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Phn 1:

Bo co thc tp cng ty VISSAN GVHD: Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

B Cng Thng

Trng i hc Cng Nghip Tp H Ch Minh

Vin Cng ngh sinh hc v Thc phm

...........(((...........

Bo Co Thc Tp Tt NghipTM HIU QUY TRNH SN XUT

HP HEO HM

TI CNG TY VISSANGVHD : NGUYN HUNH NH THUNSVTH : PHAN TRNG HNGLp : HTP 6BMSSV : 10060991 TP HCM, thng 5 - 2015LI CM N

Li u tin em xin c gi li cm n chn thnh n Ban lnh o Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Vit Nam k ngh sc sn (VISSAN) to iu kin cho em c thc tp ti phng Qun L Cht Lng Sn Phm. Ngoi ra em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n ch Lm Bo Nh to iu kin cho em hon thnh thi gian thc tp ti cng ty. Sau hn mt thng thc tp ti cng ty, tuy thi gian khng nhiu nhng nh s ch dn tn tnh ca cc c ch, anh ch trong xng ch bin, em c hc hi thm nhiu t thc t cng vic, v cng ty, v cc cng on, quy trnh ch bin cng nh cc sn phmEm xin chn thnh cm n Thy Nguyn Hunh nh Thun, ging vin Vin Cng ngh sinh hc v Thc phm, trng i hc Cng Nghip Tp HCM tn tm truyn t kin thc v du dt em trong thi gian qua, gip em trang b y nhng kin thc cn thit thm nhp thc t.

Cui cng, em xin gi li cm n n ton th Ban qun c, cc b phn, phng ban, cc c ch, anh ch cng nhn vin ca cng ty tn tnh gip , ch dn chi tit cho em trong tng cng on ca qu trnh sn xut sn phm hp heo hm.

V thi gian thc tp hn ch v kin thc ca bn thn cn hn hp, bi bo co ny s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st c v ni dung ln hnh thc. Knh mong thy c, cc c ch v anh ch s gp v ch bo bi bo co ca em c hon chnh hn.

Em xin trn trng cm n v xin knh chc qu thy c cng cc c ch, anh ch cng nhn vin cng ty VISSAN lun di do sc kho v gt hi c nhiu thnh cng tt p trong cng tc ni ring v trong cuc sng ni chung.

Sinh vin thc tp

Phan Trng HngNhn Xt Ca n V Thc TpH v tn sinh vin: Phan Trng Hng MSSV: 10060991 Khoa: Vin Cng Ngh Sinh Hc V Thc Phm

Trng: i Hc Cng Nghip Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

Thc tp ti: CNG TY VIT NAM K NGH SC SN (VISSAN)Thi gian thc tp: 01/04/2015 30/04/2015Cn b hng dn thc tp: .......................................................................................Ni dung thc tp: Tm Hiu Quy Trnh Sn Xut Hp Heo HmNhn xt ca cn b hng dn:

Xc nhn ca n v thc tp

Cn b hng dn Nhn Xt Ca Gio Vin Hng Dn

Xc nhn ca GV hng dn TP.HCM, ngy ..........thng..........nm 2015Mc Lc

1Phn 1

2Chng 1: Tng Quan V Cng Ty

21.Lch s hnh thnh

42.Xu hng pht trin v kinh doanh

42.1.Phng thc mua bn

52.2.Lnh vc hot ng

62.3. Nng lc sn xut

62.3.1.Quy m trang thit b, dy chuyn sn xut

82.3.2.V vn chuyn

82.3.3.V lao ng

82.4.Mng li kinh doanh

82.5. Th trng tiu th

92.5.1. Th trng trong nc

92.5.2.Xut khu

102.5.3.Nhp khu

102.6. Phng thc cng c v pht trin cng ty

113. S b tr mt bng

14Chng 2: S T Chc Cng Ty

141.S t chc, b tr nhn s

141.1.Ban Tng Gim c

151.2. Cc phng ban

172. Cc phn xng trc thuc cng ty

172.1. Khu tn tr th sng

172.2.Phn xng git m

172.3.Xng ch bin

192.5. B tr nhn s trong xng ch bin

20Chng 3: Cc Sn Phm Ca Cng Ty

201.Sn phm ti sng

212.Sn phm ch bin mt hng kh

213.Hng ng lnh

23Phn 2

241.Lch s pht trin

242. a dng th trng hp v ngha

253. Phn loi hp theo thnh phn nguyn liu

254. Bao b trong sn xut hp

265. Cc dng h hng trong hp

286. Cch x l hp b h hng

29Phn 3

30Chng 1: Tm Hiu V Nguyn Liu

301.Nguyn liu chnh: Tht heo

301.1. Gii thiu v tht heo

301.2.1. Phn loi tht

311.2.2. Vai tr ca tht

312. Gia v, ph gia

312.1.Hnh tm

312.2.Ti

322.3.ng

322.4.Bt ngt

332.5.Nc mm

332.6.Mui n ( NaCl)

332.7.Mui nitrit, nitrat

352.8.Polyphosphat

353. Cc tnh cht ca nguyn liu tht

353.1. Cu trc sinh hc ca tht

393.4. Thnh phn dinh dng ca tht heo

393.5. Cc bin i sinh l, sinh ho ca tht

403.6. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca tht

413.7. iu kin bo qun ca tht

42Chng 2: Kho St Quy Trnh Sn Xut

421.Quy trnh sn xut:

432. Thuyt minh quy trnh

432.1. Nguyn liu

442.2. Ct tht

442.3. p massage

442.4. Vo hp

452.5. Rt dch, bi kh ghp m

462.6. Tit trng

472.7. Lm ngui, lau kh, phun date :

472.8. Bo n, kim tra:

472.9. Hon thin :

52Chng 3: Kho St Cc Thit B Chnh Trong Quy Trnh Sn Xut

521.My cht tht

532.My massage tht

543.My ra lon

554.Ni nu nc chm

565.My ghp np

576.H thng tit trng

607.My phun date

618.My dn nhn

629.My bao mng co

631.Cc vn vi sinh trong thc phm

631.1. Ng c thc phm

641.2. Vi sinh vt gy bnh trong thc phm

641.2.1. Samonella

641. 2.2. Staphylococus aureus

641.2.3. E.coli

641.2.4. Coliforms

652.Cc phng php nh gi cht lng thc phm

652.1. Kim tra cm quan v nguyn liu v sn phm

652. Kim tra ch tiu sinh ho

652.3. Kim tra cc ch tiu vi sinh trong sn phm

652.4. Tiu chun sn phm

673.Ghi nhn, bao gi, vn chuyn, bo qun sn phm

683.1. Ghi nhn

683.2.Bao gi

683.3.Vn chuyn

683.4.Bo qun

69Phn 4

701.S x l nc thi ca nh my

722. X l ph thi

723. V sinh phn xng sn xut

724. V sinh cng nhn

736. V sinh o qun bo h lao ng

747. V sinh dng c v bn gh

748. V sinh sn nh v tng vch trong xng ch bin

749. V sinh trong lc ch bin

7410. V sinh tn tr

7511. V sinh vn chuyn

76Phn 5

771.Kt lun

772.Kin ngh

78Ti liu tham kho

Phn 1Tng QuanVCng Ty VISSANChng 1: Tng Quan V Cng Ty

1. Lch s hnh thnhTn giao dch nc ngoi: VISSAN LIMITED COMPANY

Tn vit tt: VISSAN

Tng gim c: Vn c MiS ti khon: 102010000150518 ti Ngn Hng Cng Thng, Chi Nhnh 7 - Tp. HCM - Vit Nama ch: 420 N Trang Long, Phng 13, Qun Bnh Thnh, Thnh ph H Ch MinhLogo hin nay ca cng ty l 3 bng mai vng : in thoi: (84 8) 35533 999 35533888Fax: (84 8) 35533 939Email: [email protected], [email protected]: www.vissan.com.vnTin thn ca cng ty VISSAN l l st sinh Tn Tin c chnh quyn Si Gn c t vin vng xy dng u tin vo ngy 20/11/1970 v khnh thnh vo ngy 18/05/1974. Tuy nhin, n ngy 04/07/1974 mi chnh thc i vo hot ng. Ton b quy m nh xng c xy dng trn din tch 20 ha, to lc trn mt c lao, cch trung tm Si Gn 7 km v pha Bc qun Bnh Thnh. Cng ty c nhiu thun li vi giao thng ng thy, ng b. Nhim v ch yu ca cng ty l thu mua tru b, heo v t chc git m vi dy chuyn hin i ca c, cung cp thc phm cho Si Gn v cho ton Min Nam. Sau khi Min Nam hon ton gii phng, theo quyt nh s 143/TC-Q, ngy 16/03/1976 l st sinh Tn Tin c i tn thnh CNG TY THC PHM 1, cng ty l loi hnh doanh nghip Nh nc chuyn kinh doanh hng thc phm, c php hch ton kinh t c lp. Hot ng chnh ca cng ty l thu mua tru b, heo git m v ch bin d tr, t chc mua bn v ci to ngnh hng theo hng quc doanh ho. Trong giai on ny vic phn phi tht heo ch yu cung cp cho cn b nhn vin v lc lng v trang.

Nm 1979 thc hin ch trng phn cp cho qun, huyn, cng ty ln lt chuyn giao cc ca hng thc phm qun cho a phng qun l.

Nm 1984-1986 cng ty pht trin nhiu mt hng nh hp ng vi cc tri chn nui tham gia pht trin n heo thnh ph, t chc ch bin v y mnh xut khu, sn phm ca cng ty hu ht c dng xut khu sang Lin X vi khi lng ln theo Ngh nh th ca Chnh Ph. Trong nhng nm ny, cng ty ch ch trng n vic xut khu ra th trng nc ngoi m khng ch trng n th trng trong nc, dn n vic pht sinh git m lu gia sc ngy cng chim t l cao th trng trong nc. Do sau khi Lin X b sp , vic xut khu b nh tr, cng ty khng cn sc cnh tranh khi quay li th trng ni a.

thc hin thng nht qun l tht heo, tru b trn th trng thnh ph, theo tinh thn UBNDTP vn bn 3846/UB ngy 20/08/1987 cng ty tip nhn v thnh lp 12 ca hng bn l thc phm, hnh thnh mng li thu mua ngun hng v t chc cc im bn l lm v tinh cho cng ty.

Thng 09/1989 CNG TY THC PHM 1 c php kinh doanh xut khu trc tip theo Q 580/QUB ngy 27/09/1989 ca UBND TPHCM. Theo quyt nh 101/Q-UB ngy 08/06/1986 ca UBNDTP cng ty xp hng nht.

Thng 10/1989 CNG TY THC PHM 1 c xp hng tng cng ty hng nht (Q s 601/UB CNG TY THC PHM). Thng 11/1989, theo quyt nh s 711/Q-UB CNG TY THC PHM 1 i tn thnh CNG TY VIT NAM K NGH SC SN gi tt l VISSAN.

T nm 1990 n nay, sau khi Lin X tan r vic xut khu sang th trng ny b n tc, thm ch dy chuyn git m ti cng ty phi ngng hot ng. ng trc tnh hnh buc cng ty phi tm cch khc phc kh khn bng nhng chin lc c th. i i vi vic i mi c cu mt hng l nng cao cht lng sn phm, to ra nhng hng i mi. Cng ty quan tm n th trng trong nc v sn xut nhiu mt hng khc nhau, ngoi sn xut nhng mt hng truyn thng. Cui nm 1994 - u nm 1995 cng ty nhp v v lp rp dy chuyn sn xut xc xch tht ngui ca Php. Hin nay cc mt hng ca cng ty i vo sn xut n nh v tng bc m rng th trng, cng ty c gng vn ln chim gi th trng ni a. Trc ht cng ty hin ang ci t li b my t chc, cng c li lc lng sn xut, m rng quyn sn xut kinh doanh cho cc n v trc thuc cng ty.

