw fUtp fuzhjpfs; Cf;Ftpf;f

vGk;g[k; epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk;.





160

vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;. g";rg{j';fs;

gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;. ,nj

jd;khj;jpiufs;jhd; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;ghy;

,e;jphpa';fs; Efh;r;rpapy; bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj;

Jiz bra;tdtha[k; cs;sd. jd;khj;jpiu

vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk; vd;whYk; bghUs; xd;nw.

,itfs; ,ae;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F Mw;wiyf;

bfhLj;J bray;glitf;Fk;. "hnde;jphpakhd

bka;/ tha;/ fz;/ \f;F/ brtp ,t;tidj;Jk;

g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;g[/ mJ mjd; czh;r;rpfis mwpa[k;. fz;nke;jphpak; tha;/

fhy;/ if/ ,Utha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjd; mjd;

ntiyfisr; bra;a[k;.nkw;fz;l g{j';fspd;

Ie;jpd; Nl;Rk Fz';fns jd;khj;jpiufshFk;.

jd;khj;jpiufs; vd;gJ cUgz;g[ ,y;yhjit.

mqf;fs; xd;W To jd;khj;jpiu Mfpd;wd. jd;

khj;jpiufspypUe;nj g{j';fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd

vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;. g";rg{j';fs;

gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;. ,nj

jd;khj;jpiufs;jhd; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;ghy;



161

,e;jphpa';fis Efh;r;rpapy; bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj;

Jiz bra;tdtha[k; cs;sd. jd;khj;jpiu

vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk; vd;whYk; bghUs; xd;nw.

,itfs; g";r,e;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F

Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J bray;glitf;Fk jpwd;

bfhz;lit. "hnde;jphpa';fshd bka;/ tha;/

fz;/ \f;F/ brtp ,t;tidj;Jk; g";rg{j';fspd;

bjhlhghy; mjdjd; czh;r;rpfis

czuitg;gJk; fz;nke;jphpa';fshd; tha;/

if/ fhy;/ ,Ltha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjdjd; ntiyfisr; bra;aitg;gJ[k; ,e;j

jd;khj;jpiufs; jhd;. ,e;j mog;gilapy;

bjhlh;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy; mqf;fs; ,ize;J tpz;/

fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh; epyk; vd;w Ie;J gphpt[fSk;

mtw;wpypUe;J mGj;jk;/ xyp xsp Rit kzk;/

mwpt[ vd;w MWtifahd epfH;r;rpfSk;

eilbgWfpd;wd vd;gJ bjhpa[k;.



162

bka;epiyahfpa gubtspa[k; capu; ; epiyahfpa

gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k;

mstpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g m';F eilbgWk;

,af;fk; gy;ntW epiyfis milfpd;wJ.

mj;jifa ntWghLfs; jhd; Fwpg;ghf

mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa gphpt[fshfpa

tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh; epyk;/

vd;gdthFk;. ,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU

epiynahL kw;w epiyia ve;j mstpy; To

,ize;J ,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;gmGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;w

MWtifahd epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd; xt;bthU

gphptpYk; gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[ epiyfSk;

cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU

,af;fj;jpYk; jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/

gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk; Vw;gl;L xd;W

gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd. ,e;j

Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs;

mqthfp/ mqf;fs; To fhw;whfp/ btg;gkhfp/



163

ePuhfp mz;lbtspapny jd;idj;jhnd RHd;W

Rw;wp kpje;J bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd.

mjd; kj;jpapy;; tpiut[ Fiwe;j mqf;fs;

beUf;f Kw;W fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf;fpePh;tuk;gpw;F nky; te;J bfl;oahd ghpzhknk

epykhFk;. nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy; Vw;gLk;

mqf;fs; mGj;jj;jhy; btg;gk; mjpfkhfp mjd;

tpisthf cnyhf';fs;/ ,uj;jpd';fs;

,urhad';fshft[k;; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. nkYk;

nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Kiwahfj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mq

mLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/

kpd;rhuk; fhw;W/ ePh;/ Mfpa ehy;tifr;

RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; vd;w

,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ

mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ. nkYk; mt;tpj;jhdJ

Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W ,a';fp jhtu ,dkhfpa

Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ. mjpypUe;j <uwpt[ ,dkhd



164

g[G njhd;wp/ mijj; bjhlh;e;J \twpt[/ ehywpt[/

Iawpt[g; gpuhzpfs;/ Mwwpt[s;s kdpj ,dKk;

njhd;wpa[s;sd. ,t;thW gunk mqbtd;w

capuhfp mJnt jd;dGj;j ,af;fj;jhy;

clyhfp clYs; ,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp

mr;rf; ;jpna xypahfp/ xspahfp/ Ritahfp

kzkhfp/ czUk; jpwDkhfp/ caph;fs; vd;w

ghpzhk rpwg;ig bgw;wJ. ,j;jifa ghpzhkj;

bjhlUk; ,af;f';fSk; ,ize;j xU nghpaf;f

kz;lyk;jhd; gpug";rk; g";rg{jk; vd;wiHf;fg; gLfpd;wJ.



165

9 hs;h]fmlmqf;fs; njhd;wp mqf;fspd; ,izg;g[

,af;f';fshy; mz;l nguz;lkhfp gpug";rkhfp

cyfhfp caph;fs; gyt[khfp/ vj;jidnah nfho

rPtuhrpfspy; ehDk; xUtd; vd;fpw bjspt[

bgWtnj "hdkhFk;. Koitg; gpoj;Jf;

bfhz;L nghdhy; bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;.



166

bjhlf;fj;ijg; gpoj;jhy; Koita[k; mwpayhk;.

Mf gpwg;gpd; bjhlf;fj;ija[k; Koita[k;

mwptnj "hdk;. ,ijnajhd; mfj;jpah;

TWk;nghJ/

kfj; jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk; ,z';fpanjhh; mUju';f khd Nl;rk;

Vfhe; j Nl;fbkd; w fijiaf; nfS

Fz';Ftpa Mjp me; jf; Fwpia ed; wha;


nkw;fz;l ghly; \yk; Mjp me;jk; bjhptJjhd;

"hdk; vd;gij mwpayhk;. btl;lbtspjhd;

cz;ikahd bka;g;bghUs;. mg;bghUspny

ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W czh;e;J btl;l

btspapny njhd;wpa caphpd';fs; mj;jida[k;

vd; cld; gpw;e;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[

gpwe;J ve;j caphpd';fSf;Fk; Jd;gk;

mspf;ff;TlhJ/ Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; kPJ

fUiz fhl;o ,d;gj;Jld; thGk; thH;f;ifjhd;

tPLngW MFk;. ,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd;

Md;khthFk;. btl;lbtsp/ bgUbtspahfpa



167

bka;g;bghUisna thdk; vd;Wk;/ thd; vd;Wk;

TWth;. tPL ngW bgw;wth;fis thd; mth/;

thdth; vd;W TWth;. njth; vd;Wk; TWth;. jhd;

mth; jd;id mtuhff; fz;l fhuzj;jhy;

jhdth;/ jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;. jdJ gue;j

mwpthy; vg;bghGJk; btl;l btsp bka;bghUs;

,izj;J rjhfhyk; epyt[k; braYkhf

,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf;F mth;fspd; cs;sj;jpd;

epiy Rth;f;fk;/ Rth; mfk;.

Rth; vd;why; nghpd;gk;. fLe;jtj;jpd; \yk;

Md;khthdJ jd;dpiy tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ.

mg;go tpsf;fk; bgWfpd;w J}a epiyiaj;jhd;

"hdk; vd;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j KGik ngw;iwna

rhd;nwhh;fs; tPLngW vd;Wk; TWfpd;wdh;. tPL

vd;why; ,lk; my;yJ Mjhuk; vd;W bgah;.

fhuzk; ,y;yhky; fhhpak; Kog;gjpy;iy.

Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; Mnjak; gpwg;gjpy;iy. ve;j

njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; xU Mjhuk; ,Ue;njahf

ntz;Lk;. mJnghy; Md;khtpw;Fk; Xh; ,lk;



168

,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;. mjw;F Mjhuk; (vJ) ,lk;

Mf cs;sJ vd Muha;e;jhy; Kothf ekf;Ff;

fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;yhj xU

bghUns vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mjhukhft[k;/

,lkhft[k; ,Ug;gJ czug;bgWk;. cjhuzkhf

nfhapy;nky; fyrk; ,Uf;fpwJ. fyrj;jpw;F

nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/

nfhg[uj;jpw;F g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ. g{kpf;F

btl;lbtsp ,lkhf cs;sJ. btl;lbtspf;F

Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iy. mjd; moKoiaf; fhzKoahJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt mfj;jpaUk;/

ghug;gh moKoa[ e; njog;nghd

gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud; W

neug;gh ntj Kiuj; jpl;l bra; jp

ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj; jpl;l bra; jpbrst[ [kpa rhfuk] 118

btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij

tpsf;fnt jpUkhy; gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J rptd;

ghjj;ijf; fhzr; brd;whh; vdt[k;/ jpUkhy;

md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz



169

nkny brd;whh; vdt[k;/ fij \yk;

brhd;dhh;fs;. btl;lbtsp vd;why; mjw;bfd;W

Mjhuk; ,y;iy. Mfnt mJ KjyhfpwJ.

mjpypUe;Jjhd; njhw;wg;bghUs; njhd;wpap

Uf;fntz;Lk;. vdnt btl;l btspna

MjpahdJ. mjw;F ntW Mjhuk; ,y;yhjjhy;

mJnt mehjpahdJ. btl;lbtsp vd;fpw

tPl;od; ,af;f rf;jpahy; mqnjhd;wp/ mfk;

vd;why; cs;sk; vd;gJ nghpd;g cs;sj;ijg;

bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf thrpfs; vd;gjhFk;.

btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; vd;gjw;F bka;g;bghUs; fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F/ fw;g';fs; VJf;fo>

fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F tPzhirVJf;fo>

epj; jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F Kj; jpiuVJf;fo>

je; jpukhd jye; jd;dpy; epw; nghh;f;F ke; jpuk; VJf;fo>

Kj; jkpH; fw; W Ka';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F rj; j';fs; VJf;fo>

cr;rpf;F nky; brd; W cah;btsp fhz;nghh;f;F,r;rpg;gp';F VJf;fo>



170

ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f;F nkhfhe; jk; VJf;fo>

rhfhky; jhz;g[ jdptHp nghnthh;f;F Vfhe; jk; VJf;fo>

Mde; jk; bgh';fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F J}de; jhd; VJf;fo>

rj; jpf; Tlj;ij jpdk; jpdk; fhz;nghh;f;F gj; jpuk;

VJf;fo> jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; nrh; e;njhh;f;Fg; gpd;dhirVJf;fo>

brj; jhiug; nghh; j; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F ifj; jhsk; VJf;fo>

Fjk;igr;rpj; jh;

gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j

"hdpfSf;F vJt[nk njitapy;iy vd;gij

tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l ghly;

\yk; TWtijf; fhzyhk;.

hs;h]fm hasballgpug";r ghpzhkk; xU tisaj;ijg; nghd;wJ.

,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/

epyk; Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd; Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd;

tiua[s;s czh;r;rp epiy cUtkhd



171

kdpjdhfpwJ. kdpjnd jd; ,ay;iga[k;/

epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd; njtd; vd;W

filrpapny kPz;Lk; guj;jpny Kot[ bgWfpwJ.

g";rg{j braw;ifahd njhw;wkhff; fhqk;

epfHr;rpfspy; gupzhkk; vd;Dk; tpz;/ gy

fl;l';fspYk; CLUtp xo ,a';Fk;

jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g

mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs;

vd;w MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;

cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt gupzhknk caph; ; vdkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. flypny njhd;Wk; miyfs;

flypny ml';FtJ nghyt[k;/ ePhpd; mirit

miybad kjpf;fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; gpug";rk;

jdJ ,af;ff; fl;l';fSf;nfwgg gy;ntW

mstpYk; tYtpYk; Vw;w jhH;t[fis bfhz;l

,af;f'fshft[k; fhl;rpfshft[k; ,Uf;fpdwd.

,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd. vdnt ehk;

fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy;

guknkahk.; guj;ij jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd;



172

VJ. fhqk; njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f

epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk; fUj;Jf;F ntW

ntwhf tpsf;fk; ;bgw;w nghJk/ MH;e;J Muha;e;j

tpsf;fj;jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa guKk]/ mjd;

epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/ epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg;

guj;jpny Koe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; \d;Wk;

xd;whfnt ,Uf;Fk; ngUz;ik mf;fhl;rpahFk;.

gunk mqthfp me;j mq ,af;fj; bjhlh;

tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf; fhl;rpfshfp/

gyg;gy ntWghLfisg; bgw;W tps';Ffpd;wdvd Kd;dnk mwpe;njhk;. mJnt J}y

mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp epiyapy;

fhyk;/ J}uk;/ gUkd;/ ntfk; vd;w vy;iyfspy;

fl;Lg;gl;l czh;tpy/ ,d;g Jd;gkhft[k;/

fzpjj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gythft[k; ,e;j ehd;F

msitfisf; fle;j nghJ vy;yhk; xd;Wgl;l

gukhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

gunk ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. ehd; vd;gJ jdpna

,y;iy. guj;ijj; jtph;j;J ntW xd;Wnk,y;iy. ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; midj;jpw;Fk;



173

bghUshft[k;/ mtw;wpw;F Kjy; \y

rf;jpahft[k; ,Ug;gJ guk;bghUs; xd;nw.

