110

Aܶm¶ Aܶm¶ Aܶm¶ Aܶm¶ ---- 4 4 4 4 ào‘M§Xào‘M§Xào‘M§Xào‘M§X ¶wJrZ ^maVr¶ g‘mO ‘| Zmar H$s pñW{V¶wJrZ ^maVr¶ g‘mO ‘| Zmar H$s pñW{V¶wJrZ ^maVr¶ g‘mO ‘| Zmar H$s pñW{V¶wJrZ ^maVr¶ g‘mO ‘| Zmar H$s pñW{V

ào‘M§X H$m ¶wJ {hÝXr Cnݶmg gm{h˶ H$m CËH$f© ¶wJ h¡ & ào‘M§X go nyd© {OVZo ^r

Cnݶmg {bIo JE Wo, CZ‘| Ho$db H$ënZm VÎd ¶m ‘Zmoa§OZ H$s A{YH$Vm Wr & g‘mO H$s

dmñV{dH$Vm ¶m gƒmB© H$m {OH«$ VH$ CZ‘| Zht hþAm Wm & O~{H$ ào‘M§X Ho$ Cnݶmg gm{h˶ ‘|

àdoe H$aVo hr {hÝXr Cnݶmg gm{h˶ H$ënZm H$s C‹S>mZ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ¶WmW© H$s y{‘ na Am

I‹S>m hþAm & ào‘M§X Zo AnZo ¶wJ Ho$ ~hþV go boIH$m| H$m nW àXe©Z ^r {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a Cnݶmg

gm{h˶ H$mo g‘mOmoÝ‘wIr ~Zm¶m & {hÝXr Cnݶmg gm{h˶ OJV ‘| ào‘M§X H$m nXmn©U EH$

{deof ‘hËdnyU© KQ>Zm ‘mZr OmVr h¡ & CZHo$ Cnݶmg gm{h˶ ‘| àdoe Ho$ gmW hr {hÝXr

Cnݶmg gm{h˶ H$s Ymam ~Xb gr JB© & ào‘M§X Cnݶmg H$mo ‘mZd OrdZ H$m {MÌ ‘mZVo Wo

AV… do Cnݶmgm| ‘| ‘mZd OrdZ Ho$ g§nyU© Ed§ ¶WmW© {MÌU H$aZo Ho$ hr nj ‘| Wo & ¶Ú{n

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ewéAmV ‘| ào‘M§X go nyd© ^maVoÝXw ¶wJ ‘| hr Am¡nݶm{gH$ {dYm H$m CX²^d

hmo MwH$m Wm, {H$ÝVw Cgo nyU© Ed§ ì¶dpñWV ê$n go {dH${gV H$aZo VWm gm‘m{OH$ OZ-OrdZ H$o

gmW Omo‹S>Zo H$m H$m¶© ¶{X {H$grZo {H$¶m h¡, Vmo dh ào‘M§X hr h¡ & VËH$mbrZ Cnݶmg gm{h˶

H$mo XoIVo h¢, Vmo ¶h ~mV AnZo Amn ñnï> hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ ‘mZdr¶ OrdZ H$mo CgH$s g‘J«Vm Ho$

gmW àñVwV H$aZo H$m lo¶ 20dt eVmãXr Ho$ CnݶmgH$mam| ‘| ImgH$a ào‘M§X H$mo hr àmßV hþAm

h¡ & A‘ra-Jar~, O‘tXma-{H$gmZ, ‘m{bH$-‘OXÿa, emofH$-emo{fV Am{X g~ N>moQ>o-~‹S>o dJ©

H$mo CZHo$ OrdZ H$s g‘J«Vm VWm CZH$s {d{^ÝZ g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho$ gmW CÝh| {M{ÌV H$aZm, CZHo$

gwI-Xþ…Im| H$s A{^ì¶{³V H$aZm, gab - gwÝXa Ed§ à^mdmoËnmXH$ T>§J go nmÌm| Ho$ AZwHy$b

g§dmXm| H$s ¶moOZm H$aZm Am{X g~ JwU g~go nhbo ào‘M§X Ho$ gm{h˶ ‘| hr {XImB© n‹S>Vo h¢ &

"ào‘M§X Zo AnZo Cnݶmgm| ‘| VËH$mbrZ ¶wJ H$mo dmUr àXmZ H$aZo H$m ‘hmZ H$m¶© {H$¶m h¡ &

X{bV-J{bV gm‘m{OH$ ê${‹T>>-ar{V¶m| Am¡a A§Y n§anamAm| Ho$ {déÕ {OhmX, A{YH$m§e ñÌr-

nwéfm| H$mo ‘mZd A{YH$ma {XbmZo Ho$ {bE ^r A˶§V Amdí¶H$ Wm & Bg {OhmX Ho$ H$maU

111

ào‘M§X Ho$ Cnݶmgm| H$mo "‘mZd-A{YH$ma nÌ' (‘o½ZmH$mQ>m©) H$s g§km Xr Om gH$Vr h¡ & gYr hþB©

Vy{bH$m go ¶wJ H$s g‘ñ¶mAmo§ H$mo {demb ’$bH$ na àñVwV H$aZo Ho$ H$maU ¶o Cnݶmg Ohm±

20dr§ eVr Ho$ Ama§{^H$ dfm] H$m agàX B{Vhmg àñVwV H$aVo h¢, dhm± do ~‹S>o amoMH$, OrdÝV VWm

bmoH${ච^r hmo JE h¢ & Bggo ~‹T>H$a ¶o Jar~m| H$s JrVm h¢, gm‘mݶ ñÌr-nwéfm| Ho$ {bE Vmo

Y‘©-J«§W ê$n h¡ &'1111

ào‘M§X Zo AnZo gm{h˶ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go g‘J« Xoe Ho$ XrZ Xþ…{I¶m| Ho$ H$éU OrdZ H$s

‘m{‘©H$ doXZm H$mo g~Ho$ gm‘Zo àñVwV {H$¶m h¡ & dV©‘mZ g‘¶ H$mo ܶmZ ‘| aIVo hþE ¶h Adí¶

H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ AmO Omo à‘wI Xmo {d‘e© -"X{bV {d‘e©' Am¡a "Zmar {d‘e©' AnZo Ma‘

{dH$mg na nhþ±Mo h¢, BZ XmoZm| {d‘em] H$s ewéAmV go nhbo hr ào‘M§X Zo AnZo Cnݶmgm| ‘| CÝh|

n¶m©ßV ñWmZ Xo {X¶m Wm & CZH$m A{Y³Va gm{h˶ CÝht Ho$ nj ‘| h¢ & AV… ¶o XmoZm| {d‘e©

^bo hr ào‘M§X Ho$ ~mX Ho$ hmo, bo{H$Z CZHo$ ~rO h‘ ào‘M§X gm{h˶ ‘| XoI gH$Vo h¢ & S>m°.

àVmn Zmam¶U Q>§S>Z Ho$ eãXm| ‘| H$ho Vmo - ""{hÝXr Cnݶmg H$mo Z¶m ‘mo‹S> XoZodmbo ào‘M§X Ho$db

AnZo ¶wJ Ho$ hr Zht ~pëH$ g§nyU© {hÝXr Cnݶmg Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| gdm}ËH¥$ï> boIH$ h¡ & AmYw{ZH$

¶wJ ‘| {hÝXr Cnݶmg H$s Omo ZB© àd¥{Îm¶m± XrI n‹S>Vr h¢, AnZo ~rO ê$n ‘| do ào‘M§X Ho$

Cnݶmgm| ‘| ݶyZm{YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| {dÚ‘mZ h¢ & Bgr àH$ma ào‘M§X Ho$ Cnݶmgm| ‘| Omo g‘ñ¶mE±

CR>mB© J¶r h¢ do ì¶{³ÎmJV Am¡a nm[adm[aH$ Z hmoH$a g‘mOì¶mnr h¢ Am¡a gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶mAm|

H$m ñne© H$aVr h¢& ào‘M§X Zo ^maVr¶ ZmJ[aH$ Ed§ J«m‘rU OrdZ Ho$ AZoH$ ‘hËdnyU© àíZm| Am¡a

CZHo$ {d{dY njm| na ‘mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU go {dMma {H$¶m h¡ & ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CZH$s

H¥${V¶m± OZVm H$m gm{h˶ h¡ {OZ‘| ^maVr¶ gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ à{V{~på~V hmoVm h¡ &''2222

O¡gm {H$ Bg V϶ H$mo g~Zo {Z{d©dmX ê$n go ñdrH$ma H$a {b¶m h¡ {H$ gm{h˶ g‘mO

H$m Xn©U hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Bgr {bE à˶oH$ gm{h˶ na VV² ¶wJrZ gm‘m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, Ym{‘©H$

Am{X {d{dY n[apñW{V¶m| H$m à^md XoIm OmVm h¡ & ào‘M§X H$m Cnݶmg gm{h˶ ^r BgH$m

AndmX Zht h¡ & CÝhm|Zo AnZo ¶wJ H$mo XoIm-OmZm, naIm Am¡a CgHo$ AZwê$n hr gm{h˶ H$s

112

aMZm H$s & S>m°. ajm nwar Ho$ eãXm| ‘| H$ho Vmo - ""Bg‘| H$moB© g§Xoh Zht {H$ gm{h˶H$ma H$s Ñ{ï>

XoeH$mb {Zanoj Zht hmoVr & dh EH$ gr‘m VH$ AnZo ¶wJ go ~±Ym hmoVm h¡ & gm{h˶H$ma {Og

¶wJ ‘| OrdZ ¶mnZ H$aVm h¡ CgH$s ì¶{³Îm Am¡a g‘mO {df¶H$ g‘ñ¶mAm| go CgH$m K{Zð>

g§~§Y ahVm h¡, gm{h˶H$ma CZgo Am±I Zht ‘§y±X gH$Vm & AV… CZHo$ gm{h˶ ‘| BZ g‘ñ¶mAm|

H$m à{V{~på~V hmo CR>Zm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ & gm{h˶ ¶wJ {df¶ H$m à{V{~å~ hmoVm h¡, ¶h C{³V

ào‘M§X gm{h˶ ‘| Ajae… g˶ h¡ & ì¶{³Îm Am¡a g‘mO Ho$ {MÌU H$s Ñ{ï> go ào‘M§X gm{h˶

H$m C{MV ‘yë¶m§H$Z CZHo$ ¶wJ H$s n[apñW{V¶m| Ho$ g§X © ‘| hr {H$¶m Om gH$Vm h¡ &''3333 Am¡a

ào‘M§X Ho$ Cnݶmgm| ‘| 춳V Zmar g§doXZm Ho$ Aܶ¶Z Ho$ {bE ^r ào‘M§X ¶wJrZ ^maVr¶ g‘mO

Am¡a Cg‘| Zmar H$s pñW{V H$m Aܶ¶Z A{V Amdí¶H$ hmo OmVm h¡ &

ào‘M§X H$m ¶wJ 19dt eVmãXr H$m CÎmamY© Am¡a 20dt eVmãXr H$s ewéAmV Wm & Am¡a

¶h ¶wJ ^maV df© Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| A{YH$ ‘hËdnyU© Wm ³¶m|{H$ Bg H$mb ‘| ^maV ‘| nwZéËWmZ H$m

Omoa A{YH$ Wm & gm‘m{OH$ Am¡a Ym{‘©H$ CWb-nwWb Bg ¶wJ ‘| A{YH$ {XImB© XoVr h¡ &

nmíMm˶ kmZ-{dkmZ Ed§ A§J«oOr {ejm Ho$ àMma-àgma Ho$ ’$b ñdê$n ‘ܶH$mbrZ O‹S>Vm ‘|

~hþV Hw$N> AmKmV nhþ±Mm & ~hþV go {dMmaH$m| Zo Z¶o {gao go gmoMZo H$s ewéAmV H$s & {OgHo$

n[aUm‘ ñdê$n ‘ܶH$mbrZ ^maV AmYwZ{H$ ~ZZo bJm & S>m°. gamoO àgmX Ho$ eãXm| ‘| H$ho Vmo

