Bao Cao Moi Truong Quoc Gia 2013

7/24/2019 Bao Cao Moi Truong Quoc Gia 2013

1/157

BO TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRNG

BAO CAO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2013

MI TRNGkhng kh

H NI - 2013

2013

BAO CAO MI TRNG QUC GIA

b ti nguyn v mi trungS, 10 T&n Tht Th$*t - H' Ni%i+n thoi: (84-4) 38 343 911Fa#: (84-4) 37 736 892http://""".monre.go!.!n

mi trng khng kh BOC

OMIT

RN

GQUCGIAN

M

2013MI

TRNGKH

NGKH

3:Layout 1 9/23/2014 10:45 AM Page 1


2/157


3/157

S KKHXB: 31-2014/CXB/19-915/B; Quyt nh s 51/QXB ngy 01 thng 08 nm 2014

M s ISBN: 978-604-904-248-5


4/157

BAO CAO MOI TRNG QUOC GIA 2013

I

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

DANH SACH NHNG NGI THAM GIA BIEN SOAN


MOI TRNG KHONG KH

p th ch o:

Nguyn Minh Quang, B trng B i nguyn v Mi trng

Bi Cch uyn, T trng kim ng cc trng ng cc Mi trng

Hong Dng ng, Ph ng cc trng ng cc Mi trng

th k:

KS. Nguyn Vn Ty, TS. L Hong Anh, CN. Nguyn T Nguyt nh, KS. PhmQuang Hiu, TS. Mc T Minh r, TS. Bi Hng Nht, S. Dng Tnh Nam, CN.Nghim T Hong Anh, KS. Phm T Vng Linh, TS. Nguyn Hng Hnh, CN. PhanT Nhung, CN. Vng Nh Lun - ng cc Mi trng.

Tam gia bin tp, bin son:

GS.SKH. Phm Ngc ng, S. Nguyn Ngc Sinh, PGS. S. ng Kim Chi,S. Dng Hng Sn, TS. ng T Cng, TS. Nguyn T rinh Hng, KS. NguynGia Cng, TS. Nguyn Hong c, TS. rn T Hin Hnh, TS. Nguyn Hong nh.

ng gp kin v cung cp s liu cho bo co:

Cc n v thuc B i nguyn v Mi trng.

Cc n v thuc ng cc Mi trng.

B Cng thng, B Giao thng vn ti, B K hoch v u t, B Khoa hc vCng ngh, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, B Quc phng, B Xy dng,B Y t.

S i nguyn v Mi trng cc tnh, thnh ph.


5/157


6/157

III

MUC LUC

Danh mc Biu .....................................................V

Danh mc Khung....................................................VIIDanh mc Bng......................................................VIII

Danh mc Hnh........................................................IX

Danh mc Ch vit tt..............................................X

Li ni u.................................................................XI

rch yu....................................................................XII

CHNG 1. IU KIN T NHINV KINH T - X HI NH HNG

N MI TRNG KHNG KH1.1. iu kin kh hu, thi tit v din bin

rng, cy xanh th....................................................3

1.1.1. Kh hu v thi tit .................................3

1.1.2. Din bin rng v cy xanh th .......5

1.2. nh hnh pht trin kinh t - x hi.......8

1.2.1. ng trng kinh t................................8

1.2.2. c th ha...................................10

1.2.3. Hot ng giao thng vn ti................11

1.2.4. Hot ng cng nghip........................16

1.2.5. Hot ng xy dng v dn sinh ........ 21

1.2.6. Hot ng nng nghip v lng ngh .....21

CHNG 2. CC NGUN GY NHIMMI TRNG KHNG KH

2.1. Cc ngun gy nhim...........................27

2.1.1. Hot ng giao thng...........................27

2.1.2. Hot ng sn xut cng nghip.........282.1.3. Hot ng xy dng v dn sinh .......34

2.1.4. Hot ng nng nghip v lng ngh .....34

2.1.5. Chn lp v x l cht thi .................37

2.2. Pht thi kh nh knh ............................39

CHNG 3. HIN TRNG CHT LNGMI TRNG KHNG KH

3.1. Cht lng mi trng khng kh ti th ...................................................................49

3.1.1. Bi .........................................................50

3.1.2. Kh NOx-NO2-NO ................................553.1.3. Kh O

3....................................................58

3.1.4. Mt s kh khc ....................................59

3.1.5. ing n ................................................62

3.2. Cht lng mi trng khng kh xungquanh cc khu sn xut ............................................62

3.2.1. Bi ..........................................................62

3.2.2. Kh SO2, NO

2.........................................66

3.2.3. ing n.................................................68

3.2.4. Mi .........................................................68

3.2.5. Hi axit, mt s kh c khc ............68

3.3. Cht lng mi trng khng kh lngngh v nng thn .....................................................69

3.3.1. Mi trng khng kh lng ngh .........69

3.3.2. Mi trng khng kh khu vc nngthn .....................................................................72

3.4. Mt s vn nhim khng kh linquc gia Vit Nam ..................................................73

3.4.1. Xu hng lan truyn nhim xuynbin gii ......................................................................73

3.4.2. Lng ng axit ......................................73

3.4.3. Sng m quang ha ...........................74

CHNG 4. TC NG CA NHIMMI TRNG KHNG KH

4.1. c hi ca nhim khng kh n sckho con ngi .........................................................79