Mjpepiyapy; gukhft[k;/ mqepiyapy;

capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j bfhj;J ,af;f

epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/ fhl;rpfshft[k;/

,af;f';fshft[k;/ ,Uf;fpd;w me;j xU bghUs

jhd; ehd; vd;w brhy;ypd; cz;ikf;fUj;J

vd;gJ bjspthf tps';Fk;. mGj;jkhf

mqf;fs; ,ize;J ,a';Fk; xU epfH;r;rpna

J}a cly;. mjD}nl mGj;jk; Fiwe;J Mdhy; tpiut[ mjpfkhfp Nf;Fkhfr; RHd;W ,a';Fk;

mqj; bjhlhpaf;fnk caph;. J}yj;jpD}nl

caph;rf;jp RHd;W tUk;nghJ Vw;gLk; nkhjy;

epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kdk;/

czh;jy;/ vd;Wk; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;

tpisfpd;wd. clYk; mqf;fshy;MdJ

capUk; mqf;fshy; MdJ. Mdhy;

mqf;fspd; \ynkh guk; Mfnt clyhf



174

capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy; gukhf

,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd].

ehd; vdg;gLgtnd mtd;. vdg;gLtd; bja;tk;

vdg;gLfpwhd;/ Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;/ gpuk;kk;

vdg;gLfpwhd;/ mtidj; jtpu;j;J jdpna xUepfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy mtnd ehd; ehnd mtd;

vd;W bjspthf czh;e;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.

jd;idg; g[yd; czh;r;rpfshy; vy;iyfl;o

czUk; jd; Kidg;ghd kaf;fk; ,';Fjhd;

bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ.

is]f]ao enajfjsuf

hs;h]fmlgd;bdL';fhykhf khDlk; mz;lbtspapy;

kdpjidg; nghd;w gpw caphpd';fs; cz;lh

m';F ntw;Wyf thrpfs; cz;lh vd

rpe;jpj;jthW cs;sJ. Nhpaidg; nghd;W

gynfho Nhpad;fSk;/ gyfpuf';fSk;/ m';F



175

thGk; kdpjh;fisg; nghy nkk;gl;l

$Ptd;fisf; Fwpj;J ngRfpnwhk;. g";r g{jj;jpy;

gpug";rj;jpy; g{kp kl;Lnk; caph;fs; njhd;w

njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l fpufk; vd fUJk; kj

ek;gpf;iffSk; cs;sd. mwptpay;

g[idfijfs; gpugykhfj; bjhl';fpaJk; gyh;

ntw;Wfpuf thrpfspd; gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fisg;

ghh;j;jjhft[k;/ mjpypUe;J ntw;W fpuf

thrpfshy; jhk; gy nrhjidf;F

Mshf;fg;gl;ljhft[k;/ Twpdh;. gwf;Fk; jl;LbgUk; kh;kg; g[jpuhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,k;kh;kj;ij

mwpa mikf;fg;gl;l fhd;ild; FG ,e;jg;

gwf;Fk; jl;Lf;fs; cz;ikapy; g{r;rpfs;/

el;rj;jpu gpujpgypg;g[f;fs;/ braw;if nfhs;fs;/

thdpiyg; gY}d;fs; Mfpatw;iwna

jtWjyhfg; gwf;Fk; jl;L vd kf;fs; fUjpahf

mwptpj;jJ. mwptpaypd; tsh;r;rp ,e;ek;gpf;

iffSf;F mg;ghy; ntw;W fpuf';fspy;

mwpt[ila $Ptd;fs; cs;sdth vdj; njl



176

Muk;gpj;Js;sJ fhh;y;rhfd;/ g[nuf; nghd;w

thdtpayhsh;fs] vd;Dk; bray; jpl;lj;ij

cUthf;fpdh;.

g{kpapy; gy g[s;spfs; mikf;fg;gl;l nuonah

miy/ bjhiy nehf;fpfs; ntw;W fpuf thrpfs; mDg;g[k; kpd;fhe;j miy bra;jpfSf;fhf

njLfpd;wd. braw;ifahf cUthf;fg; gl;l

kpd;fhe;j miy gz;g[fSf;fhf mit

nrfhpf;Fk; jfty;fs; cybf';FKs;s

fzpdpfshy; Muhag; gLfpd;wd. ntw;Wy

thH;f;iff;fhf ehk; tpjpf;fgl;lth;fsh vd;Dk;

kh;kk; tpiutpy; bjspthfptpLk;. g{kpapy; gy

g[s;spfs; mikf;fg;gl;l nuonah miy/ bjhiy

nehf;fpfs;/ ntw;W fpuf thrpfs; mDg;g[k;

kpd;fhe;j miy bra;jpfSf;fhf njLfpd;wd.

braw;ifahf cUthf;fg; gl;l kpd;fhe;j miy

gz;g[fSf;fhf mit nrfhpf;Fk; jfty;fs;

cybf';FKs;s fzdpfshy; Muhag;

gLfpd;wd. ntw;Wy thH;nt ehk; tpjpf;fgl;lth;fsh vd;Dk; kh;kk; tpiutpy;



177

bjspthfptpLk;. 1930-y; btw;wplj;jpy; tpirfs;

cUthfpwJ vdt[k; ,t;tpirfs; kpf

Ez;zpait vdt[k; fz;Lgpoj;jhh; f!;kph; ;

vd;Dk; ,aw;gpayhsh;.

btw;wplk; vd ehk; gpug";rj;jpd; ve;jg; g[s;spiaa[k; fUjKoahJ. btw;wplk;

vdg;gLtjpy; Fthz;l ryd';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

nuh$h; bgd;nuhy; vd;Dk; mwp"h; jd;Dzh;it

Fthz;lk; ,aw;gpay; \yk; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwhh;.

rpy caphpapshsh;fs; ,jid vjph;j;Js;sdh;.

,e;epiy gpuf;i" Fthz;lk; jd;ik

bfhz;lbjdpy; mjpy; f!;kph; tpirf;F xU

Kf;fpa g';f ,Uf;fyhk;. Ez;zpa f!;kph;

tpiria mstpl jw;nghJ fUtpfs;

cUthfptpl;l epiyapy; ,t;btw;wplj;jpd;

tpiria mstpLjy; \yk; jd;Dzh;tpd;

kh;kj;ij mwpnthkh> gpug";rtpaypd; rpy

kpft[k; MH;e;j kh;k';fis ehk; mwpnthkh>

1930y; btw;wplj;jpy; tpirfs; cUthfpwJ



178

vdt[k; ,t;tpirfs; kpf Ez;zpait vdt[k;

fz;Lgpoj;jhh; f!;kph; ; vd;Dk; ,aw;gpayhsh;.

btw;wplk; vd ehk; gpug";rj;jpd; ve;jg;

g[s;spiaa[k; fUjKoahJ. btw;wplk;

vdg;gLtjpy; Fthz;l ryd';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

nuh$h; bgd;nuhy; vd;Dk; mwp"h; jd;Dzh;it

Fthz;lk; btw;wplr; rydf; fpsh;r;rpfs; gpug";r

epfH;r;rpfSf;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd rpy

mwptpayhsh;fs; fJfpd;wdh; vd;fpwhh;. f!;kph;

tpiria msg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f btw;wpiabgw;wpUf;Fk; bfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf; fHf

,aw;tpayhsh; ckh; bkhifjPd; gpug";rk;/

gpui" Mfpatw;iw ,izf;fpwJ.

btw;wplj;jpd; tpirfs; ,aw;gpaypd; bkhHpapy;

bghj;jKk;/ cgepljk;/ Twpa Ndpakh ,J> vd

gpugykhfpa[s;s mz;lbtsp fUe;Jisfs;

xspiaa[k; btsptplhj mst[ fLk;

tYf;bfhz;l <h;g;g[ gyKila gpunjr';fs;

mjpfkhd epiwa[k; mjpf mlh;j;jpa[k; bfhz;ltpz;kPd;fs; j';fs; vhpbghUs; jPUk; epiyapy;



179

fUe;Jisfshf khWtjhf thdtpayhsh;fs;

fUJfpd;wdh;. 1916-y; Iad;!;od;

bghJr;rhh;gpaypd; fUj;Jis fUJnfhis Kd;

itj;jhh;. fUe;Jis bjhlh;ghd Kf;fpa fz;L

gpog;g[f;fis bra;jth; re;jpunrfu Rg;ukzapk;.

fUe;Jisfs; cz;ik/ vija[k; btsptplhJ

vd;gnj Vw;fg;gl;l fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;

1914-y; !;ogd; Qhf;fp'; fUe;Jisfs;/

Jfs;fis xU rPustpy; ckpGk; vdf; fz;L

gpoj;jhh;. xspiaa[k; btsptplhj tYthd <h;g;g[ gpunjrk; vt;thW ,t;thW ,a';f Koa[k;>

Mdhy; jk; rkd;ghLfs; \yk; ,J cz;ik vd

ep+gpj;jhh;. Qhf;fp'; ,t;thW gpug";rj;jpy;

,d;Dk; gy kh;k';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W

rhd;nwhh;fs; "hdpfs; Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;.

gpug";r \yf;TWfspd; bjhFg;g[ epfH;t[jhd;

kdpj ,dKk;/ kw;w $PtuhrpfSk; cUthdJ.

\yg;bghUl;fs; Ie;ij Kd; itj;Jj;jhd; ek;

cly; epiy ,Uf;fpwJ.



180

mnjnghy mbkhpf;fhtpy; ele;j miya[k; kwf;f

,ayhJ. Ie;J bghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; vl;lj;jpy; jP

g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).

vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij


ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s

lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs). ePh; fhl;il

czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ.

cnyhfk; kuj;ij btl;Lk;. ,e;j mtru

a[fj;jpy; kdpjh;fs; j';fs; Fiwfisf; fisavijj; jpd;why; Fiw eP';Fk; vd;w kdepiyapy;

,Ug;gjhy; vija[k; rhg;gplj; ja';Ftjpy;iy.

,';F mwpt[ J}';FfpwJ. czh;r;rp

nfhnyhr;Rfpd;wJ.

,uz;L tpjkhd rf;jpfs; cyfj;jpy; cs;sd.

ey;y rf;jp/ jPa rf;jp. ey;y rf;jpia Vw;W

tuntw;f ntz;Lk;. fpufpf;fg; gHfntz;Lk;. jPa

rf;jpia cs;ns tplhky; jLf;f ntz;Lk;.

mg;nghJjhd; Md;kh ,t;t[yfpy; vg;nghJk; re;njhr thH;f;if thHKoa[k;. gpgu";rj;jpy;



181

cs;s fh!kpf; fjph;fs; kdpjd; thH;f;if

Kiwia elj;jpr; bry;tjpy; bgUk; g';F

tfpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j fjph;fspy; ey;yJKz;L

bfl;lJKz;L. xt;bthU kdpjDk; ey;y

mjph;#lk;/ kj;jpk mjph;#;lk;/ bfl;l mjph;#lk;

,itfspd; ftiynahL tpidg; gjpt[fSf;

nfw;g gpwf;fpwhd;.

jpahdk;/ ey;byz;z cwt/ eyKs;s Rw;WRHy;

nghd;witfis filgpog; gjd; \yk; kdpjd;

jd; bfl;l mjph;#;lj;ij/ jPtpidia

ey;tpidahf;f mjph;#;lkhft[k; mjw;F

mjpfkhft[k; khw;w Koa[k;. g";r g{j';fSk; xU

epfH;r;rp kz;lyj;jpy; mJ rpwpjhdhYk;

bghpjhdhYk; ve;j tpfpjj;jpy; fye;Js;sdnth/

mjw;nfw;g ,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/ tpist[fspYk;

ntWghL cz;lhFk;.

fhw;wpy; tpz;Dk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/ tpz;qk;

ePhpy; btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/ kz;zpy/;

ePh; btg;gf;fhw;W/ tpz; Mfpa ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;.



182

,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd. xt;bthU g{jKk;

jd;dstpy; jdpj;jdpna ,a';Fk;nghJ xU

jd;iknahLk; kw;bwhd;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ me;j

,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/

mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk; gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F

Vw;g btt;ntwhd rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk;

,a';Fk;. ,jdhy; xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k; ntW

ntwhd jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj;

njhw;w';fshf cUthfpd;wJ. g";rg{j

braw;ifahd/ njhw;w khff; fhqk; epfHr;rpfspy; gukhz vdk; tpz;/ gy

fl;l';fspYk; CLUtp xo ,a';Fk;

jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g

mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs;

vd;w MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;

cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt/ gukhznt capy; vd

kjpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. tpz;zpd; jd;epiy

,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp MfpwJ.

mJ fhw;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk; rf;jpahfpd;wJ. mJ btg;gj;jpy; xspf;Fk;



183

rf;jpahfpwJ. ePhpy; mJnt Ritahfp kz;zpy;

thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/

kzk; vd;w ,af;fj;jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL

xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf

,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/

kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd

RHy;fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd;

ghijapy; RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l mGj;jk;

Kjyhd Itif ,af;f';fspYk;

fhf;fg;bgWfpd;wd.

,e;j Itif ,af;f mjph;t[ miyfs;

Kiwahfj; bjhlh;e;J eilbgWkhdhy; mjd;

tpisthf tpj;Jf;TWfs; tpise;J ,ize;J

me;j kz;lyj;jpy; czh;r;rp vd;w ,af;fk;

cUthfpd;wd. mg;nghJ me;j kz;lyk; mwpt[

vd;w rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd tpj;J

Mfpd;wJ. ,e;j tpj;Jf; nfhs';fs;jhd;

vy;yhtifahd caphpd';fSf;Fk; mog;

gilahd rpw;wiufs; MFk;. ,j;jifa tpj;jf;



184

nfhs';fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; bgUfpf;To

bfhj;jhf mike;J ,a';fp bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/

czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy; vd;w rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg;

bgWk;nghj mj;bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk $Ptd;

vdg;gLk;. ,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq xnu rf;jp

xUg[wk; fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ ,itahfp

J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/ ,tw;wpDnl mnj

gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr; rpwg;ng

klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/

mwpt[/ vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshf$Ptfhe;jkhft[k; kpsh;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Nf;Fk

epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;

Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk;. czh;jy; vd;w

epfH;r;rpna mwpt[ vdg;gLk;. capy; ,af;fj;jpd;

tpisthd xU rpwg;g[ epiyna mwpt[ MFk;.

caph; vd;gJ gukhq. ,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs;

vz;zpwe;jd/ vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf \d;W

gphpt[fspy; bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;. nghpaf;f

kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz; vd;w caph;j;Jfs;





186

Mnuhf;fpak;/ ,lk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk;/ tPLngW/

mile;J tUfpd;wdh;. g{kp/ ePh;/ beUg;g[

cnyhfk;/ kw;Wk; kuk; Mfpatw;iw

\yg;bghUshff; fUjp bg';-Rap ,Uf;fpwJ.

cnyhfKk;/ kuKk;/ \yg;bghUl;fshf KoahJ.

bg';-Rap vd;gJ ,J irdhtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;

rh!;jpuk;/ bg'; vd;w rPdthh;j;ij

fhw;iwf;Fwpf;Fk;/ Nap vd;gJ ePiuf;Fwpf;Fk.;

irdhtpy; xU gHbkhHp cz;L. ePiu

vth;fl;Lg;ghl;oy; itj;jpUf;fpwhnuh mtnucyif MH;thh;.

bghUshjhu nkijfs; \d;whdJ cyfa[j;jk;

xd;W te;jhy; mJ ePUf;fhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; vd

Iag;gLfpd;wdh;. re;njfk; ntz;lhk; ePuhy;jhd;

a[fk; Koa[k;. mijj;jhd; rpj;jhh;fs;

$yg;gpusak; vd;wdh;. Kjy; a[j;jk; bgz;zhy;

(rPij) ,uz;lhk; a[j;jk; kz;zhy;

(Jupnahjdd;). \d;whk; a[j;jk; ePuhy; jhd;

Koa[k;. ePuhy; Vw;gl;l ngwirt[jhd; fLk; miyahfj;njhd;wp ,g;bghGJ gy nrj';fis





188

mjph;#;lk;/ bfl;l mjph;#lk; ,itfspd;

fyitnahL tpidg; gjpt[fSf;nfw;g

gpwf;fpwhd;. jpahdk; ey;byz;z cwt[

eyKs;s Rw;Wr;RHy; nghd;witfis filgpog;

gjd; \yk; kdpjd; jd; bfl;l mjph;#;lj;ij

jPtpidia ey;tpidah;ft[k; mjph;#;lkhft[k;

mjw;F mjpfkhft[k; khw;w Koa[k;.



189

10 VysPl wihfhLlfz;qf;F vl;lhj Jfy;fshd ,it cU/ gz;g[

Kjypa ,ay;g[fs; ,y;yhjd. ,j;Jfs;fs;

Mw;wiy nkw;bfhz;L jd; khj;jpiufs; vd;Dk;

Jfs;fshf khWfpd;wd. gy jd;khj;jpiufs;

xd;WTo xU gukDf;fhfj; jpus;fpd;wd.

jd;khj;jpiufs; tpiutha;j;Jog;gjhy; xspa[k;/



190

btg;gKk; njhd;Wfpd;wd. bghUs;fspy;

tpisa[k; ,uhrhad tpist[fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs;

jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sdh;.

