B. R.B. R. NAIDU, ZONALNAIDU, ZONAL OFFICEROFFICERCENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDCENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARDWESTERN ZONAL OFFICE, VADODARAWESTERN ZONAL OFFICE, VADODARA

Location Criteria: Hazardous waste landfills shall not be located within a certaindistance of the following

Lake or Pond – 200 m away River – 100 m away Flood Plain – 100 year flood plain Highway – 500 m away Habitation – 500 m away from habitat area Public Parks – 500 m away Critical Habitat Area – (including reserve forest) Wetlands – No landfill in wetland area Airports – Zone notified by regulatory authority Water supply well – 500 m away Coastal Regulation Zone - No landfill Groundwater Table - Water table 2 m below Any exceptions from above permission to be obtained from SPCBs/PCCs

CRITERIA FOR HAZARDOUSCRITERIA FOR HAZARDOUS WASTEWASTE LANDFILLLANDFILLLocation Criteria: Hazardous waste landfills shall not be located within a certain

distance of the following Lake or Pond – 200 m away River – 100 m away Flood Plain – 100 year flood plain Highway – 500 m away Habitation – 500 m away from habitat area Public Parks – 500 m away Critical Habitat Area – (including reserve forest) Wetlands – No landfill in wetland area Airports – Zone notified by regulatory authority Water supply well – 500 m away Coastal Regulation Zone - No landfill Groundwater Table - Water table 2 m below Any exceptions from above permission to be obtained from SPCBs/PCCs

Site selection criteria: Hazardous waste landfills should preferably be locatedin area as given below

Low population density

Low alternative land use value

Low groundwater contamination potential

High clay content in the sub-soil

Earmarking a ‘search area’ taking into account the location of the wastegeneration units and a ‘search radius’ (typically 5 to 250 km), to minimizethe no. of HW landfills in any region or state.

Low population density

Low alternative land use value

Low groundwater contamination potential

High clay content in the sub-soil

Earmarking a ‘search area’ taking into account the location of the wastegeneration units and a ‘search radius’ (typically 5 to 250 km), to minimizethe no. of HW landfills in any region or state.

Site selection criteria: The following preliminary data should be availablewith the Hazardous waste landfill operator Topographic maps Soil maps Land use plans Transportation mapsWater use plans Flood plain maps Geologic maps Aerial photographs/satellite imagery Groundwater maps Rainfall dataWind map Seismic data Establishment of ground truths Preliminary boreholes, Geophysical Investigation

Topographic maps Soil maps Land use plans Transportation mapsWater use plans Flood plain maps Geologic maps Aerial photographs/satellite imagery Groundwater maps Rainfall dataWind map Seismic data Establishment of ground truths Preliminary boreholes, Geophysical Investigation

Site investigation criteria:

Sub soil investigation

Ground water-hydrogeological investigation

Topographical investigation

Hydrological investigation

Geological investigation

Site investigation criteria:

Sub soil investigation

Ground water-hydrogeological investigation

Topographical investigation

Hydrological investigation

Geological investigation

Planning and design criteria: Essential components - A hazardous wastelandfill shall have the following seven essential components

Liner system at the base and sides of landfill

A leachate collection and treatment facility

A gas collection and treatment facility (optional)

A final cover system at the top of landfill

A surface water drainage system

Environmental monitoring system - analysis of air, surface water, soil-gas, groundwater

Closure and post-closure plan

Planning and design criteria: Essential components - A hazardous wastelandfill shall have the following seven essential components

Liner system at the base and sides of landfill

A leachate collection and treatment facility

A gas collection and treatment facility (optional)

A final cover system at the top of landfill

A surface water drainage system

Environmental monitoring system - analysis of air, surface water, soil-gas, groundwater

Closure and post-closure plan

Planning and design criteria: Design life A landfill design life will comprise of an ‘active’ period: typically 10 to 25

years and an ‘closure and post-closure’ period: landfill will be monitored &maintained for 30 years after active period is completed.

Planning and design criteria: Waste volume, waste compatibility & landfillcapacity The volume of waste to ne placed in a landfill will be computed for the

‘active’ period by taking into account: current generation of waste perannum and anticipated increase in rate of waste generation on the basis ofpast records.

