,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSk; mit rhu;e;j 08 Mgj;J epiyikfis Kfhik ...®µிஞ்ஞானம் 11 /cha 8.pdf131,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; gj;jpupifr; nra;jpfisr;

130,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

v nts;sg; ngUf;F> kz;rupT Mfpatw;wpw;fhd tpQ;Qhd

mbg;gilapyhd fhuzpfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

v nts;sg; ngUf;F> kz;rupT Mfpatw;why; Vw;gLk; Mgj;J

epiyikfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;Fk;

Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.Njitahd Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fis mila KbAk;.

,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;>,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;>,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;>,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;>,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;>

,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSk; mit rhu;e;j ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSk; mit rhu;e;j ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSk; mit rhu;e;j ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSk; mit rhu;e;j ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSk; mit rhu;e;jMgj;J epiyikfis Kfhik nra;jYk;Mgj;J epiyikfis Kfhik nra;jYk;Mgj;J epiyikfis Kfhik nra;jYk;Mgj;J epiyikfis Kfhik nra;jYk;Mgj;J epiyikfis Kfhik nra;jYk;08


,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; gj;jpupifr; nra;jpfisr;Nrfupf;Fk;gb tFg;giwapd; tpQ;Qhd tl;lj;jpdu; tUl Muk;gj;jpy;Vida khztu;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fpdhu;fs;. mjw;fikame;j khztu;fshy; gy mwpf;iffis xd;wpizj;J tbtikf;fg;gl;lxg;gilapd; xU gFjp Kw;gf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mq;Nffhzg;gLfpd;w ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis cq;fshy; ngaupl KbAkh?

,yq;ifapy; ghupa mstpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpa rpy ,aw;ifmdu;j;jq;fshf nts;sg; ngUf;F> kz;rupT> ,bkpd;dy;> tul;rp>#whtsp> Rdhkp> fly; mupg;G> Gay; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,it ,aw;ifahf epfo;tjhy; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; vdg;ngauplg;gl;lhYk; ,it cUthf kdpjr; nraw;ghLfSk;fhuzkhfpd;wd. ,tw;iw Mgj;J epiyik vdf; fUjf; fhuzk;>,it capupog;Gfs; kw;Wk; gapu;nra;epyq;fs;> thOk; Rw;whly;Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; ghjpg;G vd;gtw;iw Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,aw;ifmdu;j;jq;fs; cUthtijj; jLf;;f KbahJ. Mdhy;> ,t;tdu;j;jq;fs;Vw;glg; Nghtij Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; %yk; ghjpg;GfisXusT Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

Vupfs;> MWfs;> ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs; kpff;Fiwe;j Neuj;jpy;

mjpfsT ePiug;ngWk;NghJ> Nkyjpf ePu; ntspNa tope;NjhLtjdhy;

nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ. MWfs;> Vupfs;> ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;

mw;w ,lq;fspy; rpWkio nga;jhYk; mjpfsT ePu; gha;e;NjhLfpd;wJ.

,jdhy;;> jiug; gFjp; ePupdhy; #og;gl;L nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?

rPdhtpd; ̀ a;Ntd; efupy; Gtpajpu;T Vw;glg;Nghtij Kd;$l;bNa

mwpe;J nfhz;likahy;> 1975 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup khjk; ̀ a;Ntd;

efupypUe;J ,uz;L kzpNeuj;jpy; kf;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;L ghupa

Mgj;jpypUe;J fhg;ghw;wg;gl;ldu;. ,g;Gtpajpu;tpd;NghJ 3 Ngu; kl;LNk

capupoe;jdu;.

