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Augimą stabdantys nematai - Tylenchorhynchus, Merlinius ir giminingos rūšys

Augalų augimą stabdantys nematai labai plačiai paplitę agrokultūrų dirvose, ir neįdirbtuose laukuose. Apie 267 rūšių manoma - patogenai ir tik 8 % yra ektoparazitai. Pietų Kalifornijoje Cobb pirmą kartą 1913 identikavo ir aprašė Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus. 1941 metais buvo aprašyta 11 rūšių; 1970 metais – 96 rūšys. Šiuo metu po ilgų diskusijų, ištyrus daugelio nematų rūšis SEM mikroskopais, skiriamos 111 Tylenchorhynchus rūšys (*Zafar A. Handoo, 2000).

Gentis Tylenchorhynchus *T. aduncus de Guiran, 1967T. aerolatus Tobar Jimenez, 1970T. agri Ferris, 1963T. allii Khurma & Mahajan, 1987T. alami Shaw & Khan, 1996T. amgi Kumar, 1981T. ancorastyletus Ivanova, 1983T. annulatus (Cassidy,1930) Golden,1971T. antarcticus Wouts & Sher, 1981T. aspericutis Knobloch, 1975T. badliensis Saha & Khan, 1982T. bicaudatus Khakimov, 1973T. bohrrensis Gupta & Uma, 1980T. brassicae Siddiqi, 1961T. brevilineatus Williams, 1960T. bryobius Sturhan, 1966T. canalis Thorne & Maiek, 1968T. clarus Alien, 1955T. clavicaudatus Seinhorst, 1963T. clavus Khan, 1990T. claytoni Steiner, 1937T. coffeae Siddiqi & Basir, 1959T. contractus Loof, 1964T. crassicaudatus Williams, 1960T. cristatus Ivanova, 1983T. crotoni Pathak & Siddiqi, 1997T. cuticaudatus Ray & Das, 1983T. cynodoni Kumar, 1981T. delhiensis Chawla, Bhamburkar, Khan & Prasad, 1968T. depressusjsiirzjpuri, 1982T. dewaeli Kleynhans, 1992 T. dubius (Butschli, 1873) Filipjev,1936 T. ebriensis Seinhorst, 1963T. elegans Siddiqi, 1961 T. eremicolus Alien, 1955 T. eroshenkoi Siddiqi, 1986 T. estherae Kleynhans, 1992

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T. ewingi Hopper, 1959 T. georgiensis Eliashvili, 1971 T. gofarti Sturhan, 1966 T. goldeni Rashid & Singh, 1982 T. gossypii Nasira & Maqbool, 1996T. graciliformis Siddiqi & Siddiqui, 1983 T. haki Fotedar & Mahajan, 1971 T. hordei Khan, 1972 T. huesingi Paetzold, 1958 T. ibericus Mahajan & Nombela, 1986 T. iphilus (Minagawa, 1995) T. irregularis Wu, 1969 T. ismaili Azmi & Ahmad, 1989 T. kamlae Shaw & Khan, 1996 T. kashmirensis Mahajan, 1974 T. kegasawai Minagawa, 1995 T. kegenicus Litvinova, 1946 T. kidwaii Rashid & Heyns, 1990 T. lamiiliferus (de Man, 1880) Filipjev, 1936T. latus Alien, 1955T. leucaenus Azmi, 1991 T. leviterminalis (Siddiqi, Mukherjee & Dasgupta, 1982) Siddiqi, 1986 T. malinus Lin, 1992T. manubriatus Litvinova, 1946 T. mashhoodi Siddiqi & Basir, 1959 T. maximus Alien, 1955 T. nexicanus Knobloch & Laughlin, 1973 T. nicrocephalus Siddiqi & Patel, 1990 T. microconus Siddiqi, Mukherjee & Dasgupta, 1982T. musae Kumar, 1981 T. namibiensis Rashid & Heyns, 1990T. natalensis Kleynhans, 1984 T. neoclavicaudatus Mathur, Sanwal & Lal,1979T. nordiensis Khan & Nanjappa, 1974T. novenus Nobbs, 1989T. nudus Alien, 1955 T. olereaceae Gupta & Uma, 1981T. pachys Thorne & Maiek, 1968 T. paracanalis Khan, 1991 T. paranudus Phukan & Sanwal, 1982 T. paratriversus Brzeski, 1991T. parvus Alien, 1955 T. paulettae Bloemers & Wanless, 1998T. penniseti Gupta &: Uma, 1980T. projectus Khan, 1990T. punensis Khan & Darekar, 1979T. quaidi Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987T. queirozi Monteiro & Lordello, 1976T. robustus Thorne & Maiek, 1968T. rosei Zarina & Maqbool, 1991T. sacchari Sivakumar & Muthukrishnan,1983