A landfill will comprise of separate ‘units’ for compatible & in-compatiblewastes.

The actual capacity of each landfill unit will be computed by taking intoaccount; volume occupied by liner system, cover material and compacteddensity of the waste. Also, overburden stress and bio-degradation (if any)shall also be taken into account.

Planning and design criteria: Design life A landfill design life will comprise of an ‘active’ period: typically 10 to 25

years and an ‘closure and post-closure’ period: landfill will be monitored &maintained for 30 years after active period is completed.

Planning and design criteria: Waste volume, waste compatibility & landfillcapacity The volume of waste to ne placed in a landfill will be computed for the

‘active’ period by taking into account: current generation of waste perannum and anticipated increase in rate of waste generation on the basis ofpast records.

A landfill will comprise of separate ‘units’ for compatible & in-compatiblewastes.

The actual capacity of each landfill unit will be computed by taking intoaccount; volume occupied by liner system, cover material and compacteddensity of the waste. Also, overburden stress and bio-degradation (if any)shall also be taken into account.

The total landfill area should be computed on basis of design height oflandfill (between 5 to 20 m), app. 15 to 20% more area of landfilling shouldbe adopted to accommodate all infrastructure & support facilities as wellas for green belt development. This additional area shall be computedseparately and may be as high as 30% of total area in case of small tomedium landfills.

There is no standard method for classifying landfills by their capacity,following nomenclature is often observed in literature.

The total landfill area should be computed on basis of design height oflandfill (between 5 to 20 m), app. 15 to 20% more area of landfilling shouldbe adopted to accommodate all infrastructure & support facilities as wellas for green belt development. This additional area shall be computedseparately and may be as high as 30% of total area in case of small tomedium landfills.

There is no standard method for classifying landfills by their capacity,following nomenclature is often observed in literature.

Small size landfill < 5 Ha

Medium size landfill 5 to 20 Ha

Large size landfill > 20 Ha

Planning and design criteria: Landfill layout - The following facilities must belocated in the landfill layout

Equipment shelters

Weighing scales

Location of waste inspection facility

Temporary waste storage sites

Areas for stockpiling cover and liner material

Location of surface water drainage facilities

Location of gas management facilities

Location of monitoring wells

Emergency exit.

Planning and design criteria: Landfill layout - The following facilities must belocated in the landfill layout

Equipment shelters

Weighing scales

Location of waste inspection facility

Temporary waste storage sites

Areas for stockpiling cover and liner material

Location of surface water drainage facilities

Location of gas management facilities

Location of monitoring wells

Emergency exit.

Planning and design criteria: Landfill section

Planning and design criteria: Phased operation

Planning and design criteria: Estimation of leachate quantity

Planning and design criteria: Liner system

Planning and design criteria: Leachate drainage, collection & removal

Planning and design criteria: Leachate management

Planning and design criteria: Gaseous emission management

Planning and design criteria: Final cover system

Planning and design criteria: Surface water drainage system

Planning and design criteria: Base & slope stability and sesmic aspects

Planning and design criteria: Material balance

Planning and design criteria: Landfill section

Planning and design criteria: Phased operation

Planning and design criteria: Estimation of leachate quantity

Planning and design criteria: Liner system

Planning and design criteria: Leachate drainage, collection & removal

Planning and design criteria: Leachate management

Planning and design criteria: Gaseous emission management

Planning and design criteria: Final cover system

Planning and design criteria: Surface water drainage system

Planning and design criteria: Base & slope stability and sesmic aspects

Planning and design criteria: Material balance

Planning and design criteria: Site infrastructure - A hazardous waste landfillshould have the following minimum infrastructure

Site entrance and fencing

Administrative and site control offices

Access roads

Waste inspection and sampling facility

Equipment workshops and garages

Signs and directions

Water supply

Lighting

Vehicle cleaning facility

Fire fighting equipment

Planning and design criteria: Site infrastructure - A hazardous waste landfillshould have the following minimum infrastructure

Site entrance and fencing

Administrative and site control offices

Access roads

Waste inspection and sampling facility

Equipment workshops and garages

Signs and directions

Water supply

Lighting

Vehicle cleaning facility

Fire fighting equipment

Planning and design criteria: The environmental monitoring system On and within landfill

The unsaturated zone (vadose zone) beneath and around the landfill

Groundwater (saturated zone) beneath and around landfill

Atmosphere/local air - above and around landfill

Planning and design criteria: Closure & post-closure maintenance plan

Waste acceptance criteriaManifest. Bulk or non-containerised liquid HW or slurry-type HW containing free

liquid, not de-watered shouldn’t be accepted. Incinerable HW. Incompatible HW. Extremely HW eg. Radioactive wastes.