8'1 8'1 8'1 8'1 8'1 nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLtjw;fhd tpQ;Qhdf;nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLtjw;fhd tpQ;Qhdf;nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLtjw;fhd tpQ;Qhdf;nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLtjw;fhd tpQ;Qhdf;nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLtjw;fhd tpQ;Qhdf;

fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;fhuzpfs;


nts;sg; ngUf;fpw;fhd ePz;lfhyf; fhuzpfshd kdpj

eltbf;iffs; rpytw;iwf; fPNo jug;gl;l glq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

nts;sg; ngUf;if Vw;gLj;Jk; gpujhd fhuzp mjpfsT kio

tPo;r;;rpNaahFk;. NkYk;> #whtsp> Gay;> Gtpajpu;T> kz;rupT> Rdhkp

MfpadTk; nts;sg; ngUf;if Vw;gLj;Jk; epfo;TfshFk;. ,it

ahTk; Fiwe;jsT Neuj;jpy; nts;sg; ngUf;if Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

#upa ntg;gf; fjpu;tPr;rhy; gdpg;ghiwfs; cUfp> ngwg;gLk; ePupdhYk;

nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;glyhk;.

xg;gil 8.1xg;gil 8.1xg;gil 8.1xg;gil 8.1xg;gil 8.1

jw;NghJ rpy efuq;fspy; rpWkio nga;jTlNdNa nts;sk;

ngUFfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw

elhj;Jq;fs;.

cU 8.2 jho;e;j epyq;fis

epug;Gjy;cU 8.1 gapu;r;nra;iff;fhfTk;

fl;llq;fs; mikg;gjw;fhfTk;

rupthd epyq;fis gad;gLj;jy;


cU 8.3 ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fspYs;s

fhLfis mopj;jy;

cU 8.4 fhLfSf;Fj; jP itj;jy;

,aw;ifahf ePu; tope;NjhLk; gpuNjrq;fspy; jil Vw;gLj;Jjy;>

cf;fyila Kbahj nghypj;jPd; nghUs;fs; kz;Zld; NrUjy;

Mfpatw;whYk; nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ.

Vohe;ju khztu;fSf;fhd FO xg;gil ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

zzePq;fs; nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;gLk; gpuNjrj;jpy; trpg;gtuhapd;>

mjpfsT kiotPo;r;rpapd;NghJ nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;gl Kd;ghf

ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kd;dhaj;jq;fis tpUk;gpa Kiwapy; tFg;gpy;

Kd;itAq;fs;.ZZ

mhp];Nlhl;by; vd;Dk; khztu; FO ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghfg;

gy tplaq;fis Muha;e;J> fye;Jiuahb> cUthf;fpa FWehlfk;

,q;Nf jug;gLfpd;wJ'


,yq;ifapd; Njrg;glnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. mbf;fb

nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;gLk; ,lq;fis epwe; jPl;Lq;fs;.

8.2 nts;sg;ngUf;F mdu;j;jj;ij vjpu;nfhs;sy;8.2 nts;sg;ngUf;F mdu;j;jj;ij vjpu;nfhs;sy;8.2 nts;sg;ngUf;F mdu;j;jj;ij vjpu;nfhs;sy;8.2 nts;sg;ngUf;F mdu;j;jj;ij vjpu;nfhs;sy;8.2 nts;sg;ngUf;F mdu;j;jj;ij vjpu;nfhs;sy;


fPjh : mk;kh! vd;d nra;fpwPu;fs;? Vd; nghUs;fisg; nghjp

nra;fpwPu;fs;?

mk;kh : kfNs! ePq;fs; vq;fpUe;jPu;fs;? Mw;wq;fiuNahukUjku mbapypUe;j ePu;kl;lj;jpYk; ghu;f;fj; jw;NghJePu; kl;lk; cau;e;J tUtjhf ug P f ; khkhirf;fpspy; nrd;W vy;NyhUf;Fk; mwptpj;JtUfpd;whu;. nrd;w tUlKk; ,t;thW ePu;kl;lk;cau;e;jJ. vkJ gpuNjrk; ePupy; %o;fpaJ gw;wpckf;Fj; njupahjh? mJkl;Lky;y. vq;fs;gpuNjrj;jpw;F nts;s mghak; Vw;gLk; vd;WthndhypapYk; $Wfpd;whu;fs;.

