Axion Supernova-scope

Natsumi Nagata

Based on S. Ge, K. Hamaguchi, K. Ichimura, K. Ishidoshiro, Y. Kanazawa, Y. Kishimoto, N. Nagata, J. Zheng, arXiv:2008.03924; to apper in JCAP.

University of Tokyo

KEK-PH DMOct. 13, 2020

AxionAxion is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson associated withan anomalous U(1) symmetry (Peccei-Quinn symmetry).

R. D Peccei and H. R. Quinn (1977); S. Weinberg (1978); F. Wilczek (1978).

Axion is a good candidate for dark matter.

Solution to the Strong CP problem.

Motivations

Interactions

Lint =1

faJµPQ@µa

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Mass

ma '⇤2QCD

fa

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: PQ currentJμPQ

: axion fielda

: QCD scaleΛQCD

: axion decay constant fa ( fa ≫ vEW)

Very weak interactions & small mass

Axion interactions

Famous viable models (invisible axion):

KSVZ model: J. E. Kim (1979); M. A. Shifman, A. I. Vainshtein, V. I. Zakharov (1980).

DFSZ model: A. R. Zhitnitsky (1980); M. Dine, W. Fischler, M. Srednicki (1981).

Axion-photon interaction<latexit sha1_base64="pOIG7k5z5NS5vwxMsq+k5rNT8s8=">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</latexit>

Lint =ga��4

aFµ⌫eFµ⌫

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ga�� ⌘ Ca��

fa

Axion-nucleon interaction<latexit sha1_base64="bncWi2c+J2iS84S2vYcsNkqac60=">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</latexit>

Lint =X

N=p,n

CN

2faN�µ�5N @µa

These coefficients are model-dependent.

ConstraintsAxion couplings are constrained by stellar cooling.

SN1987A

(KSVZ)fa ≳ 4 × 108 GeV P. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).

• Large theoretical uncertainty

• If SN1987A was a collapse-induced thermonuclear explosion, this limit may be gone.

N. Bar, K. Blum, and G. D’Amico, Phys. Rev. D 101, 123025, (2020).Neutron stars

K. Hamaguchi, N. Nagata, K. Yanagi, and J. Zheng, Phys. Rev. D98, 103015 (2018).

(KSVZ)fa ≳ 5 × 108 GeV

Uncertainty from atmosphere models.

[NS in Cas A]

Hints and new search methodThere are several hints for extra stellar cooling sources, which may be attributed to axion. WDs, RGB, HB, etc.

(DFSZ, tanβ = 10)fa = 7.7 × 107 GeV Without SN/NS limits.

M. Giannotti, I. G. Irastorza, J. Redondo, A. Ringwald, K. Saikawa, JCAP 1710, 010 (2017).

These stellar limits/hints are important but uncertain.

More direct way of probing axions from stellar objects?

Today’s topic

Supernova axion detection with an axion helioscopeIdea: G. G. Raffelt, J. Redondo, and N. Viaux Maira, Phys. Rev. D 84, 103008, (2011).

We evaluate its feasibility considering a realistic setup.

Nearby SN progenitor candidates

Spica (Virgo; 77 pc)

Spica

Antares (Scorpius; 170 pc)Betelgeuse (Orion; 222 pc)

AntaresBetelgeuse

Pictures from Wikipedia

These red/blue supergiantsmay explode in the near future.

August 25, 2020

Probably, the ejection of hot gases made the star look dimmer…

Nearby SN progenitor candidates

150± 120± 90± 60± 30± 0± 330± 300± 270± 240± 210±

RA-75°

-60°

-45°

-30°

-15°

0°

15°

30°

45°

60°

75°

Dec

Æ Sco

≤ PegÆ Ori

Æ Vir≥ Oph

Æ Lup

HIP Common Name Distance (pc) Mass (M�) RA (J2000) Dec (J2000)

