Autotrophs/ Producers make their own food using sunlight or chemicals Heterotrophs/Consumers - must eat other organisms for energy Decomposers heterotrophs that break down organic matter: fungi, bacteria The arrows in a food web represent the movement of energy, which is not recycled, as only 10% moves up a food chan. The remaining 90% is used for cell processes, or lost as heat. Mutualism-both species benefit Commensalism-one species benefits and the other is not affected. Parasitism-one species lives on and feeds off another. Predation-one species hunts, kills and eats another Competition- two species fight for shared resources A. A flea feeds on the blood of a dog. B. Butterfly feeds on the nectar of flowers, pollinating the flowers as it does so. C. Barnacles attach to a whale but do not harm it. THE THREE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS ARE... The Nitrogen Cycle Proteins Nitrogen Fixation 78% NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA Grow in pockets in legumes which help convert nitrogen gas to ammonia the plant can use to grow better. DECOMPOSING BACTERIA Bacteria that break down organic matter, returning many nutrients to the soil. Indicate which of these would have positive effects on population growth, and which would have negative effects? DROUGHT LESS COMPETITION HABITAT LOSS OVER HUNTING INCREASE IN RAIN INCREASED FOOD SUPPLY POLLUTIONJ Figure 1.10 The process of change that occurs from new bare rock to a climax community. such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier,. Ecosystems return after all or a portion has been destroyed by fire or other natural disaster Biomolecule (polymer) Main Elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & phosphorus) Monomer (subunit) Image of Monomer Polymerization (joining monomers to form a polymer) Image of Polymer Carbohydrate C,H,O monosaccharide monosaccharide through dehydration synthesis disaccharide polysaccharide Lipid C,H (very little O) No true monomer! Main component: fatty-acid molecule(s) Backbone of many: glycerol molecule one fatty-acid molecule through dehydration synthesis the joining of one glycerol and one fatty acid triglyceride Protein Most amino acids have only: C,H,O, N Only 2 of 20 have sulfur (S) *see chart on next page (Methionine & Cysteine) amino acid *the R group makes each amino acid unique *see amino acid chart for R group examples peptide bonds made through dehydration synthesis polypeptide polypeptides to protein Nucleic Acids C,H,O,N, P nucleotide nucleotide through dehydration synthesis RNA DNA Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION. Mono=1 poly=many CELL MEMEBRANE Provides a selectively permeable barrier around the cell Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Maintains homeostasis for the cell. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane. Cells will shrivel when put into a solution with MORE SOLUTE. Ex. salt water (Hypertonic) If solute concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane, the cell does not change. (Isotonic) Cells will swell or burst when put into a solution with LESS SOLUTE Ex. Fresh water (Hypotonic) PASSIVE Does NOT require energy Goes with the concentration gradient (high to low) Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion ACTIVE Requires energy from ATP Goes against the concentration gradient (low to high) Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis Energy conversion is the process of transforming energy from one form into another. Photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored energy (glucose) Cell respiration transforms stored energy into chemical energy ( ATP) PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION ENZYMES Lower activation energy Speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Act as catalysts Make materials cells need Releasing energy Most end in ase Protease breaks down proteins Lipase breaks down lipids Helicase breaks down DNA (double helix) DNA determines an organisms traits by controlling the manufacturing of proteins. The sequencing of nucleotide monomers forms unique genetic information. * PHOSPHATE group * SUGAR - deoxyribose * nitrogen bases (1of4) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) purines pyrimidines CELL CYCLE During the cell cycle, cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each which begins the cycle again. Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth Interruptions in the cell cycle can lead to.. CANcer smoking tobacco Radiation exposure Viral infection Cancer is caused when outside factors, or genetics cause a mutation in your cells DNA, turning off the off switch to a dividing cell.