,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyh nfho

,Uf;fpd; w \yj;J}h; m';nf ,Uf;Fk;

mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr

cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe; jhnd

jpUke; jpuk;-21

nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd

mqf;fspy; mjd; \j;Js;ns ,Uf;fpd;w

xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;/ mHy;fs; tPRfpd;wd vd;W

TWtijf; fhzyhk;. xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;

mqj;jd;ik bfhz;lit vd;W rpj;jh;fs;

Twpdhh;. mz;lk; vd;whny Kl;il totk;

vd;gJ bghUs;. vg;go g{kpahdJ jd;dpiy

RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk; bgw;Ws;snjh/

mnjnghy g{kpapy; gpwf;Fk; midj;Jk; tl;l

totKld; njhw;wk; cz;lhfpwJ/ tpij

Kisf;Fk;nghJ tl;l totk;/ gwit Kl;il

tl;l totk;/ g{kpapy; tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;l



191

totk;/ nahdpapy; fUtl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf

njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf; fhzyhk;.

,g;goahf mz;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhlhd nfho

nfhl;fs; mj;jida[k; cUz;il totkhfnt

tps';Fk;. ,tw;wpd; ,ay;g[fs; mjdjd; kpd;fhe;j <h;g;g[ miyfSf;nfw;g cz;lhd

vGr;rpapd; ntWghLfshdJ. fzf;fpl Koahj

nfhof; fzf;fhd ntWghLfs; bfhz;lJ.

,itfs; jk;nkhL jhKk;/ gpwpJkhf fye;J/

mqf;fshft[k;/ mqj;jpushft[k;/

bghUshft[k; Mfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l

mqj;jpus;fspd; fyitfs; bfhz;lJjhd;

$Ptuhrpfs;/ mz;lk;/ gpug";rk; midj:Jk;

MFk;. rpj;jh;fs; j';fspd; nahf ty;yikahy;

cyfk; gilg;g[f;Fk; fhj;jYf;Fk;/ cyf

mHptpw;Fk; cz;lhd fhuz fhhpa';fs; fz;L

bjspe;J fhuz fhhpa';fs; vy;yhk; mqthf

cs;sJ vd;W Twpdhh;fs;. mqf;fs; vy;yh

caph;fSk;/ vy;yh cyf';fSk;/ vy;yh



192

cyfpaw;bghUs;fspYk; epiwe;J

,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk; mqf;fs; cs;sd.

fz;qf;F vl;lhj Jfs;fs; cU gz;g[ Kjypa

,ay;g[fs; ,y;yhjd. ,j;Jfs;fs; Mw;wiy

nkw;bfhz;L jd; khj;jpiufs; vd;Dk;

Jfs;fshf khWfpd;wd. gy jd;khj;jpiufs;

xd;WTo xU gukhqthfj; jpus;fpd;wd. ,e;j

jd;khj;jpiufs; tpiutha;j; Jog;gjhy; xspa[k;/

btg;gKk; njhd;Wfpd;wd. bghUs;fspy;

tpisa[k; ,uhrhad tpist[fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs; jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sdh;.

,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyh nfho

,Uf;fpd; w \yj;Js; m';nf ,Uf;Fk;

mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr

cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe; jhnd

- jpUke; jpuk; 21

nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd

mqf;fspy; mjd; \yj;Js;ns ,Uf;fpd;w



193

xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;/ mHy;fis tPRfpd;wd vd;W

TWtijf; fhzyhk;. xspa[k;/ btg;gKk;

mqj;jd;ik bfhz;lit vd;W rpj;jh;fs;

Twpdhh;. mz;lk; vd;whny Kl;il totk;

vd;gJ bghUs;. vg;go g{kpahdJ jd;dpiy

RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk; bgw;Ws;snjh/

mnjnghy g{kpapy; gpwf;Fk; midj;Jk; tl;l

totKld; njhw;wk; cz;lhfpwJ/ tpij

Kisf;Fk;nghJ tl;l totk;/ gwit Kl;il

tl;l totk;/ g{kpapy; tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;ltotk;/ nahdpapy; fU tl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf

njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;goahf

mz;lj;jpy; cs;s nfhlhd nfho nfhs;fs;

mj;jida[k; tl;l totkhfnt tps';Ffpd;wd.

,tw;wpd; ,ay;g[fs; mjdjd; kpd;fhe;j <h;g;g[

miyfSf;nfw;g cz;lhd vGr;rpapd;

ntWghLfshy; fzf;fpl Koahj nfhof;

fzf;fhd ntWghLfis bfhz;Ls;sJ.

,itfs; jk;nkhL jhKk;/ gpwpJkhf fye;J/



194

mqf;fshft[k;/ mqj;jpushft[k;/

bghUshft[k; Mfpd;wd.

,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fspd; fyitfs;

bfhz;lJjhd; $Ptuhrpfs;/ mz;lk;/ gpug";rk; midj:Jk; MFk;. rpj;jh;fs; j';fspd; nahf

ty;yikahy; cyfpd; gilg;g[f;Fk;/

fhj;jYf;Fk]/ mHptpw;Fk; cz;lhd fhuz

fhhpa';fis fz;L bjspe;J fhuz fhhpa';fs;

vy;yhk; mqthf cs;sJ vd;W Twpdhh;fs;.

mqf;fs; vy;yh caph;fspSk;/ vy;yh

cyf';fspSk;/ vy;yh cyfpaw; bghUs;fspYk;

epiwe;j ,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk; mqf;fs; jhd;

epiwe;J cs;sd vd;W fz;ldh;.





196

mjd; tpj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;njh caphpaf;f tpiut[

mjpfkhfp/ Rita[zh;t[ To mjw;Fhpa

fUtpahd tha; mikag; bgUFk;nghJ mJ

<uwpt[ MfpwJ.

,e;j <uwpt[ caphpd';fsplk; caphpaf;f rf;jptpiut[ bgw;W thrida[zh;thd fUtpahd

\f;F ghpzhkkile;jhy; mJnt \twpthFk;.

$PtdhFk; vWk;g[/ bry;/ ,tw;iwg; nghd;wit

\d;wwpt[ $Ptd;fs;/ nkYk; xspa[zh; fUtpahd

fz;njhd;w ehywpthft[k; ghk;g[ Kjypad

njhd;wpd. xypa[zh;t[ fUtpahd fhJ vd;W

fUtp njhd;w Ie;jwpt[ capuhft[k;/ kpUf';fs;/

gwitfs;/ Kjypad njhd;wpd. ,j;jifa

ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpapy; thy;

cs;s FU';F njhd;wp/ gpd;g[ thy; ,y;yh Fu';F

njhd;wp/ gpd; kdpjd; njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd

mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ. bts;sj;jhy; g{kp

mjph; ;r;rp/ gps[tfs;/ mtw;why; ,e;j kdpj

FLk;gk; rpjwof;fg;gl;L g{kpapy; gy;ntW,l';fspy; gutp me;je;j ehl;L jl;gbtl;g





198

<uwpt[ caphpd';fsplk; caphpaf;f rf;jp tpiut[

bgw;W thrida[zh;thd fUtpahd \f;F

ghpzhkkile;jhy; mJnt \twpthFk;

$PtdhFk.; vWk;g[/ bry;/ nghd;wit \d;wwpt[

$Ptd;fs;/ nkYk; xspa[zht[ fUtpahd

fz;njhd;w ehywpt[ capuhd ghk;g[ Kjypad

njhd;wpd. xypa[zh;t[ fUtpahd fhJ vd;W

fUtp njhd;w Ie;jwpt[ capuhd kpUf';fs;

gwitfs; Kjypad njhd;wpd. ,j;jifa

ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh; epfH;r;rpapy; thy; cs;s Fu';F njhd;wp gpd;g[ thy; ,y;yh Fu';F

njhd;wp/ gpd; kdpjd; njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd

mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ.

bts;sj;jhy; g{kp mjph; ;r;rp/ gpst[fs;/ mtw;why;

,e;j kdpj FLk;gk; rpjwof;fg;gl;L g{kpapy;

gy;ntW ,l';fspy; gutp me;je;j ehl;L jl;btl;g

mikg;g[f;fSf;nfw;g fUg;gh;fs;/

bts;isah;fs;/ Fl;ilah;fs;/ bel;ilah;fs;/

gdpapy; thGk; v!;fpnkhf;fs; nghd;W



199

gyntWghLfSld; kdpj ,dk; njhd;wp gHf;f

tHf;fk; gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuk;/ nghd;w

Kiwfshy; kj';fs; gythfg; gphpe;J/ cyf

KGtJk; thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa

ntz;Lk;. Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP

g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).

vhpkiyf; FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij


ePiu cz;lhf; FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s

lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iwczlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ.

l;bl

mqf;fspy; bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpna J}ycly;/ mjD}nl gukhq epiyapy; CLUtp

Xor;RHd;W bfhz;nl ,Ug;gJ caph;r;rf;jp.

caph;r;rf;jpapd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[z; lhdhy;

mJnt czh;r;rpahfpwJ. me;j czh;r;rp xU



200

$Ptd; jh';fpg; gHFk; mstpw;F nkyhf

X';Fk;nghJ mJ ty;Yzh;r;rpahfp Jd;gkhfp

nehahf tUfpwJ. ,e;j jil ePoj;J mjd;

tpisthf clypy; kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ ,uj;jk;

Mfpa \d;W RHy;fSk; jilgLnkahdhy;

clYf;F \ykhd tpj;J jh';Fk; mstpw;F

nky; fdy; bfhz;L mjd; ehs';fisj; jfh;j;J

btspnawptpLk;. czh;r;rp vd;w mwpnthLToa

caph;rf;jp bjhlh;e;J me;j clypy; RHd;W

,a';fKoahky; cliy tpl;L btspnawptpLk;.cyfj;jpYs;s bghUl;fs; aht[k; kdpj ,dk;

cl;gl xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU \yg;bghUshy;

Mdit. mit mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU

jdpg;bghUspy; nrh;e;JtpLk;. ,J ,aw;ifapd;

tpjp/ ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k;/ tpyf;fy;y.

,e;j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; jhd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/

fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j

jdpg;bghUl;fs; jdpj;J ,a';fpdhYk; ,it

xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd. fhw;W

kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk;



201

cwp";Rk;/ beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[

btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ btw;wplnkh

fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ ,Jnt ,aw;ifapy;

mike;j rkepiyj; jj;JtkhFk;. ,it xd;iw

xd;W kp";Rk;nghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;.

,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpnwhk;.

kdpj clypYk; ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fs;

(g{jk;) cs;sd. g";rg{jkhfpa Ie;J

jdpg;bghUl;fshy; Md ,t;t[lk;g[ Kotpy;

kz;nzhL neuoahfnth kw;w ehd;F

jdpg;bghUl;fshy; ce;jg;gl;nlh gpd;dh;

kz;nzhL kz;zha; nrh;tJ jpz;zk;. njhy;-

kz;/ tha;-ePh;/ fz;-beUg;g[ tapW-btsp \f;F-

fhw;W ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xd;iw xd;W

fl:Lg;gLj;jp rkkkhf itj;jpUf;Fk;tiu

mikjp epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Ie;J

jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy;

thGk; thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;.



202

hstiak wnts

ekiaks ekiajy eikLku mlpkekaaf FtspLxpak wha:y VofT DbfG. FKkaofwiggwiys. Fnfk wiggwiysjJhf whpa

kaof h;l WofT wmaufUiK. Snfk wiggwiys;jmspkdk L{iKl FtsiK kaof Aks Fnfkisyjjl WofT wmaufuhGiK.

Snfk wiggwiysdp msiwh:laof Wojf rtsFia Lxdp FtsiktJ hs;lla Fofohgms

D:il wjabfG elUl elUl htnfkaaWoIl msiosof Fxdpjjab is`B hoftsFika;l WGkK jqe[ jqe[ wmoftaaf WoIlS:i:l FxdpPl LxdpPljabLxpisufdu Woft jdk

D:iajjhfhggK.

Fnfk wiggwiyspsuf V: nstl wkasnfkK. Fnfk

nstkkstJ msi=hl WofT whpa dikkoaf.wiggwiyspsuf wkasnfk jagms e<aks. FKeimsiof. msiof WofhK wiggwiyspsuf jaBl

e<aks. msiofkaof e<aks. e<akskaof msiof.



203

isyjjsuf Wasjst wn:hfHjJ Mga WofT whpa.FkaiK Vyspsof ks;gms nsdujJ Mga WofTwhpa. Vyspso hganfk nsdujJ e<aks WofTwhpa. isyjJk ksaspsuf WasPl wn:hfH Mga.Fdtpsuf Dyy hs;jamel e<aks.

mskkajy wiys, Dmms wiys, kos wiys, Ejwiys, Vys wiys, wiyspsuf wiys, h; wiys,Snfks; ]ao Vys, ]ao wiys, wh: wiys,

Dpa wiys, nakanfk wiys, eikanfk wiys,ha[f wiys, Lhfhay wiys, Lkt ha[f,

mskks;jrgl, lbslbfghl Wohf whpasggaa.

Akspseu wiggwiyspseu ekaoftsphstjamel e<aks WofT Fd[jjhfhggK.Fdkepkaof Sdtioaj mskkajyi[shGjstaajy. wiggwiyspaoe<aksdpkkaof FdokK mskkajYl

ib_jsoaafjy. wiggwiyspaoe<aksdpkkaof FdokK mskkajYl ehattsoaajy. iyfyua:l Feke<aksdpkkaof F:gwh:]fe<aks

koshfwh:_j:db’WofT ib_jsoaafjy



204

wiggwiyskaof e<aks. e<akskaofwiggwiys. Fdkkaof iad[px iad[pajinfk FdokK mskkajYl ib_jsoaajyf.

losk Dglhsuf S:jJl Dpsaf Lptmskkauf

wiggwiysk ks:ixdp Fdgpual. loskoflgGel l;blsufua wh:ia[di Fdgp

LxPl. losk FtsIjJkkaof Fkkdjpljkkao Attuf DyyK.

Dgu FBisof AttuaoK Dpsasof cu

FBiso Dbfdl FtsnfK FK eh;bfgkksuf isy_Jjsoft FBisof wkagahsof cul cuFBdi FtsPl ehaK Sdtpsof Attuf Db; LxPl.

kofOdgp Dgusof Dpsamjks wjabfGkofOdgp Aofl Vys AttuAoflmjkspaoK Fbfg wiyspsof VysAtteuaG SdbnfK S:jjsoft wkagadhFtsiKei ]aolaJl.

eh;attu lsjj Fbfgwiyspsuf Fg_jsPyyFdokK AttduPl FtsnfK DbafnfK



205

wkysnfK kofOdgp Dgdu eikspspuf lattl wmpK wiggwiysepaG wiyspajjjunfK S:hfhaafjy mskkafjy.

wiggwiyskaof Lxnfk wlphfwha:y.wiggwiyskaof Lxnfk Dbfdlhfwha:y

WofT jbfG wkysnfkiafjy mskkajy.