fPjh : mk;kh> ,d;W kpd;rhukp;y;iyNa? ePq;fs; vt;thWthndhypapy; nra;jp Nfl;Bu;fs;?

mk;kh : gw;wup (kpd;fyq;fs;) Ig; gad;gLj;jp thndhypNfl;Nld;. kiof;F Kd;Ng vkJ kpd;#s; tpsf;fpw;Fk;kpd;fyq;fs; Nghl;Lj; jahuhf cs;Nsd;'

utp : mk;kh! mg;gh vq;Nf?

mk;kh : mg;gh ntspapYs;s nghUs;fis cs;Ns vLj;J>ghJfhg;ghf itf;fpd;whu;. ePq;fs; nrd;W mtUf;Fcjtp nra;Aq;fs;. mq;Fs;s nfhq;fpwPl; J}Zld;Nkhl;liu ,Wf;fkhf ,izj;J itAq;fs;.

utp : Vd; mg;gbr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;?

mk;kh : nts;sk; ngUfp te;jhy; ,g;nghUs;fs; ahTk;mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gLky;yth?

fPjh : mk;kh! mNjh me;j khb tPl;Lf;fhuu; jq;fs;

nghUs;fis Nky;khbapy; nfhz;L Ngha; itf;fpwhu;.

utp : mk;kh! ehd; ehiaAk; g+idiaAk; nfhz;L

tUfpNwd;. ,d;W fhiy Kjy; mtw;wpd; elj;ijfs;

tpj;jpahrkhf cs;sd.

mk;kh : mg;gbah? ,aw;ifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis czUk;

Mw;wy; vq;fspYk; ghu;f;f kpUfq;fSf;F mjpfkhf

cs;sJ. MfNt> ehk; tpiuthfr; nraw;gLtJ

ey;yJjhNd!


mg;gh : vd;d nra;fpwPu;fs;? jq;f eiffs; vy;yhk; vq;Nf?

New;Nw vd;dplk; je;jpUe;jhy; Vida Mtzq;fSld;ngupaz;zh tPl;by; itj;jpUf;fyhky;yth?

utp : ve;j Mtzq;fs; mg;gh?

mg;gh : capy;> cWjp> fhg;GWjpg; gj;jpuq;fs;> tq;fpr; Nrkpg;Gg;Gj;jfq;fs;> fy;tpr; rhd;wpjo;fs;> gpwg;Gr; rhd;wpjo;fs;Mfpa Mtzq;fs; kpf mtrpakhdit my;yth?kfNs! mj;jpahtrpag; nghUs;fis kl;Lk;vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. kpd;rhu cgfuzq;fspd;nrUfpfis (FijapypUe;J) njhLg;gfw;wp mtw;iwnfhq;fpwPl; mYkhupkPJ itAq;fs;. ,uz;L %d;Wehl;fSf;F mtrpakhd czitAk; kw;Wk; jz;zPu;>kUe;Jfs; rpytw;iwAk; vLq;fs;.

mk;kh : czTkh?

mg;gh : Mkhk;! ehd; New;W thq;fpa gp];fl;> kUe;Jahtw;iwAk; vLj;J itAq;fs;.

fPjh : mk;kh! mLj;j tPl;L rpy;th khkh nfhOk;Gnrd;Ws;shu;. mDyh khkpAk; Fl;bf; Foe;ijAk;jdpNa ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fisAk; $l;br;nry;Nthkh?

mk;kh : Mk; kfNs! Xbg;Ngha; mtu;fSf;Fk; ,r; nra;jpiaf;$wp Maj;jkhfr; nrhy;Yq;fs;.

utp : mNjh! me;jr; re;jpapy; epw;Fk; jhj;jhtpw;F ahu;cjtg; NghfpwPu;fs;?

mg;gh : ufPk; khkh mtiuf; $l;br; nry;tij ehd; fz;Nld;.kfNs! me;jg; ngupa kuf;Fw;wpia vLj;J itj;jhy;nts;sePu; cs;Ns tUtJ FiwAky;yth.

mk;kh : mNjh! mDyh khkp tUfpwhu;. gpujhd kpd; Mspiaj;njhLg;gfw;Wq;fs;. fjitg; g+l;b ehk; vy;NyhUk;ntspNaWNthk;.