Cng ty VISSAN l mt doanh nghip Nh nc, c con du ring v hch ton c lp. Cng ty chu s qun l ca UBNDTP v cc c s ban ngnh c lin quan ti t cch qun l nh nc. ng thi cng ty cn chu s qun l ca TNG CNG TY THNG MI SI GN vi t cch i din ch s hu ngun vn iu l theo quy nh ca lut doanh nghip nh nc v cc vn bng php lut khc. 2. Xu hng pht trin v kinh doanh

2.1. Phng thc mua bn

Phng thc mua bn linh hot, giao hng tn ni, nhanh chng. i vi mt hng tht heo b ti sng, VISSAN cung cp phn ln nhu cu tiu th ti thnh ph H Ch Minh.

i vi mt hng thc phm ch bin, VISSAN c mt h thng ca hng gii thiu sn phm v i l rng khp c nc. i vi mt hng tht heo, b ng lnh. VISSAN v ang xut khu i cc nc vi s lng ln.

Hnh 1.2 Kho vn chuyn

Hnh 1.3 Ca hng phn phi sn phm

Sn phm ca VISSAN hin nay c ch ng vng chc trn th trng, vi doanh thu v th phn chim lnh. VISSAN c xem nh mt doanh nghip SX-KD ngnh sc sn v cc sn phm ch bin t tht.Vi chin lc m rng v pht trin khng ngng, cng ty VISSAN sn sng hp tc lin doanh, lin kt vi cc n v, c nhn trong v ngoi nc Sn xut Kinh doanh Xut khu tht gia sc, gia cm, rau c qu, cc mt hng thc phm ch bin t tht v rau c qu.

2.2. Lnh vc hot ng

Hot ng ca cng ty chuyn v sn xut, ch bin v kinh doanh ccsn phm tht heo tru b, tht gia cm ti sng v ng lnh, hi sn, sn phm tht ngui cao cptheo cng ngh ca Php, sn phm xc xch thanh trng theo cng ngh ca Nht Bn,sn phm ch bin theo truyn thng Vit Nam, sn phm ng hp, trng g, vt. Kinh doanh cc mt hng cng ngh phm v tiu dng khc. Sn xut kinh doanh heo ging, heo tht, b ging, b tht.

Hnh 1.4 Kinh doanh hp ti cc siu th

Sn xut, kinh doanh thc n gia sc, dch v k thut v chn nui heo, b, kinh doanh n ung, kinh doanh nc tri cy, lng thc ch bin. Sn xut kinh doanh rau c qu cc loi, rau qu ch bin, cc loi gia v v hng nng sn.

2.3. Nng lc sn xut

2.3.1. Quy m trang thit b, dy chuyn sn xut

- Mt khu tn tr vi sc cha 10.000 con heo v 4.000 con b

- Ba dy chuyn git m heo vi cng sut 2.400 con/ca (6gi)

- Hai dy chuyn git m b vi cng sut 300 con/ca (6gi)

- H thng kho lnh vi cp nhit khc nhau, sc cha trn 2.000 tn, p ng yu cu sn xut kinh doanh.

- Dy chuyn sn xut ch bin tht ngui nhp t Php v Ty Ban Nha vi cng sut 5.000 tn/nm.

- H thng dy chuyn sn xut xc xch tit trng theo thit b, cng ngh nhp khu t Nht Bn vi cng sut 10.000 tn/nm.

- H thng dy chuyn sn xut ch bin hp vi cng sut 5.000 tn/nm theo thit b v cng ngh ca Chu u.

- Nh my ch bin thc phm ng lnh theo truyn thng Vit Nam c cng sut 5.000 tn/nm ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh.

- Nh my ch bin thc phm do Chi nhnh H Ni qun l vi cng sut 3.000 tn/nm ti Khu Cng Nghip Tin Sn, tnh Bc Ninh.

- X nghip chn nui G Sao trang b k thut hin i vi cng sut sn xut 2.500 heo ni ging v 40.000 heo tht mi nm.

Hnh 1.5 Dy chuyn git m

Hnh 1.6 X nghip chn nui G Sao

Hnh 1.7 Dy chuyn sn xut xc xch

Hnh 1.8 Dy chuyn sn xut hp2.3.2. V vn chuyn

78 xe cc loi ri khp cc n v trc thuc c kh nng chuyn ch mt khi lng ln gia sc, hng ha t cc tnh v nh my bao gm:

+ 34 xe ti nng (ti trng 7.15 tn/ xe)

+ 31 xe ti nh (ti trng 1.65 tn/xe)

2.3.3. V lao ng

Hin nay i ng cng nhn nhn vin k thut c nng cao trnh chuyn mn tay ngh cao: nng ng, nhy bn thch ng vi tnh hnh kinh t x hi nhm a hot ng sn xut kinh doanh t hiu qu cao.2.4. Mng li kinh doanh

21 n v ca hng, trm kinh doanh trc thuc ti a bn cc qun trong Thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc ch u mi qun l trn 600 im bn.

55 ca hng Gii Thiu Sn phm v trn 700 i l hng ch bin ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh, thnh trn c nc.

H thng Siu th: p ng cuc sng vn minh ca ngi dn ngy cng cao, VISSAN cng m Siu th Bnh Ho v a cc sn phm vo tt c cc h thng siu th bn s v l trn ton quc. Cung cp tht ti sng v rau c qu cho trn 650 trng hc v c quan, khch sn.

X nghip Ch Bin v Kinh Doanh Thc Phm sn xut v kinh doanh hng thc phm ch bin truyn thng...

-Chi nhnh VISSAN ti H Ni sn xut v kinh doanh ti th trng pha Bc.

-Chi nhnh VISSAN ti Nng kinh doanh ti th trng Min Trung v Cao Nguyn.

-Vn phng i din VISSAN ti Cng Ha Lin Bang Nga, Campuchia.2.5. Th trng tiu th2.5.1. Th trng trong nc

- Phng thc kinh doanh linh hot, tinh thn sn sng hp tc v quan tm n quyn li ca i tc kinh doanh.- Cng ty VISSAN l doanh nghip dn u trong vic cung cp nhu cu tiu th tht heo, tru, b v rau c qu ti TP.HCM.

- VISSAN xy dng c mt mng li h thng phn phi bao gm: Chi nhnh ti Thnh ph H Ni, Chi nhnh ti Thnh ph Nng, cc Ca hng Thc phm Qun, Ca hng Gii Thiu Sn Phm, Siu th v i l phn phi rng khp c nc.

- Mt hng tht ti sng: a s ch phn phi trong TP.HCM v mt s tnh ln cn.

- Mt hng hp: gp nhiu cnh tranh t hng ni n hng ngoi nhp.

- Tht ngui v mt hng ch bin truyn thng: tin li, nhanh, gn, hp khu v v m bo dinh dng cho ngi tiu dng nn bn rt chy.

S 1.1 S h thng phn phi sn phm

2.5.2. Xut khu

- Xut khu cc sn phm ch bin ng lnh, sn phm ch bin truyn thng, sn phm ch bin t tht sang th trng Bc M, Hn Quc, i Loan, Singapore, c, Nga- Xut khu s lng ln tht heo, b ng lnh sang th trng Nga v cc nc.- Xut khu y thc cho cc i tc.2.5.3. Nhp khu

Nhp khu y thc, nhp khu my mc trang thit b, nguyn liu, ph liu, gia v phc v cho nhu cu sn xut ch bin.2.6. Phng thc cng c v pht trin cng ty

- Trc tnh hnh pht trin ca x hi hin nay, ha nhp vo nn kinh t ang pht trin ca cc nc trong khu vc cng nh cc nc trn th gii cng ty ang mnh dn xut khu vo cc th trng mu dch t do nh M v cc nc EU, mt th trng y tim nng.

- Bn cnh cng ty cng t ra phng hng pht trin trong tng lai.

- Cung cp y cho nhu cu ni a, cng c v pht trin mng li bn l trong nc.

- Tch cc tm kim th trng nc ngoi, lp cc vn phng i din, xc tin thng mi, tm kim i tc kinh doanh.

- Vi ngun vn hin c cng ty khng ngng hon chnh nh xng, nng cp cc thit b hin c, lin kt v hp tc vi cc n v trong v ngoi nc khng ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm, tin ti t tiu chun quc t.

- Thng xuyn o to, bi dng cn b, nhn vin c nghip v tay ngh cao, c k nng lao ng tt. Tng bc tin ti tiu chun ha cn b v nghip v chuyn mn.3. S b tr mt bng

y l mt a im rt thch hp xy dng nh my v cch xa trung tm thnh ph, xung quanh khng c bnh vin ngha trang nh my cng nghip hay bi rc nn trnh c nguy c nhim t ngun nc v khng kh.

Xy dng trn g t cao so vi a hnh sng nc, xung quanh c h thng thot nc.

Thun li lu thng ng b v vn chuyn hng ha bng ng thy.

Vng ln cn c h thng ng nha rng an ton rt thun li cho vic vn chuyn phn phi hng ha.

Khu sn xut:

Khu tn tr th sng: c chia thnh 2 khu ring :

Khu tn tr tru, b: sc cha khong 1000 con.

Khu tn tr heo: sc cha khong 7000 con.

Trong khu tn tr cn b tr thm sn git m th cng, h thu gom, trm bm nc thi sn xut, v sinh hot ca ton nh my, nh iu hnh, nh v sinh. Khu tn tr c khng gian thong mt th c thi gian ngh ngi, hi sc.

Khu git m: c b tr 2 tng Tng trt l ni lm sch lng gia sc v cha ph phm.

Tng trn c b tr 2 dy chuyn git m.

Dy chuyn git m heo: vi cng sut bnh qun 120 con/gi.

Dy chuyn git m tru b: vi cng sut bnh qun 25 con/gi.

Ngoi ra khu git m cn c b tr cc phng cha ph phm trong dy chuyn git m, phng QLCLSP, phng th y, phng th nghim, phng vt t k thut, phng iu hnh.

Khu tr lnh:

Trong khu tr lnh c b tr phng pha lc v xng ch bin c lp t h thng lm lnh.

Xng ch bin cao cp gm phng r ng (20oC), phng p massage gia v (< 5oC), phng xay trn ( 80%

- Tht heo na nc na m: % nc t 50 80%

- Tht heo m: % nc < 50%

Theo trng thi tht:

Tht bnh thng: Tht c mu sc ti, b mt ro nc, khng r nc, c PH t 5,6 6,2. Con vt tnh trng tt trc khi git m dng ch bin cc loi sn phm tn tr nhit phng. Di nhit t lnh loi tht ny ch c th h hng sau 6 ngy tn tr vi sinh vt pht trin nn khng dng bn ti v ch bin.

Tht PSE ( pale, sort, excudative: nht, mm, r dch ):

- Do th b stress trc khi git m, tht ny thng nht mu, mm nho v pH tht t 5,2 hoc thp hn nn vi sinh vt pht trin thp. Loi tht ny thng lin kt vi nc thch hp cho sn xut cc sn phm tn tr nhit phng, khng thch hp cho tht ti, bi nc thot ra ngoi nhanh lm tht dai.

Tht loi DFD ( dark, firm, dry: sm mu, cng, kh ):

- Xut hin nhng loi th b stress trc khi h tht. Loi tht ny c mu sm, b mt b kh cng, pH t 6,4 tr ln. Loi tht ny c kh nng lin kt vi nc rt tt. Chng cha nhiu nc t do nn vi sinh vt pht trin rt d. Thch hp cho sn xut cc loi tht i ch bin v cc sn phm dng nh tng do kh nng lin kt vi nc ca chng. Khng thch hp cho cc sn phm tn tr nhit phng.

1.2.2. Vai tr ca tht- Cung cp protein v cc gi tr dinh dng khc.

- L cht to hnh, ngha l to ra b khung, hnh dng, trng thi cng vi c, dai v n hi cho sn phm.

- C kh nng to nh tng.

- C kh nng c nh c cc cht mi khc nhau qua tng tc Van der Walls hoc qua lin kt tnh in v lin kt ng ha tr, gp phn ko nh trong vic to mu sc v mi thm.

