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8/2/2019 Baja Ternakan-Tamminga Slides
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1/11/2006
1
Environmental impacts of (beef)
cattle
Seerp Tamminga
Characteristics of cattle production in Europe
North + West
no heat stress
grass based grazing
dairy (+ beef)
South + East
heat stress
maize silage
zero grazing
beef (+dairy)
The Netherlands
Wageningen
150 km
300 km
sand
above sea level
clay
below sea levelStatistics about the Netherlands
Size (ha) * 3.72 3.73 3.73
Agriculture (ha) * 2.08 2.02 1.96
People* 13.6 14.5 16.0
P/.sq. km 409 426 430*: millions
1975 1985 1995
Men and animals in the Netherlands
1975 1985 1995 2005
People* 13.6 14.5 16.0 16.1
Cattle*
4.96 5.25 4.65 3.60Sheep* 0.76 0.81 1.67 1.20
Pigs* 7.28 12.4 14.4 10.8
Poultry* 77.5 89.9 89.6 85.8
*: x million
Animal Production (Systems)
ANIMAL
PLANT SOIL
MANURE
Carbon (C)
Nitrogen (N)Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
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Environmental concerns
Acid deposition
Water contamination
P accumulation (soil)
Greenhouse effect
Impairment ozone layer
Animal production and Environment
Carbon
dioxide
CO2
Methane
CH4
Feces, urine
Ammonia, NH3
FeedMilk
It’s shit
again
Interventions
soil plant animal manure
greenhouse gases
CO2 capture capture nutrition
(no) tillage
CH4 oxidation nutrition storage
N2O fertilizer fertilizer nutrition storage
legumes housing ? acidification
numbers
NH3 species housing storage
zero grazing injection
Nitrate fertilizer fertilizer acidification
Phosphorus fertilizer fertilizer replacement
“Nutrients” in plants and animals
Plants
C from photosynthesis
(C from CO2)
N from soil, fertiliser or
manure
P2O5 from fertiliser or
manure
Animals
C from DOM, TDN,
ME or NE
C lost in CH4
N from MP in feed
P from feed
Nutrients required by farm animals
Energy (C) is the driving force
Utilisation of energy is primarily determined by
digestibility
Within energy, N (and P) are “required” up to a levelwhere the marginal efficiency is almost zero
Efficiency of N utilisation depends on microbial protein
synthesis in the rumen
Efficiency of N utilisation depends AA ratio
C/N/P and N/P ratio’s in inputs
Product C N1 P1 N2 P2
=============================================== Inputs
grass 100 8.4 0.98 100 8.6
maize silage 100 3.0 0.56 100 5.4
grass silage 100 6.4 0.82 100 7.8
grains 100 4.4 0.90 100 4.9
oil seeds 100 7.0 1.33 100 5.3
legume seeds 100 9.8 1.04 100 9.4
oil seed meals 100 11.9 1.70 100 7.0
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C/N/P and N/P ratio’s in outputs
Product C N1 P1 N2 P2
================================================ high value outputs
milk 100 7.3 1.24 100 5.9eggs 100 13.3 1.39 100 9.5pigs 100 8.0 1.66 100 4.8cattle 100 10.9 3.21 100 3.4poultry 100 17.9 3.29 100 5.4
low value outputs
cattle manure 100 28.5 4.32 100 15.2
swine manure 100 22.1 5.83 100 26.4
poultry manure 100 21.6 7.48 100 34.5
Energy partitioning
Fecal energy
Methane energy
Urinary energy
Fermentation heat
Oxidation heat
Gross Energy
Digestible energy (DOM, TDN)
Metabolizable Energy (ME)
Net Energy (NE)
Ketogenic Glycogenic Aminogenic
Protein partitioning
Rumen
degraded protein
Ammonia
Faecal proteinNucleic acids
Urea
Crude Protein (CP = Nx6.25)
Microbial Protein
Metabolizable Protein (MP)
Protein deposition (Milk, Body)
Undegraded
Feed Protein
Oxidation
Nutrients (g/kg DOM) in different processes
N P
g/ kg DOM
Maintenance 5.2 3.4
Growth mature (fat) 14.4 3.7
Rumen microbes 20.0 4.0
Milk 31.0 5.7
Growth young (protein) 40.0 8.6
NE, MP and P lost in maintenance
BW NE MP P
Stockers 300 0.76 0.71 0.74
Feedlot 450 0.52 0.44 0.60
Replacement 425 0.64 0.65 0.65
Beef cows 600 0.76 0.71 0.74
Bulls 650 0.55 0.66 0.66
Animal models for nutrient use
“Downstream” or “upstream”
Downstream: Divide farm or area level or balance
over number of animals
Nutrients not retained my cycle more oftenthrough the system
Upstream: Multiply animal balance with number of
animals on farm or in area
When given free choice (grazing) animals may