Akspajsp cu Attdu FtsnfK FekaGwiggwiyspseu junfK S:jjjrxp

;jmspl wlphfwha:y Dbfdl wha:y

FtsnfkiOjJ WKIl ekdipsufdu. Fkseu

S:jjsoft ehasofhkkstJ QG Sdb WKIlSufdu.



206

12 SofHtT ia[ Dguf

nul ehBkufcaph;r;rf;jp clypy; xG';fhf

Xof;bfhz;oUg;gnj ,d;g czh;thFk;. cly;

eykhFk;. mijg; ghJfhf;f czt[/ ciHg;g[/

cwf;fk;/ Mz;-bgz; cwt[ vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J

mk;r';fspy; bjhlh;e;J ftdk; nrYj;j





208

,f;fhuz';fshy; clypy; RHd;nwhof;

bfhz;oUf;Fk; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W ,uj;jk;

Mfpa ehd;Fk; mtw;wpd; tpiutpy; Vw;w

jhH;t[fisg; bgWk;. tpiuthf xt;bthU

mta';f~nla[k; CLUtpr;bry;Yk; mtw;wpd;

Xl;lj;jpy; jila[k; cz;lhFk;.

,e;j jil nehahf czug;gLfpwJ. ve;j

mtatj;jpy; ve;j mstpd; rf;jp Xl;lj;jpy;

jilgLfpwnjh/ mjw;F Vw;g nehapd; tYt[k;/

bgaUk;/ mjw;F fhyKk; eph;zapf;fg;

bgWfpd;wd. neha;fis ePf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; rf;jp

,aw;ifahf clypy; mike;Js;sJ. xj;j

gj;jpak; fhj;J Xa;t[ vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy;

neha;fs; kpft[k; tpiuthfj; jPh;e;JtpLk;. neha;

fodkhf ,Ue;jhy; jf;f kUe;J tiffis

cgnahfpf;fyhk;. nehaw;w clypy;jhd; mwpt[k;

jpwd;gl ntiybra;a[k;. ,aw;if ,d;g';fis

mDgtpf;f Koa[k;/ vdnt xt;bthUtUk;

nehaw;W thH tHpfz;L epd;W xGfpthH



209

ntz;Lk;. kdj;J}a;ik/ xG';fhd czt[/

msthd ciHg;g[ ,tw;Wld; Toa thH;f;if

neha;fs; ,y;yh cly; eyj;njhL ,Uf;f

cjt[k;. bghwhik/ rpdk;/ t";rfk;/ ftiy/ fhk

vz;z';fs;/ ,it cly; fhe;j rf;jpapid

mst[f;F kPwp mHpj;JtpLk;. jtj;jhYk;

Muha;r;rpahYk; ,e;j czh;r;rpfis khw;wp

tplyhk;. czh;e;njhnu md;g[ Kaw;rp

bra;a[';fs; btw;wp epr;rak;. czt[ cz;lt[ld;

mjpf Xl;lk;/ rthhp/ fod ciHg;g[ Mz;-bgz; clYwt[ ,it TlhJ.

mLj;jLj;J ,r;bray;fspy; <LgLnthUf;F

tapw;Wg; g[z; cz;lhfptpLk;. mJ Fd;kk; vd;w

nehahfptpLk;. clypypUe;J fHpthfp

btspnaWk; ve;jg;bghUSk; clypd; kPJ

j';fhky; ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mit

clnd fpUkpfshf khWk; tha;g;g[ ,Uf;fpdwJ.

xU ehisf;F xU KiwahtJ bte;ePhpnyh



210

jz;zPhpnyh Fspf;f ntz;oaJ mtrpak;.

kyge;jk; m$Puzk; ,it Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ

cly; eyj;ijg; ngqk; tHpfspy; kpf

Kf;fpakhdJ. cly; caph;rf;jp/ tpe;J ehjk;

$Ptfhe;jk;/ kdk; ,it Ie;Jk; xUnru ,a';Fk;

mikg;g[jhd; kdpj totkhFk;.

nfhof;fzf;fhd rpw;wiufs; nrh;e;J

mLf;fLf;fhf ,a';FtJ ,e;j cly;/ xt;bthU

rpw;wiuf;Fk; ,Ug[wk; fhe;jf; fth;r;rp cz;L.

cly; epiyj;jpUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjpy; mike;Js;s rpw;wiufspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/

gSt[f;Fk; Vw;w $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; njit.

$Ptfhe;jk; vd;gJ caph;r;rf;jp ,a';Ftjhy;

vGk; miyahFk;. xt;bthU caph;j;JfSk;

jd;idj; jhnd kpftpiuthfr; Rw;wpf; bfhz;L

,Ug;gjhy; mjpypUe;J tphpe;J bfhz;nl

,Uf;Fk; miy/ bjhlh;e;J njhd;wpf;

bfhz;oUf;Fk; Xh; clypy; cs;s caph;Jfspd;

vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk;

epiybgWk;. nghjpa $Ptfhe;jk; ,Uf;Fk;



211

tiuapy;jhd; clypYs;s rpw;wiufspd; mLf;F

Fiyahky; epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,uj;j Xl;lk;/

fhw;nwhl;lk;/ bts;s Xl;lk;/ ,k;\d;Wk; rpjwhJ

xG';fhf Xo capUf;Fk;/ clYf;Fk; ,ilna

cs;s Mw;wiy epiyf;fr; bra;a[k;.

vdnt cliyj; jh';f $Ptfhe;jk; nghjpa mst[

njit/ $Pthfhe;jj;ijg; bgUf;f ntz;L

khdhy; mjw;F ntz;oa vz;zpf;ifa[s;s

caph;j;Jfs;fs; njit. caph;j;Jfs;fs; tpe;J

ehj jputj;jpd; msita[k;/ jd;ika[k;

bghWj;jJ. nghjpast[ tpe;J (Mz;tpe;J) ehjk;

(bgz;tpe;J) ,Ue;jhy; jhd; cliy

elj;jg;nghJkhd $Ptfhe;j rf;jpia cw;gj;jp

bra;a[k; mst[f;F clypy; caph; rf;jpj; Jfs;fs;

epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. $Ptfhe;j mst[ rhpahf

,Ue;jhy; jhd; gU clyhdJ rpw;wiufspd;

xG';fhd ,af;fj;jhy; rPuhf ,a';fpf;

bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kdKk; ey;y Kiwapy;



212

,a';Fk;. $Ptfhe;jj;jpd; xU gFjp cly;

rpw;wiufspd; \yk; clypaf;fkhft[k; kw;bwhU

gFjp \isapd; rpw;wiufs; \ykhf kd

miyfshft[k; ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. cly;/

tpe;J/ caph;rf;jp/ $Ptfhe;jk;/ cly; kd ,af;fk;

vd;w bjhlhpid ed;whf kdjpy; gjpj;Jf;

bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ie;jpy; xd;W Fiw

,Ue;jhYk; ,af;f xG';F Fiye;jhYk;/ mJ

kw;wtw;iw xt;bthd;whfg; ghjpf;Fk;. mg;go

xd;Wf;bfhd;W Vw;gLk; ,af;fk; Kuz;ghl;ow;FVw;g typ/ tpahjp/ kuzk;/ ,it rk;gtpf;Fk;.

jdJ bray;fs; \ykhfnth/ btspg;g[w

nkhJjynyh/ nfhs;fspd; fhe;j miytPr;R

\ykhfnth xUtUila $Ptfhe;jk; cly;

,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.

czt[/ cwf;fk;/ ciHg;g[/ clYwt[/ vz;zk;

,e;j Ie;J tifapy; myl;rpak; kpjkp";rpa

cgnahfk;/ Kuz;gl;l cgnahfk;/ ,tw;why;

cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J jd;Dila



213

bray; \ykhf tUk; tpist[. jl;g btg;g Vw;w

jhH:t[ kw;Wk; jw;bray; tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk;

FHg;g';fs; nfhs;fs; r";rhuj;jpy; xd;nwhL

xd;W neh;gLjy;/ uhrpkhw;wk; Mfpa fhuz';fs;

xt;bthUthpd; gpwe;jehs; nfhs; epiyf;F vw;g

$Ptfhe;jk; Vw;w jhH:tiljy; ,g;go mndf

mk;r';fshy; FHg;gk; tUk;.

ve;j tpjj;jpy; cly; eyk; FHg;gk; mile;jhYk;/

jhnd mjidr; rhpgLj;jp cliy eykhf;fpf;

bfhs;fpd;w ,aw;if tpjp clypnyna

xt;bthUtUf;Fk; Xust[ mikejpUf;fpwJ.

,jnt FHg;gj;ij jh';fpf; bfhs;Sk; ,aw;if

epajp MFk;. ,aw;if epajp mikj;j

mstpw;Fk; nkyhf FHg;gk; kPwpdhy;jhd; mJ

cly; ,af;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk;

bghGJkdpjd; jd;Dila Kaw;rpapdhy;/

clw;gapw;rp/ kdg;gapw;rp/ czt[ Kiw \yk;

cly; eyj;ijf; fhj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.



214

13 epajlnahfj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhf gad;gLk; fUtpna

kdkhFk;. ,e;j kdkhdJ J}a;ikahf

,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ kdk; kdR/ kUtw;w

J}a;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ/ bjspe;j ePhpy; ePhpd;

mokl;lj;ijf; fhz;gJnghy/ bjspe;j kdj;jhy;

cz;ikg; bghUl;fisf; fhz Koa[k;. me;j



215

kdj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jk; bewpna nahfk;.

kdkhdJ mwpthfp/ Md;k czh;itg; bgw;W

tpHpg;gpy; jd; \yk; eho xL';Fk;nghJ jd;id

bka;bghUshfnt czh;e;J bfhs;fpd;w ,e;j

KGik ngw;wpid miltjw;Fj; njit nahfk; ;

vd;w clw;gapw;rpna MFk;.

lokaoK Whfeha{Kl eidu wmpKwjabfeg S:jJl. Snfk lodk, FkaiKFduhapnfK wjabfx:jJl lodk, V:

nsduhfhGkKiK FufuK V: SgkksufJispdikKhf h[jjhfhGkKiK, Fhfhx

JispdikKhf h[Jiksuf cul lokstJwhasp Attuf DbfgajstK. J[nfdkjyisdypaGl ehaK hjuf en;kksuf V: Jiswuofdm vasp wiysmmkksuf jagx V: jajskk

ka[suf jagg Fnfk jajskl WasjstK. WasikajJWofo ja;bl Woftauf h;iuao vasp VysdpJis wuofM cul V: Sgkksuf vasp VysdpJisdihhkauf vasp Vys D`bl Caf LjhfhgG jajskl WasjstK.



216

ekjjsdijjsoft nqa ldg kstnfK isggauf Xd;F[skKisGl Attu whTl. Fdgkk jatdtkstnfK isggauf F[sjJl eijl whTl. Fekehau losk lokdk V: Ljlaj Jispdikkauf eh;attuf hstjjstK. Ajei

kspaokksof cul lokdkj JispdikKhfh[j eibfGl.

Fgga_fj epajl

Sdt nsdu FdgiktJ msu hx nsdujdyD:iajjsPyyaajy nlK mskkajy.Fdkkkaof Fgga_j epajl Wofhaajy.Snfk Fgga_j epajkdk hk]fmufus epajLosia whasKl iusPTkksj rTiaa.wh:lhauao mskkajy Fdkep hsofhtts

Sdt nsdu Fdgnfkoaf.Fgfga_fj epajLlf Aka;laTlf Fikfdk <nfKlf

isgfe fgtshf ehao wiuskoseu isphfwhaofT jbfegof

igfgajsmf wmlflkshf haUtuf DbfG ljs[fn fks:jfj

Wgfgak ehasofhlf Wofdo is{_fjs S:jfjsoftek

- hgfxokfkaaf 25

eltjbfg hagusof isyjjlaiK: WgGidjepajLl, Aka;l ATl, Fikdk <nfKl





218

Spllnsufuh fha Fg fga_ fjlf WgfGlamfM

en;aj Splwloft hkfKjf ejY

wmaufuhfha ugfmbkfdkmf wmau fUj setof ejyf

Mjlao n;ls:j hgfmswpo fOlf

isyfyhfha Dnfkosg MjKjfjlf ehauf

elofdlwht haafjfj F_fjsdm wpofhaafjy f

nufuhfha mskfkaks wmau fUiK dlnfka

nagfgLgof eika;ks wmaufUiK_ f ejey


ltt Dpsaso_jdy KofHTkkaK wjaufuadl,

Huauf Dbfbadl, ehaoft nufuWbfb_jyauf loksuf ltt Dpsafjy hGlKofhl nal FdgPl Kofhl Wo Wbfbs FofH

wmUkk eibfGl. whaKiaj Kzp Wbfb_jyDdgp lokaj dikks:hfhK SpllWohfhGl.

nspllwmhfHjsetof nsplidj hkfK ljfjayf

msi msia kiemaG mnfekamnfkaof

VhfHjsetof Atftsj] fmnf kaokfekaGDgf msi ^dmepaG mskfkanfk ms;iblf



219

FhfHkseto f msikfekaG msilkskaof dlnfka

F:y fwh:Jlf is;kwloft idjkaof hkfKnf

Kh fH;iapfjf jb fgtsnfK msiepajk fdk

Mjlaj idjPgeo ptsn fK hae;brst[ [kpa rhfuk] 249

kil, w<hl, FgjjLdgdl, nG nsdudl,

hJkfKbfbuf, ljs[mms, FofH, is;kl, makiqjDbI DbfBkuf, j:dbjagGkuf ehaoftnufu Wbfb_jyaUl wmpufjyaUl kofdoksoLl hpstms wmpiskKhf h[Jkeu nspllWohfhGl. Sdkep kaof iyfyuaaf FiajySnfksasp V{jjl, <qi V{jjl, j;b V{jjlf

WofT hsaskK idjhfhGkksj jagxoaa.Snfksasp V{jjl WofhK ]aeonfksaspl,jaennfksaspkkauf V{_jaj ngjj eibfGlWofhK. <qi V{jjl WofhK <qi;amsjdykKofHTkkj rgaK WofhkaJl. j;b V{jjlfWofhK lol, Hkks, mskkl, Fj_ja;l,ehaoftittauf V{_jaj S:jj eibfGlWofhkaJl.



220

Amol

mskkajy jaGjyseu ki ia[jdjeltwjayfUl ehaK ls:j_jy, ^mmsjyehaoft <qi;amsjdyhf haafkK Amo_jdyj

jbfGhsxkkaajy. Dka;blaj halhaoKidynfK idynfK Wnfk SGjJjysUl, mnfKwhanfKjysUl wmuUjsoft idyPl kofdlS:jjstK. Aoauf Fek halhaoK Wksasdpkkajj hgl WGkK nstJl ehaK en;ajisd;hfhaj nsofT Fhaslsklao hukKgofisy_fJjstK. Fek ehauf losk DgduPlhaldh ehauf idyPl kofdldpPlid;hfhao kofdldpPl Dguf wh;eibfGwlofT epajamokdkj jbfGhsxkkaajy.

epaj Woftauf SdbhfhK Woft wha:Ul

VofT. <qiakldi h;laklaeiaGSdbhfhktJ Snfk Amo_jy hpofhGjsofto.84 ugml <qi;amsjy ekaoftsPyyK SnfkDujkksuf Fkof Fxhfhdgpsuf

ekaoftspKkaof 84 Amo_jyaJl. hufeiTAmo_jy S:nfjaUl mskkajy epajkkstJ



221

Ljjsplao Amolaj 9 idjdpjrTjstaajy.