2. Gia v, ph gia

2.1. Hnh tm- Tn khoa hc : Allium fishtulosum.- H hnh ti Liliaceac- Thnh phn ho hc gm : Acid malic, phytin, tinh du, ch yu c khng sinh alicin C6H10OS2, c tc dng dit khun rt mnh i vi Staphylococcus. Alicin s mt tc dng bi nhit, kim. Acilin d kt hp vi cc acid amin c gc SH (cystein). Hnh tm c tc dng tng cm quan cho sn phm.- Cng thc ca acilin : CH2 ( CH (CH2 (CH2 ( S (S( CH2 (CH2 (CH(CH2

- Thnh phn dinh dng : Hm lng caroteen v acid ascorbic kh phong ph. C gc sunfur lm hnh d bay hi v c v cay c trng.- Hnh tm c tc dng tng cm quan cho sn phm.2.2. Ti- Tn khoa hc : Allium sativum

- H hnh ti.

- Thnh phn ch yu ca ti l cht khng sinh alisin.

- Ti c v cay hng, thm du, nng cao gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. Ngoi ra ti cn c tc dng tiu ho v st khun.

- Tp ti em ch bin phi u, cc c trong trng thi cn nguyn vn ,c ti cn ti, khng bm dp, khng b su mt, khng ln t hoc nc, mu trng ng.

2.3. ng- c ly t ma hoc c ci ng, c v ngt, thnh phn ch yu l saccharose.

- C tc dng to mu cho sn phm bng phn ng caramen ho.

- Ngoi ra, ng cn uc s dng nh l mt cht bo qun do tnh cht ht nc mnh ca n.

Trong qu trnh mui nguyn liu ngi ta thng dng lactose v glucose l nhng cht c tnh kh, saccharose khng c tnh kh nhng chng nhanh chng b thy phn thnh ng kh l glucose v fructose. ng kh cung cp dng cht cho vi khun pht trin kh nitrat thnh nitrit.

S dng ng to v, lm du v mn ca sn phm, ng hn ch vic gia tng qu hm lng nc trong sn phm. Liu lng khng gii hn m ty thuc vo s thch v v ca tng mn n nhng ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng hn ch s dng ng nhiu.

Tiu chun ca ng TCVN 1695-87:

Tiu chun cm quanMc cht lng

Hnh dng

Mi v

Mu sc:-Dng tinh th, kch c tng i u, ti kh, khng vn cc.

-Tinh th cng nh dung dch ng trong nh nc ct, c v ngt, khng c mi l.

- Tt c tinh th u trng ng nh, khi pha trong nc ct dung dch ng trong sut.

2.4. Bt ngt - Thnh phn chnh ca bt ngt l monosodium glutamate, c cng thc nguyn t l C5H8NO4Na.- Bt ngt thng tn ti di dng tinh th hay dng bt mu trng trong sut ngm 1 phn t nc, khn vn cc, d tan trong nc.- C tc dng lm tng kh nng lao ng tr c v lao ng chn tay cho con ngi.- L cht iu v, c gi tr trong cng nghip thc phm.- Cc mn n ngon khng th khng c bt ngt vi hm lng thch hp.2.5. Nc mm- Nc mm c tc dng to v, mu sc v to hng thm c trng cho sn phm. Trng nc mm cn cha 1 lng m v acid amin ng k.

- Thnh phn ho hc ca nc mm:

Ch tiuLoi c bitLoi 1Loi 2Loi 3

Hm lng Nit ton phn (g/lit).

Hm lng Nit amin(g/lit)

Hm lng Nit amoni b hn(g/lit)

acid chuyn thnh acid acetic(g/lit).

Hm lng mui(g/lit)20

8.5

5.0

6.0

250-26515

6.5

4.0

4.0

260-28011

4.0

3.0

3.0

265-28519

3.0

2.7

2.5

270-285

2.6. Mui n ( NaCl)

- Mui l cht bo qun cn bn trong qu trnh ch bin. Mui c tc dng ph hy k sinh trng. Nng mui trn 4,5% c tc dng ngng s pht trin ca vi khun.

- S dng mui lm tng tnh ha tan protein. nng 4% s t ti a tnh ha tan ca protein ca tht.

- Mui xc tc tin trin ca tht trong qu trnh chin ti. giai on chin ti tht c mi thm, mm mi.

- Mui to v cho sn phm .

Yu cu :

- Mu trng

- Khng mi

- Dch mui 5% c v mn thun khit, khng c v l.

2.7. Mui nitrit, nitrat

- Hin din di dng mui kali hoc natri.

Trn th trng c 4 dng: KNO3, NaNO3, KNO2, NaNO2- Lng n cho php hng ngy ca cht ny l 5mg/kg trng lng c th sng

- c tnh ca mui nitrit, nitrat:

To mu cho sn phm: kt hp vi myoglobin to hp cht c mu hng bn vng.

To mi: to ra mi rt c bit pht trin theo thi gian v trong qu trnh nu. Mui nitrit km hm phn ng i kht ca su m Tc dng khng khun: tc dng trn phn ln cc vi khun nh Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, c bit l vi khun Clostridium botulinum.

- Nhc im : Nitrit c th tc dng vi cc acid amin to thnh cc Notrosamin 1 hp cht c c kh nng gy t bin, sinh ung th.

- Mui Nitrit c kh nng oxy ho Hb trong mu thnh MetHb gy ra tnh trng thiu mu.

- V dng mui nitrat v mui nitrit qu liu quy nh gy c hi nn khng bao gi dng ring l m phi trn vo mui n theo t l 0,6%.

- C ch to mu ca mui Nitrat, Nitrit:

KNO3

KNO2

pH

HNO2

pH v vi khun

NO

Mb( Myoglobin-mu )

NOMb

Nitrosoheme+globine

(Nitrosomyoglobin)

Nhit

(mu hng)

2.8. Polyphosphat- Mui polyphotphat c nhiu dng v tn thng mi khc nhau. Trn th trng, polyphosphat l dng hn hp, c trng ch yu l hm lng P2O5.

- Liu lng s dng: 2 3g/kg sn phm

- Mc ch: to lin kt gia cc phn t protein, to vng chc cho h nh tng, gi nc lm tng khi lng sn phm.

- Hm lng P2O5 ca mt polyphotphates nh sau :Danh phpCng thc%P2O5

Pyrophosphates disodiqueNa2P2O763,9

Pyrophosphates tetrasodiqueNa4P2O753,4

Tripolyphosphates pentassodiqueNa5P3O1057,9

Pentapolyphosphates heptasodiqueNa7P5O1662,0

MetaphosphatNa(PO4)n69,6

Pyrophosphates tetrapotassiqueK4P2O743,2

3. Cc tnh cht ca nguyn liu tht3.1. Cu trc sinh hc ca tht M c:

- C gi tr thc phm cao. Khi con vt cn sng m c cn thc hin chc nng c ng, tun hon mu, chuyn thc n vo c quan tiu ho v thc hin nhng chc nng sinh l khc. M c gm t bo si c v cc gian bo. Theo cu to v hot ng co gin ca si c nn c chia ra: c xng, c trn, c tim. vi cc thnh phn nh: nc, protein, lipit, gluxit, khong, 1 s enzim.

- Protein l thnh phn quan trng nht ca m c, y l loi protein tng i hon thin v d tiu ho.

- Miozin c ng knh 100AO chim 40% khi lng chung ca si c. N l protein hon thin, cha nhiu acid amin mch nhnh. Miozin khng phi l protein n m l protein phc hp ca H-meromiozin v L-meromiozin. H-meromiozin c hot tnh enzum, (adenozintriphotphataza), n phn gii thy phn ATP di dng hot ha ca Ca++ theo phng trnh: ATP + H20 ADP + H3PO4 + Q

Nng lng ny dng co rt c- Actin chim 15% tn ti 2 dng: G-actin v F-actin. C ng knh 50AO, chng c kh nng kt hp vi miozin to thnh actomiozin, cht ny nh hng n cht lng c ( lm cho kh nng ho tan ca protein c gim i ).

- Tropomiozin l dung dch nht chim t l thp.

- Moglobulin khng tan trong nc vai tr vn chuyn oxi n cc t bo m.

- Globulin khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung dch mui.

- Collagen v Eslatin l protein ca m lin kt, khng tan trong nc, to thnh nhng lp mng mng ca c.

- Nucleprotein thnh phn cu to nhn t bo.

- Protein c d b tiu hu bi cc enzim tiu ho nh: pepsin, tripsin, chymotripsin, cc protein thc vt nh papain.

- Nc tinh khit ca c chim t l rt thp.

- Nc tinh khit cha Nit bao gm mt s baz nit nh metylquanidin, anxerin, chng nh hng n qu trnh trao i photpho, v n c kh nng lin kt vi photpho v c tch t cc cht ATP.

- Nc chit khng cha nit bao gm gluxit v cc dn xut ca n. Glucogen l vt liu d tr nng lng cho c bp hot ng, s phn gii glucogen l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng bin i ca tht sau git m.

- Lipit l t hp cc glyxerin photphoric, sterol, sterit phn b trong t bo v m lin kt.

- Gluxit tn ti dng glycogen c vai tr nh hng n mu sc v hng v ca sn phm.

- Cc cht khong c nhiu loi: Ca, P, Na, K, S chng nh hng n trng thi bn trong nh tnh tan, tnh ngm nc.

- Cc enzim c trn 50 loi enzim xc tc qu trnh sng ca con vt, l nguyn nhn ca qu trnh t phn gii trong tht sau khi git m lm nh hng n cht lng ca tht.

- Cc vitamin: m c cha hu ht cc vitamin quan trng nh B1,B2.Ngoi ra cn c 1 lng nh glucoza trong mu. a s dng glycogen cung cp nng lng cho c th.

M m:

- M m c to thnh t cc m lin kt hnh li , xp cng vi lng ln t bo. T bo m c ng knh 130 m, trung tm t bo m cha y cc git m nn nhn v cht nguyn sinh b gt ra ngoi. M chim 3 - 40% khi lng c th. Cc axit bo khng bo ha hin din trong tht ng vt thng dng ni i nh hn 3. Cc axit bo ny to ra gi tr sinh hc ca m.

- Lng m m, v tr tch lu, mu sc mi v v nhiu tnh cht khc tu thuc vo loi, ging tui, gii tnh, bo, iu kin nui dng.

M lin kt:- c phn b rng ri, c tc dng lin kt cc b phn li vi nhau, tham gia qu trnh trao i cht v bo v c th. M lin kt gm cc t bo cht v cht gian bo. Do c im ca cht gian bo m chia ra m lin kt ring, m sn, m xng, m bch huyt.

- Cc si collagen.elastin, reticulin lin kt vi xng, tiu ho km vi cc men.

- Si collagen khi nu nhit cao ko di chuyn thnh dng keo gelatin.

M xng:

- Thnh phn ch yu ca xng l hp cht v c chim 84-85,3% ch yu l photphat canxi. Cht hu c l osein tng t nh colagen. ty c nhiu cht bo 3,8 27% , ngoi ra cn cha albumin, globumin, glycogen.

- Xng gm cc cht nn c to ra lp b mt v cht xp bn trong. Thnh phn cht gian bo ca m sn gm chodrominoit, axit chondroitin sunphic, collagen v mt s protein khc. Khi un si vi nc cht gian bo chuyn thnh keo trong c gelatin, muxin v mui.

M mu :

- Hm lng trung bnh ca heo l 4,5-5% khi lng c th.

- Trong m mu phi c nh trnh huyt ng bng mui NaCl, natri citrate 1,6% trong huyt khi thc huyt git gia sc. Mu l thnh phn rt quan trng cho vi khun pht trin.

3.2. Tnh cht vt l ca tht- Khc nhau theo hng chng loi sc vt, ph thuc vo mc gi, non, gii tnh v phng php nui dng.

- Khi lng ring: thay i theo hm lng cht bo trong tht. Cht bo ny cng nhiu khi lng ring cng nh. Khi lng ring t bo ca tht heo nc l:1,02 1,07. Khi lng ring trung bnh ca cht bo 150C l 0,95 0,97 v ca xng l 1,13 1,30..