65474 Spica/↵ Virginis 77(4) 11.43 ± 1.15 13:25:11.58 �11:09:40.881377 ⇣ Ophiuchi 112(3) 20.0 16:37:09.54 �10:34:01.571860 ↵ Lupi 142(3) 10.1 ± 1.0 14:41:55.76 �47:23:17.580763 Antares/↵ Scorpii 170(30) 11–14.3 16:29:24.46 �26:25:55.2107315 Enif/✏ Pegasi 211(8) 11.7(8) 21:44:11.16 +09:52:30.027989 Betelgeuse/↵ Orionis 222+48

�34 11.6+5.0�3.9 05:55:10.31 +07:24:25.4

M ≳ 10 M⊙ , d ≲ 250 pcPosition of SN progenitor candidates

d > 250 pc

There are quite a fewnearby SN candidates.

PreSN neutrino alarmWe can predict nearby SN explosion using preSN neutrinos.

Even before core collapse, many neutrinos are emitted from the progenitor.

These preSN neutrinos can be detected if .d ≲ 1 kpcKamLAND, SK/HK, JUNO, DUNE, etc.

Supernova Early Warning System (SNEWS)

Location of the source can also be estimated:H.-L. Li, et. al., JCAP 05, 049 (2020); M. Mukhopadhyay, et.al., APJ 899, 2, 153 (2020).

JUNO, O(1) hours before. ≃ 60∘

JUNO (Li loaded), O(1) hours before. ≃ 15∘

We may determine the exploding SN progenitor in advance.

Axion helioscope

Experiment (Proposed) site B (T) L (m) A (m2)

CAST CERN 9 9.3 2.9 ⇥ 10�3

BabyIAXO DESY ⇠ 2 10 0.77

IAXO baseline DESY ⇠ 2.5 20 2.3

IAXO+ DESY ⇠ 3.5 22 3.9

TASTE INR 3.5 12 0.28

For the detector of axions, we use axion helioscopes:

Past

Future

Designed to detect solar axions.

We can direct them at a SN in advance thanks to the preSN neutrino alert system.

Equipped with a X-ray detector. But…

Energy of SN axions = O(10) MeV γ-rays

B

a �

Detect this photon

Axion helioscope

Sun

X-ray opticsX-ray detector

Magnet coilB

“

axion

IAXO

Axion helioscope

Sun

“-ray detector

X-ray opticsX-ray detector

Magnet coilB

“

axion

We propose to install an additional γ-ray detector on the other end.

Axion SN-scopeSun

“-ray detector

X-ray opticsX-ray detector

Magnet coilB

“

axion

SN

“-ray detector

X-ray optics

X-ray detector

Magnet coilB

“

axion

Ordinary run

After pre-SN neutrino alert.

Turning around the helioscope, letting it be axion supernova-scope.

TimelineO(1) days—O(1) hours before core collapse

Pre-SN neutrino alert!

Axion SN-scope directed at a SN progenitor candidate.

Core-collapse

Axion emission (in ~ 10 seconds)

Observation time fraction

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Azimuth Ædet [±]

°80

°60

°40

°20

0

20

40

60

80

Alti

tude

µ[± ]

±det = 53.6± (DESY), µmax = 25±

Æ Vir≥ OphÆ LupÆ Sco≤ PegÆ Ori

�–(t)”det”SN

z (the Earth’s axis)

DetectorProgenitor

Probability of targeting a SN-scope at a nearby SN?

Maximum elevation

25°: IAXO

20°: TASTE

More than 50% probability (except α Lupi).

Another detector at a different point and/or a larger θmax allow full-time coverage.

Event number

10°2 10°1 100 101

10°11

10°10

10°9

10°8

10°7

SNscope @ IAXO

Betelgeuse-100

Betelgeuse-1

Spica-100

Spica-1

DFSZ

CAST

BabyIAXO

IAXO

KSVZ

Stellar

# of axions produced by SNis estimated according toP. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).

Event number is computed for KSVZwhile taking ma as a free parameter.

( : KSVZ values)CN, Caγγ

In the large mass region, SN-scope offers a better sensitivity than IAXO, thanks to higher energies of SN axions.