FtsnfKha ;amo_fjyf VofhdkP_f ejY

Fh fheo wmatftsu_ feja LjkfkseoaG

isasnfKhaaf hkflwlaG iq;lf dlnfka

isdmpao ms_fjwlaG hkfks;LdlnfkahasnfKhaaf LkfkwlaG lP;dlnfka

hksiaj o soft Mjlf VofhkamfM

iasnfK nsoft VofhdkPnf ko fOgf jbfG

idjPgeo Fgfga_fj epajlfhaet


ejaLjl, hkll, iq;l, ms_jl, hkks;amol,Lkkamol, l ;amol, i<s;l, MjamolSnfkidjpao Amo_jdyep whasKliusPTkksPyyaajy. mskkajy jaGjysuf ia{jsoft ehaK ldy hJkspsuf Ets St_jsPlkofOdgp hbsjdy kaeo wmpikaUl ltt

Amo_jdyhf htts msthfhajj rtisufdu.SofwoaofT Fhfhspamhf hpstmsjJ eltjbfg 9Amo_jy ehaKlaoK WofT LxI WGkKjrTjstaajy ehaUl.



222

hs;abpall

hs;abdo nsplhfhGkKiK hs;abpall WofTrtual. SK Ndt Q;du iusdlhfhGkKjsoft hpstmspaJl. hs;abof Woftaeu

SK Vaf Dpsam mjkspaJl. hs;h]fmDthkksjJ cuja;blao Attu kaof nlKDguseuPl wmpuhgGj wjabfGS:jjsofto. hs;ab Attuauf kaofFbfg_jy, eh;bfg_jy, vaspofjy,ejagjy FkkdoPl Sp_JjstK. hs;abbfWofjst DnfK mjks Spjjkkauf kaof Snfkhfhs;h]fml Sp_JjstK. Fek hs;abof cmMjjattsof cul nlK Dgusuf Dpsam mjkspajwmpuhGjstK. Fkoauf maofetajy,

Lmfmhfha wkp fi wlofT Lofeoaaf wmaofoaaf

LosiafjUlf mskfkafjYlf Fdkkfkaof wmao foaaf

WofT cmdmep wkpil WofT wmaofoaajy.elUl,

Etfts Stj fjs S:jaUlf âsjfJl f

jatfdt FtsPlf jbjfjtsiaasufdu





224

ehaoft hufeiT wmpufjy huejaxjjbjjao FBjjysof wjakKnsj[mmspaj ndg whtTj wjabfGS:jjsofto. Fek ehaofT eh;bfgkksofrTjy FkkdoPl nlK Dgusuf Ngh

mjksjyaj wmpuhgGj wjabfx:jjsofto.Vif wia: SpjjLl losk Dgusuf FksNghlajm wmpufhGjsofto. losk Dgusuf h;isPyy Sptdjpsof Attdu hpstmspsofcul djpabfgiajy Sptdj L{idkPlfAYjsoft Attduhf whTjstaafjy. Snfk

hs;abpalel l;blsufuahf wh:ia[I whtlsj lsj Ljjsp Flmlaj isy_JjstK. ShfehacmMj jattaoK nlK Dgusuf WhfhxwmpuhGjstK Wofhdkhf haahfehal.



225

14 cmfMjjatTl

loskOl^lspaoK S;Il hjUl lats lats Spjjlndg whTjstK. Fkoauf kaof ^lspsuf DyyHuf, ^Gjy, loskof, hs;abs, ^mmsjuf FKFkokof jgdldpm wmpK Dpsafia[jsofto.

Ajei ^lspsof <qi;amsjy ia[djjJ mnfks;of



226

Wofjst S;Il vaspof Wofjst hjUlFkOdgp jksa iqmMjjy ^lsdpkkajJikauf FdokK DpsafjYl ia[jsoftoWofhK Ftsispuf aqkspao Dbfdl. ^lskofOdgp Fmmsus:nfK 21 1/2 ksjas maplao

MtT iggl Q;bfg M[tms eijkksUl EkaiKV:xjsas enaf ejagxuf infkauf kaof ^ls lqKejayjysof mjks hksPl. Fhfhx MtTigghfhadkpsuf Wnfk ejaysof mjks ^lslqKjksjsteka FofT Fnfk js;jkksuf whpaseuepia;kksof E{ nagjy.ejayao vaspof

^lslqK hksPl nay ]apsT, ejayao mnfks;of ^lslqK hksPl nay ks_jy, ejayaowmifiap ^lslqK hksPl nay wmifiap,ejayao Hkof ^lslqK hksPl nay Hkof,ejayao J: ^lslqK hksPl nay ispa[of,ejayao vjfjs;of ^lslqK hksPl nay

wiyys, ejayao mos ^lslqK hksPl nay mos.vaspj JGlhkksof ejagjy ^lspsof enaf ejagxuf jksPl en;el Fnfkj ejagjysof

whpaseuep ia; nagjy whpa DyyoWofT haafkekal. Vifwia: naYl Vifwia:

ejagjy jksPl. jkspaoK loskdoPl



227

SpjJjstK. Fkoaeu kaof epajsjyMiamkdk vasp Dkpl wkag_JiktJ 2lbs en;kkstJ Lof Miamkdk lattswjaGkK mas wmpiaafjy. LdtpajMiamlaoK jq[jbfg ish;hfhx wkag_j

eibfGl. Fggidb jqe[wjaGjjhfhgGyfyK. hs;ks Flaiadm,hs;kdlPl, hs;ks whyabls, FGkk naYljadu 4 Lku 6 id; iukksuf VgeibfGl.Dkk;apbl jaul FkaiK dk lakl LkuekkspofT jadu 4 Lku 6 id; Sgjdu

(mnfks; jdu) Cgg eibfGl. kgmsbapbljaul FkaiK Ax Lkuf ekks jadu 4 Lkuf6 id; hs_jdu (vasp jdu) Cgg eibfGl.ispa[jjs[dlpofT ia; Miam Vggkdkhasemakdo wmpPl nay. Ajei 4 Lkuf 6lbs hasemaksjj eibfGl. iyahsdt, hs;kdl,

Kisksdp, ks:ksdp nagjysuf Sgjdu DkskKCg eibfGl. ekphsdt, hs;kdl, Kisksdp,ks:ksdp nagjysuf vaspjdu DkskKVgeibfGl.







230

vaspj JGlhkksof 7 ejagjy ^ls lqK

jksjsoft en;el ia;kksof 7 nagjy whpavgghfhggo. Fek ehau vaspOl

Aka;l – 7 cmmsofWbfbsjdj

WGkKj wjayYlen;l lbs. nslsgl.

isnax

cuaka;l (luiap) 600 0.40.00

Miaksggaol (j:Dthkks)

6000 6.40.00

lbs^;jl (wkahfHy) 6000 6.40.00

Foajkl (Skpl) 6000 6.40.00

isMkks (j{kfK) 1000 1.06.40

Ajd] (H:ilkks) 1000 1.06.40

mj|;ja;l (kdu nGhJks) 1000 1.06.40

21,600 24.00.00



231

mnfks;Ol wighjejaYl kghjejaYlajlbsk Dgusuf jkskK cmMj jattajwmpuhGjsofto. vMaspOl mnfks;Ol loskoflqK jksajy jksiksof ja;blaj kghj ejausofAttUl wihfhj ejausof AttUl 12 lbs

en;kkstJ V: Ldt, S;Il hjUl kghLlwihfhLl ^lspsuf jksjsteka, Fek ehaofT 2lbs en;kkstJ V: Ldt losk namspsuf, iuKcjjsuf wihfhjjatTl, SgK cjjsu kghjjatTl Sp_js DgUjJy S:jJl FBjrTjYjJ Dpsa mjksdp FysjjstK. jq[jbfg

ish;hfhx cmMj jatT nlK Dgusuf 24 lbsen;l wmpufhgGj wjabfx:jjstK.

eltjbfg ish;hfhx Vifwia: Aka;_jusUl24 lbs en;kkstJ m;amas 21,600 cMMloskOjJ wmpufhGjstK. vasp Dkp jau

en;lajsp Fksjadupsuf Mlaaf 6 lbs FyisufMiam Dkpl jbjjsghfhGjstK. Miaml Hkofjs[dl lbf kkKikksuf DksjJl,]apstTjs[dl nqa kkKikksuf DksjJl, mos,ks_jy js[dl Fjos kkKikksuf DksjJl,ispa[of, wmifiap js[dl iaP kkKikksuf



232

DksjJl, wiyys js[dl Ajap kkKikksufDksjJl.

Shfhx Dksjjsoft Snfk MiamlaoK 2 lbswn;kkstJ V:dl iuK nams SgK namsS;bfxUl lats lats VGl. Fnfk 2 lbsen;kksuf Miaml Vifwia: kkKikksu WhfhxSp_JjstK Wofhdkhf haahfehal.

js[dl nslsglf. isnax nslsglf

Hkof lbfbsu lbf 10.48

lbfbsu nqasu 09.00

lbfbsu wn:hfhsu 07.12

lbfbsu iaP 05.24

lbfbsu Ajapl 03.36

36.00 36.00]apsT nqasuf nqa 07.30

nqasuf wm:hfH 06.00

nqasuf jatT 04.30

nqasuf Ajapl 03.00

nqasuf lbf 09.00



233

30.00 30.00

mos, ks_jy wn:hfhsu wn:hfH 04.48

wn:hfhsu jatT 03.36

wn:hfhsu Ajapl 02.24

wn:hfhsu lbf 07.12

wn:hfhsu nqa 06.00

24.00 24.00

wmifiap,ispa[of

iaPisu iaP 02.42

iaPisu Ajapl 01.48

iaPisu lbf 05.24

iaPisu nqa 04.30

iaPisu wn:hfH 03.36

18.00 18.00

js[dl nslsglf. isnax nslsglf

wiyys Ajapkksuf Ajapl 01.12

Ajapkksuf lbf 03.36

Ajapkksuf nqa 03.00



234

eltjbfg ish;hfhx 2 lbs en;kksuf Vifwia:js[dljysuf elt rtsphx FnfknfkkkkKikksuf wkag_js Vifwia: FBjrTjysUl <qijanfk mjksdp lsys;m

wmpjstK.

MiamlaoK eltjbfg ish;hfhx maspajSpjjl ndg whttauf kaof maq;lAe;ajjsplaj S:jJl. Ajei epajsjYl

]aosjYl Miamkdk jibskfK kojJkf kaeo

Miam Vggkdk maspaj Vggj jtTjwjabfgajy. 2 lbs en;kksuf lats latsndgwhTl MiamlaoK 2 lbs en;kksTJyh]fm^kk kkKikksuf wmpufhGl jauen;kdk mskkajy Wkkdo KufusplajjjbjjsgGyyaafjy Wofhdk WbfBl ehaK

Fiajy ljkKil FyisgGj rt LxpakKWofT wkasjstK.

Ajapkksuf wm:hfH 02.24

Ajapkksuf iaP 01.48

12.00 12.00

120.00



235

]aosjYl mskkajYl djpsuf Caf kbfgldikks:hfhaajy. FkaiK dj SgjjaojsmMhfhJkspsuf dikKj wjabfG DgjaafnfKS:hfhaafjy. Fnfk kbfgkkstJ whpaiamsjejauf WofhK. MiamlaoK Cg eibfxp

kkKikksuf Cgisudu Woftauf Miamkdkmaspao cjJk Kia;kksuf CgdihfhktjajhpofhGkfKl ejauaJl. ejagjysofm]fma;kkstJ Eth losk Dgu Sp_KjstKWofT FtsnfK FktJ Ettat ehauf klLdgDgdu Whfhx haKjajj eibfGl WofT

Ftsispuf aqkspaj wmaofoaajy mskkafjy.

kiataj Miaml VGikauf DbfgaJl isdyI

1 ]apstT js[dl SgK namspsufMiaml Vxoauf

mys, S:luf DbgaJl

2 ks_jg js[dl iuk namspsufMiaml Vxoauf

mys, MttkfkaajfJ ejGDbgaJl

3 wmifiap js[dl SgK namspsuf

Miaml Vxoauf

M;l, iqbf mbdg, maI

Lkusp DbgaJl

4 Hkof js[dl iuK namspsuf kduius, kq_Jjyf



236

Miaml Vxoauf DbgaJl

5 iyahsdt ispa[jf js[dl SgKnamspsuf Miaml Vxoauf

ekjenap DbgaJl

6 wiyys js[dl iuK namspsuf

Miaml Vxoauf

jb, jaK enap DbgaJl

7 mosjf js[dl SgK namspsuf

Miaml Vxoauf

<bbs DbgaJl

wmifiap, mos, ]apsT cofTl wihfh

ejagjy. wihfh Aksjjl Fyys iqms DgduSpjJjsoftK. FkOdgp Spjjkkstejtthfhx jadu 4 lbsjJ iuK namspsufwihfhlao cmMj jatT ngjJl. laThgGngjJlaoauf eltjbfg isdyIjy EthGl.Fekehauf wiyys, ks_jy, Hkof cofTl

kghj ejagjy. kgh Aksjjl ngjJl nayWofhkauf SgK namspsuf SpuhajeingjJl. lats ngnfkauf lattsj wjayfyeibfGl WofT rtsoaf.

Fek ehau iyahsdt ispa[osuf kghl SgK

namspsUl, ekphsdt ispa[osuf wihfhl iuK



237

namspsUl Miaml ndg wht eibfGl WofTrtsoaajy.

Miaml

Xa;tpUf;Fk;nghJ xU kdpjd; epkplj;jpw;F 13

Kjy; 17 tiu Rthrpf;fpwhd;. tpisahLk;nghJ

80 kl';F tiu mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. xU ehspy;

ruhrhp 21/600 Kiw Rthrpf;fpnwhk;. ,J

thH;ehspy; 295.261 kp.yp msthFk;. jhapd;

tapw;wpy; gpwe;j mjph;r;rpapy; FHe;ijf;F Kjy;

Rthrk; Vw;gLfpwJ. jirfs; RU';fp/ khh;g[

tphpe;J cs;ns fhw;wGj;jk; FiwfpwJ.

jpzwpg;nghd FHe;ij thiaj; jpwf;fpwJ.

fhw;W cs;ns tpiufpwJ. FHe;ij Kjy;

\r;ir tplj;bjhl';fp epkplj;jpw;F 60 jlit

Rthrpj;J \r;RtpLk; nghuhl;l RHw;rp

Muk;gpf;fpwJ. tsh;r;rp mile;j xUthpd;

Rthrg;igfspd; cs; mst[ 93. ,J kdpj

clk;gpd; btspg;gug;gpd; 40 kl';fhFk;.