4.2. nh hng ti cht lng cng trnh xydng v bn vt liu .............................................84

4.3. nh hng ti h sinh thi v bin ikh hu ........................................................................85

4.3.1. nh hng ti h sinh thi .................85

4.3.2. c ng ca nhim khng kh ln khhu ton cu ...............................................................87


MOI TRNG KHONG KH


7/157


V

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

CHNG 5. NHNG KT QU V HN CHTRONG QUN L MI TRNG KHNG KH

5.1. Nhng kt qu t c ........................91

5.1.1. ip tc hon thin hnh lang php l vc cu t chc v bo v mi trng khng kh ......91

5.1.2. Kim sot nhim khng kh tronghot ng giao thng vn ti ....................................92

5.1.3. Gim thiu nhim t hot ngsn xut ........................................................96

5.1.4. rin khai cc gii php xanh nhm gimthiu lng kh thi hiu ng nh knh, ng ph hiuqu vi bin i kh hu ...................................................99

5.1.5. Ban hnh cc QCVN v mi trngkhng kh .................................................................100

5.1.6. ip tc duy tr v y mnh hot ngquan trc mi trng khng kh ............................101

5.1.7. S tham gia ca cng ng i vi vickim sot cht lng khng kh v cng b, ph binthng tin v cht lng khng kh cho cng ng ...104

5.1.8. Duy tr v y mnh hp tc quc t vmi trng khng kh ............................................105

5.2. Nhng hn ch ......................................106

5.2.1. Cc th ch v mi trng khng kh ...106

5.2.2. Hot ng quan trc v kim sot ngunpht thi cn yu.......................................................110

5.2.3. thc tun th cc quy nh v bo vmi trng ca cc ch ngun thi ..........................114

5.2.4. Cc hot ng h tr cha hiu qu.....114

CHNG 6. CC GII PHP BO VMI TRNG KHNG KH

6.1. Hon thin cc th ch v mi trngkhng kh .................................................................119

6.1.1. ip tc hon thin h thng chnh schphp lut................................................................... 119

6.1.2. Sm xy dng v trin khai K hochqun l cht lng khng kh.................................120

6.1.3. ip tc kin ton t chc qun l nhnc v mi trng khng kh ..............................120

6.2. y mnh hot ng quan trc v kimk ngun thi ...........................................................121

6.3. ng cng kim sot v gim pht thi ..122

6.3.1. Kim sot, hn ch cc ngun gy nhim bi ti cc th ..........................................122

6.3.2. Kim sot, gim pht thi cht nhimkhng kh do hot ng giao thng vn ti ... ..... 122

6.3.3. Kim sot, gim pht thi cht nhimkhng kh do hot ng sn xut cng nghip vlng ngh.................................................................. 123

6.4. y mnh nhm gii php xanh ..........124

6.4.1. ng cng thc thi chnh sch chi trdch v mi trng rng ....................................... 124

6.4.2. Tc hin mc tiu, nhim v trongChin lc quc gia v tng trng xanh v phtthi carbon thp....................................................... 124

6.5. Mt s gii php h tr khc.................124

6.5.1. ng cng hiu qu s dng cng ckinh t v vn u t ti chnh..........................124

6.5.2. y mnh cc hot ng nghin cu vng dng khoa hc v cng ngh...........................125

6.5.3. ng cng s tham gia ca cngng ..................................................................125

6.5.4. ng cng hp tc quc t .............126

Kt lun.........................................................129

Kin ngh .....................................................131

i liu tham kho......................................135


8/157


V

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

DANH MUC BIEU O


N MI TRNG KHNG KH VIT NAM

Biu 1.1. Nhit khng kh trung bnh ccthng trong nm 2012 ti mt stnh, thnh ph.................................4

Biu 1.2. ng lng ma ti mt s trm quantrc qua cc nm 2008 2012..............4

Biu 1.3. c tng trng kinh t ca VitNam giai on 2007 - 2013................8

Biu 1.4. trng tiu th nng lng theongnh ................................................9

Biu 1.5. Dn s trung bnh phn theothnh th v nng thn qua ccnm 1986 - 2012.........................11

Biu 1.6. Xu hng vn ti hnh khch tonquc qua cc nm 2005 - 2012........12

Biu 1.7. Xu hng vn ti hng ha tonquc qua cc nm 2005 - 2012.......12

Biu 1.8. S lng xe m t, gn my ti H

Ni qua cc nm 2001 - 2013.........15Biu 1.9. S lng xe m t, gn my ti p.