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T. sanwali Kumar, 1982T. siccus Nobbs, 1989 T. silvaticus Ferns, 1963 T. solani Gupta & Uma, 1982 T. spinaceae Singh, 1976 T. striatus Alien, 1955 T. swarupi Singh & Khera, 1978 T. tarjani Andrassy, 1969 T. teeni Hashim, 1984 T. tenuicaudatus Wouts & Sher, 1981 T. thermophilus Golden, Baldwin & MundoOcampo, 1995 T. tobari Sauer & Annells, 1981T. tritici Golden, Maqbool & Handoo, 1987T. tuberosus Zarina & Maqbool, 1994 T. usmanensis Khurma & Mahajan, 1987T. variacaudalus Singh, 1971 T. velatus Sauer & Annells, 1981 T. ventrosignatus Tobar Jimenez, 1969 T. vishwanathensis Pathak & Siddiqi, 1996T. vulgaris Upadhyay, Swarup & Sethi, 1972 T. wilskii Kornobis, 1980T. zambiensis Venditd & Noel, 1995

Biologija ir morfologija.Tai nedideli 0.36 –1.6 mm ilgio nematai. Kutikula žieduota, kartais ir su išilginiais dryžiais. Žiedai ir dryžiai mikroskopuojant gerai matyti. Šoniniai laukai su 2 – 5 išilginėmis linijomis. Stiletas gerai išsivystęs, 10-31 µm ilgio. Pagrindo gumbeliai gerai matyti. Galvos priekis atsikišęs, žieduotas. Galvos struktūros nežymiai arba labai sklerotinės. Deiridės neryškios. Fazmidės ties uodegos viduriu. Medialinis bulbusas apvalus ar ovalus su ryškiomis vožtuvo dalimis. Stemplės liauka žarnyno nedengia, net truputį nutolusi nuo jo. Vulva beveik ties kūno viduriu, V = 47-64 %. Kiaušidės susijungę, ištįsusios. Uodega cilindrinė, kūginė ar net piltuvėlio formos. Pats uodegos galas apvalus ar nuaštrėjęs. Patinų uodega su toli nusitęsiančia bursa. Vystymosi temperatūra įvairioms rūšims skirtinga, optimalus vidurkis - 15-25º C. Vystymosi trukmė - 30-90 dienų.Nematai aptinkami augalų rizosferoje, kartais ir pačiose šaknyse. Pažeidžia šaknį dažniausiai už augimo kūgelio. Paplitę visuose kontinentuose. Tai kosmopolitų gentis. Pažeidžia labai daug augalų: tiek žemės ūkio, tiek ir laukinius, krūmus, medžius.

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7.42 pav. Tylenchorhynchus claytoni. Patelës priekinë kûno dalis (A); galva (B,C); galva ið virðaus, pieðinys pagal SEM nuotraukà (D); skersinis kûno pjûvis (E); uodegos tipai (F-H); patino galva (I); patino uodega (J) (pagal Allen, 1955; Golden, Maqbool, Handoo, 1987; Kleynhans, Heyns, 1984; Wang, 1971).