select
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“Upstream”: Integrated dynamic models
Controlled indoor feeding systems
Dairy cattle CNCPS: Fox et al, 2004
Methane: Mills et al, 2001
Nitrogen: Kebreab et al., 2001
Phosphorus: Kebreab et al, 2004
Beef cattle
CNCPS, Fox et al., 2004
“Downstream”: Animal model development
Nutrient (N, P) balance calculated Covering energy requirements determines DMI
An average diet is composed
The average diet determines N and P intake
N and P deposition is calculated
Correction for (unavoidable) gaseous N losses
Steps
1. Animal categories (52)
2. Feed and N (or P) intake per animal per year
3. N (or P) output in animal products (milk, eggs,
growth) per animal per year
4. Gross excretion by difference
5. Correction for gaseous N losses (%)
6. Net excretion in kg N (or P) per animal per year
Animal categories
Code category sub-categories
100 cattle 8
200 turkeys 3
300 poultry 5
400 pigs 10
500 sheep 2
600 goats 2
700 fur animals 6
800 ducks 2
900 rabbits 4
Animal categories cattle
Category Sub-categories
100 dairy cattle
101 young cattle < 1 year
102 young cattle > 1 year112 veal calves
120 suckler cows
123 beef cattle 0-16 months
124 beef cattle < 1 year
125 beef cattle > 1 year
In- and output per animal per year per
category kg (DM) N/kg (DM) kg N
Intake
Feed 1 ....... ....... .......
Feed 2 ....... ....... .......
Feed 3 ....... ....... .......
Feed 4 ....... ....... .......+
Deposition
Milk (egg) ....... ....... .......
Body ....... ....... .......
_
Excretion .......
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Animal category: cattle
Premises
National availability of grass/maize silage and concentrates
Number of dairy cows and beef cattle
Milk (FPCM) per dairy cow/year
Heifers and calves/dairy cow/year
Energy (NEL or VEM) required per dairy cow (102% of
requirements)
For maintenance, pregnancy, negative energy balance,
grazing and for milk (FPCM) production
Average dairy diet → amount of fresh grass
N deposition
Form kg times/yr g N/kg kg N
Calf 44 0,65 29,4 +0,8
Cow 600 0,65 22,5 +4,7
Heifer 525 0,35 23,1 - 4.2
Milk 7439 (7913) 5,5 +40,9
Total +42,2
Standard N excretion/cow/year in dairy cattle
Intake kg ds N/ds kg N Fresh grass 1445 34.6 50.0
Grass silage 2160 29.0 62.6
Maize silage 1200 12.5 15.0
Standard concentr. 1500 27.0 40.5
High CP conc. 250 35.0 8.8
Wet by-pr. 150 20.0 3.0
179.9
Depositionin milk 42,2
in body (+ calf)
Excretion 137.7
Standard N excretion/cow/year in beef cattle
Intake kg ds N/ds kg N
Milk (replacer) 25 34,0 0.85
Maize silage 1377 11,7 16.1
Standard concentr. 56 32,0 1.8
High CP conc. 318 32,0 10.2
Low CP conc. 440 26.0 11.4
Wet by-pr. 261 19.0 5.0
45.4
Deposition
in body (+ calf) 11.4
Excretion 34.0
Gaseous losses
Sources Ammonia volatilisation
Nitrification
Denitrification
Sources of variation Animal category (ratio urine/faeces)
Type of housing
Measuring techniques Direct
Indirect from N and P balance
N excretions in farm animals
Category gross gaseous net
excretion losses excretion(kg N/yr) (%) (kg N/yr
Dairy cattle 137.7 11 122.5
Veal calves 12.0 18 9.8
Beef cattle 34.0 19 27.5
Sheep 13.3 9 12.1
Goats 14.2 44 8.0
Fattening pigs 11.7 29 8.3
Laying hens 0.676 25 0.50
Broilers 0.543 28 0.39
Rabbits 0.703 32 0.48
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Conclusions
Animal production inevitably causes nutrient losses
Costs (damage) and trade off values needed
between losses of N, P and greenhouse gases In beef cattle between 50 and 75% of nutrients is
lost in maintenance
Minimum dietary N levels are “dictated” by the
needs of the rumen microbial population
Most by-products are (too) high in N and P related
to energy
Recommendations
Minimize N and P losses in maintenance
Allow no weight loss
Minimize number of replacement animals
Reduce N (and P) intake to below requirements for
rumen microbes and make use of recycling
Shift N excretion from urine to feces
Reduce urinary N losses
Stimulate hind gut fermentation
Limit use of by-products in beef cattle
Thanks for your attention
© Wageningen UR