- ""ào‘M§X Zo {Og g‘¶ gm{h˶ aMZm Ama§^ H$s, Cg g‘¶ ~rgdt eVmãXr H$s Aé{U‘m ’y$Q>

MwH$s Wr, h‘mam amï´>r¶ OmJaU KwQ>Zm| Ho$ ~b a|JVm hþAm H«$mpÝV H$s Xohar na nhþ±M MwH$m Wm,

g§nyU© dmVmdaU {djwãY hmo CR>m Wm, Am§XmobZm| H$s {~O{b¶m± H$m¢Y ahr Wr Am¡a Eogm ‘mby‘

n‹S>Zo bJm Wm {H$ O¡go ¶wJm| H$s gwfw{ßV Ho$ níMmV h‘mam amï´> VZ H$a gÝZÕ hmoZo Ho$ {bE H$‘a

H$g ahm hmo & Bg g‘¶ amï´> Ho$ g^r Ad¶dm| ‘| AZOmZo EH$ H$gmdQ> bmZo H$s H$mo{ee Mb

n‹S>r Wr, bJ^J g^r joÌm| ‘| N>moQ>r-~‹S>r à{V^mAm| Ho$ AJ{UV ~~ybo ~~b CRo Wo Am¡a amï´> H$s

à˶oH$ {eam VZH$a C‘‹S> J¶r Wr & gm‘m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| EH$ Eogm {dab g§¶moJ

AZm¶mg CnpñWV hmo J¶m Wm O~{H$ ‘hmZ à{V^mE± àñ’w${Q>V hmoH$a ghO hr ¶wJ-OrdZ Am¡a

113

C‘‹S>Vo hþE ¶wJ-g˶ Ho$ gmW VmXmËå¶ ñWm{nV H$aHo$ OrdZ H$s dmñV{dH$Vm Ho$ ‘‘©ñWb VH$

nhþ±M OmZo Am¡a Cgo H$bmË‘H$ A{^ì¶{³V XoZo Ho$ {bE ~¡MoZ hmo CR>r Wt &''4444

19dt-20dt eVmãXr ‘| ^maVr¶ {hÝXy g‘mO ‘| AZoH$ Hw$-àWmE± ‘m¡OyX Wt O¡go -

~mb {ddmh, gVr-àWm, {dYdm-{ddmh {ZfoY, nwZ… {ddmh {ZfoY, Añn¥í¶Vm, Om{V-nm±{V Ho

~ÝYZ Am{X & BZ g~ XÿfUm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE Am¶© g‘mO, ~«÷ g‘mO, {W¶mogmo{’$H$b

gmogm¶Q>r Am{X AZoH$ ñd¡pÀN>H$ g§ñWmAm| Zo ~hþV ~‹S>m ¶moJXmZ {X¶m & BZ g~Ho$ Abmdm

VËH$mbrZ gm{h˶H$mam| Zo ^r BZ {df¶m| na AnZr H$b‘ Mbm¶r & Bg ¶wJ Ho$ ~hþV go g‘mO

gwYmaH$m| Zo {d{dK gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo ܶmZ ‘| aIVo hþE g‘mO ‘| Zd OmJaU Ed§ ZdrZ

{dMmam| H$m àMma-àgma H$aZo H$m ‘hÎdnyU© H$m¶© {H$¶m Wm & BZ g‘mO gwYmaH$m| H$m ‘w»¶V…

ܶmZ Zmar H$s X¶Zr¶ pñW{V na hr A{YH$ Ho$pÝÐV ahm VWm Cgr H$mo Ho$ÝÐ ‘| aIH$a hr

gwYmam{X Ho$ H$m¶©H«$‘m| H$m Am¶moOZ ^r {H$¶m OmVm Wm & {R>H$ ¶hr pñW{V ào‘M§X ¶wJrZ

CnݶmgH$mam| H$s ^r ahr & g{X¶m| go Xþ…I d nr‹S>m ^moJVr Am ahr Zmar OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY

nhbwAm| H$mo CÝhm|Zo AnZo Cnݶmgm| H$m {df¶ ~Zm¶m Am¡a CZH$s g‘ñ¶mAm| H$m {dfX {ddoMZ

H$aHo$ AnZr Amoa go Hw$N> g‘mYmZ ^r àñVwV {H$E & "ào‘M§X ¶wJ ‘| Cnݶmgm| H$s gm‘m{OH$

{MÝVm H$m EH$ EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m ^mJ Zmar OrdZ H$s {df‘VmAm| Am¡a CgHo$ {d{^ÝZ à{V~ÝYm| go

g§~§{YV h¡ & {dYdm, XmohmOy-{ddmh, XhoO-àWm, doí¶m-ì¶dgm¶, ~mb-{ddmh Am{X Bg

H$mb H$s à‘wI g‘ñ¶mE± h¢, {OZgo {hÝXr Cnݶmg àma§^ go hr n[a{MV h¡ & na§Vw ào‘M§X Ûmam

BZ g‘ñ¶mAm| H$mo {dñV¥V VWm J§^ra {MÝVZ y{‘ {‘br & ào‘M§XOr Ho$ {MÌU amo‘m§g ‘ybH$ Z

hmoH$a dñVw{Zð> Am¡a Anojm H¥$V ì¶mnH$ Wo & BZ g^r {df¶m| na ào‘M§X Am¡a CZHo$ g‘gm‘{¶H$

CnݶmgH$mam| Zo ì¶mnH$ VWm ‘mZdr¶ Ñ{ï> go {dMma {H$¶m &'5555$

ào‘M§X ¶wJrZ gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| ‘| g~go Á¶mXm Zmar H$s X¶Zr¶ pñW{V H$mo gwYmaZo

na A{YH$ ~b {X¶m J¶m Wm, ³¶m|{H$ Cg g‘¶ Zmar H$s pñW{V A˶§V nr‹S>mOZH$ Wr & CgH$m

ñWmZ A~ VH$ Xmo¶‘ XO} H$m hr Wm & emXr-ã¶mh ¶m Ka Ho$ Aݶ {H$gr ^r ‘m‘bm| ‘| CgH$s

114

BÀN>m-A{ZÀN>m Am{X H$moB© ‘m¶Zo Zht aIVr Wr & ¶hm± VH$ {H$ IwX EH$ Zmar ^r Xÿgar Zmar H$s

nr‹S>m H$mo {R>H$ go g‘P Zht nmVr Wr & g‘mO ‘| ì¶mßV Zmar H$s Eogr X¶Zr¶ Xem H$m

dmñV{dH$ {MÌU ào‘M§X ¶wJrZ CnݶmgH$mam| Zo ^br-^m±{V {H$¶m h¡ & ñd¶§ ào‘M§X Zo

"godmgXZ', "{Z‘©bm', "à{Vkm', "J~Z', "H$‘© y{‘', "JmoXmZ' Am{X Cnݶmgm| ‘| Zmar H$s

X¶Zr¶ Xem H$m ¶WmW© {MÌm§H$Z H$aHo$ CZHo$ à{V ghmZw y{V Xem©¶r h¡ &

d¡go AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| hr ào‘M§X Ho$ OÝ‘ go nyd© 19 dt eVmãXr H$s ewéAmV go hr

g‘mO ‘| gwYmadmXr H$m¶©H«$‘m| H$s ewéAmV hmo MwH$s Wr, {OgHo$ A§VJ©V gm‘m{OH$ Ed§ Ym{‘©H$

gwYma H$s à{H«$¶m hr à‘wI ahr & H$ht Z H$ht BZ Am§XmobZm| H$m à^md g‘mO ‘| Zmar H$s

pñW{V H$mo gwYmaZo ‘| Adí¶ XoIm J¶m h¡&

19dt eVmãXr ‘| O~ {ejm H$m ì¶mn A{YH$ Zht Wm, V~ ^maVr¶ OZVm ‘| ~‹S>r

Hw$ar{V¶m± Ed§ Hw$àWmE± ‘m¡OyX Wr & Am¡a BgH$m Xþîn[aUm‘ wJVZm n‹S>Vm Wm ~oMmar Am¡aV OmV

H$mo & BZ àWmAm| ‘| g~go ~‹S>r EH$ àWm Wr "gVràWm' & ¶h àWm EH$ b§~o Aago go nyao ^maV

‘| àM{bV Wr & {OgHo$ VhV EH$ {dYdm ñÌr H$mo, {OgH$m n{V ‘a MwH$m h¡, Cgo n{V Ho$ ~J¡a

AHo$bo OrZo H$m H$moB© A{YH$ma àmßV Zht Wm & nhbo go hr ñÌr Ho$ ApñVËd H$mo nwéf Ho$

ApñVËd Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a XoIm OmVm Wm & AV… O¡go hr nwéf H$m ApñVËd IË‘ hþAm, g‘Pmo

CgrHo$ gmW ñÌr H$m (CgH$s nËZr H$m) ApñVËd ^r IË‘ hmo J¶m & Cgo AnZo n{V H$s {MVm ‘|

O~aZ ~¡R>mH$a {OÝXm Obm {X¶m OmVm Wm & "{ddoÀ¶H$mb VH$ Zmar AnZo g^r A{YH$mam| go

d§{MV hmo J¶r Am¡a Bggo CgH$s BÀN>m-A{ZÀN>m Ho$ {df¶ ‘| {Okmgm H$m àíZ hr Zht ah

J¶m & nwéfm| H$mo, em¶X Bg ~mV H$m ^amogm Zht ahm {H$ {dYdmE± n{dÌ OrdZ ì¶VrV H$a

gH$Vr h¢ & ^maV ‘| g§¶w³V n[adma H$s g§ñWm Ho$ AmJo {dYdmE± H$B© àH$ma H$s g‘ñ¶mE± boH$a

I‹S>r Wt & EH$ àíZ Vmo CZHo$ JwOmao H$m Wm & n{V H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ ~mX {dYdmAm| Ho$ gm‘Zo dh

AmYma Zht ah OmVm Wm {OgHo$ ~b na CZH$s amoQ>r H$m à~ÝY hmo gHo$ & Bg àH$ma do g§¶w³V

n[adma Ho$ Aݶ gXñ¶m| Ho$ D$na AnZo JwOmao Ho$ {bE {Z ©a hmoH$a ~moP ~Z OmVr Wr & Eogr Zmar

115

n[adma H$s Am¶ ~‹T>mZo ‘| {H$gr àH$ma ghm¶H$ Zht Wr & AñVw, n[adma Cggo ¶Wmg§^d erK«

‘w³V hmoZm MmhVm Wm & n{V-{d¶moJ ‘| Omo Zmmar ñdoÀN>m go ‘¥Ë¶w H$m daU H$a| CgHo$ {bE Bg

gm‘m{OH$ gw{dYm Ho$ {déÕ Hw$N> H$hZo Ho$ {bE ah Zht OmVm & bo{H$Z Xþ…IX ~mV Vmo ¶h Wr

{H$ bmoJ {dYdmAm| H$mo O~X©ñVr A˶§V H«y$aVm Ho$ gmW CgHo$ n{V H$s bme Ho gmW Obm S>mbVo

Wo &'6666

{hÝXÿ {ñ̶m| go gå~pÝKV CZH$s Xÿgar à‘wI g‘ñ¶m ¶h Wr {H$ EH$ ~ma Omo Am¡aV

{dYdm hmo OmVr Wt, dmo nwZ… {ddmh Zht H$a gH$Vr Wr & hmbm±{H$ nwéfm| Ho$ {bE Eogm H$moB©

~§YZ Zht ‘mZm J¶m Wm & CZHo$ {bE Vmo O¡go gmao ~§YZmo go ‘w{³V hr Wr & dh Z Ho$db nËZr

Ho$ ‘aZo Ho$ ~mX nwZ… {ddmh H$a gH$Vm Wm, ~pëH$ EH$ nËZr Ho$ Or{dV ahVo ^r EH$m{YH$

{ddmh H$a gH$Vm Wm & "¶{X nwZ{d©dmh H$s gw{dYm {hÝXy {dYdm H$mo àmßV ahVr Vmo do AnZo H$mo,

AnZo n[adma Ho$ AZmMma Am¡a A˶mMma go Amdí¶H$VmZwgma ~Mm gH$Vr Wr & {H$ÝVw {hÝXÿ

g‘mO Cg Vah H$s H$moB© gwd{Ym Zmar¶m| H$mo XoZo H$m njnmVr Zht Wm & nmíMm˶ {ejm Ho$ àgma