In the low mass region, the sensitivities of IAXO and SN-scope are comparable.

We may detect both solar and SN axions.

Background estimate

µ±

µ±

“

CsI

Bore

Pla

stic

Sci

ntill

ator

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Number of Hit Plate

4−10

3−10

2−10

1−10

1

Arbi

trary

Uni

t

A design for the γ-ray detector # of hits (energy deposit > 1 MeV)

90 MeV photon

Veto

0.5 GeV μ±

O(103) muons expected in ~ 10s.Photons stop in the detector, but muons penetrate it. Muons deposit larger energy than photons.

Background elimination is feasible!

Conclusion

• We discussed the prospect of detecting SN axions with SN-scope.

• With the help of pre-SN neutrino alarm, we can point a SN-scope at an exploding SN progenitor in advance.

• SN axion detection is a realistic and promising option for future axion helioscopes.

Backup

Strong CP problem

L✓ = ✓G↵s

8⇡GA

µ⌫eGAµ⌫ �

X

q

mq q✓qi�5q<latexit sha1_base64="w1d5CXKPpuGbKRvYAMH2GW0EMbE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="w1d5CXKPpuGbKRvYAMH2GW0EMbE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="w1d5CXKPpuGbKRvYAMH2GW0EMbE=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ImrlamSKlaTxrNWC3v5u8gnRGBI=">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</latexit>

eGAµ⌫ =

1

2✏µ⌫⇢�G

Aµ⌫

<latexit sha1_base64="ZgAUYuwAu/HAuqZ6IH5ybwadn6g=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ZgAUYuwAu/HAuqZ6IH5ybwadn6g=">AAACS3icbZDLSiQxFIZPteOtnXFaZ+kmTCPMSqpkYNwMo8xClwq2CqZtUqlT3cEkVSQppQn1XD7FPIALQRCcB3AnLkxfFt4OBH7+c37OyZeWUlgXx9dRY+bT7Nz8wmJz6fOX5a+tldUjW1SGY4cXsjAnKbMohcaOE07iSWmQqVTicXr+d9Q/vkBjRaEP3bDErmJ9LXLBmQtWr3VAL0WGTsgM/W595nfqnqeqorqqSfM3oblh3Ce136wJxdIKGULTAWoGBbWir1hNdkNyGuu12vFGPC7yXiRT0f5zC+Pa77XuaFbwSqF2XDJrT5O4dF3PjBNcYt2klcWS8XPWx9MgNVNou3789ZqsBycjeWHC046M3ZcJz5S1Q5WGScXcwL7tjcwPe6kKAF6tdvlW1wtdVg41n2zOK0lcQUZgSSYMcieHQTBuRDie8AEL+FzA3wxUkrcM3oujzY0k6IOf7e2tCR5YgDX4Dj8ggV+wDXuwDx3gcAU3cA//o3/RQ/QYPU1GG9E08w1eVWP2GTdptiE=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="ZgAUYuwAu/HAuqZ6IH5ybwadn6g=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="NG6sJ2+2Tem8Ga7+anpbZMuHrBA=">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</latexit>

These terms induce the neutron electric dipole moment:

The QCD Lagrangian contains the CP-violating terms:

dn = (2.4± 1.0)⇥ 10�16✓ e · cm

<latexit sha1_base64="/GEMk0zeJAJQPTdnh/lrKWM9Wd8=">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</latexit>