- Mu sc ca tht l do mu sc ca c tht v cht beo quyt nh. N khng ch do chng loi, gii tnh, tui, trng thi trc khi git m v tnh hnh ch bin quyt nh m cn chu s nh hng ca qu trnh chn ha hc v thi ra.

- Mi v ca tht: Mi v ca tht cc loi ng vt khc nhau ty theo lng axit bo bay hi trong tht. Tnh cht v s lng ca axit bo trong c tht ph thuc vo ging loi, tnh hnh chn nui v bo gii tnh, tuica ng vt.- chc v bn ca tht: Ph thuc vo ging loi, gii tnh, tui tc, kh nng lin kt vi nc, ph thuc vo t chc m c. Tht c cu trc cng mn th tht cng mm cng ngon. C n hi c nhiu collagen s c cng khc nhau so vi c c nhiu eslatin, tht thi ra hoc sp thi ra th n mm nho v khng c tnh n hi.3.3. Thnh phn ho hc- Thnh phn ho hc ca tht ln. Cht dinh dng gm: nc 70% - 80%, protein 18% - 21%, glucogen 0,2- 0,8%, pH = 6 6,5.

- Cht bo:

- C di da, bng, quanh ph tng, bao gm cc acid bo no v khng no. Cc acid bo no ch yu l Palmitic (25 - 30%). Cc acid bo khng no ch yu l Oleic (35 - 43%), acid bo khng no c nhiu mch kp khong 2 - 7%. M heo lp ngoi c nhiu acid bo khng no hn lp sau.

- Cht khong:

- Tht l ngun cung cp photpho (116 - 117mg), kali (212 - 259mg), st (1,1 - 2,3 mg) tp trung nhiu gan.

Bng 1 - Hm lng cht khong trong tht heo:

Tht heoHm lng cht khong trong tht heo

BoCaMgFeKNaP

Trung bnh0,9292,2442161150

Gy2,5422,5442148150

1. Cc nguyn t vi lng c : Cu, Zn. Coban

2. Vitamin : hm lng vitamin trong tht heo ng k nht l vitamin nhm B, acid pantotenic, vitamin PP.

Bng 2 Thnh phn vitamin c trong tht heo:

Tht heoB1B2CPPAD

Bo7402502.04,58,01,0

Trung bnh7503002,06,08,01,0

Gy7703502,07,58,01,0

3.4. Thnh phn dinh dng ca tht heoLoi thtNcProteinLipidCalo

Tht m47.514.537.3406

Tht ba ch60.916.521.5268

Tht thn73.019.57.0143

Chn gi61.215.718.6237

3.5. Cc bin i sinh l, sinh ho ca tht

Thi k co git:

- Thi k ny ko di 30-70 pht , O2 cn li trong myoglobin ca c nn cn s trao i kh nn c co rt mnh v thot ra lng nhit ng k , nhit tht tng ln 2oC . Ti v tr su nht ca phn i , nhit tng ln 39OC c khi t n 420C . Nhit quy tht c nh hng n cht lng tht sau ny nu chng khng c gim nhanh bng h thng lm lnh .Ngay sau khi h tht pH quy tht khong 6,8-7,0. Tr s ny gim dn.

- Trong thi k ny xy ra cc qu trnh: (1) thy phn glycogen to thnh glucose, (2) phn glucose thnh axit pyruvic, (3) s oxy ha axit pyruvic to thnh CO2 nng lng. Nng lng gip s co c, actin kt hp vi myosin to thnh actomyosin tnh thun nghch, ATP cn nhiu. Trong thi k ny kh nng hydrat ha ca tht tt.

Thi k t cng:

- Trong thi k t cng lng oxy trong m c ht do vy sau khi glycogen thy phn thnh glucose, glucose ng phn thnh axit pyruvic, axit pyruvic trong iu kin ym kh chuyn ha thnh axit lactic v c s amilo phn pH m c heo trong thi k ny khong 5,3-5,7 sau khi bo qun 18-24h 0-4oC. Kh nng hydrat ha ca m c km, pH ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit mi trng, lng glycogen d tr trong c bp.

Thi k chn ti:

- Chn ti l tp hp nhng bin i v tnh cht ca tht, kt qu l tht c nhiu biu hin tt v hng thm v v. Tht tr nn mm mi v ngon hn so vi tht t cng, kh nng hydrat ha cao(85-87%) so vi tht ti, d b tc dng ca ezyme tiu ha. Di tc dng ca cc men cha trong m c protein b thy phn. y l qu trnh ngc li ca qu trnh t cng. Trong giai on ny c s ph v ca mch peptid, s phn ly v suy yu ca actomiozin dn n lm tng s lng trung tm a nc ca protein.Tc chin ti ph thuc vo nhit ca mi trng pH = 5,8 - 6,2.

1 2OC : Thi gian chn ti 10 14 ngy

10 15OC : Thi gian chn ti 4 5 ngy

18 20OC : Thi gian chn ti 3 ngy

- Trong thi k ny c s xut hin ca axit glutamic c to thnh do s kh glutamine trich ly c to thnh inozinic, inozin, hipoxantin, AMP, glutamic v mui ca n.

Thi k t phn:

- Trong thi k ny cc men ca m (cathepsin,peptidaza) xc tc mnh lm t peptit v ph hy protein to ra NH3,H2S, CO2, tht c mu hung nu, v chua, mi kh chu, mt giai on nht nh tht khng cn n c.

3.6. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng ca tht

iu kin nui dng:

- Thc n xanh lm cho mu m, tht hi vng nht v t, c nhng cht giu caroten v cc hp cht mu vng nh xantophin, flavin cng lm tht v m c mu vng.

Tui git tht:

- T l nc tht gia sc non cao hn gia sc gi. Gia sc ang pht trin cha nhiu nc hn, gi thng dai hn v c mu khng thch hp git m, con vt no vo ng trong thi k tht th c phm cht tt hn.

Gii tnh v ging loi:

- Con ci n tui thun thc c khuynh hng tch ly nhiu m hn con c v ty vo ging loi m tht c phm cht khc nhau.

Vn chuyn:

- Trnh tc ng lm con vt hong s, cng thng lm tiu hao cc cht d tr nng lng v sinh nhiu cht thi trong tht, hn ch va chm lm bm tht, ng mu trong tht.

- m bo con vt ung nc v nhit lu thng bnh thng trnh mt nc ca tht.

Bo qun:

- Sau khi vn chuyn cho con vt ngh ngi, phc hi sc khe. Trc khi git m cho con vt nhn i ( b l 20h, heo l 8h ), nhn n gim st s thay i cht tht ang tiu ha gip cho s thi b cc cht thi, to thun li cho vic tch v lm sch ni tng.

Git m- Nu thi gian ly mu di lm tim suy yu, mu ngng chy, tht b bm v c nhiu mi v xu. Ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng, bnh l v cc thuc iu tr bnh, cc ha cht l c sn trong thc n. 3.7. iu kin bo qun ca tht Bo qun:

- Kho bo qun thnh phm hp phi m bo v sinh, thong mt, kh ro; ngn chn c cn trng v loi gm nhm; c gi, k chc chn xp sn phm theo tng l thun tin cho vic theo di, kim tra v xut nhp.

- Trong kho bo qun thnh phm phi c nhit k, m k theo di nhit v m ca kho trong qu trnh bo qun hp.

- i vi sn phm thanh trng Pasteur th kho bo qun phi c cch nhit tt v c trang b my lnh cng sut, bo m nhit ca ton sn phm t hoc thp hn nhit bo qun theo quy nh.

Kim tra thnh phm:- C s sn xut phi tin hnh ly mu hp thnh phm ca tng ca sn xut kim tra v hp, m ghp v cc ch tiu cht lng c lin quan.

- hp mu phi c lu gi nhit v thi gian quy nh (370C, 10 ngy) v tin hnh kim tra cc vi khun chu nhit. L hp khng c a ra th trng tiu th khi vic kim tra mu lu gi cha kt thc.

- Cc l hp phi c kim tra cht lng theo quy nh, phi c phiu kt qu kim nghim cc ch tiu v cht lng v an ton mi c php a i tiu th.

Lu gi h s:- Cc biu mu gim st qu trnh sn xut, kt qu kim tra cht lng hp thnh phm phi c lu gi trong b h s kim sot cht lng.Thi gian lu gi h s ph hp vi thi gian s dng ca tng sn phm, tun th quy nh ca php lut hoc nhng cam kt ca khch hng, thi gian lu gi t nht bng hn s dng ca sn phm.

- H s kim sot cht lng phi lun c sn cung cp cho c quan Nh nc c thm quyn khi c yu cuChng 2: Kho St Quy Trnh Sn Xut

1. Quy trnh sn xut:

2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.1. Nguyn liu

- Nguyn liu chnh l tht heo. Tht heo ly phn i hoc vai. Ta ch ly phn tht nc, khng da, xng v cha khong 2% m.

- Ch dng tht cp ng ch khng dng tht ti.

- i vi cng ty Vissan, sn phm hp heo hm dng ngun tht cp ng l ch yu. Tht heo ng lnh c ly ra khi phng tr ng v dng xe y a vo phng r ng c nhit 20oC. Ti y tht c r ng t nhin cho n khi nhit t t 0 5oC. Trong giai on ny, tht xy ra hin tng thot dch lm khi lng gim. K thut vin s kim tra, xem xt trng thi block tht sau r ng trc khi em cht.

Tht cp ng:

- Do gi c th trng bin ng v lng heo git m hng ngy khng n nh, khng ph hp vi nhu cu sn xut theo tng thi im. Do , ch ng c ngun nguyn liu trong sn xut, tht heo c em cp ng bo qun.

- i ng nhn vin KCS s kim tra cht lng tht trn ng dy git m v ngay ti phng pha lc. Ti y s loi ngay tht khng t yu cu. Mi block tht c khi lng l 12kg v c gi bng bao PE trnh tht b tip xc vi khun nhm trong t Contactfreezer khi em i cp ng. Cng sut ca t l 2,5 tn, tc gi 2-4 m/s, nhit phng cp ng t -35 oC n -40 oC. Yu cu i vi block tht cp ng l nhit tm tht -18oC.

- Sau thi gian khong 7-8 gi, cng nhn p khun ly block tht ra. Lc ny, block tht c to hnh ca chnh nhng khun cha chng. iu ny to thun li cho vic bo qun sau ny. Sau , c hai block tht c ng trong bao PP. Trn bao PP c ghi r ngy sn xut, hn s dng, chng loi tht to iu kin d dng cho vic kim sot sau ny.

u im ca tht cp ng :

- Hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, c ch cc hot ng sinh ha. Do c th bo qun tht trong thi gian di, v vy ch ng ngun nguyn liu v m bo tnh lin tc ca sn xut.

Nhc im ca tht cp ng :

- Tn thi gian r ng.

- Khi r ng cht dinh dng s b mt i t hoc nhiu, khi lng ca tht b gim. 2.2. Ct tht - Thit b v dng c dng cht tht c v sinh sch s. Block tht c cng nhn a vo my cht tht cht thnh nhng khi tht c kch thc thch hp d vo lon. - Nhit phng cht khong 22 oC. i ng k thut vin kim tra cht lng ca cc khi tht trong khi cht. Tht sau khi cht xong c cng nhn cho vo xe y, chuyn qua phng p.

2.3. p massage- Qu trnh p tht c thc hin bn p. Bn p c b tr h thng thang my a dung dch gia v, tht vo bn, sau vn hnh my. Nhng gia v c dng nh mui n, nc mm, ng, bt ngt, hnh, ti, . . . . Cc cht ny c ha thnh dung dch c b sung mt lng nc , c chun b trc.

- i vi sn phm hp heo hm, thi gian p l 4h30 pht. Trong :

+ Hai gi p lin tc

+ 2h30 pht p gin on: 7 pht 30 giy quay, ri 7 pht 30 giy ngh, c theo chu k thc hin sut 2h30 pht.