Am¡a Z¶o {dMmam| H$s à{Vð>m Zo Bg àíZ na ^r J§^raVm Ho$ gmW gmoMZo H$s àoaUm Xr & {hÝXÿ

g‘mO H$s {d{MÌVm ¶h Wr {H$ nwéf MmhVm Vmo g¢H$‹S>mo {ddmh H$a gH$Vm Wm & ~§Jmb Ho$ Hw$brZ

~«m÷Um| Ho$ Kam| ‘| ~hþ {ddmh H$aZo H$m amoJ O¡gm Wm & EH$-EH$ H$s nMmg-nMmg npËZ¶m± hmoVr

Wt & CZ nMmgm| ‘| Hw$N> Vmo Eogr ^r Wr {OZHo$ OrdZ ‘| gm¡^m½¶gy¶© H$^r C{XV hr Zht hmo nmVm

Wm &'7777

Zmar nwéf Ho$ A{YH$mam| ‘| BVZm A§Va ! {ZíM¶ hr Bgo Zmar Ho$ {déÕ nwéf A˶mMma

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Om{V H$m ¶h {dÐmoh nwéf Om{V Ho$ [déÕ qhgmË‘H$ {dÐmoh Z Wm &'14141414

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Zmar CËWmZ Ho$ {bE Jm§YrOr Zo ^r ~hþV à¶ËZ {H$¶o & CÝhm|Zo Zmar H$mo nwéf H$s Jwbm‘

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nX} H$s Bg àWm Zo O¡go Zmar H$s àJ{V ‘| ~hþV ~‹S>r ~mYm I‹S>r H$a Xr Wr & A~ Zmar

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hmoZ H$s {Xem ‘| EH$ ~‹S>r ~mYm {gÕ hmo ahr Wr & Bg{bE ^r Zm[a¶m| Zo nX} H$s Jwbm‘r H$mo

Z‘ñH$ma {H$¶m &'18181818

19dt eVmãXr Ho$ CÎmamY© go ^maV ‘| Zmar {ejm Ho$ {bE Z¶o Ûma Iwbo & VËH$mbrZ

amOZ¡{VH$ Am§XmobZm| H$m Bg na Iw~ à^md n‹S>m & A§J«oOmo Ho$ AmJ‘Z go nyd© ^maVr¶ {ó¶m| H$mo

nwéf Ho$ ~am~a n‹T>>Zo-{bIZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht Wm & Á¶mXm go Á¶mXm Cgo Kaoby {ejm hr Xr

OmVr Wr & CgH$s H$moB© ñdV§Ì Apñ‘Vm ¶m nhMmZ Zht Wr & {ó¶m| H$mo Z n‹T>mZo Ho$ nrN>o

Á¶mXmVa CZHo$ Kadmbm| H$s ñdmWu ‘Zmod¥{Îm ¶m ImoIbr ‘mZ{gH$Vm hr {Oå‘oXma Wr & bo{H$Z

A~ Yrao-Yrao Cƒ VWm Hw$brZ Kam| H$s Am¡aVo n‹T>Zo-{bIZo bJr Wr & VËH$mbrZ ñÌr-{ejm

Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘| S>m°. e¡b añVmoJr Zo {bIm h¡ - "~rgdt eVmãXr Ho$ à˶yf H$mb go Xoe A§J«oOr

{ejm H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hþAm & A{YH$m§e ^maVr¶ {ejm {damoYr {dMmam| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a ZdrZ

{ejm H$s Amoa PwHo$ {H$ÝVw AnZr nwamZr na§namAm| H$mo N>mo‹S>Zo ‘| ^maVr¶ g‘mO V{ZH$ AZwXma

ahm h¡ & ñÌr {ejm Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘| ^maVr¶ bmoJm| Ho$ {dMma nj ‘| Zht Wo & {d{b¶‘ AmS>‘ Zo

VËH$mbrZ {ejm nÕ{V H$s [anmoQ>© ‘| {bIm h¡ {H$ {ó¶m| H$mo n‹T>mZm CZHo$ {dYdm hmoZo H$s

^{dî¶dmUr g‘Pr OmVr Wr, VWm bmoJm| H$s YmaUm Wr {H$ {ó¶m| H$m H$nQ>r ñd^md {b{n-kmZ

go d¥{Õ nm¶oJm & gd© àW‘ bmS>© [anZ Ho$ g‘¶ ‘| (1882) {ejm H${‘eZ Zo gbmh Xr {H$

ór-{ejm H$mo {deof àmoËgmhZ {‘bZm Mm{hE & ~rgdt eVmãXr H$s amï´>r¶ OmJ¥{V {ó¶m| H$mo Ka

Ho$ g§Hw${MV joÌ go {ZH$mb H$a ~mha bmB© & ’$bV… ór-{ejm H$m {deof àMma hþAm & {ejm

àmßV H$aHo$ {ó¶mo§ ‘| EH$ ZdrZ Aä¶wX¶ hþAm & CÝhm|Zo ZdrZ Ñ{ï>H$moU boH$a OrdZ ‘| àdoe

122

H$aZm àma§^ {H$¶m & {ddmh hr CZHo$ OrdZ H$m Ma‘ bú¶ Z ah J¶m & A~ do {d{dY

ì¶dgm¶m| - S>m°³Q>ar, dH$mbV, AܶmnZ Am{X H$mo AnZmZo bJr & gmd©O{ZH$ H$m¶©joÌ ‘| ^r do

CËgmh Ho$ gmW AmB© &'19191919

Bg àH$ma {ejm Ho$ àMma-àgma go Zmar ‘| AmË‘{dídmg Ed§ AmË‘ Jm¡ad H$s ^mdZm

n¡Xm hmoZo bJr& A~ Zmar Zo AnZo D$na hmo aho emofU Ed§ A˶mMmam| Ho$ {Ibm’$ AmdmO CR>mZo

Ho$ {bE AnZr H$‘a H$g br& {ejm Ho$ H$maU Zmar Ho$ g~b Ed§ gj‘ ~ZZo H$s ewéAmV hmoZo

bJr & A~ dh Ka H$s Mma Xrdmar go ~mha H$s Xþ{Z¶m H$mo XoIZm MmhVr Wr & Yrao-Yrao AnZo

n¡am| na I‹S>m hmoZm MmhVr Wr VWm nwéf go H§$Ym [‘bmH$a H$m‘ H$aZm MmhVr Wr & S>m°. aoIm

Hw$bH$Uu Zo Vmo {ejm Ho$ àMma-àgma go Zmar H$s pñW{V ‘| Am¶o n[adV©Z H$mo Xem©Vo hþE {bIm

h¡ - "EH$ Zmar H$mo {e{jV ~ZmZo H$m ‘Vb~ h¡ nyao n[adma H$mo {e{jV ~ZmZm & g‘mO gwYmaH$mo

Zo ¶h ñdrH$ma {H$¶m Am¡a Zmar {ejm Ho$ àgma H$m¶© H$mo {deof ê$n go AnZm¶m & {ejm àm{ßV

Ho$ ’$b ñdê$n Zmar H$mo "AmË‘ ~moY' hmo J¶m & CgH$s Apñ‘Vm OmJ«V hmo JB© & Cg‘| AmË‘

Jm¡ad Ed§ ñdm{^‘mZ H$s ^mdZm OJ JB© & n[adma VWm g‘mO ‘| hmoZo dmbo AnZo ñWmZ H$mo dh

g‘PZo bJr & CgZo g‘mO go AnZo A{YH$mam| H$s ‘m±J H$s & BgHo$ {bE {dÐmoh H$aZo Ho$ {bE

^r dh H${Q>~Õ hmo JB© & AnZo D$na hmoZo dmbo Aݶm¶ Ed§ A˶mMma H$m {damoY dh S>Q>H$a

H$aZo bJr & A~ dh AnZo ñdV§Ì ì¶{³VËd H$m {Z‘m©U H$aZm MmhVr Wr & n[adma VWm g‘mO

‘| AnZm AbJ ñWmZ ñWm{nV H$aZm MmhVr Wr & Ho$db nwéfm| Ho$ hmWm| H$s H$R>nwVbr ~ZZm Cgo

(A~) ñdrH$ma Zht Wm &'20202020

Bg àH$ma ào‘M§X ¶wJ H$s Zmar VWm ào‘M§X nyd© ¶wJ H$s Zmar H$s pñW{V EH$X‘ {^ÝZ

Wr & ào‘M§X nyd© ¶wJ ‘| Zmar H$mo g‘mO Ho$ EH$ A{^ÝZ A§J Ho$ ê$n ‘| Zht XoIm OmVm Wm &

g‘mO ‘| {OVZr ‘hÎmm nwéfm| H$mo Xr OmVr Wr CVZr {ó¶m| H$mo Zht Xr OmVr Wr & Cgo nwéf H$s

AYmª{JZr ¶m ghMar Ho$ ~Xbo nwéf H$s AZwJm‘r Ho$ ê$n ‘| hr XoIm OmVm Wm & dh nwéf H$s

Xmgr ¶m Jwbm‘ hr A{YH$ Wr & Cgo nwéf Ho$ hmWm| {H$¶o J¶o Vah-Vah Ho$ A˶mMmam| H$mo ghH$a

O~mZ hmoVo hþE ^r ~oOw~mZ ~ZH$a ahZm n‹S>Vm Wm & dh Ho$db ^mo½¶m ¶m ‘Zmoa§OZ H$m gmYZ

123

‘mÌ ~ZH$a hr CnpñWV hmoVr ahr & Á¶mXm go Á¶mXm CgH$m AmXem©Ë‘H$ ê$n hr àñVwV hmoVm

ahm & CgHo$ ì¶{³VJV Xþ…I-XX© CgH$s nr‹S>m Am{X H$s Amoa {H$gr H$m ܶmZ Zht J¶m &

Zmar H$s Bg X¶Zr¶ Xem Ho$ nrN>o ¶{X H$moB© H$maU {Oå‘oXma Wm, Vmo dh Wm - ^maVr¶

g‘mO ‘| ì¶mßV {nV¥gÎmmË‘H$ ì¶dñWm & ^maVr¶ g‘mO H$s g~go ~‹S>r {d{MÌVm ¶h ahr h¡ {H$

EH$ Amoa Vmo dh Zmar H$mo "¶Ì Zm¶©ñVw nyÁ¶ÝVo a‘§Vo VÌ XodVm…' H$hH$a Cgo OJV-OZZr, Xodr,

bú‘r, ‘mVm, gañdVr Am{X AZoH$ ê$nm| ‘| CgH$s d§XZm H$s h¡, CnmgZm H$s h¡, Vmo Xÿgar Va’$

Cgr Zmar H$mo nr{‹S>V, àVm{‹S>V H$aZo ‘| CgZo H$moB© H$ga Zht N>mo‹S>r h¡ & àmMrZ H$mb go Zmar H$mo

EH$ Cno{jVm H$s Ñ{ï> go hr XoIm J¶m h¡ & g‘mO ‘| CgH$m ñWmZ {ZOud nXmWm} gm ¶m Xmo¶‘

XO}o H$m hr Wm & CgH$m AnZm H$moB© ñdV§Ì ApñVËd hr Zht ah J¶m Wm & EH$ H«$¶-{dH«$¶ H$s

dñVw Ho$ g‘mZ hr CgH$m ‘yë¶ Am±H$m OmVm Wm & Ka-n[adma Ed§ g‘mO ‘| nhbo go hr Zmar H$m

ñWmZ h‘oem go ZrMm hr ahm h¡ & gmao ar{V-ardmO Ed§ Ym{‘©H$ g§ñH$ma Am{X ‘| ^r Cgo C{MV

XaOm Zht {‘bm & ‘m±-~mn H$mo {OVZr Iwer ~oQ>o Ho$ OÝ‘ go hmoVr h¡, CVZr Iwer ~oQ>r Ho$ OÝ‘

go H$^r Zht hmoVr & OÝ‘ go boH$a ‘¥Ë¶w VH$ Cgo H$B© àH$ma H$s ‘w{g~Vm| H$m gm‘Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm

Wm & ‘mZmo CgH$m OÝ‘ hr ¶mVZmAm| H$mo ^moJZo Ho$ {bE hþAm hmo & nhbo Vmo Ka ‘| ~oQ>r H$m OÝ‘

hmoZm hr ~‹S>m Aew^ ‘mZm OmVm Wm & OÝ‘ Ho$ gmW hr Cgo ~‹S>o go ~aVZ ‘| XÿY ^aH$a Cg‘|