✓ = ✓G +X

q

✓q

<latexit sha1_base64="Wq9JrudFIfmkUS6GyUGFU8aFees=">AAACI3icbZBNSgNBEIVr/I3xL+rSTWMQFCHMSEA3YsCFLiMYIzhh6Ol0kibdM5PuGiEMOYOn8Ahu9QDuxI0LV17AI9hJFIz6oOHjVRVV/cJECoOu++pMTc/Mzs3nFvKLS8srq4W19UsTp5rxGotlrK9CargUEa+hQMmvEs2pCiWvh92TYb1+w7URcXSB/YQ3FG1HoiUYRWsFhV0/pDrzscORDsgRGVNwSvaIb1IV9L6dXlAouiV3JPIXvC8oHn/ASNWg8O43Y5YqHiGT1Jhrz02wkVGNgkk+yPup4QllXdrm1xYjqrhpZKMvDci2dZqkFWv7IiQj9+dERpUxfRXaTkWxY37Xhua/tVANyORqbB02MhElKfKIjTe3UkkwJsPASFNozlD2LVCmhT2esA7VlKGNNW9T8X5n8Bcu90teuVQ+LxcrlXE8kINN2IId8OAAKnAGVagBg1u4hwd4dO6cJ+fZeRm3TjlfMxswIeftE43cpSM=</latexit>

M. Pospelov and A. Ritz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 2526 (1999).

|dn| < 1.8⇥ 10�26 e · cm

<latexit sha1_base64="Dqx9yXa1t/kqdZ4rlh4FvlOCOew=">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</latexit>

Limit from nEDM collaboration

|✓| . 10�10

<latexit sha1_base64="JQLm342DTWlMb+VrJUG0eRrQ2ro=">AAACGnicbVDLSgNBEOz1bXxFPXoZDIIXw64E9GbAi0cFYwJuDLOTjhmc2V1meoWw7tWv8BO86gd4E69ePPsDfoKTxIOvgoaiqpvurihV0pLvv3kTk1PTM7Nz86WFxaXllfLq2plNMiOwIRKVmFbELSoZY4MkKWylBrmOFDajq8Oh37xGY2USn9Igxbbml7HsScHJSZ0yuwkjbvKQ+ki8uGGhQmut1CzwL/KdwC865Ypf9Udgf0nwRSoHHzDCcaf8HnYTkWmMSShu7Xngp9TOuSEpFBalMLOYcnHFL/Hc0ZhrtO189EnBtpzSZb3EuIqJjdTvEznX1g505Do1p7797Q3Ff71IF+znaurtt3MZpxlhLMabe5lilLBhTqwrDQpSA0e4MNIdz0SfGy7IpVlyqQS/M/hLznarQa1aO6lV6vVxPDAHG7AJ2xDAHtThCI6hAQJu4R4e4NG78568Z+9l3Drhfc2sww94r58IqaG/</latexit>

Why it should be so small??

Axion

PQ transformations

fa: axion decay constant

Low-energy effective Lagrangian

Axion is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson associated withan anomalous U(1) symmetry (Peccei-Quinn symmetry).

R. D Peccei and H. R. Quinn (1977); S. Weinberg (1978); F. Wilczek (1978).

Effective potential

V (a) ' 1

2T✓

a

fa+ ✓

◆2

<latexit sha1_base64="po1bk2NAt6km51OJWHXqrVCkSSQ=">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</latexit>

T ' ⇤4QCD

<latexit sha1_base64="22zS6y7tZ8919bFQN9o3ZuTFAi4=">AAACHnicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBKvgqsxIQXcW6sKFixb6gk4tmTRtQ5OZMckIZZgf8Cv8BLf6Ae7Era79AT/B9LGwrQcCh3Pu4d4cL+RMadv+slIrq2vrG+nNzNb2zu5edv+groJIElojAQ9k08OKcubTmmaa02YoKRYepw1vWBr7jQcqFQv8qh6FtC1w32c9RrA2Uid7gmKXYI6qCXIVE/Qeubcm3cWd2JUCVUrXyV2hk83ZeXsCtEycGcld/cAE5U722+0GJBLU14RjpVqOHep2jKVmhNMk40aKhpgMcZ+2DPWxoKodT36ToFOjdFEvkOb5Gk3Uv4kYC6VGwjOTAuuBWvTG4r+eJxI0v1r3Ltsx88NIU59MN/cijnSAxl2hLpOUaD4yBBPJzPGIDLDERJtGM6YVZ7GDZVI/zzuFfKFSyBWL03ogDUdwDGfgwAUU4QbKUAMCj/AML/BqPVlv1rv1MR1NWbPMIczB+vwF18ainw==</latexit>