Nkw;gl;l Mgj;J epiyikfspd;NghJ tPl;il tpl;L ntspNaWifapy;

vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; mdh;j;jg; nghjpapDs; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba nghUs;fs;

gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahbg; gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;.

mk;kh> mg;gh> fPjh> utp> mDyh> mtu;fspd; nry;yg;gpuhzpfs;

MfpNahu; ,t;thW tPl;il tpl;L ntspNaWk; fhl;rpiar; rpj;jpukhf

tiuAq;fs;.

mg;gh : ehq;fs; ,g;NghJ NfhtpYf;Fg; NghNthk;. ngupa

fw;ghiw kPJ NfhtpypUg;gjhy; mq;F nts;s ePu;

tuKbahJ. nts;s ePu; tbAk;tiu mq;fpUg;Nghk;.

rpW nts;sj;jpD}lhfr; nry;Yk;NghJ ePupd; Moj;ij

mwptjw;fhf Xu; jbia Kd;dhy; epyj;jpy; itj;J

ghu;j;jthW mtjhdkhfr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. cq;fspy;

ahuhtJ ,le; jtwpdhy; khkhTf;Fj; njhiyNgrp

%yk; mwptpAq;fs;. mtupd; njhiyNgrp ,yf;fk;

vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupAk;jhNd!

mDyh : ehk; vy;NyhUk; vq;fs; fhupy; Nghf KbAkh?

mg;gh : mt;thW Nghf KbahJ. Xu; mbf;F Nky; nts;s

ePu; te;jhy; mJ fhiu ,Oj;Jr; nrd;W tpLk;.

NkYs;s ghijahy; NghtJjhd; vkf;Fg;> ghJfhg;G.

ahuhtJ ts;sk; itj;jpUe;jhy; mjd; %yKk;

Nghfyhk;.

kPdhl;rp

khkp : vy;NyhUk; ,g;gj;jhd; NghfpwPu;fsh? ehd; kuts;spf;

fpoq;F mtpj;Jf; nfhz;L NfhtpYf;Fj;jhd;

NghfpNwd;. mq;Nf rupahd rdf;$l;lk;.

mk;kh : kPdhl;rp khkp ePq;fSk; vq;fNshL thUq;fs;.


nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhfj; jahupj;j

mwpTWj;jw; ifNal;by; cs;slq;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

♦ cq;fNshL cs;s KjYjtp kw;Wk; itj;jpa cjtpfs;

Njitg;gLNthu; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;'

♦ nghJr; Rfhjhug; gupNrhjfupd; MNyhridia ngw;Wf;

nfhs;shky; fpzw;W ePu; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;j;Jf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

♦ mbf;fb thndhypr; nra;jpfspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;'

♦ nts;s ePupypUe;J tpyfp ,Uq;fs; (,e;ePupy; vz;nza;> rpWePu;>

kyk; Mfpad fye;jpUg;gJld; kpd; xOf;Fk; fhzg;glyhk;).

♦ gha;e;NjhLk; ePupypUe;J tpyfpapUq;fs;.

♦ nts;sg; ngUf;fpdhy; ghijfs; gOjile;jpUf;ff; $Lkhjyhy;

thfdq;fspy; gpuahzk; nra;tjpy; ftdkhf ,Uq;fs;.

♦ kpd;rhuf; fk;gpfs; rPu;Fiye;jpUe;jhy; mJ njhlu;ghf cupa

mjpfhupfSf;F mwptpAq;fs;.

♦ nts;sg;ngUf;fpd; gpd;G fl;llq;fspDs;Ns nry;Yk;NghJ fhak;

tpistpf;ff;$ba cile;j> $uhd nghUs;fs; kpd;ndhOf;F

gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;

♦ nts;s ePupdhy; eide;j czTg; nghUs;fis mfw;Wq;fs;.