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7.43 pav. Tylenchorhynchus clarus. Patelë (A); priekinë kûno dalis (B); stemplës liauka (C,D); galva (E); patelës uodega (G,H); patino uodega (I); vagina ir gonadø kanalas (F) (pagal Hashim, 1983; Elmiligy, 1969; Kleynhans, Heyns, 1984; Sauer, 1985).

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7.44 pav. Tylenchorhynchus agri. (Alabamos populiacija). Patelës priekinë kûno dalis (A); galvos formos (B-D); vagina (E); stemplës liauka (F); patino uodega (G); patelës uodega (H,I). Tylencho-rhynchus ewingi (paratipas). Galva (J); uodega (K) ( Ferris, 1963 pagal Nickle, 1991).

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7.45 pav. Tylenchorhynchus annulatus. Suaugelis (A); priekinë kûno dalis (B); galva (C-E); vagina ir bûdingas senos patelës kûno þiedø raðtas (F); lytinës sistemos ðaka, matyti neiðsivysèiusi spermateka (G,H); uodega (I,J); uodegos galas K,L) (Cassidy, 1930 pagal Golden, 1971; Kleynhans, Heyns, 1984; Siddiqi, 1976).

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7.46 pav. Tylenchorhynchus nudus. Patelës priekinë kûno dalis (A); galva (B,C); patelës uodega (D,E); vaginos sritis (F); patino uodega (G); gubernakulumas (H) (Allen, 1955; Thorne, Malek, 1968 pagal Nickle, 1991).

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7.47 pav. Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi. Paratipas. Priekinë kûno dalis (A,C); galva (B); vagina (D); patelës uodega (E) (pagal Siddiqi, 1961); Tylenchorhynchus cylindricus. Kalifornijos mëginys. Priekinë kûno dalis (G); galva (H); uodegos formos (I); patino uodega ir gubenakulumas (J) (Allen, 1955; Lewis, Golden, 1981; Sher, Bell, 1975; Siddiqi, 1972b; Thorne, 1961 pagal Nickle, 1991).

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7.48 pav. Tylenchorhychus brassicae. Priekinë kûno dalis (A); galva (B,C); uþpakalinë kûno dalis (D,E); uodegos galo formos (F); vagina ir lytiniai organai (G); patino uodega (H). (pagal Siddiqi, 1961) T. latus. Galva (I); uodega (J) (Allen, 1955 pagal Nickle, 1991).

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7.49 pav. Tylenchorhynchus capitatus. Patelë (A); lateraliniai laukai (B); priekinë kûno dalis (C); galva (D-F); vagina ir lytiniai organai (G); uþpakalinë kûno dalis (H,I); uodegos galo formos (J) (Jairajpuri, 1985; Mahajan, 1974; Maqbool, 1982; Saltukoglu, Coomans, 1975; Seshadri, Muthukrishnan, Shunmu-gam, 1967; Siddiqi, 1986 pagal Nickle, 1991).

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7.50 pav. Tylenchorchynchus maximus. Priekinë kûno dalis (A); galva (B,C); galva ið virðaus, pieðinys pagal SEM nuotraukà (E); lateraliniai laukai (F); vagina ir lytiniai organai (I); uþpakalinë kûno dalis (J); uodegos galo formos (K,L); patino galva (D); patino uþpakalinë kûno dalis (G); spikulos ir guber-nakulumas (H) (Allen, 1955; Anderson, 1977; Thorne, Malek, 1968 pagal Nickle, 1991).

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7.51 pav. Tylenchorchynchus dubius. Patelë (A); galva (B-D); galva ið virðaus pagal SEM nuotraukas (E-G); priekinë kûno dalis (H); patino uþpakalinë kûno dalis (I); spikulos ir gubernakulumas (J); vagina (K); patelës uodegos formos (L-O) (Allen, 1955; Anderson, Byers, 1975; Bridge, 1974a; Goodey, 1963; Siddiqi, 1986 pagal Nickle, 1991).

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