S>mb H$a ‘ma {X¶m OmVm Wm & Omo bmoJ ~o{Q>¶m| H$mo {OÝXm aIVo Wo CÝh| CgHo$ OÝ‘ Ho$ gmW hr

CgH$s emXr H$s {MÝVm gVm¶o aIVr Wr & n[aUm‘ ñdê$n do bmoJ nhbo go hr CgHo$ {bE XhoO

BH$Ç>m H$aZo ‘| bJ OmVo Wo Am¡a ~‹S>r hr N>moQ>r gr C‘« ‘| CgH$s emXr H$am XoVo Wo; {Og d³V

Cgo "emXr' eãX H$m ‘Vb~ ^r ‘mby‘ Zht hmoVm Wm & {Og Ka ‘| ~oQ>r g¶mZr hmo Am¡a O~ VH$

CgH$s emXr H$ht n³H$s Zht hmo OmVr V~ VH$ Cg b‹S>H$s Ho$ ‘mVm-{nVm amV H$mo M¡Z H$s ZtX

VH$ Zht gmo nmVo Wo & D$na go g‘mO Ho$ Am‘ ‘X© H$ho OmZo dmbo Hw$N> bmoJ CgH$s Va’$ H$m‘wH$

¶m dmgZmË‘H$ Ñ{ï> go XoIVo ahVo Wo & ~hþV go ‘mVm-{nVm Vmo AnZr ~oQ>r H$mo AnZo {ga H$m

~moP ‘mÌ ‘mZVo Wo; n[aUm‘ ñdê$n do Bg ~moP go OëX go OëX ‘w³V hmoZo Ho$ M³H$a ‘| CgH$m

{ddmh {H$gr ^r Hw$nmÌ Ho$ gmW H$a XoVo Wo &

124

Bg {nV¥gÎmmË‘H$ ì¶dñWm Ho$ MbVo g‘mO ‘| nwéf àYmZ Am¡a Zmar Jm¡U hr ah J¶r

Wr & 19dt eVmãXr ‘| hmo ahr Zmar H$s XþXem© H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE S>m°. a‘oe {Vdmar {bIVo h¢ -

"CÝZrgdt eVmãXr H$s ^maVr¶ Zmar AZoH$mZoH$ g‘ñ¶mAm| go OH$‹S>r hþB© Wr & EH$ Va’$ nwéfm|

H$mo Vmo AZoH$ gm‘m{OH$ gw{dYmE± àmßV Wr; Xÿgar Va’$ Zmar nwéf Ho$ hmWm| H$s H$R>nwVbr ~Zr

hþB© Wr & àmMrZ Y‘©emñÌm| ‘| ^r CgHo$ {bE H$‘ à{V~§Y Zht Wo & Cgo {H$gr ^r C‘« ‘| ñdV§Ì

aIZo H$s ñdrH¥${V emñÌm| Zo Zht Xr Wr & CgHo$ {bE ‘Zw Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ ~MnZ ‘| ‘mVm-{nVm Ho$

AmYrZ, OdmZr ‘| n{V Ho$ AmYrZ VWm ~w‹T>mno ‘| b‹S>Ho$ Ho$ AmYrZ Cgo ahZm h¡ & ’$bV… Zmar

H$m OrdZ EH$ A{^emn ~Z J¶m Wm & g‘mO VWm n[adma ‘| Zmar H$mo nwéf H$s VwbZm ‘| ho¶

g‘Pm J¶m & b‹S>Ho$ H$s n¡XmBe na Ohm± ‘m±-~mn AnZr àgÝZVm H$mo amoH$ Zht nmVo Wo, dht

b‹S>H$s Ho$ n¡Xm hmoVo hr CZ‘| hm¶-Vmo~m ‘M OmVr Wr & n[adma ‘| b‹S>H$mo H$s VwbZm ‘| b‹S>{H$¶m|

H$mo ~hþV H$‘ bm‹S>-߶ma {‘bVm Wm & ’$bV… Cg‘o ~MnZ go hr hrZVm J«§{W CËnÝZ hmo OmVr

Wr, {OgH$m {eH$ma dh OrdZ^a ~Zr ahVr Wr VWm g‘mO Ho$ g^r Vah Ho$ A˶mMmam| H$mo

MwnMmn ghVr ahVr Wr &'21212121

nhbo Am¡aV nwéf Ho$ n¡am| H$s OyVr ‘mÌ g‘Pr OmVr Wr & Cgo eyÐ Ho$ g‘mZ hr ‘mZm

J¶m Wm & Cgo Ka H$s Mma Xrdmam| ‘| ~§X H$a {X¶m J¶m Am¡a H$^r ~mha H$m gyaO Z XoIZo nm¶o

Bg{bE gmao Ka H$s {Oå‘oXm[a¶m± Cgo gm¢nH$a Ka H$s Hy±$Or CgHo$ hmW ‘| nH$‹S>m Xr Am¡a Cgo

"Kadmbr' H$m XaOm Xo {X¶m & Cgo Ka Ho$ H$m‘m| ‘| BVZm CbPm {X¶m {H$ dh Cgr H$mo gwbPmZo

‘| AnZr gmar C‘« bJm XoVr Wr Am¡a AnZo D$na hmo aho A˶mMmam| Ho$ {Ibm’$ CgH$m ܶmZ VH$

Zht OmVm Wm & dh A~ VH$ Omo Hw$N> gh ahr h¡ CgHo$ {bE dh AnZo Amn H$mo hr, AnZo

ñÌrnZ H$mo hr Xmofr ‘mZVr Wr Am¡a Cgo AnZm Zgr~ ‘mZH$a MwnMmn nwéf Ûmam {H$¶o J¶o

A˶mMmam| H$mo ghVr OmVr Wr & dh BVZr namYrZ hmoVr Wr {H$ CgH$m IwX H$m H$moB© Ka ^r Zht

H$hbmVm Wm & EH$ Ka {nVm H$m hmoVm Wm Vmo Xygam n{V H$m Ka H$hbmVm Wm & AV… H$^r H$^ma

n{V Ûmam ˶mJ {X¶o OmZo na CgHo$ ‘m¶Ho$ dmbo ¶h H$hH$a CgH$m ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo Wo {H$

emXr Ho$ ~mX n{V H$m Ka hr CgH$m Agbr Ka hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ‘m¶Ho$ go CgHo$ gmao [aíVo-ZmVo Qy>Q>

125

OmVo h¡ & O~{H$ CgH$m n{V Cgo ¶h H$hVm h¡ {H$ ¶h Vmo ‘oam AnZm Ka h¡, ¶hm± Voam H$moB© ñWmZ

Zht h¡ & n[aUm‘ ñdê$n Eogr {df‘ n[apñW{V ‘| OrdZ go ÌñV hmoH$a dh ¶m Vmo doí¶m ~ZZo na

‘O~ya hmo OmVr h¡ ¶m {’$a AmË‘h˶m O¡go ‘mJ© H$mo ^r MwZ boVr h¡ &

nwéf dJ© Ûmam Zmar Ho$ D$na BVZo A˶mMma hþE {H$ CgH$s ñdV§Ì Apñ‘Vm hr Imo gr

JB© & O~ H$^r ^r Am¡aV H$s Apñ‘Vm H$m gdmb Am¶m, V~ Cgo nwéf Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a hr XoIm

J¶m & Zmar H$m {d{dY H$mo{Q>¶m| ‘| {H$¶m J¶m {d^mOZ O¡go {H$ - n{Vd«Vm, Hw$bQ>m, doí¶m Am{X

^r nwéf H$s gmnojVm ‘| hr {H$¶m J¶m h¡ & Omo Am¡aV {g’©$ AnZo n{V H$mo hr ào‘ H$ao Am¡a Aݶ

{H$gr ^r nwéf H$s Va’$ Am±I CR>mH$a ^r Z XoI|, dh n{Vd«Vm H$hbmVr h¡ & Omo Am¡aV AnZo

n{V Ho$ à{V B©‘mZXma Z hmoH$a AnZo ào‘r Ho$ à{V B©‘mZXma hmo dh Hw$bQ>m H$hbmVr h¡ VWm Omo

{H$gr Ho$ ^r à{V B©‘mZXma Z hmo, Ho$db n¡gm| Ho$ {bE AnZo eara H$mo ~oMVr hmo, dh doí¶m

H$hbmVr h¡ & ñdH$s¶m-naH$s¶m Am{X oX ^r Zm¶H$ (nwéf) H$mo Ho$ÝÐ ‘| aIH$a hr {H$¶o JE

h¢ &

gm{h˶ OJV ‘| ^r Zmar H$s pñW{V AÀN>r Zht Wr & Am{XH$mb hmo, ^{³VH$mb hmo ¶m

ar{VH$mb àm¶… Zmar Ho$ Omo {MÌ C^aH$a gm‘Zo AmVo h¢, Cggo ¶h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg g‘¶

dh EH$ ^mo½¶m ¶m ‘Zmoa§OZ H$m gmYZ ‘mÌ ~ZH$a ah J¶r Wr & Am{XH$mb ‘| àm¶… {OVZo ^r

amgmo J«§Wm| H$m {Z‘m©U hþAm, {OgH$m ‘w»¶ CÔoí¶ VËH$mbrZ amOmAm| H$s draVm, CZHo$ gmhg,

namH«$‘ H$mo Xem©Zm hr Wm, {H$ÝVw Eoogo ¶wÕm| Ho$ ‘yb ‘| {H$gr Z {H$gr Zmar H$s n[aH$ënZm Adí¶

‘m¡OyX hmoVr Wr & Xa~mar H${d ^r AnZo Aml¶XmVm amOmAm| H$mo Iwe H$aZo Ho$ {bE CZH$s BÀN>m

Ho$ AZwê$n l¥§Jm[aH$ aMZmE± H$aVo Wo, {Og‘| Zmar Ho$ Xoh ¶m CgHo$ A§J-Cnm§Jm| H$m dU©Z hr

A{YH$ ahVm Wm & ar{VH$mb ‘| Vmo O¡go Zmar Ho$ l¥§Jm[aH$ dU©Zm| H$s ^a‘ma hr h¡ & àm¶… BZ

H${d¶m| H$m ܶmZ Zmar H$s Apñ‘Vm ¶m CgHo$ Xþ…I XXm] H$s Amoa ‘w‹S>H$a ^r Zht J¶m &

^{³VH$mb ‘| ^r H$~ra O¡go ~‹S>o ~‹S>o g§V-kmZr EH$ Va’$ Vmo ¶h H$hVo h¢ {H$ doX ~‹S>m Am¡a

Hw$amZ N>moQ>m h¡, Eogm oX H$aZm {OVZm ~‹S>m nmn h¡ CVZm hr ~‹S>m nmn ñÌr Am¡a nwéf H$m oX

H$aZm h¡ -

126

""Eogm oX {~JwM{Z ^mar &

~oX H$Vo~ XrZ Aé Xþ{Z¶m§,

H$m¡Z nw[af H$m¡Z Zmar &&''22222222

Vmo Xÿgar Va’$ do hr H$~ra Zmar H$mo ‘m¶m, R>{JZr VWm ZH©$ H$m Hw§$‹S> H$hH$a g§~mo{YV

H$aVo h¢ -

""H$~ra Zmar Hw§$S> ZaH$ H$mo,

{~abm W§‘¡ ~mJ &

H$moB© gmYw OZ D$~a¡,

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""H$~ra Zm[a namB© AmnUr,

wJ˶m ZaH${h OmB &

Am{J Am{J g~ EH$ h¡,

Vm‘¡ hmW Z ~m{h &&''23232323

AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ewéAmV ‘| ^r Zmar H$s pñW{V ‘| H$moB© {deof n[adV©Z Zht Am¶m

Wm & 19dt eVmãXr Ho$ CÎmamY© VH$ Zmar H$s pñW{V ~o~g, bmMma Am¡a X¶Zr¶ hr A{YH$ ahr &

dmñV{dH$Vm Vmo ¶h h¡ {H$ Bg {nV¥gÎmmË‘H$ ì¶dñWm Ho$ MbVo Zmar H$m ñWmZ H$^r D$na Zht

CR> gH$m & dh XrZ-hrZ, bmMma Ed§ A~bm Ho$ ê$n ‘| hr h‘mao gm‘Zo AmVr ahr & D$na go