♦ nts;s ePiuf; ifapdhy; ms;s Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gbd; gpd;du;

rtu;f;fhuk; gad;gLj;jpf; iffisf; fOTq;fs;.

♦ czTj; jahupj;jy;> gUFjy; Mfpatw;wpd; nghUl;L #lhf;fpa

ePiug; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.

♦ gotiffisAk; fPiutiffisAk; cg;GePupdhy; fOtpg;

gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.

♦ nts;sg; ngUf;fpd; gpd;G Vw;glf;$ba njhw;WNeha;fs; gw;wp

mtjhdkhf ,Uq;fs;. neUg;Gf; fha;r;ry; (ijnghapl;L)>

tapw;WisT> nfhyuh (the;jpNgjp) Mfpad mt;thW Vw;glf;$ba

Neha;fshFk;.

xg;gil 8.4xg;gil 8.4xg;gil 8.4xg;gil 8.4xg;gil 8.4nts;sg; ngUf;fpd; gpd;G Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghf vLf;f

Ntz;ba eltbf;iffis mwptpf;Fk; nghUl;L> nghUj;jkhd

Rtnuhl;b my;yJ ifNaL xd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.

nts;sg; ngUf;fpd; gpd;Gnts;sg; ngUf;fpd; gpd;Gnts;sg; ngUf;fpd; gpd;Gnts;sg; ngUf;fpd; gpd;Gnts;sg; ngUf;fpd; gpd;G


,yq;ifapy; kz;rupT ve;jsTf;Fg; ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ

vd;gijj; jpde;NjhWk; gj;jpupiffs; thapyhfTk; Vida njhlu;G

rhjdq;fs; %ykhfTk; ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUg;gPu;fs;.

kiyr;rupTfspd; Nkw;gug;gpYs;s fw;fSk; kz;jpzpTk; NrWk;

<u;g;Gtpir fhuzkhf gs;sj;ij Nehf;fp vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLjy;

kz;rupT vdg;gLk;. ,J kpf nkJthfNth my;yJ kpf NtfkhfNth

eilngwyhk; (cU 8.5).

kz;ru pT k pf Ntfkhf

eilngw ;W> xU FbapUg ;Gg ;

g p uNjrj ;j py ; ca p u ; kw ;Wk ;

cilikfSf ;Fr ; Nrjk ;

tpistpf;Fk;NghJ mJ ,aw;if

mdu;j;jkhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J

,aw;ifahf eilngWk; epfo;thf

,Ug;gpDk; kdpj eltbf;iffNs

,jw;F %y fhuzkhf mikfpd;wd.

,yq ;ifa py ; kz ;ru pT

mdu;j;jj;Jf;F ,yFthf cs;shff;

$ba vl;L khtl;lq;fshtd gJis> Etnuypah> fz;b> fSj;Jiw>

Nffhiy> khj;jis> ,uj;jpdGup> khj;jiw vd;gd MFk;.

kz;rupTf;F Kd; kz;rupTf;F Kd; kz;rupTf;F Kd; kz;rupTf;F Kd; kz;rupTf;F Kd;

ePq;fs; xU rpwe;j mtjhdpg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhy; kz;rupTf;F

Kd;djhf mj;jifa mghaj;ij vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fspy; rpy

khw;wq;fis cq;fshy; mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mj;jifa

gpuNjrq;fspy; vr;rupf;ifahf ,Ug;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk ;.

cU 8' 5

,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l xU kz;rupT

8.2 kz;rupTld; njhlu;Gila mdu;j;jq;fshy;8.2 kz;rupTld; njhlu;Gila mdu;j;jq;fshy;8.2 kz;rupTld; njhlu;Gila mdu;j;jq;fshy;8.2 kz;rupTld; njhlu;Gila mdu;j;jq;fshy;8.2 kz;rupTld; njhlu;Gila mdu;j;jq;fshy;

Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfis ,optsthf;Fjy;Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfis ,optsthf;Fjy;Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfis ,optsthf;Fjy;Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfis ,optsthf;Fjy;Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfis ,optsthf;Fjy;

kz;rupTkz;rupTkz;rupTkz;rupTkz;rupT ^Landslide&


njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;;rp xd;wpd;

NghJ tPL xd;W njhlu;ghf ,lk; ngw;w

fye;Jiuahly; fPNo jug;gLfpd;wJ.

kz;zpy; GijAk; epiyapYs;s tPnlhd;wpy;

trpj;J tUk; Ffd; FLk;gj;jpdu; mt;

tPl;bypUe;J ntspNawj; jPu;khdpj;jdu;.

Kg;gJ tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf ,e;j tPl;by;

trpj;j Ffd; $Wifapy; 'vkf;F kpfTk;

ftiyahf cs;sJ. ehk; ,t;tPl;il

thq;Fk;NghJ kiyr;ruptpy; kuq;fs;

epiwe;jpUe;jd. Mdhy;> me;j ,lj;jpy;

Xu; cztfj;ij epu;khzpj;jNghJ ,e;j

kuq;fis mopj;Jtpl;ldu;||> vd;whu;.

mwptpg;ghsu;:- ePq;fs; ,e;j tPl;bypUe;J ntspNawj; jPh;khdpj;jjw;fhdfhuzq;fs; ahit?

Ffd; :- Kd;G vkJ tPl;L Kw;wk; mofhf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJ,q;F ntbg;Gfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd. ,t;thwhdntbg;Gfs; gy ,lq;fspy; njd;gLfpd;wd. tPl;bd;jiuapYk; RtupYk; tpupry;fSk; Rtu;G+r;Rfspy;ntbg;GfSk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fjT>ad;dy; Riufs; Kd;diu tpl ,Wf;fkhff;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iwg; g+l;bj; jpwg;gjw;Ff;fbdkhf cs;sJ. mNjh! me;jr; ruptpYs;s kuq;fs;ahTk; xNu gf;fkhfr; rha;e;Js;sijg; ghUq;fs;.,e ; j mw pFw pfs ; fhuzkhf ,g ; gFj pkz;rupTf;Fs;shFk; vd;gij ehk; czu;fpd;Nwhk;.

mwptpg;ghsu;:- kz;rupT mghak; gw;wp cWjpahf mwpe;Jnfhz;Bu;fsh?

Ffd; :- Mk;> mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;. ,q;F mz;ikapy;e pyj ;j py pUe ;J Gjpjhf Cw;Wfs; Njhd ;wMuk;gpj;Js;sd. mjdhy;> ehq;fs; Gtpapayhsupd;MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;Nlhk;. cldbahftPl;bypUe;J ntspNaWtNj nghUj;jkhdJ vd;Wvkf;F vr;rupf;if nra;jdu;. vdNt> kiof;fhyk;Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd; ehq;fs; tPl;bypUe;J ntspNawcs;Nshk;.

cU 8.6 ,be;JtpOk;

epiyapYs;s tPL xd;wpd; Njhw;wk;


Ffd; FLk;gj;jpdu; ,aw;ifr;#oy; njhlu;ghd tpopg;Gzu;Tld;

,Ue;jikahy; mdu;j;jj;jpw;F Kd; mtw;iw mwpe;J nraw;gLtjw;F

mtu;fshy; Kbe;jJ. kz;rupT mghak; cs;s gpuNjrq;fspy;

tho;gtuhapd; ePq;;fs; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fshtd:

♦ njhlu;r;rpahf nga;JtUk; milkio

♦ jpBnud Vw;gLk; ngUkio (eP&w;Wf;fs; cUthjy;)

♦ tPl;ilaz;b thOk; tpyq;Ffs;> gwitfspd; toikf;F khwhd

elj;ijfs;