- Sau khi p xong, tht c gi nguyn trong bn p, sng hm sau khong 8h mi c em vo lon. - - Tht p c dng trong thng inox chuyn t phng p sang phng v lon. Mc ch l lm mm cu trc tht, to mi thm cho sn phm, tng hiu qu thm thu cc gia v v cc cht ph gia v tng kh nng gi nc ca tht.

2.4. Vo hp

- Trc khi a vo s dng, lon c k thut vin kim tra cht lng v hnh dng, trng thi theo ng yu cu ca k thut. Nhng lon tiu chun c ra sch bng nc m, sau ro.

- i vi sn phm ci nc, cng ty Vissan ng k lng ci trong lon chim 50% khi lng tng th.

- Tin hnh v lon : hai cng nhn tri lon u trn mt bn, cho mt lng ng chng vo mi lon. Ri dng tay y nhanh cc lon v pha cui bn. Ti y, c 6 cng nhn cn chnh xc li c lng ci v lon bng cn in t. C th, hp heo hm khi lng 150g l khong 100g tht. Cng nhn dng ko ct b hay thm tht vo cho khi lng yu cu. Cng nhn ng cui bn cho thm hnh tm vo sau xp cn thn khong 28 lon vo khay nhm ri xp vo xe khung (c 8 k, mi k xp c 4 khay).

- Lu :

+ T l cc thnh phn nguyn liu trong mt loi hp c ngha rt quan trng n vic ch bin hp c cht lng cao.

+ Khi thnh phn dch rt vo hp d nhiu s lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca hp v hm lng cht kh thp. Nhng nu khng dch rt th cng lm gim gi tr cm quan, lm cho mt phn sn phm b kh, sau nu sn phm mt gi tr cm quan. Do , phi m bo ng t l phn ci v phn nc trong hp.

2.5. Rt dch, bi kh ghp m Chun b nc dch:

Dung dch c chun b sn: cc cht iu v, cht to mu. . . c un nng khong >85oC bng ni hp. Ni hp c thm b phn lc, lc ny dung dch tr nn ng nht, c mu c trng. Dch chun b xong c ng trong xe inox.

Tin hnh ghp m:

- Cng ty s dng 2 loi my ghp np :

My ghp np th cng:

+ Cng nhn rt dch vo lon, ri gn np vo mi lon. Cng nhn khc cm nhng lon ny cho vo b phn ghp np ca my. My s tin hnh ghp kn np khi cng nhn dng chn nhn mnh vo bn p. Sau lon c a vo my ra lon. Cng nhn khc xp lon sch vo xe thng. Xe thng c 17 lp, mi lp xp c 75 80 lon.

My ghp np bn t ng:

+ Khi xe khung c a n, cng nhn xp 1 khay lon ln bn. Ri dng tay a cc lon ny chy trn bng chuyn n khu rt dch. Dch rt c my bm vo bn inox. Nhit yu cu ca dch rt > 85oC v phi rt cch m hp l 5mm. y l nhit ti u nht i vi tc dng bi kh.

+ Trc mi ca sn xut hay trong qu trnh sn xut, cc k thut vin c kinh nghim iu chnh my ghp m m bo cho mi ghp thn v np hon chnh.

+ Lon sau khi c rt dch s chy t ng trn bng chuyn n ni ghp np. Trc khi ghp np s c mt lung kh nng thi qua nhm mc ch loi b ht lng kh cn st li trong lon ra bn ngoi, trnh hin tng phng lon (l hin tng gin n kh trong lon khi tit trng). Qu trnh ny din ra rt nhanh.

+ Cng on ghp m hon tt, lon li tip tc chy trn bng chuyn n my ra lon. Ti y, my s phun nc nng t nhiu pha ra sch lon.

+ Lon sau khi ra khi bng chuyn c ra sch, cng nhn s xp vo xe y chun b a n l tit trng.

Mc ch ca qu trnh bi kh:

- Gim p sut bn trong hp khi tit trng. Chnh vic tn ti kh trong hp sau khi ghp m l nguyn nhn lm tng p sut trong hp khi tit trng.

- Oxy trong khng kh cn li trong hp lm cho qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong hp. Cc cht hu c b oxy ha lm thay i hng v, mu sc ca tht trong hp.

Lu :

- Trong qu trnh vn hnh my, k thut vin kim tra m lon thng xuyn. K thut vin cng ly mu hp em ct m hp kim tra cc thng s nh: cc khuyt tt ca m hp, chng m hpKhi xy ra s c, k thut vin tin hnh ngng my ra sch my.

- Ngun nc s dng ra hp phi sch p ng yu cu ca Nh nc.2.6. Tit trng

- Cc xe thng s c cng nhn a vo l tit trng.

- Mi l xp c 4 thng.

- Sau khi a vo l, cng nhn ng np l li v khi ng.

- Thi gian gi nhit i vi sn phm hp heo hm 150g l 30 pht.

- Nhit tit trng 121oC, p sut 2 kg/ cm2- Trong cng ngh sn xut hp, cng an tit trng l mt qu trnh quan trng, c tc dng quyt nh ti kh nng bo qun v cht lng ca thc phm. y l bin php ct gi thc phm theo nguyn l tiu dit mm mng gy h hng thc phm.

- Hot ng ca vi sinh vt b chm li nhit cao, protein ca cht nguyn sinh ca vi sinh vt b ng t lm cho vi sinh vt b cht. Qu trnh ng t protein ny khng thun nghch, nn hot ng ca vi sinh vt khng phc hi sau khi h nhit.

- Tit trng bng nhit cao ca nc nng v hi nc nng l phng php thanh trng ph bin nht trong sn xut hp.

- Mc ch ca vic tit trng l :

Tiu dit vi sinh vt, cc h enzyme ca n nhm m bo thc phm c bo qun lu di v khi s dng khng lm nh hng xu n sc khe ngi tiu dng.

Khi tit trng bng nhit cn c tc dng lm chn v lm mm cc kt cu t chc ca tht.

To hng v ring cho sn phm

2.7. Lm ngui, lau kh, phun date : - Sau khi tit trng, cng nhn tin hnh lm ngui n nhit thng ri ra sch hp bng nc m. Nc m dng ra hp phi hp v sinh theo quy nh.

- Sau , lau kh v phun hn s dng bng my in phun.

- Nu lm ngui tt, sn phm s c nhng im li sau:

Gi c mu sc ca thc phm.

To ra mi trng bt li cho vi khun a nhit.

Lm ngui tt lm gim tc dng n mn v hp

2.8. Bo n, kim tra:

- hp sau khi c tit trng lm ngui c a n kho thnh phm. Trong thi gian bo n cc thnh phn trong hp tip tc n nh v mt phm cht v c th pht hin c cc hp h hng.

- Thi gian n nh hp ti thiu 15 ngy. hp khng c xut xng trong thi gian ny. Ngi ta xp cc lon theo hnh thp nhm theo di xem cc lon chng ln nhau c b phng lon hay khng. Nu hp lon no b phng h s lm cho lon pha trn lon b nghing hoc b . Kt thc qu trnh bo n k thut vin s ly mu kim tra v phn loi.

2.9. Hon thin :

- Sau khi bo n, sn phm c lau du, dn nhn, ng thng ri a xung kho thnh phm bo qun v a i tiu th i vi tt c hp t yu cu k thut

- Sn phm c ng thng vi quy cch 72 lon/thng. hp c bo qun nhit thng. Qu trnh ny k thut vin kim tra li trng lng hp c thay i hay khng, v kim tra xem cng nhn c ng thng s lon hay khng bng cch em cn ngu nhin tng hp hoc tng thng.Ap dung GMP cho tng cng oan san xut heo hm:STTCng oanCac thng s, yu cu trong qua trinhCac thu tuc cn tun thuPhn cng trach nhim va biu mu giam sat

1Ra ng Nhit tm thit -2 0C.

Phong co nhit 20C.

Yu cu:

Thit khng bi nhim vi sinh.

am bao thit at c nhit mong mun.

Tn tht dinh dng it nht.

Tn tht khi lng san phm it nht.Cng nhn co nhim vu lam v sinh ca nhn.

Cac dung cu nh: xe y inox phai lam v sinh trc va sau khi tip nhn.

Khi tip nhn, cng nhn ghi ma s l d kim soat.

Giam c phn xng chiu trach nhim t chc thc hin quy pham nay.

Quan ly san xut chiu trach nhim kim tra v sinh ca nhn cua cng nhn trc khi lam vic va ghi bao cao kim tra v sinh ca nhn.

Quan ly san xut chiu trach nhim kim tra v sinh va kh trung trang thit bi dung cu. Ghi kt qua vao bao cao kim tra v sinh.

Giam sat san xut chiu trach nhim kim tra v sinh trong qua trinh san xut. Kt qua khi vao bao cao kim tra.

Cng nhn khu ra ng co trach nhim thc hin ung quy pham nay.

2Cht thitNhit phong cht 22C.

Nhit ct thit tt nht khoang -20 CCng nhn co nhim vu lam v sinh ca nhn.

Cac thit bi -dung cu nh: may cht thit,xe y inox phai lam v sinh trc va sau khi cht.

Cho thit vao may cht, cht khi thit co kich tht thich hp bng cach iu chinh thng s may.

Cht thit xong cho ra xe y chuyn n cng oan massage.

QC kim tra nhit cua thit.

Vit vao bao cao.


Cng nhn cng oan cht thit thc hin ung quy pham nay.

T trng dy chuyn va quan ly cng nhn chiu trach nhim kim tra vic thc hin va ghi bao cao

3p (massage)Nhit phong 0 - 5C.

Nhit cua thit t 2 - 5C.

Bn masage lm vic chn khng 600-650 mmHg.Cng nhn co nhim vu lam v sinh ca nhn.

Cac dung cu - thit bi nh: Cn in t, may massage c v sinh trc va sau khi massage xong.

Thit c chuyn t khu cht thit mang n cn in t, cn va ghi s liu vao s ghi chep.

Cng nhn mang thit n thang nng cho vao may.

ong np lai va cai t ch massage.

Sau thi gian massage chuyn thit qua t v lon.


Cng nhn cng oan massage thc hin ung quy pham nay.

T trng dy chuyn va quan ly cng nhn chiu trach nhim kim tra vic thc hin va ghi bao cao.

QC kim tra cac tinh cht thit xem at yu cu khng.

4V lonKhi lng mi hp ging nhau ( trong khoang sai s)Cng nhn co nhim vu lam v sinh ca nhn.

Cac dung cu nh: ban inox, cn inh lng, cn in t, xe, khay phai lam v sinh trc va sau khi v lon.

T trng kim tra, giam sat cng nhn.

Cng nhn vao hp heo gm 150gr thi khoang 100gr thit heo.

Ban co 6 cng nhn lam vic, cn va thm thit cho ung inh lng.

Cui ban co ngi cho vao hanh tim va vao khay nhm cht ln xe.


Cng nhn cng oan v lon thc hin ung quy pham nay.

T trng va quan ly cng nhn kim tra vic thc hin nay va ghi vao bao cao.

5Rot dich,

Bai khi ghep mi Nhit yu cu ca dch rt > 85oC v phi rt cch m hp l 5mm.

Cng nhn co nhim vu lam v sinh ca nhn.

Cac dung cu thit bi nh: ni hai vo,dy chuyn rot dich bai khi ghep mi, thung inox phai lam v sinh trc va sau khi tin hanh.

T trng kim tra, giam sat cng nhn.

Trong phong nu, cng nhn nu si nc cho gia vi vao ung ti l khuy u

Cng nhn cho lon ln ban,lon chay vao bng tai rot dich.Cng nhn ki thut kim tra, iu chinh.

Cng nhn dich vao bn inox phia trn.

Sau khi lon chay qua dy chuyn xong c cng nhn xp vao thung xe. Thung xe co 17 lp, mi lp 75 80 lon.


Cng nhn cng oan rot dich, bai khi, ghep mi thc hin ung quy pham nay.