238

kdpj clk;gpy; fy;yPuypd; gzpfs; kpft[k;

rpwg;ghdJ. fy;yPuk; Rkhh; 1/000 tpjtpjkhd

gzpfis nkw;bfhs;fpwJ. clk;ig ey;y

epiyapy; itj;jpUg;gJ/ ,uj;jk; ciuahky;

ghJfhg;gJ/ tp#j;ij Kwpg;gJ nghd;wit ,jd;

Kf;fpa gzpfs;. cly; cwg;g[fspy; fy;yPuy;

kl;Lnk jd;id kPz;Lk; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;

jpwd; cilaJ. 3-y; 2 gfjp fy;yPuy; vLf;fg;gl;L

tpl;lhYk; Tl mJ kPz;Lk; giHa epiyf;nf

tsh;e;JtpLk;. thapy; bjhl';fp kyj;Jthuk; tiuahd 9.14 ePsks;s FHha;jhd; czit

Ez;zpa Jqf;Ffshfg; ghpj;J FlYf;Fk;/

uj;jehs';fSf;Fk; mDg;g[fpwJ. rj;Jf;fs;

clk;gpd; kpfg;bghpa cWg;ghd 1.36 fpnyh

vila[s;s fy;yPuYf;Fr; brd;W m';F

urhadg;bghUshf khw;wg;gl;L njitg;gLk;nghJ

gad;gl nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.

o.vd;.V. Fnuhnkh!hkpd; Kf;fpa gFjp

bgw;nwhhplkpUe;J FHe;ij kugqtHpbrYj;jg;gLk; ghuk;ghpaj; jfty; ,jd; \ynk





240

bkhj;j vilapy; mit 40. g[d;dif g[hpa[k; nghJ

17 jirfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd. nfhgg;gLk;nghJ 42

jirfs; ,a';Ffpd;wd. gpdgFjpapy; ,a';Fk;

jir jhd; kpfg;bghpa jir. xU tpiug;ig

behof;F 2/000 capuqf;fs; cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ.

xU bgz;zpd; fUg;igapy; mts; thH;ehspy; 400

Kl;ilfs;jhd; cw;gj;jp bra;g;gLfpwJ.

jiyapy; Rkhh; (ruhrhp) xU yl;rj;J

,Ugj;ije;jhapuk; kaph;fs; Kisf;fpd;wd.

jpdrhp 45 kaph;fs; tpGe;JtpLfpd;wd. xt;bthU

kaph;fhYk; jdJ thH;ehspy; 9.14 kP cw;gj;jp

bra;a[k; jpwd;bfhz;lJ. ruhrhp kdpjdpd; 1.85

r.kp.clk;ig 2.72 fpnyh vila[s;s njhy;

\oapUf;fpwJ. ekJ fhJfs; 1/500 btntW

xypfisf; nfl;L czh;e;J bfhs;Sk; jpwd;

bgw;wit. 72.418 fp.kP. beoa euk;g[fs; kzpf;F

360 fp.kP ntfj;jpy; bra;jpfis mDg;g[fpd;wd.

kpf mjpfg;goahd ntfk; 532 fp.kP.



241

ehf;fpy; gj;jhapuj;jpw;Fk; nkw;gl;l czh;r;rp

FkpH;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. thuk; njhWk; mit

jk;ikg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd. kdpjdpd;

ehf;F Rkhh; 500 tpjkhd Ritfis czUk;

jpwd; bfhz;lJ. 2/000 Kjy; 4/000 tiuapyhd

kzj;ij \f;fhy; czu Koa[k;. Rkhh; 10/000

epw';fis gFj;jwpa[k; rf;jp bfhz;lJ.

kdpjdpd; fz;fs; 1.68 fp.kP bjhiytpy; vhpe;J

bfhz;oUf;Fk; xU bkGFth;j;jpiaf; ,jdhy;

fhz Koa[k;. ,ikfs; fz;fis \o \ojpwf;Fk; neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;lhy; xU ehspy;

ehk; 30 tpdhofs; FUlh;fshf ,Uf;fpnwhk;.

tapW ehbshd;Wf;F ,uz;L ypl;lh; iQl;nuh

Fnshhph; mkpyj;ij cw;gj;jp bra;fpwJ.

tapw;wpd; cl;gFjp Rthpy; xt;bthU epkplKk;

Ie;J ,yl;rk; bry;fs; g[jpjhf cw;gj;jpahfp

,e;j mkpyk; tapw;Wr; Rtiu mHpj;J tplhjthW

ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;fpd;wd. kdpj clypy;

mjpfg;gug;gpy; gue;Js;sJ njhy;. ruhrhp



242

kdpjdpd; njhiy gug;gp itj;jhy; mJ 2 r.kP

tUk;. \isapd; mog;gFjpapYs;s gpl;a{l;lhp

Rugp kpf Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[/ tsh;r;rp/

,dtpUj;jp/ vd;lhf;hpd/ Rug;gpfspd; bray;ghL

nghd;wtw;iw ,Jnt ftdpf;fpwJ. ,jaKk;

\j;jpug;igfSk; Xa;t[ vLf;fhky;

ciHf;fpd;wd. lhd;rpy;/ mg;bgdof;!; ,uz;Lk;

njitaw;w cWg;g[f;fs;. mit ,y;yhky; ve;j

ghjpg;g[k; ,y;yhky; kdpjdhy; caph; thHKoa[k;.

clk;g[f;F cldo rf;jpia tH';FtJ fy;yPuy;/,J fpisf;nfh$id nrkpj;J itj;Jf;

bfhz;L/ mij FSnfhrhf khw;wp rf;jp

mspf;fpwJ.

gy;ypd; vdhky; jhd; clk;gpd; kpff;fodkhf

gFjp. jpdrhp ,uz;L ,yl;rk; bry;fs; gpwe;J

mnj vz;zpf;ifapy; ,we;J nghfpd;wd.

njhypd; nky; gFjp 15-30 ehl;fSf;F xU Kiw

jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. kpf caukhd

gFjpfspy; trpg;gth;fSf;F jhH;e;j gFjpapy; trpg;gth;fis tpl ,uz;L ypl;lh; ,uj;jk;



243

mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. caph;r;rf;jp clypy;

xG';fhf Xof;bfhz;oUg;gnj ,d;g czh;

thFk;. cly; eykhFk;. mijg; ghJfhf;f

czt[/ ciHg;g[/ cwf;fk;/ Mz;-bgz; cwt[/

vz;zk; ,e;j Ie;J mk;r';fspy; bjhlh;e;j

ftdk; njit. ,it mstpw;F mjpfkhdhYk;

Fiwe;jhYk; Kiw jtwp bfhs;sg;bgw;whYk;

caph; rf;jp/ Xl;lk; ghjpf;fg;gk;. neha;fs;

cz;lhFk;. thuj;jpw;F xUKiwahtJ ,utpy;

czt[ cl;bfhs;shky; ,nyrhfg; gHtifcz;nlh my;yJ rpwpJ ghy;mUe;jpnah

cw';FtJ neha;fis xU mstpy; jLf;f

cjt[k;. cly; $Puzpf;fj;jf;f mst[ czt[

cz;lhy; mJ ed;ikahFk;. mst[f;F kPwpdhy;

,e;j czt[ cliy $Puzpf;Fk;/ fUtikg;g[

vz;zk;/ bra;if/ nfhs;fspd; r";rhuj;jpy;

mika[k; epiy/ re;jh;g;g nkhjy;/ Mfpa

fhuz';fshy; clypy; ,urhad ntWghLfs;

cz;lhfpd;wd. ,j;jifa ntWghLfshy;



244

clypy; cs;s mq \yf';fs; mjw;F Vw;g

tpiutpy; ntWgLk;. mjd; gadhf clypy;

mtw;wpd; tpfpjhr;rhu';fs; Tlnth/ Fiwanth

,lKz;L. ,f;fhuz';fshy; clypy;

RHd;nwhof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; fhe;jk;/ kpd;rhuk;/

fhw;W ,uj;jk; Mfpa ehy;tifa[k; mtw;wpd;

tpiutpy; Vw;w jhH;t[fisg; bgWk; tpiuthf

xt;bthU mta';f~nla[k; CLUtpr;bry;Yk;

mtw;wpd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[k; cz;lhFk;. ,e;j

jil nehahf czug;gLfpwJ.

ve;j mtaj;jpy; ve;j mst[ ve;j rf;jp Xl;lj;jpy;

jilgLfpwnjh/ mjw;F Vw;g nehapd; tYt[k;/

bgaUk;/ mjw;F fhyKk; eph;zapf;fg;

bgWfpd;wd. neha;fis ePf;fpf;bfhs;Sk; rf;jp

,aw;ifahd clypy; mike;Js;sJ. xj;j

gj;jpak; fhj;J Xa;t[ vLj;Jf; bfhz;lhy;

neha;fs; kpft[k; tpiuthfj; jPh;e;JtpLk;. neha;

fodkhf ,Ue;jhy; jf;f kUe;J tiffis

cgnahfpf;fyhk;. nehaw;w clypy;jhd; mwpt[k;/jpwd;gl ntiybra;a[k;. ,aw;if ,d;g';fis



245

mDgtpf;f Koa[k;/ vdnt xt;bthUtUk;

nehaw;w thH tHpfz;L epd;W xGfpthH

ntz;Lk;. kdj;J}a;ik/ xG';fhd czt[/

msthd ciHg;g[ ,tw;Wld; Toa thH;f;if

neha;fs; ,y;yh cly; eyj;njhL ,Uf;f

cjt[k;. bghwhik/ rpdk;/ t";rfk;/ ftiy/ fhk

vz;z';fs;/ ,it cly; fhe;j rf;jpapid

mst[f;F kPw mHpj;JtpLk;. jtj;jhYk;

Muha;r;rpahYk; ,e;j czh;r;rpfis khw;wp

tplyhk;. czh;e;njhiu md;g[ Kaw;rpbra;a[';fs; btw;wp epr;rak;. czt[ cz;lt[ld;

mjpf Xl;lk;/ rthhp/ fod ciHg;g[/ Mz;-bgz;

clYwt[ ,it TlhJ. mLj;jLj;J

,r;bray;fspy; <LgLnthUf;F tapw;Wg; g[z;

cz;lhfptpLk;. mJ Fd;kk; vd;w nehahfptpLk;.

clypypUe;J fHpthfp btspnaWk;

ve;jg;bghUSk; clypd; kPJ j';fhky; ghh;j;Jf;

bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. mit clnd fpUkpfshf

khWk; tha;g;g[ ,Uf;fpdwJ. xU ehisf;F xU



246

KiwahtJ bte;ePhpnyh jz;zPhpnyh Fspf;f

ntz;oaJ mtrpak;. kyge;jk;/ m$Puzk; ,it

Vw;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ cly; eyj;ijg; ngqk;

tHpfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. cly; caph;rf;jp/

tpe;J/ ehjk;/ rPtfhe;jk;/ kdk; ,it Ie;Jk;

xUnru ,a';Fk; mikg;g[jhd; kdpj totkhFk;.

nfhof;fzf;fhd rpw;wiufs; nrh;e;J

mLf;fLf;fhf ,a';FtJ ,e;j cly;/ xt;bthU

rpw;wiuf;Fk; ,Ug[wk; fhe;jf; fth;r;rp cz;L.

cly; epiyj;jpUf;f ntz;Lkhdhy; mjpy;

mike;Js;s rpw;wiufspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;/

gSt[f;Fk; Vw;w $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; njit.

$Ptfhe;jk; vd;gJ caph;r;rf;jp ,a';Ftjhy;

vGk; miyahFk;. xt;bthU caph;j;JfSk;

jd;idj; jhnd kpftpiuthfr; Rw;wpf; bfhz;L

,Ug;gjhy; mjpypUe;J tphpe;J bfhz;nl

,Uf;Fk; miy/ bjhlh;e;J njhd;wpf;

bfhz;oUf;Fk; Xh; clypy; cs;s caph;Jfspd;

vz;zpf;ifF Vw;gl $Ptfhe;j mGj;jk; epiybgWk;. nghjpa $Ptfhe;jk; ,Uf;Fk;



247

tiuapy;jhd; clypYs;s rpw;wiufspd; mLf;F

Fiuahky; epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;.

,uj;j Xl;lk;/ fhw;nwhl;lk;/ bts;s Xl;lk;

,k;\d;Wk; rpjwhJ xG';fhf Xo capUf;Fk;

clYf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s Mw;wiy epiyf;fr; bra;a[k;. vdnt cliyj; jh';f $Ptfhe;jk;

nghjpa mst[ njit. $Pthfhe;jj;ijg; bgUf;f

ntz;Lkhdhy; mjw;F ntz;oa

vz;zpf;fia[s;s caph;j;Jfs;fs; njit.

caph;j;Jspfs; tpe;J ehj jputj;jpd; msita[k;/

jd;ika[k; bghWj;jJ. nghjpast[ tpe;J

(Mz;tpe;J)/ ehjk; (bgz;tpe;J) ,Ue;jhy; jhd;

cliy elj;jg;nghJkhd $Ptfhe;j rf;jpia

cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; mst[f;F clypy; caph; rf;jp

Jfs;fs; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.

$Ptfhe;j mst[ rhpahf ,Ue;jhjhd; gU

clyhdJ rpw;wiufspd; xG';fhd ,af;fj;jhy;

rPuhf ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;. kdKk; ey;y

Kiwapy; ,a';Fk;. $Ptfhe;jj;jpd; xU gFjp



248

cly; rPw;wiufspd; \yk; clypaf;fkhft[k;

kw;bwhU gFjp \dsapd; rpw;wiufs; \ykhf

kdmiyfshft[k; ,a';fpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;.

cly;/ tpe;J/ caph;rf;jp/ $Ptfhe;jk;/ cly;

kid ,af;fk; vd;w bjhlhpid ed;whf kdjpy;

gjpj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Ie;jpy; xd;W

Fiw ,Ue;jhYk; ,af;f xG';F Fiye;jhYk;/

mJ kw;wtw;iw xt;bthd;whfg; ghjpf;Fk;.

mg;go xd;Wf;bfhd;W Vw;gLk; ,af;fk;

Kuz;ghl;ow;F Vw;g typ/ tpahjp/ kuzk;/ ,it rk;gtpf;Fk;. jdJ bray;fs; \ykhfnth/

btspg;g[w nkhJjnyh/ nfhs;fspd; fhe;j

miytPr;R \ykhfnth cd;Dila $Ptfhe;jk;

cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.

czt[/ cwf;fk;/ ciHg;g[/ clYwt[/ vz;zk;

,e;j Ie;J tifapy; myl;rpak; kpjkp";rpa

cgnahfk;/ Kuz;ghlw;w cgnahfk;/ ,tw;why;

cly; ,af;fk; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. ,J jd;Dila

bray; \ykhf tUk; tpist[. jl;g btg;g Vw;wjhH:t[ kw;Wk; jw;bray; tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk;



249

Fog;g';fs;/ nfhs;fs; r";rhuj;jpy; md;ik

nrik/ xd;nwhL xd;W neh;gLjy;/ uhrpkhw;wk;

Mfpa fhuz';fs; xt;bthhpd; gpwe;jehs; nfhs;

epiyf;F vw;g $Ptfhe;jk; Vw;w jhH:tiljy;

,g;go mndf mk;r';fshy; FHg;gk; tUk;.

ve;j tpjj;jpy; cly; eyk; FHg;gk; mile;jhYk;/

jhnd mjidr; rhpgLj;jp cliy eykhf;fpbfhs;fpd;w ,aw;if tpahjp clypnyna

xt;bthUtUf;Fk; Xust[ mike; jpUf;fpwJ.