^maVr¶ AmXem] Zo CgH$s ñdV§ÌVm H$mo Cggo {~bHw$b hr N>rZ {b¶m Wm & O¡go ‘mVm-{nVm H$s

BÀN>mZwgma H$ݶm Ho$ ^m{d n{V H$m MwZmd H$aZm, Mmho dh CgHo$ AZwê$n hmo ¶m Z hmo & dh

127

AnZr BÀN>m go AnZo ^m{d n{V H$m MwZmd Zht H$a gH$Vr & emXr-ã¶mh Ho$ ‘m‘bo ‘| CgH$m

IwX H$m H$moB© {ZU©¶ Zht Mb gH$Vm & CgHo$ {bE CgHo$ ‘mVm-{nVm {Og {H$gr ^r da H$m

MwZmd H$aVo Wo, dhr loð> ‘mZ {b¶m OmVm Wm & Bggo AZ‘ob {ddmh H$s g‘ñ¶m Am¡a ^r

A{YH$ O{Q>b ~ZVr JB© & ^maVr¶ g‘mO ‘| AmO ^r Eogo ~hþV go ‘mVm-{nVm ‘m¡OyX h¡; Omo

{ddmh O¡go A{V ‘hËdnyU© Adga na AnZr ~o{Q>¶m| H$s am¶ boZm VH$ ng§X Zht H$aVo Am¡a CÝh|

Ohm± H$ht R>rH$ bJVm h¡ dht na AnZr ~o{Q>¶m| H$s emXr H$am XoVo h¢ & ^maVr¶ g‘mO H$m Xÿgam

AmXe© ¶h H$hVm h¡- "n{V na‘oídam¶ Z‘…'& EH$ nËZr Ho$ {bE CgH$m n{V hr CgH$m na‘oída

hmoVm h¡ & Bgr {bE ~oMmar ór H$mo CgH$s BÀN>mZwgma hr ~Vm©d H$aZm n‹S>Vm Wm & Cgo n{V H$s

Xmgr ~ZH$a hr nyar C‘« CgH$s godm ‘| {~VmZr n‹S>Vr Wr & S>m°. a‘oe {Vdmar Bg ~mao ‘| AnZm

‘V àñVwV H$aVo hþE {bIVo h¡ - "...¶hm± ^r nwéf Y‘© VWm B©ída H$s XþhmB© XoH$a {ó¶m| na

Aݶm¶ H$a bo OmVm Wm, ³¶m|{H$ nËZr Ho$ {bE dh na‘oída Wm & Cgo Hw$N> ^r H$aZo H$s

ñdV§ÌVm Wr, O~{H$ ór CgHo$ AmYrZ hr ah gH$Vr Wr & AnZr ‘Ou go Cgo Hw$N> ^r Zht

H$aZm Wm & n{V-nËZr Ho$ Bg gå~ÝY H$mo OÝ‘-OÝ‘mÝVa H$m gå~ÝY ^r ‘mZm J¶m Wm Am¡a

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128

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H$s C‘« H$‘ go H$‘ 16 df© aIZo H$s ‘m±J H$s & Bgr {gb{gbo ‘| "19dt eVmãXr Ho$ A§V Am¡a

20dt eVmãXr Ho$ Ama§^ ‘| Am¶© g‘mO Am¡a H$m±J«og H$o gmW à{V df© ~¡R>Zo dmbr ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶

gm‘m{OH$ n[afX Zo BZ Xmofm| Ho$ {déÕ àñVmd nm[aV H$aHo$ Am¡a bmoH$‘V n¡Xm H$aHo$ CÝh| Xÿa

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Ho$ {bE {ddmh H$s H$‘ go H$‘ C‘« 24 Am¡a 16 df© R>hamB© & CÝhm|Zo emñÌm| Ho$ à‘mUm| Am¡a

¶w{³V¶m| Ho$ hbHo$-go AmKmV go ""Aï>dfm© ^doV² Jm¡ar'' Ho$ ‘m¶mOmb H$mo Vmo‹S> {X¶m & ...BgHo$

A{V[a³V n§{‹S>Vmo Am¡a gZmV{Z¶m| Ho$ Vrd« {damoY Ho$ ~mdOyX gZ² 1929 ‘| gwYmaH$m| Zo ~mb

{ddmh {ZfoYH$ emIm A{Y{Z¶‘ nm[aV H$am¶m, {OgHo$ AZwgma {ddmh Ho$ g‘¶ H$ݶm H$s C‘«

14 df© Am¡a da H$s Am¶w 18 df© hmoZr Mm{hE & Bg H$mZyZ H$m à^md ^r ^maVr¶ OZVm na

n‹S>m, {H$ÝVw dh ì¶mnH$ Zht Wm & H$ݶmAm| H$s {ddmh AdñWm H$m ñVa D±$Mm H$aZo ‘| ór-

{ejm, A{^^mdH$m| H$s Am{W©H$ H${R>ZmB¶m± Am¡a {e{jV VWm g‘¶ go à^m{dV ‘mVm-{nVmAm|

H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m hmW ahm &'34343434 ‘hmË‘m Jm§YrOr ^r Eogo ~mb {ddmhm| Ho$ {Ibm’$ Wo & H$B© ~ma Eoogo

~mb {ddmhm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n ~oMmar Am¡aVm| H$mo AH$mb d¡Yì¶ ^r ^moJZm n‹S>Vm Wm & AV…

g‘mO H$s Eogr ~mb {dYdmAm| H$s H$éU Xem H$mo XoIH$a CZH$m {Xb amo n‹S>Vm Wm & EH$ OJh

do H$hVo h¢ - ""~mb {ddmh go ‘wPo K¥Um h¡ Am¡a {dYdm ~m{bH$m H$mo XoIH$a ‘¢ H$m±nZo bJVm hÿ±

VWm ór Ho$ XohmÝV Ho$ níMmV Vwa§V {ddmh H$aZo dmbo nwéf H$mo XoIH$a ‘¢ nmJb hmo OmVm

hÿ± &''35353535

Ohm± Eogo ~mb {ddmh {H$¶o OmVo Wo, dhm± ór H$s Am¶w H$‘ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh ñd¶§ Vmo

AnZo OrdZ g§~§Yr H$moB© ’¡$gbm H$aZo ‘| gj‘ Vmo hmoVr hr Zht Wr & n[aUm‘ ñdê$n CgHo$

134

‘mVm-{nVm AnZr ‘Ou Ho$ ‘wVm{~H$ CÝh| Ohm± C{MV bJVm dht AnZr ~oQ>r H$mo ã¶mh XoVo Wo &

Eogo ‘| ^bm n{V-nËZr Ho$ ‘Z-{‘bmn H$m Vmo H$moB© gdmb hr Zht CR>Vm Wm Am¡a Eogo {ddmhm| Ho$

n[aUm‘ ñdê$n hr Bg ¶wJ ‘| AZ‘ob {ddmhm| H$s g§»¶m ^r A{YH$ H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡ & Eogr

Zmar Ho$ {bE g~go ~‹S>r ^¶mdh pñW{V Vmo CgHo$ {ddmhmonam§V V~ hmoVr Wr O~ "{ddmh Ho$ ~mX

gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶‘m| Ho$ AZwgma, ór H$mo {~Zm {H$gr àH$ma H$m {damoY [H$E, AÀN>o ¶m ~wao n{V Ho$

gmW AnZm OrdZ-{Zdm©h H$aZm hmoVm Wm & {ddmh g§~§Y H$mo A{dÀN>oÚ ~§YZ Am¡a Ym{‘©H$

g§ñH$ma ‘mZZo Ho$ H$maU VbmH$ H$s Amkm Zht Wr, {OgHo$ H$maU {hÝXy ór H$s pñW{V ~‹S>r

X¶Zr¶ Wr& ¶Ú{n ¶h A{YH$ma n{V H$mo ^r Zht Wm; {H$ÝVw ~hþ {ddmh, doí¶m d¥{Îm,

à{Vnm{bVm aIZo Am{X H$s gw{dYm Ho$ H$maU dh AZm¡nMm[aH$ ar{V go nËZr H$m n[a˶mJ H$a Xo

gH$Vm Wm & dmñV{dH$Vm ¶h h¡ {H$ Am¡a H$moB© Aml¶ Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU n{V Ûmam ˶³V ór H$s

AdñWm VbmH$ Xr hþB© ór go ^r ~war hmoVr Wr & ¶{X Eogr hmbV ‘| H$moB© AmË‘m{^‘mZr nËZr

n{V go AbJ ahZm MmhVr Wr, Vmo ^aU-nmofU H$m IM© Cgo Xmo hr hmbVm| ‘| n{V Ûmam {‘b

gH$Vm Wm & nhbr Vmo dh {H$ n{V Zo Aݶ ór go g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$a AnZr nËZr H$mo {Zam{lV

N>mo‹S> {X¶m hmo Am¡a Xÿgar ¶h {H$ n{V H$s H«y$aVm Zo nËZr Ho$ OrdZ H$mo g§H$Q> ‘| S>mb {X¶m hmo &

{H$ÝVw {H$gr ^r pñW{V ‘| {ddm{hV ór H$mo n{V go Nw>Q>H$mam Zht {‘b gH$Vm Wm & n{V nmJb,

H«$moYr, {ZX©¶, H$mo‹T>r hmo gH$Vm Wm ¶m Cg na gm¡V| bmX gH$Vm Wm, {H$ÝVw ¶o H$maU {H$gr

AmË‘gå‘mZ{චnËZr H$m n{V go AbJ ahZm ݶmæ¶ Zht R>ham gH$Vo Wo & Bg pñW{V ‘| JwOmam

VH$ Zht {‘b gH$Vm Wm &'36363636

Eogr n[apñW{V ‘| ^bm ór H$mo nwéf Ho$ g‘mZ A{YH$ma H¡$go àmßV hmo gH$Vo Wo ? ór

Vmo ~oMmar MmhH$a ^r Hw$N> H$aZo ‘| gj‘ Zht Wr & Cgo Vmo Ho$db ^m½¶ Ho$ ^amogo ~¡R>H$a hr

AnZm OrdZ {Zdm©h H$aZm hmoVm Wm & gZ² 1924 ‘| O~ ^maV ‘| nhbr ~ma VbmH$ Ho$ {bE

^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ gm‘m{OH$ n[afX Ûmam EH$ A{YdoeZ {H$¶m J¶m Cgo ^r H$moB© ¶mo½¶ à{VgmX Zht

{‘bm & D$na go CgH$m {damoY hr A{YH$ hþAm & bo{H$Z ~mX ‘| Bg pñW{V ‘| Yrao-Yrao Wmo‹S>m

gwYma Am¶m & "gZ² 1923 Ho$ {deof {ddmh H$mZyZ Ûmam, Omo gZ² 1872 Ho$ VËg§~Õ H$mZyZ H$m

135

gwYam ê$n hr Wm, {ó¶m| H$mo A{YH$ A{YH$ma àmßV hmo gH$Vo Wo, ~eV} CZH$m {ddmh Bg H$mZyZ

go hþAm hmo & BgHo$ AmYma na {H$gr ^r Om{V H$s ór {H$gr ^r Om{V Ho$ nwéf go {Z~§YZ Ho$

Ûmam {ddmh H$a gH$Vr Wr & {ddmh H$s ‘mݶVm Ho$ {bE XmoZm| njm| H$m ‘V A{Zdm¶© Wm Am¡a

nhbr ór Ho$ OrdZH$mb ‘| nwéf Xÿgam {ddmh Zht H$a gH$Vm Wm & "^maVr¶ VbmH$ H$mZyZ' ^r

Bgr H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwgma {H$E {ddmh na bmJy Wm & nwéf Ho$ Y‘© n[adV©Z, Xÿgam {ddmh Am¡a

ì¶m{^Mma H$aZo na ¶m ór Ho$ gmW H«y$aVm ¶m ór-n[a˶mJ H$aZo na ór H$mo VbmH$ nmZo H$m

A{YH$ma Wm & ¶{X n{V Znw§gH$ hmo, AWdm nmJb hmo, AWdm CgH$s nhbr nËZr Or{dV hmo, Vmo