Cng nhn ki thut thng xuyn kim tra cac thng s nh: cac khuyt tt cua mi hp, chng mi hp,

6Tit trungThi gian gi nhit i vi sn phm hp heo hm 150g l 30 pht.Nhit tit trng 121oC, p sut 2 kg/ cm2

Cng nhn co nhim vu lam v sinh ca nhn.

Sau khi ghep mi cac thung xe c a vao lo tit trung ( 4 thung).

Cng nhn ki thut ong np lai va iu chinh thng s ki thut.

mi lo co nht ky, cng nhn theo doi va ghi lai.

Tit trung xong chuyn qua phong in date


Cng nhn cng oan tit trung thc hin ung quy pham nay.


7Bao nPhong thoang mat, sach seCng nhn co nhim vu lam v sinh ca nhn.

Cng nhn sp xp san phm theo l san xut, co bang chu thich ghi ro tn san phm ngay san xut.


Cng nhn cng oan bao n thc hin ung quy pham nay.


Ky thut vin KCS tin hanh ly mu bt ky anh gia cam quan, kim tra vi sinh, hoa sinh,.. at thi cho qua hoan thin san phm.

Chng 3: Kho St Cc Thit B Chnh Trong Quy Trnh Sn Xut

1. My cht tht

Cng dng: Cht nh tht ng lnh, gim kch thc nguyn liu thun li cho cc cng on tip theo. Thng s k thut:

Tc quay ca dao: 400 vng/pht

Nng sut trung bnh: 2500-3000kg/gi

M t: 10kW- 400V-50 Hz

S li dao: 5

Cu to:

- B np liu.

- 1 xch truyn ng gip quay trc.

- Trn trc quay c gn 5 li dao inox bn ngoi.- Bng ti inox hot ng bng kh nn.- H thng bng iu khin. Nguyn tc hot ng:

Block tht ng cng v dnh li vi nhau c t ln bn v y vo b nguyn liu. Pha di tm tht c nh l tm tht di ng c th chuyn ng ti lui. Khi khi tht c y vo v rt trn sn my th tm tht s y khi tht tin st li dao, ng thi li dao s quay trn cht tht thnh nhng ming tht nh hn. Tht ra khi my c hng bng xe y t sn ti ming dao. S c v cch khc phc:

S c: khong cch gia dao cht v bng ti qu nh lm cho khi tht c mt u nh cao ng np my, gy ting n v lu di nh hng n thit b.

Cch khc phc: nhn nt iu khin chnh bng ti li v sau cho khi tht khng b nh cao ri tip tc cht tht.

2. My massage tht

Cng dng: lm tht p thm gia v v mm tht. Thng s k thut :

Nng lng: 8.5 kW

Th tch: 2500 L

Sc cha: 1500 kg

Tc quay: 2- 12 rpm

Khi lng my: 1600 kg

Cu to:

Cng nng pha trc bn massage tht

Khung bn c th iu chnh gc quay.

Bn massage tht c ca np nguyn liu

H thng iu khin

Nguyn tc hot ng:

Nguyn liu c a n cng nng, cng nng s nng xe cha nguyn liu ln gn ca nhp liu ca bn massage tht, vi gc nghing v sau, nguyn liu c np vo, ca nhp liu ng li. C h thng cung cp mt lng nc thch hp vi tng nguyn liu. iu chnh tc quay, thi gian quay thch hp. Khi qu trnh quay kt thc, bn c nghing ly nguyn liu ra.3. My ra lon

Cng dng: ra sch vt du m cht bn cn bm trn lon.

Thng s k thut:

Nng sut: 200lon/pht

Cu to

Bng chuyn

H thng cp nc, lc nc, gia nhit

Dn phun nc

H thng iu khin

Nguyn tc hot ng:My ra hp st kiu bng chuyn gm mt h thng bng ti bng thp khng r v bung phun nc nng. Bng ti mang hp nm p ln lt qua cc bung. Bn trong bung c vi phun nc b tr thnh hng lin tip nhau dc trn thnh bng chuyn. Nh hp c phun nhiu ln trong sut thi gian di chuyn trong bung. Hp s c phun nc nng vi nhit iu chnh ty theo loi hp. Bi bn s c mang ra theo dng nc. Nc ra c lc li bng h thng lc tit kim nc.4. Ni nu nc chm

Cng dng: nu nc chm Thng s k thut: Th tch cha: 300 L

p sut s dng: 300 bar

Cu to:

Thc phm c un pha trong ni, hi nc c cp vo khong trng gia hai v. Bn ngoi ni c bc mt lp bng thy tinh cch nhit, lp v ngoi cng l inox. Ni c th lnh p sut 5atm, khuyn ngh lm vic vi p sut la 2-2.5 atm. Ni c trang b ph kin:

- 1 ng h p lc m bo p sut ca ni, 1 van an ton kiu l xo khng ch p sut ni trong gii hn cho php.- Cm van x y ni gm 1 van nhnh v 1 van lin cc x x nc ngng trong khi vn hnh.

Nguyn tc hot ng:

Cho thc phm vo ni, m t t van hi cho n ht c duy tr p sut ni nu l 2,5 atm. Nu vt qu p sut van an ton s c x ra. Sau iu chnh van hi vi p sut thch hp. M van nhnh trong cm van x chng 1 pht x ht nc ngng trong ni sau kha cht van li. Duy tr p sut nu 2.5 atm n khi thc n chn. Ly nguyn liu bng cch m van di y ni.

Bin php k thut an ton khi vn hnh my: - K thut vin vn hnh phi mang y trang thit b bo h.

- K thut vin thc hin ng quy trnh vn hnh ni hc.

- Khng t ng iu chnh hoc ph kp ch ca van an ton. Trong ca trc phi kim tra hot ng ca van t nht 1 ln (bng cch dng tay ko cn y ca van nu thy x hi v li ng kn khi b tay ra l van an ton lm vic bnh thng).

- Khng vn hnh my khi thiu hoc h hng 1 trong hai ph kin l van an ton v p k.

- Lp tc ngng vn hnh ni nu nu pht hin thn ni pha trong c vt nt hoc hi x ra v ngoi qua lp bc cch nhit. Bo co cho qun l trc tip c bin php x l hoc bn giao cho ca sau.

S c thng gp v bin php khc phc:

- Ni nu km nhit (khng nhit nu), c th do 2 nguyn nhn sau:

+ Ngun cp hi khng cp p sut hi quy nh. khc phc cn yu cu bn ni hi tng cng cp hi.

+ Trong ni nu phn cha hi nc ngng ng qu nhiu. khc phc ta m van nhnh trong cm van x x trit nc ngng. Trong trng hp sau khi x van nhnh v ng van ny li mt lc sau li xy ra hin tng km nhit (d p sut vn quy nh) th c th cm x b tc, khi cn tho cm van x ra v sinh, thng ra cn bn.

- Hi nc x ra u trc: ngi vn hnh cn cho k thut vin c in xit cht cc bulong, nn tt hoc b sung tt cho cc im x h.

5. My ghp np

Cng dng: Ghp kn np hp Thng s k thut:

Chiu cao hp ti thiu 12-24 mm

Chiu cao hp ti a 150mm

Cng sut: 100-150 hp/pht

Cu to: bng chuyn

H thng con ln ghp m

H thng ra

Nguyn tc hot ng:

Bng h thng bng ti, lon c chuyn n b phn chit rt nc chm ri n b phn ghp m. Ti y cn y np lon khp vi ming lon, b phn u ghp, con ln thc hin qu trnh ghp m. Lon sau khi ghp m theo h thng bng ti vo bung kn, ti y h thng vi phun nc vi p lc cao s ra sch hp.

S c thng gp v cch khc phc:

Ghp m non s lm bung hoc phng lon khi em i tit trng, ghp chng 2 np 1 lc, ghp 2 m Cch khc phc: s dng lon mi, ghp m mi, iu chnh li my ghp m.

6. H thng tit trng

Cng dng: tit trng sn phm, tiu dit vi sinh vt, tng thi gian bo qun. Thng s k thut:Ngun cung cp bm tun hon: 400 vng/50Hz,29.3 A

Cng sut bm tun hon: 15 kW, 1460 vng/pht

B cnh bm tun hon: - Lu lng: 250 m3/h

- Cng sut:11,2 kW, 1470 vng/pht

- cao : 22 m

Bn tit trng:

- Dung tch: 4.1 m3- p sut lm vic: 5kg/cm2- Nhit lm vic 1500C

Bn tr nc:

- Dung tch 3m3-p sut lm vic: 5kg/cm2-Nhit lm vic: 1500C

Thng s thp gii nhit: -Cng sut bm: 7.5 kW.1450 vng/ pht

-Lu lng: 0,9-3,1 m3/pht

Cu to

Bn tit trng

Bn tr nc

Bn cha nc ngng t

Thp gii nhit

H thng cp gi nn, cp hi nc, cp in

B iu khin Nguyn tc vn hnh an ton bn tit trng h Auto:

Bc chun b:

- Chc chn ni ang sn sng hot ng.

- Kim tra cc ngun: hi, nc, kh nn y .

- ng v ci cht ca cn thn.

- Kim tra ng m cc van xem c hot ng bnh thng khng.

- Hot ng th bm tun hon v bm qut thp gii nhit.

- M CB chnh, chn ch Auto.

Bc hot ng:

- Chc chn cht ca ng.

- Kim tra li cc thng s ci t hoc chng trnh ci t sn cho sn phm cn tit trng nh: nc, nhit tit trng, nhit kt thc gii nhit, thi gian gi nhit

Bc kt thc:

- Khi ci bo hiu kt thc th nhn nt confirm finish, cht ca m.

- m bo p sut trong ni bng 0 kg/ cm2 mi m ca ly sn phm.

S c thng gp v cch khc phc:

+ Ni tit trng:

- p sut khng t: Kh nn cung cp cho bn yu, van m khng ht, ca ng khng kn. Khc phc: m ht van, ng kn ca, tng lng kh nn.

- Nhit khng t: Do ngun hi cung cp khng . Khc phc: tng p lc cung cp hi nng.

- ng ng nc b x, van nght, thit b mch t ng b li, ng h o nhit v p sut b h. Cc s c xy ra phi bo co kp thi sa cha v thay mi nu cn.

- Trong qu trnh vn hnh nu h thng Auto khng ln c nhit v p sut th chuyn sang h Manual.

- Khi gp s c bm bn cha nc ngng t cn sa cha v lun chuyn cho bm cn li hot ng, kim tra thng xuyn trnh tnh trng bm b ngng, nc ngng t b trn, gy tht thot nc.

- Ca bn ng khng st do b h ron, ron b mn hoc c vt l nm ca, lm nc r ra ngoi. Khc phc: gn li ron, thay ron mi hoc kim tra b vt l ra ngoi.

+ Sn phm trong qu trnh tit trng: Hi cung cp thiu khng nhit gia nhit lm cho sn phm khng t yu cu. Khc phc: bo cho b phn cp hi iu chnh li lng hi cung cp. Vi cc sn phm gp s c phi bo cho b phn KCS kim tra sn phm trc khi chuyn sang kho thnh phm.

7. My phun date

Cng dng: in hn s dng ln hp Thng s k thut;

Tc 150 ln/ pht

Kch thc ch in: 4 x 35 mm hoc 8 x 35 mm

rng cun mc ruban: 35 mm

Cng sut thm nhit: 200 W

Kch thc my: 280-180-420 mm

Trng lng my: 6 kg

Cu to:

B iu khin

Bng chuyn

B phn pht tia sng, ng phun mc

Hp ng mc in

Nguyn tc hot ng:

hp c xp ln bng chuyn vi tc ci t sn chy ngang qua ng pht tia sng , sau khi pht hin c hp chy qua, ng phun mc hot ng, date s c in ln hp, ly hp in cui bng chuyn. S c thng gp v cch khc phc:

Mc in b m, tc in khng ph hp vi tc bng chuyn. Khc phc: in li date, chnh tc bng chuyn ph hp vi tc in.