MWfSf;F mz;ikapy; tho;gtu;fshapd; Mw;wpy; jpBnud

ePu;kl;lk; cau;;jy; my;yJ jhOjy; my;yJ ePu; fyq;fpa epiyf;F

khWjy; Nghd;w mwpFwpfs; njd;gLk;NghJ mq;fpUe;J mg;ghw;

nrd;WtpLq;fs;. ,t;thwhd kz;rupT mghaKs;s re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

mt;tplq;fspypUe;J mg;ghw; nry;tNj nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. ,t;thW

nry;tjw;F Vw;w ,lq;fshtd:

♦ ,jw;F Kd; kz;rupT Vw;glhj ,lk;

♦ rupT Fiwthd rkjskhd gpuNjrq;fs;

kz;rupT Vw;gLk;NghJ jg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s mtfhrkpy;yhj epiyikfspy;

ge;J Nghd;W cliyr; RUl;b mku;e;J jiyg; gFjpiag; ghJfhf;f

Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh?%d;W ehl;fSf;F njhlu;e;J my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwe;j fhyj;jpDs;

200 kpy;ypkPw;wu; kiotPo;r;rp njhlu;e;J ,Uf;Fkhapd; my;yJ tUlk;

KOtJk; kiotPo;r;rp ,Uf;Fkhapd;; kz;rupT mghak; Vw;glyhk;.

,yq;ifapy; kz;rupT Vw;gLtjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzp kiotPo;r;rpahFk;.


cU 8.7 tl;ltisapy; Vw;gl;l kz;rupT

mt;thwhd ghjpg;Gfspd; gpd;G KjYjtpAk; itj;jpa NritAk;

Njitg;gLNthUf;F cldbahf mtw;iw toq;Ftjd; %yk; ngWkjp

kpf;f capu;fisf; fhg;ghw;wf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

kz;ruptpd; gpd;G mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; nghJkf;fSf;F

Jd;gq;fshf FbePu; jl;Lg;ghL> czTj; jl;Lg;ghL> ghijfs;

gOjiljy;> tPLfs; epu;%ykhjy;> kpd;rhuk; jilg;gLjy; Mfpatw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Ntz;ba cjtpfs; gw;wp

ehk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa mtru cjtpfs; rpy

,q;Nf jug;gLfpd;wd.

♦ J}a;ikahd ePu;

♦ itj;jparhiy trjpfs;> itj;jpa MNyhridfs;

♦ cilfs;

♦ cyu; czT

♦ rikj;j czT

♦ gha;fs;

♦ Rj;jpfupg;Gg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;

gapw ;r pgapw ;r pgapw ;r pgapw ;r pgapw ;r p

FO xg;gilFO xg;gilFO xg;gilFO xg;gilFO xg;gil

'kz;ruptpd; gpd;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; cq;fs; Mf;fq;fSld;$ba rpwpa

ifNanlhd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;. (ftpij> rpWfij> ehlfk;> rpj;jpuk;>

glq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;Fq;fs;).


cU 8.8

1. kz;rupT my;yJ nts;sg;ngUf;F Nghd;w jpBu; mdu;j;jj;jpd;NghJ

ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd>

♦ cq;fs; FLk;gj;jpdUf;fhf

♦ cq;fs; cwtpdu;f;fhf kw;Wk; maytu;f;fhf

♦ ,yq;if kf;fSf;fhf cq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sf;

$batw;iw gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb mwpf;if xd;W

jahupf;Ff.

2. khbf;fl;blk; xd;iw epu;khzpg;gjw;fhf jahu;g;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk;

xd;wpd; Gifg;glk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j epyg;gug;G rpy fhyj;jpw;F

Kd;G ngUksT jhtuq;fisAk; kuq;fisAk; nfhz;l

tdg;Gkpf;f gpuNjrkhFk;.

i. ,q;F fhl;lg;gl;l NtWghLfSf;F fhuzfu;j;jhthf mike;jtu;

ahu;?

ii.,t; NtWghL nghJkf;fSf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ijg;gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb RUf;fkhd mwpf;if vOJf.

gapw;rpgapw;rpgapw;rpgapw;rpgapw;rp

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