{ddmh H$mo {Zî’$b Kmo{fV {H$¶m Om gH$Vm Wm &'37373737 {H$ÝVw dmñV{dH$Vm Vmo ¶h Wr {H$ ~hþV go

bmoJ Bg H$mZyZ H$mo OmZVo Zht Wo, Vmo Hw$N> OmZH$a ^r BgH$m à¶moJ Zht H$aVo Wo & Am¡a ór H$m

{damoY Z H$aZo Ho$ nrN>o ~hþV Hw$N> CgH$s ^maVr¶ ‘mZ{gH$Vm {Oå‘oXma Wr, {Og‘| n{V H$mo

na‘oída Am¡a AnZo H$mo CgH$s Xmgr ‘mZH$a MbZo dmbr d¥{Îm hr {Oå‘oXma Wr & Eogo ‘| n{V

‘hme¶ H$mo gd© A{YH$ma AnZo Amn hr àmßV hmo OmVo Wo Am¡a ~oMmar nËZr MmhH$a ^r AnZo

A{YH$mam| Ho$ {bE b‹S>Zo H$mo ‘mZ{gH$ Vm¡a na V¡¶ma Zht Wr & hm±, Ohm± Cƒ {ejm àmßV ¶wdm

dJ© Wm, dhm± Hw$N> hX VH$ Bg H$mZyZ H$m Cn¶moJ Adí¶ {H$¶m J¶m Wm &

ào‘M§X AnZo g‘¶ H$s d¡dm{hH$ àWmAm| go ^br-^m±{V n[a{MV Wo & Cg g‘¶ H$s

d¡dm{hH$ àUmbr BVZr Xÿ{fV hmo JB© Wr {H$ Cgo EH$X‘ R>rH$ H$a nmZm O¡go g§^d hr Zht Wm &

do {ddmh àWm Ho$ {damoYr Zht Wo, ~pëH$ d¡dm{hH$ Hw$-àWmAm| Ho$ {damoYr Wo & do {hÝXÿ g‘mO H$s

nwamZr àWmAm| na AnZm AmH«$moe Ed§ qMVm 춳V H$aVo hþE AnZr EH$ H$hmZr "CÕma' ‘| {bIVo

h¢ - "{hÝXÿ g‘mO H$s d¡dm{hH$ àWm BVZr Xÿ{fV, BVZr qMVmOZH$, BVZr ^¶§H$a hmo J¶r h¡ {H$

Hw$N> g‘P ‘| Zht AmVm, CgH$m gwYma ³¶m| H$a hmo &'38383838

{ddoÀ¶ ¶wJ ‘| Zm[a¶m| Ho$ {ddmh Ho$ A§VJ©V XhoO H$s àWm AnZo {dH$amb Am¡a ^¶mdh

ê$n Ho$ gmW àñVwV Wr & XhoO-àWm Bg ¶wJ H$s hr Zht ~pëH$ g{X¶m| go Zmar Ho$ gwI‘¶

Xm§n˶ OrdZ H$mo ObmH$a amI H$a XoZo dmbr EH$ à~b g‘ñ¶m ahr h¡ & XhoO Ho$ A^md ‘| Zmar

Ho$ JwUm| H$s H$moB© H$s‘V Zht ah OmVr & Mmho dh bmI JwUr¶b hmo ¶m ê$ndVr hr ³¶m| Z hmo,

136

XhoO Ho$ A^md ‘| CgHo$ gmao JwU Eo~ ‘| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a CgH$s gwÝXaVm Hw$ê$nVm ‘| &

bo{H$Z b‹S>H$s H$m ~mn ¶{X b‹S>Ho$ dmbm| H$mo T>oa gmam XhoO XoZo H$mo V¡¶ma h¡ Vmo Hw$ê$n b‹S>H$s ^r

Hw$brZ ZOa AmVr Wr & d¡go XoIm Om¶ Vmo ¶h àWm ^maVr¶ g‘mO ‘| H$m{’$ b§~o Aago go

àdV©‘mZ ahr h¡ & BgH$m EH$ H$maU ¶h ^r Wm {H$ nhbo ‘m±-~mn H$s Om¶XmX na ~o{Q>¶m| H$mo

H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht ahVm Wm & n[aUm‘ ñdê$n ‘m±-~mn CZ ~o{Q>¶m| H$s emXr Ho$ Adga na Hw$N>

Z Hw$N> g§n{Îm XmZ ¶m oQ> Ho$ ê$n ‘| Xo XoVo Wo & g§nÝZ n[admam| ‘| Vmo AnZr nw{̶m| Ho$ {ddmh Ho$

Adga na H$m{’$ Hw$N> H$s‘Vr oQ>-gm¡JmX| XoZo H$m O¡go ardmO hr ~Z J¶m Wm & {H$ÝVw Yrao-Yrao

Bg àWm ‘| H$m’$s hX VH$ {e{WbVm AmZo bJr Am¡a CZ g^r MrOm|, oQ>-gm¢JmXm| H$s ‘m±J da

nj H$s Amoa go hmoZo bJr & Bg‘| Hw$N> ZH$X én¶|, H$s‘Vr JhZ|, Am yfU go boH$a gwI-

gw{dYmAm| H$s ~hþ‘yë¶ MrOdñVwAm| H$s Amdí¶H$ ê$n go ‘m±J H$s OmZo bJr & ¶h àWm ~mX ‘|

BVZr ’y$br ’$br {H$ BgZo ~hþV gr ~o{Q>¶m| H$m OrdZ ZH©$ go ^r ~XVa H$a {X¶m & ¶hr àWm

"XhoO àWm' Ho$ ê$n ‘| àM{bV hþB© & AmbmoÀ¶ ¶wJ ‘| ^r Bg àWm Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n Zmar H$s

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‘| àM{bV XhoO-àWm {ddmh g§~§Ymo§ ‘| H$mo‹T>> ‘| ImO {gÕ hmo ahr Wr & ~hþVoao gwYmaH$m| Zo ~o‘ob

{ddmh, ~hþ {ddmh Am¡a d¥Õ {ddmh H$m ‘yb H$maU Bgo hr R>ham¶m Wm & b‹S>H$s Ho$ JwUm| Am¡a

gm¢X¶© H$m XhoO Ho$ AmJo Hw$N> ‘yë¶ Zht Wm & AV… Jar~ Kam| H$s gw§Xa Am¡a gw{e{jV b‹S>{H$¶m±

~hþYm, XhoO Ho$ A^md ‘|, Hw$nmÌm| Ho$ Jbo ‘‹T> Xr OmVr Wr; ³¶m|{H$ {ddmh EH$ A{Zdm¶©

Ym{‘©H$ H$V©ì¶ Wm & {H$VZr ¶wd{V¶m± ‘mVm-{nVm H$s qMVm XoIH$a AmË‘h˶m VH$ H$a boVr

Wr & Bg àWm Zo {ó¶m| H$s gm‘m{OH$ pñW{V H$mo A˶§V hrZ H$a {X¶m Wm & H$ݶm Ho$ OÝ‘ H$mo

{dabo hr {H$gr Ka ‘| hf© H$m hoVw ‘mZm OmVm Wm & ggwamb ‘| ^r CgH$m AmXa Zht Wm & àm¶…

CgHo$ ñdmñ϶ H$s XoIaoI AÀN>r Vah go Zht H$s OmVr Wr; ³¶m|{H$ CgHo$ XohmÝV Ho$ ~mX nwZ…

XhoO boH$a CgHo$ n{V H$m Xÿgam {ddmh hmo gH$Vm Wm & ¶{X Xþ^m©½¶de b‹S>H$s Ho$ {nVm Zo

{ZpíMV XhoO H$s aH$‘ {ddmh Ho$ g‘¶ Z Xo Xr, Vmo àm¶… BgH$m X§S> H$ݶm H$mo AmOrdZ wJVZm

137

n‹S>Vm Wm & Bg AnamY na Cg na gm¡V bmH$a ^r {~R>m¶r Om gH$Vr Wr Am¡a dh ‘m¶Ho$ ‘|

AnZo Xþ^m©½¶ Ho$ {XZ ì¶VrV H$aVr Wr &''39393939

Bg àH$ma XoIm Om¶ Vmo ào‘M§X ¶wJ ‘| Img H$aHo$ {ddmh g§~§Y ‘| Zmar H$m ñWmZ nwéf

H$s Anojm hrZ H$mo{Q> H$m Wm & g‘mO Zo gmao A{YH$ma nwéf H$mo hr Xo aIo Wo & D$na go XhoO

boZm Vmo O¡go nwéfm| Zo AnZm OÝ‘{gÕ A{YH$ma hr ‘mZ {b¶m Wm & ¶{X b‹S>H$s H$m ~mn AnZr

Am{W©H$ H${R>ZmB©¶m| H$s dOh go {ZYm©[aV XhoO XoZo ‘| Ag‘W© ¶m ZmH$m‘ ahm Vmo CgHo$

Xþîn[aUm‘ ~oMmar H$ݶm H$mo hr ^moJZo n‹S>Vo Wo & AV… Bg ¶wJ ‘| H$ݶmAm| Ho$ AZ‘ob {ddmh

A{YH$ XoIZo H$mo {‘bVo h¢ & H$B© ~ma Vmo Eogo AZ‘ob {ddmhm| go ÌñV hmoH$a Zmar ~oMmar doí¶m

d¥{Îm O¡go hrZ H$‘© H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ {bE ^r ‘O~ya hmo OmVr Wr & "godmgXZ' H$s gw‘Z ^r AnZo

n{V Ho$ gmW Ho$ AZ‘ob Ho$ H$maU n{V Ûmam ˶mJ {X¶o OmZo na doí¶mb¶ VH$ Om nhþ±MVr h¡ &

XhoO H$s Bg ^¶mdh g‘ñ¶m H$mo Z Ho$db ào‘M§X Zo ~pëH$ Bg ¶wJ Ho$ bJ^J g^r

CnݶmgH$mam| Zo AnZo Cnݶmgm| ‘| {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡ & "CÝhm|Zo g‘mO ‘| ì¶mßV Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm

Am¡a XhoO àWm H$mo AZ‘ob {ddmhm| H$m ‘yb ‘mZm h¡ & CZHo$ {dMma go AZoH$ {ZY©Z ‘mVm-{nVm

AnZr {H$emoar H$ݶmAm| H$m YZ Ho$ A^md ‘|, AYoS> {dYwam| ¶m YZr d¥Õm| Ho$ gmW {ddmh H$aZo

Ho$ {bE ~mܶ hmoVo h¢ & ~oMmar {H$emoar H$ݶmE± ‘m±-~mn H$s Amkm H$m nmbZ Vmo H$aVr h¢, {H$ÝVw

CZH$m {ZOr OrdZ ZmaH$s¶ ~Z OmVm h¡ & do àm¶… ¶wdmdñWm Ho$ AmJ‘Z go nyd© hr {dYdm ~Z

OmVr h¡ & CZH$s Am{W©H$ H${R>ZmB¶m±, gm‘m{OH$ Cnojm VWm ¶m¡dZ H$m AmdoJ CÝh| nW- «ï> hmoZo

Ho$ {bE ~mܶ H$aVm h¡ & H${Vn¶ Eogr ^r Zm[a¶m± h¢, Omo Xrn-{eIm Ho$ g‘mZ Am¶w-n¶©ÝV

ObZo ‘| hr AnZo OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm g‘PVr h¡ &'40404040

ào‘M§X Bg gm‘m{OH$ Hw$àWm Ho$ {~bHw$b {Ibm’$ Wo & do Bg V϶ H$mo ~hþV AÀN>r

Vah go OmZVo Wo {H$ Bg àWm Ho$ MbVo Zmar H$s Xem Am¡a ^r A{YH$ X¶Zr¶ hmoVr Om¶oJr &

CZHo$ EH$ Cnݶmg "{Z‘©bm' Ho$ A§VJ©V {Z‘©bm H$m {ddmh ydZ ‘mohZ go Bgr{bE Zht hmo nm¶m

³¶m|{H$ {Z‘©bm Ho$ {nVm H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ ~mX A~ CgHo$ n[admaOZ CgH$s emXr ‘| XhoO H$s ‘m±J H$mo

nyam H$a Zht gH$Vo & wdZ ‘mohZ H$m H$WZ hr Bg V϶ H$m à‘mU h¡ {H$ emXr Ho$ {bE XhoO