: topological susceptibility

m2a =

Tf2a

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haifa

+ ✓ = 0

<latexit sha1_base64="CNKn8kSPpzt/QvNSjhHE9dHfPR4=">AAACKnicbVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1aWbYBEEocxIQTdiwY1LBauCU8qdNNMGM5khuSOUob/hV/gJbvUD3IlL/QA/wXTqwteBwMk593KSE2VKWvL9F29qemZ2br6yUF1cWl5Zra2tX9g0N1y0eapScxWhFUpq0SZJSlxlRmASKXEZ3RyP/ctbYaxM9TkNM9FJsK9lLDmSk7o1P4wN8iJUqPtKMGShKdmoiLs4YrssjNAUIQ0Euesh87u1ut/wS7C/JPgi9aMPKHHarb2FvZTnidDEFVp7HfgZdQo0JLnLqYa5FRnyG+yLa0c1JsJ2ivJnI7btlB6LU+OOJlaq3zcKTKwdJpGbTJAG9rc3Fv/1omTEfkZTfNAppM5yEppPkuNcMUrZuDfWk0ZwUkNHkBvpHs/4AF135NqtulaC3x38JRd7jaDZaJ41663WpB6owCZswQ4EsA8tOIFTaAOHO3iAR3jy7r1n78V7nYxOeV87G/AD3vsnFGGn8Q==</latexit>

AxionAxion is a Nambu-Goldstone boson associated withthe Peccei-Quinn symmetry. R. D Peccei and H. R. Quinn (1977);

S. Weinberg (1978); F. Wilczek (1978).Lagrangian

<latexit sha1_base64="dPIlnGvnrLIuW4SF2Inf5h7aGu8=">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</latexit>

Axion-nucleon couplings

<latexit sha1_base64="Y4Ukod2n5rA9K8UkBnflNajG/84=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="65iMCFR+fwu96Re61KtW1W3rfnU=">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</latexit>

Spin fractions

<latexit sha1_base64="m065z8YYiM0+7m9kbyWbYlSEpMg=">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</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="9kKRb+LQpUQ1eXDLhNLKkwcqjj4=">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</latexit>

Axion-nucleon couplings

Cp = − 0.47(3), Cn = − 0.02(3)

Note that Cn may be zero within uncertainty.

Cp = − 0.182(25) − 0.435 sin2 β

Cn = − 0.160(25) + 0.414 sin2 βBoth can be sizable.

<latexit sha1_base64="Y4Ukod2n5rA9K8UkBnflNajG/84=">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</latexit>

Axion-nucleon couplings are given as

KSVZ model: no direct coupling to quarks

DFSZ model: axion couples to quarks directly

Axion-photon couplingAxion-photon interaction

<latexit sha1_base64="pOIG7k5z5NS5vwxMsq+k5rNT8s8=">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</latexit>

Lint =ga��4

aFµ⌫eFµ⌫

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ga�� ⌘ Ca��

fa

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ga�� =↵

2⇡fa

E

N� 2

3

4md +mu

mu +md

�' ↵

2⇡fa

E

N� 2.0

�

KSVZ model: E/N = 0.

DFSZ model: E/N = 8/3.

Pre-supernova neutrinosPrior to core bounce, pre-supernova neutrinos are emittedfrom a core of a massive star.

- 9.5 - 8.5 - 7.5 - 6.5 - 5.5 - 4.5 - 3.5 - 2.5 - 1.5 - 0.5

1

10

100

1000

Time (in hrs )

N

D = 0.2 kpc

15 M!

30 M!

Normal Hierarchy

b)

Cumulative numbers of events at a 17 kt liquid scintillator (JUNO)