8. My dn nhn

Cng dng : dn nhn hp Thng s k thut:

Tc : 200-400 hp/pht

Cu to: Mm trn

B phn dn nhn keo dn

B iu chnh tc

Nguyn tc hot ng:Hp c t ln mm trn, khi mm quay theo lc ly tm hp s di chuyn ra ra rt xung bng chuyn theo gc nghing 900 ln xung, theo bng ti chuyn n b phn dn keo, tip l vng dn nhn c np t bn di, khi hp chay ngang qua nhn s cun quanh hp, nhn c gn chc vo thn hp bng nha thng, hai mp nhn c dn bng h lnh, sau cng hp c ly ra cui bng chuyn. S c thng gp v cch khc phc:

Nhn b bung do thiu keo, kt nhn. Khc phc: tip thm keo, dn nhn li, iu chnh lng nhn cho vo.

9. My bao mng co

Cng dng: To mng bao cho sn phm Thng s k thut

- in : 220 V/5kW

- Loi mng rt: POP, PVC, PP

- Tc bng ti:0-10m/pht

- Trng lng bng ti: 5kg

- Kch thc bung 800-400-200

- Kch thc my: 12010-710-810

Cu to:

- Dao hn v ct

- B phn treo cun mng

- Bng chuyn

- Bung sy Nguyn tc hot ng

Hp c xp ln bng chuyn, chy n khu vc xp hp sau my thc hin co mng bng dao hn 3000C (iu chnh ty loi mng) v ct, tip n ct lc, mi lc 4 hp c a vo bung sy mng co cht vo hp, cui cng ra khi bung sy c qut thi lm kh mng.Chng 4: Kho St Ch Tiu nh GiCht Lng Hp

1. Cc vn vi sinh trong thc phm

1.1. Ng c thc phm

Thc phm cung cp nng lng sng cho con ngi nhng cng c th cha cc c t vi sinh vt, c t sinh hc hoc cha cc vi sinh vt gy bnh.

Ng c thc phm thng c hiu l cc triu chng gy ra bi cc c t ca vi sinh vt hin din trong thc phm, c th gy ng c thc phm th vi sinh vt hin din vi s lng t bo ln v tu thuc vo tng chng loi vi sinh vt.

Ng c thc phm thng xy ra ng thi nhiu ngi, to ra triu chng chung. Tuy nhin mc tc ng s khc nhau ph thuc vo kh nng thch ng vi c t v th trng khc nhau ca tng ngi. Cc triu chng thng gp l: tiu chy, chng mt, nn ma, au nhc, au bngcc triu chng ny thay i tu thuc vo c t ca vi sinh vt trong thc phm (ngoi c t), trong t bo (ni c t).

Ng c cn do ngun gc thc phm tiu th nhng thc n c cha cc vi sinh vt v sn phm ca chng, khng ph thuc vo s lng nhiu hay t, do khng ph thuc vo s ch bin hay bo qun.

i vi thc phm, cc vi sinh vt c quan tm l cc vi sinh vt gy ng c v gy bnh. Tuy cc vi sinh vt ny hin din vi mt rt thp trong thc phm, nhng iu kin thch hp chng c th nhn ln nhanh chng n mc gy bnh hay sn xut ra c t gy hi. Do mt cho php ca vi sinh vt trong thc phm l rt thp, a s cc trng hp l bng 0.

1.2. Vi sinh vt gy bnh trong thc phm

1.2.1. Samonella

L trc trng gram m, hiu kh v k kh tu nghi, c kh nng di ng.

Samonella c th gy ng c thc phm khi hin din n mc c triu t bo trong 1 gram thc phm. Cc triu chng do Samonella gy ra l tiu chy, i ma, bun nn. Thi gian bnh k t khi tiu th thc phm b nhim cho n khi c triu chng ng c l 12 36h. Triu chng ng c thng ko di t 2 7 ngy. Khng phi tt c mi ngi khi tiu th thc phm nhim Samonella u b ng c. Cc loi thc phm c nguy c b nhim Samonella cao l cc sn phm tht, trng, thu sn. ngun gy nhim cc loi thc phm ny thng l phn ngi v ng vt, nhim gin tip hay trc tip.

1. 2.2. Staphylococus aureusL vi khun hiu kh hay k kh tu nghi, c hnh cu, gram dng. Loi vi khun ny phn b khp ni, nhng ch yu c phn lp t da, mng nhy ca ngi v ng vt mu nng. Trong thc phm vi sinh vt c nhim vo ch yu qua con ng ch bin c cc cng on tip xc trc tip vi ngi. Nu c s hin din vi mt cao ca vi sinh vt ny trong thc phm cho thy iu kin v sinh ca qu trnh ch bin km, kim sot nhit trong cc cng on ch bin khng tt.

1.2.3. E.coliL vi sinh vt hiu kh tu tin hin din trong ng rut ca ngi v cc loi ng vt mu nng. Hu ht khng gy hi v ng vai tr quan trng trong vic n nh sinh l ng rut. Do s phn b rng ri trong t nhin nn E.coli d dng nhim vo thc phm t nguyn liu hay thng qua ngun nc trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin. Cc dng E.coli gy bnh gy ra cc triu chng ri lon ng tiu ho. Biu hin lm sng thay i t nh n nng, c th gy cht ngi, ph thuc vo mc nhim, dng gy nhim v kh nng p ng ca tng ngi.

1.2.4. ColiformsL nhm vi sinh vt ch th v s lng hin din ca chng trong thc phm, nc hay cc loi mu mi trng c dng nh du hiu ch th kh nng hin din ca cc vi sinh vt gy bnh khc. Cc nh nghin cu u cho thy rng vi s lng cao ca coliforms trong thc phm h s hin din ca vi sinh vt gy bnh khc cng kh cao. Tuy nhin mi quan h gia vi sinh vt gy bnh v vi sinh vt ch th cn c nhiu tranh ci.

2. Cc phng php nh gi cht lng thc phm

2.1. Kim tra cm quan v nguyn liu v sn phm

Cc phng php kim tra cm quan thng chia thnh 3 nhm chnh: cc phng php sai bit, phng php u tin v phng php thm d th hiu.

Trong qu trnh kim tra cm quan, ngi kim tra cm quan ch yu da vo kinh nghim ca mnh m thc hin nhng thao tc nhanh hn, vic u tin trong qu trnh kim tra cm quan l quan st mu sc, lt ct. Mu sc ca tht nht nht l tht km ti, tht ti sn chc c lt ct phi mn. T l m trong tht phi t tiu chun.

2. Kim tra ch tiu sinh ho

- o pH

- nh tnh NH3

- nh tnh H2S 2.3. Kim tra cc ch tiu vi sinh trong sn phm

- nh lng tng vi sinh vt hiu kh.

- nh lng tng s coliform.

- nh lng E.coli trong thc phm.

- Xc nh Samonella trong thc phm.

2.4. Tiu chun sn phmThng t s 27/2012/TT-BYT hng dn qun l ph gia thc phm

Thng t lin tch 34/N 89/2006 v nhn hng ha

TCVN 1981 : 1988 hp. Xc nh hm lng thic bng phng php chun .

TCVN 4991 : 1989 (ISO 7937 : 1985) Vi sinh vt hc. Hng dn chung m Clostridium perfringens. K thut m khun lc.

TCVN 5151 : 1990 Tht v sn phm tht. Phng php xc nh hm lng ch.

TCVN 5152 : 1990 Tht v sn phm ca tht. Phng php xc nh hm lng thu ngn.

TCVN 5155 : 1990 Tht v sn phm tht. Phng php pht hin v m s Escherichia coli.TCVN 5156 : 1990 Tht v sn phm tht. Phng php pht hin v m s Staphylococcus aureus.

TCVN 5166 : 1990 Sn phm thc phm. Phng php xc nh tng s bo t nm men, nm mc

TCVN 7046 : 2002 Tht ti - Qui nh k thut.

TCVN 7047 : 2002 Tht lnh ng - Qui nh k thut.

Yu cu bn trong ca hp tht sau khi m:

Tht c mu hng, nc va sp mt tht, mt trn khng c bt, lp vecni bn trong hp ph u v khng b bong.

Ch tiu ho l ca tht hp:

Tn ch tiuGii hn cho php

1. Ch s peroxyt, s mililit natri thia sulphua (Na2S2O3) 0,002 N dng trung ho ht lng peroxyt trong 1 kg, khng ln hn5

2. T l "ci/nc"Theo tiu chun c cng b ca nh sn xut

Ch tiu vi sinh vt ca tht hp:

Tn ch tiuGii hn ti a

1. Tng s nm men - nm mc, s khun lc trong 1 g sn phm 0

2. E.coli, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm0

3. Staphylococcus aureus, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm0

4. Clostridium perfringens, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm0

5. Clostridium botulinum, s vi khun trong 1 g sn phm0

D lng kim loi nng ca tht hp :

Tn ch tiuGii hn ti a (mg/kg)

1. Ch (Pb)0,5

2. Cadimi (Cd)0,05

3. Thic (Sn)250

4. Thu ngn (Hg)0,03

D lng thuc th y:


1. H tetraxyclin0,1

2. H cloramphenicolKhng pht hin

D lng Hoocmon:


1. Dietylstylbestrol0,0

2. Testosterol0,015

3. Estadiol0,0005

c t nm mc:

Hm lng aflatoxin B1 ca tht hp khng ln hn 0,005 mg/kg.

Ph gia thc phm:Thng t 27/2012/TT-BYT Hng dn vic qun l ph gia thc phm.

3. Ghi nhn, bao gi, vn chuyn, bo qun sn phm

3.1. Ghi nhn

Theo Thng t lin tch 34/N 89/2006 v nhn hng ha.3.2. Bao gi

Tht hp c ng trong cc hp kn, chuyn dng cho thc phm.

Hp cha tht khng c bin dng, khng c vt rng ca mi ghp, khng b phng. Nhn hiu phi gn cht vi bao b. Cc k hiu trn bao b phi r rng.

3.3. Vn chuyn

Phng tin vn chuyn tht hp phi kh, sch.

3.4. Bo qun

hp tht c bo qun ni kh, sch, thong mt, c mi che v trnh nh nng mt tri. Thi gian bo qun theo cng b ca nh sn xut.

Phn 4Qun L V SinhAn Ton Lao ng &X L Cht Thi

1. S x l nc thi ca nh my

Nc thi

Li chn rc

B cha

Trm bm

B cn bng

B tuyn ni

B trung gian 1

B phn hy ym kh

B trung gian 2

B trung gian 3

B sinh hc hiu kh

B lng

B kh trng

Sng Si Gn Thuyt minh qui trnh

Nc thi c s dng trong sinh hot v sn xut. Cha nhiu tap cht v c v hu c t bit l hm lng lipit ln.

Nc thi t nh my c qua li chn rc. Li chn rc c nhim v gi li cc tp cht th nh ti ni lng, rc nhm m bo cho cc ng dn khng b nght.

Nc thi c n b cha ri n trm bm trm bm c li chn rc.

Nc t trm bm n b cn bng. b cn bng c c nc sch v nc thi.B cn bng lm nhim v cn bng nc thi sau khi qua li chn rc, c nhiu loi nc khc nhau nn cn phi qua b cn bng ng nht tnh cht nc thi khi qua cc cng on tip theo. B cn bng c s dng kh nn sc t di ln i lu cc dng nc thi v qu trnh cn bng nhanh chng hn. B cn bng cn c nhim v cn bng lu lng ca dng nc trc khi qua b tuyn ni. Nc thi c hm lng m cao, v c mt s cht hot ng b mt do cn qua b tuyn ni loi b. Trong b tuyn ni c phn nhm v polymer lm keo t ion lim loi nng xung y v cc cht bt ni ln trn. Trong b tuyn ni c cn gt gt lp bt pha trn v lp bn pha y. Nc thi t b tuyn ni n b trung gian 1 ri n b phn hy ym kh . b ny c th b sung thm v i sinh vt ym kh . Ri n b trung gian 2 n b trung gian 3. B trung gian 3 lm nhim v trung ha nc thi v sao qu trnh phn hu k kh to ra mt s axit lm gim PH ca nc thi. Trung ha bng NaOH to PH ti thch cho qu trnh phn gii hiu kh. B sinh hc hiu kh c lm bng btng ct thp vi mt bng thng dng l hnh ch nht. Hn hp bn v nc thi cho chy qua sut chiu di ca b. Bn hot tnh l loi bn xp cha nhiu vi sinh vt c kh nng oxi ha v khong ha cc cht hu c cha trong nc thi. gi cho bn hot tnh trng thi l lng v m bo oxi dng trong qu trnh oxi ho cc cht hu c th phi lun m bo vic thong gi bng cch thng qua my thi kh. Thi gian nc lu trong b khng lu qu 12h. Nc thi v bn hot tnh tun hon sau khi qua b cho qua b lng. B lng dng chn gi bn hot tnh qua x l b sinh hc hiu kh hay mng vi sinh cht. Bn c lng xung y, bt v cc phn t nh trn. B lng c h thng cn gt bt v bn. Bn c a n b nn bn, nc sau khi lng c chy qua b kh trng. B kh trng c cha NaOCl kh cc cht cn li trong . Sau d nc c dn ra sng Si Gn .2. X l ph thi i vi cc loi giy, thng carton, bao nilon... s c tp trung li v sau bn i.