138

H$s ³¶m Ah{‘¶V h¡ - wdZ - ""Bg‘| e‘© H$s H$m¡Z-gr ~mV h¡ ? én¶| {H$go H$mQ>Vo h¢ ?

bmI én¶o Vmo bmI OÝ‘ ‘| ^r Z O‘m H$a nmD±$Jm & Bg gmb nmg ^r hmo J¶m Vmo H$‘ go H$‘

nm±M gmb VH$ én¶o H$s gyaV ZOa Z Am¶oJr & {’$a gm¡-Xmo-gm¡ én¶o ‘{hZo H$‘mZo bJy±Jm &

nm±M-N>… VH$ nhþ±MVo nhþ±MVo C‘« Ho$ VrZ ^mJ ~rV Om¶|Jo & én¶o O‘m H$aZo H$s Zm¡~V hr Z

Am¶oJr & Xþ{Z¶m H$m Hw$N> ‘Om Z CR>m gHy±$Jm & {H$gr YZr H$s b‹S>H$s go emXr hmo OmVr Vmo M¡Z

go H$Q>Vr & ‘¢ Á¶mXm Zht MmhVm; ~g EH$ bmI ZH$X hmo, ¶m {’$a H$moB© Eogr Om¶XmX dmbr

~odm {‘bo {OgHo$ EH$ hr b‹S>H$s hmo &''

a§Jrbr-""Mmho Am¡aV H¡$gr hr {‘bo &''

wdZ-""YZ gmao Eo~m| H$mo {N>nm XoJm & ‘wPo dh Jm{b¶m± ^r gwZm¶o, Vmo ^r My± Z H$ê±$ &

XþYmé Jm¶ H$s bmV {H$go ~war ‘mby‘ hmoVr h¡ &''41414141

ào‘M§X {Og g‘¶ H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢, Cg g‘¶ H$mo XoIVo hþE Eogm àVrV hmoVm h¢ {H$

emXr-ã¶mh Ho$ ‘m‘bo ‘| XhoO EH$ A{Zdm¶© añ‘ Wr & {OgHo$ A^md ‘| b‹S>H$s H$m ã¶mh CgHo$

AZwHy$b VWm ¶mo½¶ Ka ‘| hmoZm g§^d hr Zht Wm & g‘mO ‘| Eogo bmoJ ~hþV H$‘ Wo Omo {~Zm

XhoO {b¶o ¶m {X¶o AnZo ~oQ>o-~o{Q>¶m| H$s emXr H$admVo Wo & ào‘M§X na Am¶©g‘mO H$m à^md

{deof ê$n go n‹S>m Wm & AV… do Bg àWm H$m Kmoa {damoY ^r H$aVo ah| Am¡a BgHo$ Xþîn[aUm‘m| H$mo

AnZo Cnݶmgm| ‘| {dñVma nyd©H$ Xem©¶m ^r h¡ & Bgr{bE XhoO àWm H$mo EH$ gm‘m{OH$ A{^emn

‘mZVo hþE XhoO boZo Am¡a XhoO XoZo dmbm| Ho$ {Ibm’$ "{Z‘©bm' ‘| AnZo {dMmam| H$mo Hw$N> ¶m|

àñVwV {H$¶m h¡ - ""~wam [admO h¡, ~ohX ~wam ! ‘oam ~g Mbo Vmo XhoO boZo dmbm| Am¡a XhoO XoZo

dmbm| XmoZm| H$mo hr Jmobr ‘ma Xÿ±; hm± gmh~, gm’$ Jmobr ‘ma Xÿ±; {’$a Mmho ’$m±gr hr ³¶m| Z hmo

Om¶ ! nyN>mo, Amn b‹S>Ho$ H$m {ddmh H$aVo h¢ {H$ Cgo ~oMVo h¢ ? AJa AmnH$mo b‹S>Ho$ H$s emXr

‘| {Xb ImobH$a IM© H$aZo H$m Aa‘mZ h¡ Vmo em¡H$ go IM© H$s{OE bo{H$Z Omo Hw$N> H$s{OE,

AnZo ~b na & ¶h ³¶m {H$ H$ݶm Ho$ {nVm H$m Jbm ao{VE & ZrMVm h¡, Kmoa ZrMVm ! ‘oar ~g

Mbo, Vmo BZ nm{O¶m| H$mo Jmobr ‘ma Xÿ± &''42424242

139

O¡gm {H$ nhbo hr Bg ~mV H$m CëboI H$a {b¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ ào‘M§X ¶wJ ‘| Eogr ~hþV

gr gm‘m{OH$ ê${‹T>¶m± Ed§ Hw$-àWmE± ‘m¡OwX Wr, {OgH$s O‹S>o H$m{’$ ‘O~yV Wr & VËH$mbrZ

gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ ñdê$n do O‹S>o hrb Vmo Adí¶ J¶r Wr & {H$ÝVw AnZo ‘yb g‘oV

IË‘ Zht hmo gH$s Wr & ‘ܶ dJ© ‘| Vmo ¶o O‹S>o BVZr ‘O~yV Wr {H$ ì¶{³V MmhH$a ^r CZgo

‘w{³V Zht nm gH$Vm Wm & g~go ~‹S>r {d{MÌ Am¡a AmíM¶©OZH$ ~mV Vmo ¶h h¡ {H$ ào‘M§X ñd¶§

Eogr Hw$àWmAm| Ho$ {Ibm’$ Wo {H$ÝVw {’$a ^r CÝh| AnZr EH$bm¡Vr nwÌr Ho$ {ddmh ‘| XhoO XoZm

n‹S>m Wm & S>m°. H$‘b {H$emoa Jmo¶ZH$m Ho$ EH$ Aܶ¶Z - "ào‘M§X… Aܶ¶Z H$s Z¶r {XemE±' ‘|

Bg V϶ na àH$me S>mbVo hþE {bIm h¡ - "ào‘M§X XhoO Ho$ Xþîn[aUm‘m| go ^br^m±{V n[a{MV Wo

Am¡a CÝhm|Zo AnZo boIZ go Bg gm‘m{OH$ A{^emn H$mo g‘yb g‘mßV H$aZo H$s nyar Moï>m H$s;

bo{H$Z A~ Omo Z¶o V϶ CnbãY hþE h¢, CZgo ¶h àH$Q> hmoVm h¡ {H$ do AnZo ì¶{³VJV OrdZ

‘| XhoO Ho$ à^md go ñd¶§ H$mo Z ~Mm gHo$ & CZH$s EH$ ‘mÌ nwÌr H$‘bm O~ {ddmh ¶mo½¶ hþB©

Vmo CÝhm|Zo CgHo$ {bE ¶mo½¶ da H$s Vbme Ama§^ H$a Xr & A§V ‘| gmJa {Zdmgr lr XeaWbmb

Ho$ gmbo lr dmgwXod go H$‘bm H$m {ddmh hmoZm {ZpíMV hmo J¶m & BgH$s gyMZm lr X¶mZmam¶U

{ZJ‘ H$mo XoVo hþE ào‘M§X Zo 21 ’$adar, 1929 H$mo AnZo nÌ ‘| {bIm- "AmnH$mo ¶h OmZH$a

‘ga©V hmoJr {H$ ~oQ>r H$s emXr {Obm gmJa Ho$ EH$ ‘wV‘pìdb (g§nÝZ) ImZXmZ ‘| V¶ hmo J¶r

h¡ & dh bmoJ ¶hm± Am¶o Wo Am¡a H$b dmng JE h¢ & Xmo-Mma amoO ‘| ~aÀN>o H$s añ‘ AXm H$aZo

OmD±$Jm & b‹S>H$m ~r.E. ‘| n‹T>Vm h¡ & Om¶XmX ‘mHy$‘ h¡, ‘Ja gµ’$m© Mma hOma H$m h¡ & ‘oar

wJV Hw$N> Xmo hOma H$s h¡ &'44443333 Bg {df¶ H$s àm‘m{UH$Vm Ho$ g§X © ‘| CÝhm|Zo ñd¶§ EH$ ~ma

ào‘M§X H$s nwÌr H$‘bmXodr go ~mVMrV H$s Wr Vmo CÝhm|Zo ^r Bg ~mV na àH$me S>mbVo hþE H$hm

Wm {H$ ~m~yOr Zo {ddmh ‘| gmV hOma IM© {H$¶o Wo & Cg g‘¶ H$s n[apñW{V¶m| Ho$ H$maU CÝho§

^r XhoO XoZm n‹S>m Wm & Bg àH$ma XoIm Om¶ Vmo ¶h Bg àWm H$s ^¶§H$aVm hr Vmo h¡ {OgZo

"ào‘M§X O¡go boIH$ H$mo ^r AnZr ‘mݶVmAm| Ho$ {dn[aV nwÌr Ho$ {ddmh ‘| XhoO XoZm ñdrH$ma

H$aZm n‹S>m & ¶h pñW{V Bg àWm H$s ^¶§H$aVm Ed§ X~md H$s ÚmoVH$ Vmo h¡ hr, gmW hr AmXe©

140

Ed§ ¶WmW© Ho$ A§Va H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE Bg ~mV H$m à‘mU h¡ {H$ ào‘M§X H$mo ^r gm‘m{OH$

~wamB¶m| go g‘Pm¡Vm H$aZm n‹S>m &'44444444

AZ‘ob {ddmh Zmar Ho$ gwI‘¶ OrdZ H$mo Vhg-Zhg H$a XoZo dmbr g~go ‘O~yV H$‹S>r

ahr h¡ & ¶o AZ‘ob {ddmh à‘wI ê$n go Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo Wo - (1) Am¶w/C‘«H$mb AZ‘ob

{ddmh Am¡a (2) ñd^mdJV AZ‘ob {ddmh & ào‘M§X ¶wJ ‘| XmoZm| Vah Ho$ AZ‘ob {ddmh XoIZo

H$mo {‘bVo h¢ & "à{Vkm' Ho$ H$‘bmàgmX Am¡a gw{‘Ìm, "H$‘© y{‘' Ho$ A‘a Am¡a gwIXm VWm

"godmgXZ' Ho$ JOmYa Am¡a gw‘Z H$m ñd^md nañna EH$-Xÿgao go {~bHw$b hr {^ÝZ h¡ &

ñd^mdJV AZ‘ob H$s Anojm C‘«JV AZ‘ob {ddmh ~hþV hr IVaZmH$ hmoVm h¡ & "¶hm± ¶h

ñnï> H$a XoZm Amdí¶H$ h¡ {H$ ào‘M§X n{V-nËZr Ho ñd^md d¡få¶ H$s Anojm Am¶w Ho$ A§Va H$mo

A{YH$ ^¶§H$a ‘mZVo h¢ & ñd^md d¡få¶ hmoZo na n{V-nËZr Wmo‹S>r gr CXmaVm Am¡a g{hîUwVm

AnZmH$a ñd¶§ H$mo EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ AZwHy$b ~Zm gH$Vo h¢ & bo{H$Z Am¶w Ho$ A§Va H$m Vmo H$moB©

{ZamH$aU hr Zht h¡ & ³¶m|{H$ Z Vmo ¶wdVr ór àm¡‹T>m ¶m d¥Õ ~Z gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a Z hr àm¡‹T> ¶m

d¥Õ nwéf ¶wdH$ ~Z gH$Vm h¡ & ào‘M§X H$s Ñ{ï> ‘| YZ-d¡^d H$mo Ñ{ï> ‘| aIH$a H$ݶm H$m

{ddmh Hw$nmÌ go H$a XoZm A˶§V {ZÝXZr¶ Ed§ b‚mmñnX h¡ & ¶wdVr ór d¥Õ Ho$ gmW H$^r

àgÝZ Zht ah gH$Vr, Mmho dh {H$VZm hr A‘ra hmo & Bg{bE {H$gr YZr d¥Õ H$s Anojm Jar~

go H$ݶm H$m {ddmh H$a XoZm H$ht C{MV h¡ &'45454545 ào‘M§X ¶wJ ‘| àm¶… {OVZo ^r (C‘«JV) AZ‘ob

{ddmh nm¶o OmVo Wo, CgHo$ ‘yb ‘| XhoO H$s Hw$àWm hr {Oå‘oXma Wr & ào‘M§X Zo AnZo

"godmgXZ' VWm "{Z‘©bm' Cnݶmg ‘| Eogo AZ‘ob {ddmhm| Ho$ n[aUm‘ñdê$n Zmar H$s hþB© XþX©em