M. Mukhopadhyay, et.al., APJ 899, 2, 153 (2020).

Neutrino emissionThermal pair emission

Electron-positron pair annihilation: e+ + e− → ν + ν

Plasmon decay: γ* → ν + ν

Photo neutrino: e− + γ → e− + ν + ν

Bremsstrahlung: e− + (Z, A) → e− + (Z, A) + ν + ν

Nuclear weak interactionElectron capture: (Z, A) + e− → (Z − 1, A) + νe

β+ decay: (Z, A) → (Z − 1, A) + e+ + νe

Positron capture: (Z, A) + e+ → (Z + 1, A) + νe

β- decay: (Z, A) → (Z + 1, A) + e− + νe

Electron capture on free protons: p + e− → n + νe

Luminosity

1050

1052

1054

1056

10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

LN

! [s-1

]

time to core bounce [s]

total !etotal !-eECfree p"+

PC"-

pair

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

time to core bounce [s]

total !x+!-x

0.0

0.2

0.4

0 10 20

norm

aliz

ed s

pect

ra

E! [MeV]

t = 3.8#10-3

s

0.0

0.2

0.4

0 5 10 15E! [MeV]

t = 0.15 s

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0 4 8E! [MeV]

t = 400 sCore collapse K. Ishidoshiro, C. Kato, T. Yoshida, arXiv:2006.02519.

Energy spectrum1050

1052

1054

1056

10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106L

N

! [s-1

]time to core bounce [s]

total !etotal !-eECfree p"+

PC"-

pair

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

time to core bounce [s]

total !x+!-x

0.0

0.2

0.4

0 10 20

norm

aliz

ed s

pect

ra

E! [MeV]

t = 3.8#10-3

s

0.0

0.2

0.4

0 5 10 15E! [MeV]

t = 0.15 s

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0 4 8E! [MeV]

t = 400 s

K. Ishidoshiro, C. Kato, T. Yoshida, arXiv:2006.02519.

νe

νe

Difference between and is due to the Fermi degeneracyof electrons.

νe νe

Pre-supernova neutrinosUncertainty in the angular determination (Betelgeuse; 1 hour before)

LS68% CL90% CL

LS-Li68% CL90% CL

M. Mukhopadhyay, et.al., APJ 899, 2, 153 (2020).νe + p → n + e+

Observable time

Another detector at a different point and/or a larger θmax allow full-time coverage.

The longitudes of DESY and Tokyo differ by ~ 130°.

Axion emission rate

The rate of axion emission is<latexit sha1_base64="ZclcpE4ZUGN30jTe/jbxYDJYCyA=">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</latexit>

Na ' 2.2⇥ 1074 s�1 ⇥✓mN

fa

◆2

C2N,e↵

where<latexit sha1_base64="tee9K4Xf59avkks8mP64eCaqfH4=">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</latexit>

C2N,e↵ ⌘ C2

n + 0.61C2p + 0.53CnCp

P. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).

Axions are abundantly produced in ~ 10 sec after the bounceof a core-collapse SN.Bremsstrahlung

N + N′ → N + N′ + a

Axion spectrum

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

Medium corrections

OPE

Uniform Realistic

⟨ω⟩ ≃ 2.3T T ≃ 30 MeV

P. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).

Axion conversion rateAxion-photon conversion probability inside a helioscope:

<latexit sha1_base64="FBr/HzOrgSg0i4m+bsziwXtkR1M=">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</latexit>

P (a ! �) =1

4(ga��BL)2

✓sin(qL/2)

qL/2

◆2

where <latexit sha1_base64="h7zHU2qypXG8Hs1TszzFMvyTxGk=">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</latexit>

q =m2

a

2!a: axion massma : axion energyωa

<latexit sha1_base64="a7K1PeWEgGRojZMaZruMZ2g59Bc=">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</latexit>

qL ⌧ 1<latexit sha1_base64="t8Vebn6uOME4K1jRj8b2ozKm/WM=">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</latexit>

P (a ! �) ' 1

4(ga��BL)2 (coherence)∝ L2

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ma .r

2!a

L

Number of events<latexit sha1_base64="z/m4762aCNZuEUAsefKHMOyoYko=">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</latexit>