Phn ca gia sc pht sinh khu tn tr th dn dp sch s v vn chuyn bng phng tin kn, khng chy nc, ri vi dc ng em x l, ri vi cc ng phn mi pht sinh trong ngy.

Da tru b em bn.

Thng xuyn thu dn rc v bao b, cc loi pht sinh trong ca sn xut nh v carrot, khoai ty....vo bao b kn sau tp trung li x l.

Rc sinh hot khng x l c c xe rc n ly hng ngy.

Cc loi m khng s dng c th em bn lm thc n gia sc.

3. V sinh phn xng sn xut

Trong bt k phn xng ch bin thc phm, v sinh l vn quan trng di nhiu kha cnh khc nhau. C th chia v sinh thnh cc nhm: v sinh cng nhn, v sinh my mc, v sinh o qun bo h lao ng, v sinh dng c v bn gh lm vic, v sinh tng v sn nh, v sinh trong khi ch bin, v sinh tn tr v v sinh vn chuyn.

4. V sinh cng nhn Cng nhn v thao tc lm vic ca h l mt trong nhng ngun vy nhim tim tng. Cng nhn lm vic trong xng ch bin khng b cc bnh nhim trng da, cc bnh ng c thc phm,cc bnh truyn nhim ly qua ng sinh dc ,cc vt try xc trn tay chn . iu cng cn thit l mi ngi lm vic trong xng ch bin phi v sinh sch mng tay , kiu tc thch hp v ht sc cn thn khi chm sc v sinh c nhn.Mi ngi vo xng ch bin phi hiu bit nhng im cn thit sau y:

Mc o qun bo h sch s.

Ra sch tay trc khi ra vo khu vc ch bin.

Ra sch tay sau khi i toilet.

Gi sch tay v o qun bo h khi ch bin.

Khng mang bt k loi thc n no vo khu vc ch bin thc phm.

Khng ht thuc trong khu vc ch bin thc phm.

Khng khc nh v x mi bt c ch no trong khu vc ch bin.

Mi ngi trc khi lm vic trong xng ch bin phi thong sut nhng lut l quan trng ny m bo rng cc sn phm khng b vy nhim bi h5. V sinh my mc- Phi ra sch v st trng tt c cc my mc mi ngy v sau khi s dng. Trc ht cn ly tt c vn tht cn st li trong bt k ch no ca cng c ri mi ra khp ni trong my bng x phng vi nc m tch tht v m. Sau dng nc lnh ra my. git 99% vi khun , lc ny phi dng nc nng 82oc phun xt ln tt c ca my mc . Khng th ra bt k my mc no cng bng nc nng 820C m thi , bi v protein ca tht s chy trn kim loi v nh vy s rt kh ra sch nhng vt ny .

- Sau khi lm sch v x l bng nc nng , my mc phi c lau kh . Vi khun v vi sinh vt ch c th pht trin trn mi trng m . Nh vy trnh s pht trin ca vi khun chng ta phi lm kh mi ni trong my . Ngoi ra , ngay c thp khng r vn c th b r sau vi ln b m . Do lau chi kh ro l mt cch u t tt.6. V sinh o qun bo h lao ngMi ngi lm vic trong phn xng ch bin thc phm phi mc o qun bo h lao ng do cng ty cung cp. Hu ht o qun bo h lao ng trong cc xng ch bin tht u c mu trng, gm o qun lao ng, o s mi hoc o khoc , giy ng , nn hoc nn bo h chng nhit v tap d .Nhng th ny phi c gi sch s v chng d bn khng v sinh u l mi trng sinh sn rt tt cho bt k loi vi khun v vi sinh vt . Tp d v giy ng phi c ra sch hng ngy v c th ra sch vi ln sau mt thi gian lm vic . Gng tay v thit b bo v tay cng cn thit .

7. V sinh dng c v bn gh

Tt c cng c lao ng nh dao, ca v cc dng c cn thit khc cho qu trnh ch bin u c gi sch. iu cn thit l phi gi dao lun sc bn trong mi lc. Dao cn l mt nguy c d gy thng tch cho ngi cm dao. Vn tht v cc sn phm tht trn con dao u tr thnh mi trng tt cho vi sinh vt pht trin, do tt c phi c ra sch sau khi s dng v st trng mi ngy. Vn tht v cc sn phm tht trn cng c c th l nguyn nhn ly nhim qua li gia dng c v tht. Tng t bn gh lun c gi sch sau khi dng.

8. V sinh sn nh v tng vch trong xng ch bin

- Sn nh v tng vch phi lun gi sch: ht m v vn tht trn sn nh lm trn trt, c th gy nguy him. Khng bao gi chy trong nhng khu vc m t. Hng ngy sn nh phi c lm sch bng nc nng v tt hn ht l phi lm kh. Cc khu vc m t cng l mi trng tt cho vi khun v vi sinh vt pht trin. Trc khi ra sch sn nh th phi qut dn sn nh m bo loi b nhng mnh tht v m trc khi chng c th vo h thng thot nc.

- Hng ngy tng vch cng c lm sch bng nc nng m bo rng y khng cn vy nhim tht v cc sn phm tht.

9. V sinh trong lc ch bin

Trong khi ct gi tht, thnh phn b sung, cht ph gia, v bc v tt c cc loi thc phm ch bin, iu cn thit l phi tun theo nhng iu kin v sinh tt nht. Tht v cc sn phm ch bin hoc bt c sn phm no cng khng c tn tr ngay trn sn kho. Thng plastic cha tht hoc sn phm tht ch c t trn sn kho nh mt gi hay xe y. trnh vy nhim qua li cn phi lm sch tt c cc vt cha s dng cha tht hay cc sn phm tht. Khng bao gi cha cc sn phm tht ti chung vi cc sn phm tht chin v cc sn phm tht chin.

10. V sinh tn tr

Bt c khu vc tn tr tht v cc sn phm tht u phi sch s v v sinh. Nh vy mi gim thiu s pht trin vi khun v s h hng ca thc phm. Tn tr tht v cc sn phm tht nhit theo yu cu cng l mt phng cch gii quyt vn h hng thc phm.

11. V sinh vn chuyn

Mi sn phm tht v tht ch c vn chuyn trong nhng thng cha, xe y, thau plastic hoc xe m t sch s v v sinh . Khng chng cht tht nng trong xe kn vn chuyn ng xa, mun vy phi h thp nhit di 100C v chuyn ch trong xe lnh. Sau mi lt vn chuyn cn ra sch sn xe bng nc sch. Vn chuyn di iu kin d bn, khng v sinh s c nhiu nguy c vy nhim nhiu loi vi khun nguy him. Sau vi chuyn vn chuyn cn lm sch v st trng tiu c phng tin vn chuyn.

Phn 5Kt Lun & Kin Ngh1. Kt lun

- Sau hn mt thng thc tp ti cng ty, em tch ly thm cho bn thn nhiu kin thc qu gi v cch t chc qun l cng nh sn xut theo quy m cng nghip. Su hn, thng qua vic tm hiu thc nghim, em cng c c cc kin thc v chuyn ngnh sc sn ni chung, cng nh ton b quy trnh sn xut hp ni ring. Hiu bit v tng nguyn liu, tham gia vo tng cng on sn xut hay tm hiu cch vn hnh tng loi thit b u l nhng kinh nghim b ch i sinh vin chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thc phm chng em cho vic lm n sau ny v xa hn l cho cng tc lm vic sau khi ra trng.2. Kin ngh

- Tuy nhin nng cao nng sut v gi c cht lng n nh cho cc sn phm, cng ty cn y mnh nghin cu v hon thnh cc gii php cng ngh ph hp.Qua tm hiu, em xin c xut mt s kin nh sau:

- hn ch mc thp nht cc hao ht vt liu nn ch mua nhng nguyn liu nh hnh tm, ti to ng u th qu trnh gt v s d dng v trnh tht thu.

- Do nh my c xy dng t lu nn vn cn mt s my mc v trang thit b th cng hoc bn t ng c, nn c thay th bng cc loi my mc, thit b t ng ha nng cao nng sut. Tit kim thi gian cng nh chi ph nhn cng.

- Khc phc vic cn th cng bng tay nng cao nng sut.- Nn nh thng xuyn c xi ra tuy sch nhng gy m t v trn trt, cn nghin cu khc phc.

Ti liu tham kho[1]. Nhiu tc gi, Gio trnh Cng ngh ch bin sc sn, thy sn, Trng i hc Cng Nghip TpHCM 2009.

[2]. Trn c Ba, C s k thut lnh thc phm, Trng i hc Bch Khoa TpHCM 1990.

[3]. L Ngc T v nhiu tc gi, Ha hc thc phm, NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni 2002.

[4]. Nguyn c Lng, V sinh v an ton thc phm NXB H Quc gia TpHCM.

[5]. Nguyn Trng Cn, Minh Phng, Nguyn L H (2008) Cng Ngh hp v thy sn Gia sc gia cm NXB Khoa hc K thut.

[6]. Danh mc tiu chun v sinh i vi lng thc, thc phm (1998) B Y T.

[7]. Ti liu do cng ty VISSAN cung cp. [8]. TCVN 3973_1984 Tiu chun ca mui trong ch bin.

[9]. TCVN 1695_1987 Tiu chun ca ng trong ch bin.

[10].TCVN 1459_1974 Tiu chun ca bt ngt trong ch bin.

[11]. TCVN 7046_ 2002 Tiu chun ca tht ti.

[12].TCVN 5501_1991 Tiu chun nc ung.[13].TCVN 7048_2002 Tiu chun tht hp.[14]. Quyt nh s 867/1998/Q-BYT v "Danh mc tiu chun v sinh i vi lng thc, thc phm". [15]. Ch bin bo qun tht v sa PGS.TS Nguyn Ngc Tun- TS.L Thanh Hin Hnh 1.1 Cng ty VISSAN

Cng ty

Ca hng gii thiu sn phm

H thng i l

Sn phm xut khu

Sn phm tiu th nh hng, siu th.

Sn phm bn l

Qun c

Ph qun c

Trng dy chuyn tht ngui

Kho vt t

T v sinh

T nguyn liu

T Jambon

T xx tht ngui

T nu hp

T thnh phm

Ph qun c

T thnh phm xx tit trng

T sy tit trng

T my KAP

T xay p

T nguyn liu

T v sinh

Trng dy chuyn xx tit trng

Kho thnh phm

T v sinh

T nguyn liu

T v lon

T ghp np

T tit trng

Trng dy chuyn hp

Ban k thut

T thnh phm

Hnh tm

Tht ng lnh

R ng

Ct tht

p ( massage)

V hp

Rt dich

Bi kh - ghp m

Tit trng

Phun date

Bo n

hp heo hm

Gia v

Dich nc nong

Lon thic

Ra hp

Np

Hon thin

Nhn

SVTH: Phan Trng Hng

1SVTH: Phan Trng Hng

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