,jid FHg;gj;ij jh';fpf; bfhs;Sk; ,aw;if

epajp MFk;. ,aw;if epajp mikj;j mst[w;Fk;

nkyhf FHg;gk; kPwpdhy;jhd; mJ cly;

,af;fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;. ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLk;bghGJ/

kdpjd; jd;Dila Kaw;rpapdhy; clw;gapw;rp/

kdg;gapw;rp/ czt[ Kiw \yk; cly ;eyj;ijf;

fhj;Jf; bfhs;syhk;.

Miaml wmuI ish;l wiyswmuUlMiaml

DgfwmufUlf Miaml

Miamis;pl



250

nal Miamsjjsoft cmmaoK namskKia;_jysof

i[spaj H:idlpl WofOl Sgkksufkdupsof nG hajkksuf jkkasj ejauf ehauM[skfK hakl id; wmofT FdokK Dgusof

haj_jusUl hs;eimskK hsofH nams i[spaj 12F_Jul nqgmspsuf nams i[spaj wiysepwmufUjstK. lqbfGl cmM Dyey S{jjsoftehaK 8 F_Jul Dyey hs;eimsjjstK. 4F_Jul cmM is;pl AjstK. Shfhxpaj

1 maka;blajhf ehMlehaK

12 8 4

2 wmatfwha[sI D;kfkehmfM

16 8 8

3 ngjJlf ehaK 20 10 10

4 jxo eidu 24 12 12

5 mbfdgpsuf 36 24 12

6 Dt_Jlf ehaK 48 30 18

7 eijlap CGl ehaK 56 28 28

8 lakajysgl rGl ehaK 64 24 40





252

Ldt rGiK msthfH. wlKiaj Sosdlpajhf ehMiK, lsk ndg ehaoft h[jj_jdyEthGkksj wjayfy eibfGl.

nqa, wn:hfH, jatT, Ajapl, ^ls Snfkh]fm^kk kkKilao losk Dgusuf MiamlWnfkk kkKikksuf VGjstK Wofhdk Miamlcjjsuf VGidk dikek wkasnfKwjayyual.eltjbfg ish;hfhx 2 lbs

en;kksuf Vifwia: js[dljysuf elt rtsphx

Fnfknfkk kkKikksuf wkag_js Vifwia:

FBjfrTjysUl <qijank mjfksdp lsys;m

wmpfjsyK. MiamlaoK eltjbfg ish;hfhx

maspaj Spjfjl ndg whtftauf kaof maq;l

Ae;ajfjsplaj S:jJl. Ajei epajsjYl

‘aosjYl Miamkdk jibskK kojJk kaeo

Miam Vggkdk maspaj Vggjf jtfTj

wjabfhajy. 2 lbs en;kksuf lats lats

ndgwhTl MiamlaoK 2 lbs em;kksTJy

h’m^kk kkKikksuf wmpufhGl jau en;kdk

mskkajy Wkkdo Kufusplajjf

jbjfjsgGyyaajy Wofhdk WbfVl ehaK

Fiajy ljkKil FyisgGjf rt LxpakK

WofT wkasjstK. ]aosjYl mskkajYl djpsuf

Ca kbfgl dikksLhfhaajy. FkaiK dj



253

SFjjao jsmMhfhJkspsuf dikKj wjabfG

DgjaanfK S:hfhaajy. Fnfk kbfgkkstJ

whpa iamsjejauf WofhK. MiamlaoK Cg

eibfxp kkKikksuf Cgisufdu Woftauf

Miamkdk maspao cjfJk Kia;kksuf

Cgdihfhktjaj hpofhGkKl ejauaJl.

ejagjysof m’ma;kkstJ Etfh losk Dguf

Sp_KjstK WofT FtsnfK FktJ Etftat ehauf

mlLdg Dhdu Whfhx haKjajj eibfGl

WofT Ftsispuf aqkspaj wmaofoaajy mskkajy.



254

vaspj JGlhkksof ejagjy ^lspsof ena

ejagxuf jksPl en;el Fnfkj ejagjysof

whpaseuep ia; nagjy whpa Dyyo WofT

lbsLkuf

lbsid;

wmifiap,‘]apsT

wiyys,Hkof,

ks_fjy

ispa[of (iyahsdt)

ispa[of (ekphsdt)

mos ltftnagfjy

jadu4

6 iuK SgK SgK iuK iuK

6 8 SgK iuK iuK SgK iuK

8 10 iuK SgK SgK iuK iuK




ladu

4



S;I8





jadu4






256

eltfjbfg Fggidopsofhx maljajy

kofOdgp cmdm Spjfjhf h[j eibfGlf.

ejagjysof jksaiqmMjfJl losk Dguf

ApjjkkstJl cmMjf jattsof wkagaehaG

Dgusuf wmpufhaGjy ndgwhTjsofto. Ajeiejagjysof jksk kofdljJ Etfh Miamkdk

Spjfjhf h[jsoiajy nqbfgjaul

Ae;ajfjsplaj ia[iaajy. Sdijy mskkajy

Ftsispuf aqkspajjf jbfGhsxkk Dbfdljy.

eltfJtshfhsgg Fggidohfhx cmmaoK ]apsT,

wmifiap, mos, iuK nakspsUl wyys, ks_jy,

1 ]apstfT js[dl SgK namspsuf Miaml Vxoauf mys, S:luf DbfgaJl

2 ks_fjg js[dl iuk namspsuf Miaml Vxoauf mys, MtftkkaafjJ ejG

DbfgaJl

3 wmifiap js[dl SgK namspsuf Miaml Vxoauf M;l, iqbfmbfdg, maILkusp DbfgaJl

4 Hkof js[dl iuK namspsuf Miaml Vxoauf kduius, k_Jjyf

DbfgaJl

5 iyahsdt ispa[j js[dl SgK namspsuf Miaml Vxoauf

ekjenap DbfgaJlf

6 wiyys js[dl iuk namspsuf Miaml Vxoauf jbf, jaK enap DbfgaJlf

7 mosj js[dl SgK namspsuf Miaml Vxoauf <bfbs DbgaJlf



257

Hkof SgK namspsUl Vg eibfGl. iyahsdt

ispa[jf js[dl SgK namspsUl ekphsdt

ispa[jfjs[dl iuK namspsul Miaml Vg

eibfGlf. Snfk Vggl Fksjadu 4 Lkuf 6.10

lbsjJuf Sp_j eibfGlf. emakdo wmpfK

haajfj eibfxp en;Ll FKei.kiataj

Miaml VGikauf DbfgaJl isdyI wmifiap,

mos, ]apsT cofTlf wihfh Aksjjlf Fyys iqms

Dgdu SpjfJjsoftK. FkOdgp

Spjfjkkstejtfthfhx jadu 4 lbsjJ iuK

namspsuf wihfhlao cmmjf jatT ngjJl.

laThgG ngjJlaoauf eltjbfg isdyIjy

EtfhGl. Fekehauf wiyys, ks_jy, Hkof

cofTlf kghjf ejagjy.

kgh Aksjjlf ngjJl nay Wofhkau SgK

namspsuf Spufhajei ngjJl. lats ngnfkau

lattsj wjayy eibfGl WofT rtsoa. Fekehau iyahsdt ispa[of kghl SgK namspsUl

ekphsdt ispa[osuf wihfhl iuK namspsUl

Miaml ndg wht eibfGlf WofT rtsoaajy.

loskof Miamsjjsoft cmM 12 F_Jul nqgmspajs

8 F_jul Dyey wmofT 4 F_Jul



258

is;plajstK. Ajei Miamkdk is;pl

wmpfpaluf S:hfhksof cul Dguf lgGl

iusdl whTiKlgGlufualuf FdokK

mskKjjYl wmpfjsoft rGjsoft iufuhlf

loskOjJ DbfgajstK WofT jbfgtsnfkiajy

mskkajy. Miaml Whfhx wmuiajstK Wofhdk

jq[jbfgiaT rtsPyyoa. eltfjbfg ish;hfhx

MiamlaoK is;pl AjstK. Ajei kaof

ia;kkstJ V: ldtepa S;bfG Ldtepa

wmyo is;kl S:jjsoftoa. lakajdyj rGl

ehaK 15 nagjYjJ V: Ldt rGiK msthfH.

wmKiaj Sosdlpajhf ehMiK lsk ndg ehaoft

h[jfh_jdy EtfhGkksj wjayy eibfGl. nqa,

wn:hfH, jatfT, Ajapl, ^ls Snfk h]fm^kk

kkKilao losk Dgusuf Miaml Wnfkk

kkKikksuf VGjstK Wofhdk Miaml cjfjsuf

VGidk dikek wkasnfK wjayyual.

cjfJk Kia;kksof elthJksdpm

maanfk Miaml Cxoauf

Fjos

cjfJk kbfcof Wksa Htlaj Cxoauf jatfT

cjfjsof naofJ HtLl jdunfK Ajapl



259

lbf, nqaf kkf Kilf Dujspuf isija;lf Wofhkauf FK Ktit SpUjfJ WGkf Kjf wjayfyhfhg

lagfgaK. Fjfos nufisdo kqisdo S;bfdgPlf ma:lf. ltftdi Wufualf Ktit Spuf

Cxoauf

cjfjsof Miaml en;ajm wmoftauf lbf

cjfjsof Miaml jq[ajm wmoftauf nqa



260

15 kspaolf

epajkksuf kspaol WohfhGiK E[aiKnsdupaJl. Fgga_j epajl WofjstWgGidjpao epajkksuf AtaiK nsdujgnfK E[aiK nsduep kspaol AJl.

DbafIjJl S;kk CggkkstJl wn:_jsp

wkagaHbfG. Ajei S;bfGl mq;ajdikks:jj eibGl. Foftagl Dt_js



261

W{nfkK Lku S;I Dt_Jl id; hufeiTmlhi_jdy, hs;mmdojdy, ejah kahDbafIjdy loskof mnfksjjstaof. Fiofmnfksjjsoft Vifwia: wmpuhagGjJ EthDbafiauf S;kk Vggl laThgG

wmpuhGl. DbaIl, S;kk CggLl,S;bfgtj junfK wmpu hGjsofto WofT.S;kk Cggl laThgG wmpu hGikaufDgusuf huisdyIjy EthGjsofto.

nlK Dgusof Vifwia: FBjjYjJl

FBjrggkkstJl Mkkj jatT Woft mkKkaof Dps;attduk k:jstK. nal MiamsjJlehaK Miamj jatT S;kkkksuf junfK nlKDgusof Wuua DThfHjjYjJlFBkks;yjYjJl iusdldpj wjaGjjstK.laThgg S;kk Cggl ndg whTlaoauf

Dgusof Dy DThfHjYjJ S;kk Cgglmaspao Ldtpsuf hapak hJks h{kdgnfKDhadkjYjJ AyajstK.

Snfk S;kk Cggl masi; ndg whTiktJlosk ia[jdjpsuf Vifwia:i:l jadu,

ladu kspaol wmpp eibfGl WofT



262

maofeyaajy rTjsoftoaf. kspaol wmpPlehaK Wnfkisk DbafIl SufualuS:jjstwha{K Miamj jatT mq;ajSp_JjstK. Miaml mq;aj Sp_Jikof culMkkj jatT S;kkkksuf junfK Dgusof Dy

DThfHjjYjJ Vifwia: FBjrTjYjJl FK Dpsa Attduk k:jstK.Fkoauf Dguf Ae;ajjspl whTjstK.kspaokksof cul lolaoK AttduhfwhTjstK. kspaol wmpPl ehaK lolaoKWnfkisk muoLlsufualu H:ilkks Wofjst

Sgkksuf JispdikKhf h[Jjsetal. lolJisikauf cdy Kzpdlpajs eh;attduhfwhTkstK. Wnfk hs;mmdopaoaUl Wusksuf lolaoK isdg jbfGisGl Attuf FktJjsdgjjstK. mstsK en;l DofoshfhajjibsjJl ehaK lol JisjstK. FK JisPl

kofdl nljJ FtsPl Attdukk:jstK.Ajei kspaol WofhK Foftag ia[jdjpsufekdipao VofT.

Snfk kspaokdk Wnfk en;kksuf wmpiK?Wufeua:l ejgjsoft ejyisep. en;l

jsdgkk ehawkufual wmppual WoftaUl,



263

Fksjadu vasp DkpkkstJ LofHl, FkaiK4 lbs Lku 6 lbsjJ LofHl, ladu 6 lbsLkuf 8 lbs idt wmpiK msthfhaJl.

Eof Fksjadu kspaol wmpp eibfGlWoftauf S;I L{iKl Dt_js Fksjaduvaspj jksajy Hu:l en;kksuf Vemaoflbfgukfksus:nfK FtHklao jatT iqMl. FKDgUjJ Fyhfhasp Attduj wjaGjJl.Fkoauf kaof Fksjadu kspaol wmpP_jyWofT maofetajy rTjsoftoa. Sdkep

iyfyuaa S;alus_j Fxjyaa rTl ehaKFLkj jatT WofT rTiaa. maofetajyrTl ehaK,

mqafwhTlf Fnaks msiajlh fhxep

enafwhT nskfp nspllf Haseiaaf

jks;iof W{Lo f jxdj <nfwko

lkswht W{nfK lejmdo nsdokfek

nspl Fjiu f

elt jbfg hagxof wha:yaiK FOksoLlkspaol wmphiajy vasp DkpkkstJ LofH<nfK jxdj Lof W[eibfGl. FkaiK vasp



264

DkpkkstJ LofH 2 lbs wn;kkstJ LofHW{nfks:jj eibGl WofhkaJl.

Fksjadu W{nfK kspaol wmpikay Wofohpof Woft ejyisjJ maofetajyrTikaiK

Hkfks FktfJhf wha:n fKlf wky siysjfJlf

Mkfk n;lfhsottf TzpfdlPTl f hskf wka[ sPlf

kaui[s iak h skfklf kkfk nsdu lofOl sks

jadu i s[shfhsof Jblf

hkaafkfk msnfkalbs

elt jbfg hagusof isyjjlaoK, FksjaduW{nfK kspaol wmpikauf HkkspaoKloekaG SdonfK wkysiao nsdu FdgPl.Dgusof nax n;lHjy Wuual maspao nsduFdgnfK Kpdl FdgPl. iakl, hskkl,mseukKl_jy maspao Ldtpsuf wmpufhGl

WofhkaJl. hs;h]fmkksuf Dyy FdokKAttujYl Jisiksof cul eh;attuajlsusajstK. kspaokksuf S:idjpaoiajyDbfG. V:idjpsoaf Sufukksus:nfK wjabfGkspaol wmpiaajy. ltwta: idjpsoafepajsjy.



265

Snfk Sufutkkaa kspaokkstJl epajspakspaokkstJl Wofo eiThaG?