Planning and design criteria: The environmental monitoring system On and within landfill

The unsaturated zone (vadose zone) beneath and around the landfill

Groundwater (saturated zone) beneath and around landfill

Atmosphere/local air - above and around landfill

Planning and design criteria: Closure & post-closure maintenance plan

Waste acceptance criteriaManifest. Bulk or non-containerised liquid HW or slurry-type HW containing free

liquid, not de-watered shouldn’t be accepted. Incinerable HW. Incompatible HW. Extremely HW eg. Radioactive wastes.

Landfill liner & cover criteria: Liner system - A liner system should include thefollowing components (waste downwards)

Leachate collection layer of thickness 30 cm A HDPE geo-membrane of 1.5 mm thickness A compacted clay layer of 150 cm thickness

Double composite liner system in regions where rainfall is high and/or subsoil ishighly permeable and/or the water table is within 2.0 m to 6.0 m beneath thebase of the landfill.

Primary leachate collection layer of 30 cm A HDPE geo-membrane of 1.5 mm Compacted clay of thickness 45 cm Secondary leachate layer of thickness 30 cm A HDPE geo-membrane of 1.5 mm A compacted clay layer of thickness 45 cm

Landfill liner & cover criteria: Liner system - A liner system should include thefollowing components (waste downwards)

Leachate collection layer of thickness 30 cm A HDPE geo-membrane of 1.5 mm thickness A compacted clay layer of 150 cm thickness

Double composite liner system in regions where rainfall is high and/or subsoil ishighly permeable and/or the water table is within 2.0 m to 6.0 m beneath thebase of the landfill.

Primary leachate collection layer of 30 cm A HDPE geo-membrane of 1.5 mm Compacted clay of thickness 45 cm Secondary leachate layer of thickness 30 cm A HDPE geo-membrane of 1.5 mm A compacted clay layer of thickness 45 cm

Landfill liner & cover criteria: Liner systemA cover system shall be designed, constructed and installed to satisfy thefollowing. Prevent infiltration of precipitation into closed landfill Promote drainage of surface water accumulated on the cover, minimise

erosion of the cover etc.

Minimum specification of the cover system:

A surface soil layer of local top soil, which supports self sustainingvegetation, thickness not less than 60 cm.

A drainage layer of thickness 30 cm or more, having a coe. of permeabilityin excess of 10-2 cm/sec.

A HDPE geo-membrane of thickness 1.5 mm or more. A compacted clay layer of thickness 60 cm or more, having a coe. of

permeability in excess of 10-7 cm/sec.

Landfill liner & cover criteria: Liner systemA cover system shall be designed, constructed and installed to satisfy thefollowing. Prevent infiltration of precipitation into closed landfill Promote drainage of surface water accumulated on the cover, minimise

erosion of the cover etc.

Minimum specification of the cover system:

A surface soil layer of local top soil, which supports self sustainingvegetation, thickness not less than 60 cm.

A drainage layer of thickness 30 cm or more, having a coe. of permeabilityin excess of 10-2 cm/sec.

A HDPE geo-membrane of thickness 1.5 mm or more. A compacted clay layer of thickness 60 cm or more, having a coe. of

permeability in excess of 10-7 cm/sec.

Constructional and operational criteria

Site development Site procedures: Record keeping & waste inspection Phase development Phase operation Pollution prevention and safety during operation Phase closure Landfill closure Post closure vegetative stabilization

Inspection, monitoring and record keeping criteria

Financial assurance criteria

Constructional and operational criteria

Site development Site procedures: Record keeping & waste inspection Phase development Phase operation Pollution prevention and safety during operation Phase closure Landfill closure Post closure vegetative stabilization

Inspection, monitoring and record keeping criteria

Financial assurance criteria

TYPICAL SECTION OF A DOUBLE LINED SECURED LANDFILL

Thermal oxidation through incinerator is one of the proven technologiesfor destruction of HW in all the forms, based on feeding system, so as torender them innocuous in the form of non-toxic and non-hazardousresidues.