N ' P (a ! �)NaA

4⇡d2�t

' 1.0⇥✓

A

2.3m2

◆✓B

2.5T

◆2 ✓ L

20m

◆2

⇥✓150 pc

d

◆2 ✓ T

30MeV

◆5/2 ✓ �t

10 s

◆

⇥✓

Ca��

0.0023

◆2 ✓3⇥ 108 GeV

fa

◆4 ✓CN,e↵

0.37

◆2

,

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(ma ⌧p

2!a/L)

A: cross sectional aread: distance to the progenitor

Event number (IAXO+)

10°2 10°1 100 101

10°11

10°10

10°9

10°8

10°7

SNscope @ IAXO+

Betelgeuse-100

Betelgeuse-1

Spica-100

Spica-1

CAST

BabyIAXO

IAXO+

KSVZ

DFSZ

Stellar

S. Ge, K. Hamaguchi, K. Ichimura, K. Ishidoshiro, Y. Kanazawa, Y. Kishimoto, N. Nagata, J. Zheng, arXiv:2008.03924.

# of axions produced by SNis estimated according toP. Carenza, et al., JCAP 1910, 016 (2019).

Event number is computed for KSVZwhile taking ma as a free parameter.

( : KSVZ values)CN, Caγγ

Event number

10°10 10°9 10°8 10°7

10°12

10°11

10°10

10°9

SN

Cas

A

HESS

SNscope @ IAXO

CAST

BabyIAXO

IAXO

KSVZ

DFSZ

Betelgeuse-100Betelgeuse-1

Spica-100

Spica-1

Stellar

ma = 10−3 eV

S. Ge, K. Hamaguchi, K. Ichimura, K. Ishidoshiro, Y. Kanazawa, Y. Kishimoto, N. Nagata, J. Zheng, arXiv:2008.03924.

Astrophysical limits (KSVZ)

Event number vs SN1987A limit

1 5 10

108

109

Spica-1

Spica-100

Betelgeuse-1

Betelgeuse-10

0

SN198

7A

Cerr ≡·Ntrue·Ncalc

Parametrize the uncertainty inthe axion flux by

true value·Ntrue :

computed value·Ncalc :

For the SN1987A bound, fa ∝ C1/2err

KSVZ

For a given number of events, fa ∝ C1/4err

Total energy deposit

0 50 100 150 200 250 300Total Deposit Energy [MeV]

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Arbi

trary

Uni

t

30 MeV

60 MeV90 MeV

γ-rays μ±

0.5 GeV

4 GeV

Photons deposit most of their energy in the detector.Muons deposit larger energy than photons.

SN1987A bound?

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Kamiokande

IMB

Baksan

PNS

+ accretion?

BH?

accretion disk?

N. Bar, K. Blum, and G. D’Amico, Phys. Rev. D 101, 123025, (2020).

Axions do not affect the neutrino emission from accretion disk.

SN1987A bound is absent in this case.

Cooling curves vs data

As strong as the SN1987A bound.

Our limit

fa ≳ 5 (7) × 108 GeVKSVZ (DFSZ, tanβ = 10)

Cf.) SN1987A

fa ≳ 4 × 108 GeV (KSVZ)

K. Hamaguchi, N. Nagata, K. Yanagi, and J. Zheng, Phys. Rev. D98, 103015 (2018).

Now we try to fit the data with varying the neutron triplet gap.

PDG 2019

XMMU J173203.3-344518XMMU J173203.3-344518

NS in the center of the supernova remnant G353.6-0.7.

Hottest NS among those with weak magnetic fields.

D. Klochkov, et. al., Astron. Astrophys. 573, A53 (2015).

Approximately 27000 yrsW. W. Tian, et. al., Astrophys. J. 679, L85 (2008).

To explain this temperature, we need

fa > 1.7 × 109 GeV : DFSZ

fa > 6.7 × 107 GeV : KSVZ

M. V. Beznogov, et. al., Phys. Rev. C 98, 035802 (2018).

See also L. B. Leison, arXiv:1909.03941.