Sufutkfkaaf kspaol

wmpfiK Whfhx?koshfhgg Sgkkseua, Fdtpseuamnfkxpsufuak Sgkkseua hklamoela,Mjamoela ehagG FlanfK S:jdjkd;pseu Fl;aK, H;hfhudjpseua FufuK

EkaiK wibfdlpao Kbsepa ehagG FkoflqK Dl; eibfGl. FlanfkIgof kojJehakdo wmpk J:di ib_j eibfGl.Sdtpattdu ib_j eibfGl. laomqji[shaG LxkK S;bfG jbfjdyPlH:ilkkspsuf wmUkks ltt Wbfb_jy kdghgaluf H:I lkkspsuf haafkKhf haafkK h[jeibfGl. A;lh nsdupsuf Dyyiafjyfisyjjsof Mgd;hf haafkK H:ilkkspsuf FnfkmMga S:hfhkajhf hauskK H:ilkkspsuflodkm wmUkkual. SK V:idj.

SofwoaofT nal isGjsoft Miamkksof lqK



266

jiol wmUkksj wjabfG S:nfkaUl WbfbFdujy kdghGl. Shfhx SdgisgaKksoLl h[jsj wjabfG infkauf WbfbFdujy kajjaK wluu wluu isuJl.

Eof H:ilkksdphf haafkK kspaol wmppeibfGl?

Snfk hs;h]fmlaoK kofospjj M[tmswjabfgK. kofospjj M[tmspsuf dlphfhJksWhfwha{Kel jq[ enajjs QafjJl kofdlSptdjpajei S:jjstK. Dka;blaj

kbfbqa M[Ujsoft ehaK M[usof dlphfhJksDy S{jJl kofdl wjabfgK WofhdkWufeua:l Ftsiqafjuf. ^ls kofospjj M[tmswjabfgK. Fksuf hstnfk loskOl M[ofTwjabfG S:jjstaof. J[nfdk kapsof

ipsttsus:nfK hstnfkKl FK hs;h]fm AttdukofOdgp Dmmnfkdupsof cul QafjJl.hstnfk J[nfdkpsof kduhJkspsuf FdokKSg_jYl wjgxpaj iusdlpaj S:jJlehaK Dmmnfkdu hyylajIl ls:KiajIl,KxhfhKlajIl S:jJl. hs;h]fm Attdu

J[nfdkpsof Dmmnfkdu QafjJl.kduhfhJkspao Dmmnfkdu wjgxhfhg



267

wjgxhfhg cjjsof cul Miaml ndgwhtThs;h]fm Attduhf whTl.

DmmnfkdujJl luiap S:jJlSgkkstJl, Snfk S;bfGjJl SdghfhgghJkspseu kaof losk Dgdu SpjJjsoftAka;j mjj;_jy Dyyo. DmmnfkdujJlcuaka;kkstJl Sdgep Dyy Aka;_jyDgusof maspao nGdlpkksuf S:jJl.^lspaoK Whfhx ^lkkspe;dj nGdlpQafhauf M[Ujsofteka Fek ehau losk

Dgu wmpuf haGjy nGdlp Aka;mfmjj;kkauf wmpufhGjsofto. hs;h]fm AttduJ[nfdkpaj S:jJl ehaK Dmmnfkdujs;jsjjstK. J[nfdk FK iyanfkIgofMiamlaoK cjJk Kdypsuf jstjskK FekDmmnfkdu wmofT M[snfK Dgu L{jj

h;Ijsoft M{Ldo n;lH culwmpuhGjstK. M{Ldo Wofjst n;lhaoKH:ilkkspsuf S:jjsoft ja;bkkauf hs;h]fmAttduhf wht M{Ldopsuf lodk dikKkspaol wmpp eibfGl WofT rTjsetal.loK mskTl ehaK js;jsjjsoft hs;h]fm Attu



268

msktsisGl Wofhkau lol msktaluf kspaolwmpp eibfGl Wo itHTkKjsetal.

KtI ia[fjdj

J}a;ikahd thH;f;ifahy; mwpt[ tpsf;fk;

bgw;W mwptpny KGik bgw;wgpd; mjd; \yk;

Md;kh cyFf;F eyk;g[hpa Mh;tk; bfhz;L

jd;id kdpjFy ed;ikf;nf

mh;gzpj;Jf;bfhz;L ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L/ bghUs;

njLjy;/ fhg;ghw;Wjy; vd;fpw mwpit

cjhpj;js;sp mwpit/ jdJ cliy mwtHpapy;

bjhz;Lf;nf gad;gLj;jp jd;Dila grpf;F gpwh;

bfhLj;J thH;fpd;w thH;f;ifna Jwt[

thH;f;ifahFk;. rpwe;j Kiwapy; jd;Dila

Mw;wiy gad;gLj;jp nrit bra;a tha;g;g[k;/

njita[k; ,Uf;Fkhdhy; me;jj; Jwtwnk

kpfr;rpwe;jjhFk;. clYf;F Md;kh moik

ahfhky; Md;kht[f;F cliy fUtpahff;

bfhs;Sk; bjspe;j mwpt[ epiyna cz;ikahd



269

Jwt[ MFk;. Md;khthdJ bjspe;j mwptpny

KGik bgw;w gpd; ,y;ywj;jpypUe;nj Jwt[

epiyapy; thHyhk;. ,d;W gyngh; ,y;ywf;

flikfs; kwe;J/ mwk; gpwH;e;J/ nrhk;gy;

nguhir ,tw;nwhL gpwh; bghUisf;bfhz;L

thH;tJ Jwtwk; vd fUJfpd;wdh;. ,j;jifa

,Hp;e;j thH:itj; Jwtwk; vd;W jtwhff; Twp

ek;gp jhk; VkhWtnjhL gpwiua[k; Vkhw;wp;

cyt[fpd;w fhl;rpiaa[k; ; fhqfpnwhk;.

,d;W Jwtpfs; vd;W btspnawpath;fspy; bgUk;ghyhdth;fs; mwptpd; epiwt[ bgw;W

Jwtwk; vd;why; vd;d vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;

vd;fpw ,yf;fzk; bjhpe;J Jwt[ thH;f;iff;F

tutpy;iy. mwpahik/ VH;ik/ ntiyapd;ik/

neha;/ nrhk;ngwpj;jdk;/ nguhir/ btWg;g[

FLk;gr; rz;il/ ,tw;why; ,y;ywj;ij tpl;L

flik kwe;J btspnawpath;fns mjpfkhf

cs;sdh;. NH;epiyf; ifjpfshfp btspnawp

Jwt[ Vw;wth;fSk; cz;L. ,th;fspy; Vnjh xU



270

rpynu ey;y FUehjd; fpilf;fg;bgw;W "hd

ngW bgw;wth;fs;/ kw;w bgUk;ghnyhu; thH;t[

ghHhfp Jd;g[w;W koe;jhh;fs; koe;J bfhz;Lk;

,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.

kspaokfksof Fimspl

is]f]ao enajfjsuf

Caf Dgusuf 60 Lku70 ksasufuspof FOjjy

DyygjjspK. m;amas 63 ksasufuspof WofTdikKj wjayyual. kapsof ipsttsuf cofTlakkksuf 6.2 ksasufuspof FBDthkkspsus:jJl. Fhfwha{K FnfkjJ[nfdkjJ DbafI S:jjaK. VofhKlakkksuf J[nfdk L{iyaamms FdgnfkIgofL{dlpao loskOjJbfgao 60 Lkuf 70

ksasufuspof FBjjy wjabfx:jJl

63 ksasufuspof WofhK Kufusplao jbjJ



271

V: FB WofhK 60% Lku 90% kbfbq:lltTl 90 wiifeiT wha:gjYl emafnfKDyygjjspK. Vifwia: FBIl kofdomMtts V: haKjahfHj jiml WoftehaadijJy S:jjstK. Fnfkj jimlf

Cytoplasm, Intra Cellular Fluid, ltTl Organ Cells

Fdijyauf AokaJl.

SifiBjjy S;bfG idj,

1. wiydy FB,

2. msjhfH FB.

Vifwia: FBIl 40 Lkuf 90 mV janfk mjkswjabfGyyK. V: FBjrasof 20 Lkuf 30mV mjks Jdtnfkauf Fnfk FBisuf ejofmafispaks i; iaphfHbfG. 90 mV eluf rxoauf

japmuf, hu D`b mlhnfklao ispaksjyi;ual. Ajei nlK FBisof lsof mjksdpmq;ao Ldypsuf wmpufhg dijjepajamoLl, kspaoLl SoftspdlpakkapS:jjstK.



272

FBmq vd;why; Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs;

fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y. vd;nwh "hdpfshy; myrp

Muhag;gl;lit. mqf;fs; gw;wp itnrrpf

rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f KGf;f TWfpwJ. mitfs;

me;j VLfs; ,d;W fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J tpl;ld.

mq vd;gJ jj;Jt "hdj;jpy; Kot[f;F

Kothd xU cz;ikiaf; TWtJ. ,e;j

gpug";rk; my;yJ cyfj;jpd; bjhlf;fj;jpd; mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J

bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd;

bjhlf;fKk; Muk;gkhFk;. v';nfh btl;l

btspapypUe;J xU E}y; bjhl';Fkhdhy; mjd;

Koitg;goj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy; mjd;

bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy

gpug";rj;jpw;F mHptpida[k;/ Muk;gj;ija[k;

mwpa \d;W epiyahd mst[ nfhiyf;

fz;lhh;fs;. xU th!;Jt[f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ

gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F nky; mHpf;f



273

Koahj epiytiu mHpe;J bfhz;nlnghdhy;

mqf;fspy; Koa[k;. ,t;thqf;fs;jhd;

cyfpd; xLf;fk;. ,tw;wpypUe;Jjhd; cyfk;

cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. Mq bfhs;iffis ntj

fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j mq g{jpkhd;fs;/

rhd;nwhh;fs; (fp.K.500) Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng

Twpa[s;sdh;. ,tw;iwbay;yhk; ekJ Mfk

E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;. jkpHwp"h;fs; rpj;jh;fs;

Ma;t[j;jpwdhdJ gpug";rj;jpd; \iy

KLf;fisbay;yhk; myrp Ma;t[f; fskhf;fpmjida[k; RUl;o jdJ Rfj;jpy; itj;Js;s

rpj;jh;fs; mth;fisg; ghuhl;l ekf;F ehtpy;iy.

g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd

Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J

mz;l nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd;

mqj;jpwid Ma;e;jth;fs; mwpe;jth;fs;.

fjputd; xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F

vd;d fhuzk;> thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf fhl;rp

jUfpwJ vd;why; vd;d bghUs;> vd;W



274

Muha;e;jdh;. mjd; tpist[ rpd;d";rpW Jspfs;

,Ue;jhf ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;ldh;. xU

bghUis Jz;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl brd;why;

filrpapy; mjd; epiy gw;wp rpj;jh;fs;

Ma;e;jdh;.

h;laBMd;kht[k; mjd; Mw;wYk; vz;zpyh nfho

mz;l';fs; nguz;l';fs; ,g;gpug";rk; njhd;Wtjw;F \y fhuzkhf tps';FtJ/

mog;gilahf ,Ug;gJ/ xU mqrf;jp. mijna

rpj;jh;fs; "hdpfs; gukhq vd;W

brhy;fpwhh;fs;. gukhq vd;gJ gphpf;f Koahj

mq vd;gJ bghUs;. me;jg; gukhqnt gue;Jtphpe;J fplf;fpd;w mz;l/ nguz;l';fis

,af;fpf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. mijna

gukhj;jkh vd;wdh;. mnj \y mqtpd;

Mw;wnyh xt;bthU $Ptuhrpfspd;

,af;f';fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf tps';Ftjhy;



275

$Pthj;kh vd;wdh;. Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ

msg;gwpa Mw;wy; kpf;fJ. me;j Mw;wy; ek;kplk;

cs;sJ/ cUtkhw;wJ/ mjd; rf;jpia/

Mw;wiy/ czh;e;jth;fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW

mw;g[j';fs; epfH;j;j Koa[k;. ek;kplk; cs;s

kfj;Jtk; tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd;

rf;jpia czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;

bfhs;tJjhd; Md;k"hdkhFk;. Mdhy;

ek;kplk; cs;s Md;khtpd; Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J

bfhs;shky;/ ek;kplk; cs;s Mw;wiy vg;gobtspf;bfhzh;tJ? vg;go ,af;FtJ?

vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky; thH:f;ifapy; gytpj

my;yy;fSf;F Mshfpnwhk;. ,g;gog;gl;l

my;yy;fspypUe;J tpLjiy bgw Kad;W btw;wp

fz;lth;fs;jhd; "hdpfSk;/ rpj;jh;fSk;.



276

FB h;laB ltTlf

Dpsaf ekatftlf Ie;J g{j';fs; xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; vl;L tpjkhd

Fz';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk Fz';fs;

vd;fpw jd;khj;jpiu cz;L. mJnt rg;jk;/

!;ghprk;/ +gk;/ urk;/ fe;jk; vdg;gLk.; ,ijna

Xir/ CW/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; vd;Wk; TWthu;fs;.

,e;j Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy;

bjhHpy;g[hpfpd;wd vd;W Muha[k; nghJ gukhq

vd;fpw Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd;

jd;dpaf;f RHw;rpapdhy; mz;l nguz;l';fs;

cUthapd vd;gJ bjupatUk;. ,e;jg;gukhq

vd;gJ Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs;

fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y. ,J vd;nwh "hdpfshy; myrp

Muhag;gl;lit. mqf;fs; gw;wp itnrrpf

rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f KGf;f TWfpwJ. me;j

VLfs; ,d;W ,y;iy. fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J tpl;ld.

mq vd;gJ jj;Jt "hdj;jpy; Kot[f;F



277

Kothd xU cz;ikiaf; TWtJ. ,e;j

gpug";rk; my;yJ cyfj;jpd; bjhlf;fj;jpid

mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J

bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd;

bjhlf;fKk; Muk;gkhFk;. v';nfh btl;l

btspapypUe;J xU E}y; bjh';Fkhdhy; mjd;

Koitg;gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy; mjd;

bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy

gpug";rj;jpw;F mHptpida[k;/ Muk;gj;ija[k;

mwpa \d;W epiyahd mst[ nfhiyf; fz;lhh;fs;. xU t!;Jt[f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ

gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F nky; gphpf;f

Koahj epiytiu mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nlnghdhy;

Kotpy; mqf;fspy; brd;W Koa[k;.

,t;tqf;fs;jhd; cyfpd; xLf;fk;.

,tw;wpypUe;Jjhd; cyfk; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.

g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd

Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J



278

mz;l nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd;

mqj;jpwid Ma;e;jth;fs; mwpe;jth;fs;.

fjputd; xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F

vd;d fhuzk;/ thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf fhl;rpjUfpwJ vd;why; vd;d fhuzk;/ vd;W

Muha;e;jdh;. mjd; tpist[ rpd;d";rpW

Jfs;fs; ,Ue;jhf ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;ldh;. xU

bghUis Jz;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl brd;why;

filrpapy; mjd; epiy gw;wp rpj;jh;fs;

Ma;e;jdh;.

mqtpy; mqtpid Mjpgpuhid

mqtpy; mqtpid Mapuk; Twpl;L

mqtpy; mqtpid mqf ty;yhh;f;F

mqtpy; mqtpid mqfYkhnk- jpU\yh;

mqitj; Jisj;J VH;fliy g[fl;o- xsitahh;



279

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Atma Vilakam