The common HWI facilities are, in principle, expected to handle the HW inall forms having high degree of variation in respect of characteristics due todifferent nature of member industries.

This will have direct bearing on efficacy of combustion system and APCDs.

The various concerned components of CHWIF include; proper transpirationof HW, storage of HW, analytical laboratory facilities, feeding mechanism,,incineration system - rotary kiln & post combustion chamber, plasmagasification, flue gas cleaning system, tail gas monitoring facilities, ash/slagmanagement, scrubber bleed liquor management and measures for healthprotection of workers.

CRITERIA FOR INCINERATION FACILITY

Thermal oxidation through incinerator is one of the proven technologiesfor destruction of HW in all the forms, based on feeding system, so as torender them innocuous in the form of non-toxic and non-hazardousresidues.

The common HWI facilities are, in principle, expected to handle the HW inall forms having high degree of variation in respect of characteristics due todifferent nature of member industries.

This will have direct bearing on efficacy of combustion system and APCDs.

The various concerned components of CHWIF include; proper transpirationof HW, storage of HW, analytical laboratory facilities, feeding mechanism,,incineration system - rotary kiln & post combustion chamber, plasmagasification, flue gas cleaning system, tail gas monitoring facilities, ash/slagmanagement, scrubber bleed liquor management and measures for healthprotection of workers.

a. Flammable, ignitable, reactive and non-compatible wastes should be storedseparately and never should be stored in the same storage shed.

b. Storage area may consist of different sheds for storing different kinds ofincinerable hazardous wastes and sheds should be provided with suitableopenings.

c. Adequate storage capacity (i.e. 50 % of the annual capacity of the hazardouswaste incinerator) should be provided in the premises.

d. Storage area should be designed to withstand the load of material stockedand any damage from the material spillage.

CRITERIA FOR STORAGE AND HANDLING OF INCINERABLE HAZARDOUS WASTES

STORAGE AREA (STORAGE SHED)

d. Storage area should be designed to withstand the load of material stockedand any damage from the material spillage.

e. Storage area should be provided with the flameproof electrical fittings and itshould be strictly adhered to.

f. Automatic smoke, heat detection system should be provided in the sheds.Adequate fire fighting systems should be provided for the storage area, alongwith the areas in the facility.

g. There should be at least 15 m distance between the storage sheds.

h. Loading and unloading of wastes in storage sheds should only be done underthe supervision of the well trained and experienced staff.

i. Fire break of at least 04 meter between two blocks of stacked drums shouldbe provided in the storage shed. One block of drum should not exceed 300MT of waste.

j. Minimum of 1 meter clear space should be left between two adjacent rowsof drums in pair for inspection.

k. The storage and handling should have at least two routes to escape in theevent of any fire in the area.

l. Doors and approaches of the storage area should be of suitable sizes forentry of fork lift and fire fighting equipment;

l. Doors and approaches of the storage area should be of suitable sizes forentry of fork lift and fire fighting equipment;

m. The exhaust of the vehicles used for the purpose of handling, lifting andtransportation within the facility such as forklifts or trucks should be fittedwith the approved type of spark arrester.

n. In order to have appropriate measures to prevent percolation of spills, leaksetc. to the soil and ground water, the storage area should be provided withconcrete floor or steel sheet depending on the characteristics of wastehandled and the floor must be structurally sound and chemically compatiblewith wastes.

Smoke detectors

o. Measures should be taken to prevent entry of runoff into the storage area.The Storage area shall be designed in such a way that the floor level is atleast 150 mm above the maximum flood level.

p. The storage area floor should be provided with secondary containmentsuch as proper slopes as well as collection pit so as to collect wash waterand the leakages/spills etc.

q. All the storage yards should be provided with proper peripheral drainagesystem connected with the sump so as to collect any accidental spills inroads or within the storage yards as well as accidental flow due to firefighting.

All the storage yards should be provided with proper peripheral drainagesystem connected with the sump so as to collect any accidental spills inroads or within the storage yards as well as accidental flow due to firefighting.