H$m {deX {ddoMZ àñVwV {H$¶m h¡; {H$ {H$g àH$ma C{MV XhoO Ho$ A^md ‘| EH$ H$mo‘bm§{JZr

H$ݶm H$mo Hw$nmÌ Ho$ Jbo ‘‹T> {X¶m OmVm h¡ & Ohm± n{V-nËZr H$s Am¶w ‘| Agm‘mݶ A§Va hmoVm

h¡ dhm± Yrao-Yrao CZHo$ Amngr gå~ÝYm| ‘| ^r VZmd Ed§ g§Kf© CËnÝZ hmo hr OmVm h¡ & Bg

pñW{V H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE ào‘M§X Zo AnZo "{Z‘©bm' Cnݶmg ‘| {bIm h¡ - "bo{H$Z {Z‘©bm H$mo

Z OmZo ³¶m| VmoVmam‘ Ho$ nmg ~¡R>Zo Am¡a h±gZo-~mobZo ‘| g§H$moM hmoVm Wm & BgH$m H$Xm{MV ¶h

H$maU Wm {H$ A~ VH$ Eogm hr EH$ AmX‘r CgH$m {nVm Wm, {OgHo$ gm‘Zo dh {ga PwH$mH$a,

141

Xoh MwamH$a {ZH$bVr Wr; A~ CZH$r AdñWm H$m EH$ AmX‘r CgH$m n{V Wm & dh Cgo ào‘ H$s

dñVw Zht, gå‘mZ H$s dñVw g‘PVr Wt & CZgo ^mJVr {’$aVr, CZH$mo XoIVo hr CgH$s à’w$ëbVm

nbm¶Z H$a OmVr Wr & ...{Z‘©bm O~ dóm yfUm| go Ab§H¥$V hmoH$a AmBZo Ho$ gm‘Zo I‹S>r hmoVr

Am¡a Cg‘| AnZo gm¢X¶© H$s gwf‘mnyU© Am^m XoIVr, Vmo CgH$m öX¶ EH$ {dV¥îU H$m‘Zm go V‹S>n

CR>Vm Wm & Cg d³V CgHo$ öX¶ ‘| EH$ Ádmbm gr CR>Vr & ‘Z ‘| AmVm Bg Ka ‘| AmJ bJm

Xÿ± & AnZr ‘mVm na H«$moY AmVm na g~go A{YH$ H«$moY ~oMmao {ZanamY VmoVmam‘ na AmVm & dh

gX¡d Bg Vmn go Obm H$aVr & ~m±H$m gdma bX²Xy> Q>Åz> na gdma hmoZm H$~ ngÝX H$aoJm, Mmho Cgo

n¡Xb hr ³¶m| Z MbZm n‹S>o ? {Z‘©bm H$s Xem Cgr ~m±Ho$ gdma H$s gr Wr & dh Cg na gdma

hmoH$a C‹S>Zm MmhVr Wr, Cg Cëbmg‘¶r {dÚwV J{V H$m AmZ§X CR>mZm MmhVr Wr, Q>Åz> Ho$

{hZ{hZmZo Am¡a H$Zm¡{V¶m± I‹S>r H$aZo go ³¶m Amem hmoVr ?'46464646

Bg àH$ma ào‘M§X ¶wJ ‘| Zmar H$s Omo pñW{V XoIZo H$mo {‘bVr h¡ dh AnZo nyd©dVu g‘¶

go H$m{’$ Hw$N> AÀN>r Wr, CZ‘| gwYma Adí¶ hmo ahm Wm bo{H$Z Bg ¶wJ ‘| A^r ^r CgH$s

X¶Zr¶ AdñWm Ho$ {MÌ ¶Ì-VÌ Adí¶ {‘b OmVo h¢ & amOZr{VH$ Ñ{ï> go Cgo Wmo‹S>r ~hþV

ñdV§ÌVm Adí¶ {‘br Wr {H$ÝVw gm‘m{OH$ ñVa na A^r ^r dh nwamZo ~§YZm| go gd©Wm ‘w³V

Zht Wr & Bg nwéf dM©ñd Zo Zmar H$mo AnZm Jwbm‘ ~Zm {b¶m h¡ & O~ VH$ Xoe ‘| nwéf dM©ñd

~Zm ahoJm V~ VH$ Zmar H$s pñW{V ‘| g§nyU© gwYma Am nmZm g§^d Zht h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Bg nwéf àYmZ

g‘mO ‘| Zmar H$m ñWmZ H$^r àW‘ XO} na Am Zht gH$Vm & AmPmXr Ho$ BVZo dfm] Ho$ ~mX ^r

AmO h‘ XoI aho h¢ {H$ Xoe Vmo AmPmX hmo J¶m ‘Ja Zmar H$s Xem Vmo Jwbm‘ H$s Jwbm‘ hr

ahr & AmO H$b amoO Am¶o {XZ AI~mam| ‘| {H$gr EH$ nÝZo na {H$gr Z {H$gr ‘{hbm H$s XX©

^ar XmñVmZ N>nr {‘b OmVr h¡ & {OZ‘| H$moB© ‘mgy‘ Am¡aV {H$grHo$ hdg H$s {eH$ma ~Zr hmoVr

h¡, Vmo H$moB© AnZo n{V Ûmam ˶mJ Xr JB© hmoVr h¡ & H$moB© AnZo ggwamb dmbm| Ho$ A˶mMma H$m

^moJ ~Zr hmoVr h¡ & BZ‘| go {H$grH$mo Oha XoH$a ‘ma {X¶m OmVm h¡, Vmo {H$grH$mo {OÝXm Obm¶m

OmVm h¡ & {H$grH$mo ‘O~yaZ doí¶m ~ZZm n‹S>Vm h¡, Vmo {H$grH$mo doí¶m ~ZZo na ‘O~ya {H$¶m

OmVm h¡ & ¶{X dV©‘mZ g‘¶ ‘| ^r Zmar H$s ¶h pñW{V XoIZo H$mo {‘bVr h¡, Vmo ào‘M§X H$m ¶wJ

142

Vmo AmPmXr go nyd© H$m ¶wJ Wm, {Og‘| g‘J« Xoe Jwbm‘r H$s P§Pram| ‘| OH$‹S>m hþAm Wm & Eogo ‘|

Zmar H$s ³¶m pñW{V ahr hmoJr ? BgH$m h‘ ghO hr AZw‘mZ bJm gH$Vo h¢ &

143

g§X^g§X^g§X^g§X^ ©© ©©

1. "ào‘M§X Ho$ Cnݶmgm| ‘| gm§ñH¥${VH$ MoVZm' … S>m°. gw^Ðm {Z˶mZ§X nQ>ob

n¥ð> (boIH$s¶ go)

2. "CnݶmgH$ma ào‘M§X' (‘w§er ào‘M§X H$s Cnݶmg H$bm H$m {deX {ddoMZ)

g§.-S>m°. gwaoeMÝÐ JwßV - n¥ð> - 60

3. "ào‘M§X gm{h˶ ‘| ì¶{³V Am¡a g‘mO' … S>m°. ajm nwar - n¥ð>- 48-49

4. "ào‘M§X Ho$ Cnݶmgm| ‘| g‘gm‘{¶H$ n[apñW{V¶m| H$m à{V’$bZ' … S>m°. gamoO àgmX

(Am‘wI go) - n¥ð>- 1

5. "AmbmoMZm' Cnݶmg {deofm§H$ … S>m°. am‘aVZ ^Q>ZmJa

(ào‘M§X ¶wJ, AmXem}Ý‘wI ¶WmW©dmX) - n¥ð>-83

6. "ào‘M§X Ho$ Cnݶmgm| ‘| g‘gm‘[¶H$ n[apñW{V¶m| H$m à{V’$bZ' … S>m°. gamoO àgmX

n¥ð>- 96-97

7. dhr - n¥ð>-98

8. dhr - n¥ð>-98

9. "ào‘M§X H$m Zmar-{MÌU' … S>m°. JrVmbmb - n¥ð>-2

10. "ào‘M§X Ho$ Cnݶmgm| ‘| g‘gm‘[¶H$ n[apñW{V¶m| H$m à{V’$bZ' … S>m°. gamoO àgmX

n¥ð>- 99-100

11. dhr - n¥ð>-101

12. "ào‘M§X Zmar-{MÌU' … S>m°. JrVmbmb - n¥ð>- 2-3

13. dhr - y{‘H$m go - n¥ð>-10

14. "{hÝXr$Cnݶmgm| ‘| Zmar' … S>m°. e¡b añVmoJr - n¥ð>-50-51

15. dhr - n¥ð>-52

16. "{hÝXr Cnݶmg gm{h˶ H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aܶ¶Z' S>m°. a‘oe {Vdmar - n¥ð>- 102-103

17. "{hÝXr$Cnݶmgm| ‘| Zmar' … S>m°. e¡b añVmoJr - n¥ð>- 51-52

144

18. "ào‘M§X Ho$ Cnݶmgm| ‘| g‘gm‘[¶H$ n[apñW{V¶m| H$m à{V’$bZ' … S>m°. gamoO àgmX

n¥ð>- 103

19. "{hÝXr$Cnݶmgm| ‘| Zmar' … S>m°. e¡b añVmoJr - n¥ð>- 60

20. "{hÝXr$Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ Cnݶmgm| ‘| Zmar' … S>m°. aoIm Hw$bH$Uu ( y{‘H$m go) - n¥ð>- 8-9

21. "{hÝXr$Cnݶmg gm{h˶ H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aܶ¶Z' … S>m°. a‘oe {Vdmar - n¥ð>- 102

22. "H$~ra J«§Wmdbr' … g§. S>m°. ‘mVmàgmX JwßV - n¥ð>- 179

23. dhr - n¥ð>-68-69

24. "{hÝXr$Cnݶmg gm{h˶ H$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aܶ¶Z' … S>m°. a‘oe {Vdmar - n¥ð>- 104-105

25. "{hÝXr$Ho$ gm‘m{OH$ Cnݶmgm| ‘| Zmar' … S>m°. aoIm Hw$bH$Uu ( y{‘H$m go) - n¥ð>-9

26. "{hÝXr$Cnݶmg ‘| Zmar-{MÌU' … S>m°. {~ÝXþ AJ«dmb - n¥ð>-29

27. "{~Xm' … àVmnZmam¶U lrdmñVd - n¥ð>- 183

28. "{hÝXr$Cnݶmg ‘| Zmar-{MÌU' … S>m°. {~ÝXþ AJ«dmb - n¥ð>- 29

29. "¶emoYam' … ‘¡{WbreaU JwßV- n¥ð>- 59

30. "ào‘M§X gm{h˶ ‘| ì¶{³V Am¡a g‘mO' … S>m°. ajm nwar - n¥ð>-50

31. "ào‘M§X - H$b‘ H$m {gnmhr' … A‘¥Vam¶ - n¥ð>-46

32. "ào‘M§X H$m Zmar {MÌU' … S>m°. JrVmbmb - n¥ð>-3

33. dhr - n¥ð>-4

34. dhr - n¥ð>-4

35. "‘{hbmAm| go ' … Jm§YrOr - n¥ð>-29

36. "ào‘M§X H$m Zmar-{MÌU' … S>m°. JrVmbmb - n¥ð>-5

37. dhr - n¥ð>-6

38. "CÕma' ‘mZgamoda ^mJ-3 … ‘w§er ào‘M§X - n¥ð>-38

39. "ào‘M§X H$m Zmar-{MÌU' … S>m°. JrVmbmb - n¥ð>-6-7

40. "ào‘M§X ¶wJ H$m {hÝXr Cnݶmg' … S>m°. ‘mohZbmb "aËZmH$a' - n¥ð>-192

145

41. "{Z‘©bm' … ‘w§er ào‘M§X - n¥ð>-25-26

42. dhr - n¥ð>-19

43. "ào‘M§X … Aܶ¶Z H$s Z¶r {XemE±' … S>m°. H$‘b{H$emoa Jmo¶ZH$m - n¥ð>-17-18

44. dhr - n¥ð>-19

45. "ào‘M§X gm{h˶ ‘| ì¶{³V Am¡a g‘mO' … S>m°. ajm nwar - n¥ð>-133

46. "{Z‘©bm' … ‘w§er ào‘M§X - n¥ð>-36-37