STORAGE DRUMS/CONTAINERS

a. The container shall be made or lined with the suitable material, which willnot react with, or in other words compatible with the hazardous wastesproposed to be stored.

b. The stacking of drums in the storage area should be restricted to three highon pallets (wooden frames). Necessary precautionary measures should betaken so as to avoid stack collapse. However, for waste having flash pointless than 65.5O C, the drums should not be stacked more than one height.

c. No drums should be opened in the storage sheds for sampling etc. and suchactivity should be done in designated places out side the storage areas.

d. Drums containing wastes stored in the storage area should be labeledproperly indicating mainly type, quantity, characteristics, source and date ofstoring etc.

SPILLAGE/LEAKAGE CONTROL MEASURES

a. The storage areas should be inspected daily for detecting any signs of leaksor deterioration if any. Leaking or deteriorated containers should beremoved and ensured that such contents are transferred to a soundcontainer.

a. The storage areas should be inspected daily for detecting any signs of leaksor deterioration if any. Leaking or deteriorated containers should beremoved and ensured that such contents are transferred to a soundcontainer.

b. Incase of spills / leaks/dry adsorbents/cotton should be used for cleaninginstead of water.

c. Proper slope with collection pits be provided in the storage area so as tocollect the spills/leakages.

d. Storage areas should be provided with adequate number of spill kits atsuitable locations. The spill kits should be provided with compatible sorbentmaterial in adequate quantity.

RECORD KEEPING AND MAINTENANCEa. Proper records with regard to the industry –wise type of waste received,

characteristics as well as the location of the wastes that have been storedin the facility need to be maintained.

HAZARD ANALYSIS AND SAFETY AUDITa. For every incinerator facility, a preliminary hazard analysis should be

conducted. Safety Audit internally by the Operator every year & externallyonce in two years by a reputed expert agency should be carried out andsame should be submitted to the SPCB/PCC. Such conditions should bestipulated by SPCBs while granting authorization under Hazardous Waste(Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 to theincinerator operators.

For every incinerator facility, a preliminary hazard analysis should beconducted. Safety Audit internally by the Operator every year & externallyonce in two years by a reputed expert agency should be carried out andsame should be submitted to the SPCB/PCC. Such conditions should bestipulated by SPCBs while granting authorization under Hazardous Waste(Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 to theincinerator operators.

MISCELLANEOUSa. Smoking shall be prohibited in and around the storage areas.b. Good house keeping need to be maintained around the storage areas.c. Signboards showing precautionary measures to be taken, in case of normal

and emergency situations should be displayed at appropriate locations.

d. To the extent possible, manual operations with in storage area are to beavoided. Incase of manual operation, proper precautions need to be taken,particularly during loading / unloading of liquid hazardous waste in drums.

e. Smoking shall be prohibited in and around the storage areas.

f. Good house keeping need to be maintained around the storage areas.

g. Signboards showing precautionary measures to be taken, in case of normaland emergency situations should be displayed at appropriate locations.Signboards showing precautionary measures to be taken, in case of normaland emergency situations should be displayed at appropriate locations.

h. To the extent possible, manual operations with in storage area are to beavoided. Incase of manual operation, proper precautions need to be taken,particularly during loading / unloading of liquid hazardous waste in drums.

i. Smoking shall be prohibited in and around the storage areas;

j. Good house keeping need to be maintained around the storage areas.

k. Signboards showing precautionary measures to be taken, in case of normaland emergency situations should be displayed at appropriate locations.

ANALYTICAL LABORATORY

WASTE FEEDING MECHANISMS

COMBUSTION CHAMBERS (ROTARY KILN & SECONDARY COMBUSTION

CHAMBER)

POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES

MONITORING AND ONLINE DISPLAY REQUIREMENTS

ASH/SLAG MANAGEMENT

SCRUBBER BLEED LIQUOR MANAGEMENT

ANALYTICAL LABORATORY

WASTE FEEDING MECHANISMS

COMBUSTION CHAMBERS (ROTARY KILN & SECONDARY COMBUSTION

CHAMBER)

POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES

MONITORING AND ONLINE DISPLAY REQUIREMENTS

ASH/SLAG MANAGEMENT

SCRUBBER BLEED LIQUOR MANAGEMENT

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