HCM qua cc nm 2001 2013.........15

Biu 1.10. S lng gia sc, gia cm ca VitNam giai on 2005 - 2012..............22

Biu 1.11. Din tch v sn lng la qua ccnm 2005 - 2012..............................22

Biu 1.12. Phn loi lng ngh Vit Nam theongnh ngh sn xut........................23

CHNG 2. NGUN GY NHIMMI TRNG KHNG KH

Biu 2.1. l pht thi cc cht gy nhimdo cc phng tin c gii ng bton quc nm 2011........................28

Biu 2.2. Din bin pht thi kh nh knhtheo tng lnh vc cc nm 1993,1998, 2000........................................40

Biu 2.3. Kt qu kim k kh nh knh chonm 2000 theo tng lnh vc .........40

Biu 2.4. Pht thi kh nh knh t vic chuyni s dng t nm 2000...............41

Biu 2.5. Lng pht thi cc loi kh nhknh nm 2000.................................41

Biu 2.6. Mc pht thi ca cc lnh vc nm2000 theo cc loi kh nh knh .........42

Biu 2.7. Pht thi kh nh knh nm 2000 3lnh vc chnh v d tnh pht thicho cc nm 2010, 2020, 2030.........42

CHNG 3. DIN BIN CHT LNGKHNG KH

Biu 3.1. Din bin ch s cht lng khngkh AQI 3 trm quan trc t ng,lin tc giai on 2010 2013.........49

Biu 3.2. ng hp s ngy c ch s AQI >100 do thng s NO

x v PM vt

QCVN 3 trm quan trc t ng,lin tc giai on 2010 2013 ........49

Biu 3.3. l % bi PM2.5

/PM10

v PM1/PM

10

qua cc thng giai on 2010 2013ti trm Nguyn Vn C, H Ni...50

Biu 3.4. Xu hng bin i theo ma nng cc loi bi PM

1

- PM2.5

- PM10

haitrm L Dun ( Nng) v NguynVn C (H Ni) nm 2013.............51

Biu 3.5. Xu hng bin i theo ma nng cc loi bi PM

2.5- PM

10ti trm

ng Khi, Bin Ha, ng Nainm 2013 .........................................52

Biu 3.6. Din bin nng SP trung bnhnm trong khng kh xung quanh timt s tuyn ng giao thng giaion 2008 2013 ............................52

Biu 3.7. l s liu SP vt QCVN

05:2013/BNM ca cc im quantrc khng kh ti cc tuyn nggiao thng .......................................53

Biu 3.8. Tng k s ngy c s liu PM10

trung bnh 1h v 24h khng tQCVN 05:2013 cc trm chu nhhng ca giao thng th giaion t 2010 2013.........................53

Biu 3.9. Din bin cc thng s PM10

, PM2.5

v PM1 trong ngy trm Nguyn

Vn C, H Ni ..............................54

Biu 3.10. Din bin nng SP trong khngkh xung quanh ti mt s khu dnc trn ton quc giai on 2008 -2013................................................55


9/157


I

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

Biu 3.11. Din bin cc thng s NO - NO2-

NOxtrong ngy ...............................55

Biu 3.12. Xu hng din bin nng NOxtrung bnh thng ti khu vc ba minBc, rung v Nam .........................56

Biu 3.13. Din bin nng NO2 trongkhng kh xung quanh ti mt stuyn ng th giai on 2008 2013 ....................................................57

Biu 3.14. Din bin nng NO2trong khng

kh xung quanh ti mt s khu dnc giai on 2008 2013 ...............58

Biu 3.15. Quy lut bin i v nng O3so

vi NOxtrong ngy .........................58

Biu 3.16. Tng k s ngy c gi tr O3vt

QCVN 05:2013/BNM 3 trmquan trc Nguyn Vn C (H Ni),L Dun ( Nng) v ng (Nha rang) nm 2013 ...................59

Biu 3.17. Din bin thng s CO trung bnhgi ti trm Nguyn Vn C - HNi ...................................................59

Biu 3.18. Din bin thng s SO2 trung bnhthng nm 2013 ti 03 trm quantrc ven ng ...............................60

Biu 3.19. Din bin nng SO2 trung bnh

nm trong khng kh xung quanhti mt s tuyn ng th v khudn c giai on 2008 - 2012 ........60

Biu 3.20. Din bin nng CO trung bnhtrong khng kh xung quanh ti mts tuyn ng th v khu dn cgiai on 2008 2012 ....................61

Biu 3.21. Nng Pb trong khng kh xungquanh ti H Ni v p. H ChMinh nm 2010 v 2012 .................61

Biu 3.22. Din bin thng s n o trong

khng kh xung quanh ti mt stuyn ng cc th Vit Namgiai on 2008 - 2013 .....................62

Biu 3.23. Din bin nng SP xung quanhmt s KCN thuc vng K phaBc t nm 2008 2013 ..................63

Biu 3.24. Din bin nng SP xung quanhmt s KCN thuc vng Kmin rung t nm 2008 2013 ...63

Biu 3.25. Din bin nng SP xung quanhmt s KCN thuc vng K pha

Nam t nm 2008 2013 ..............64Biu 3.26. Din bin nng SP ti mt s

khu sn xut ti Ti Nguyn ........65

Biu 3.27. Din bin nng SP xung quanhKCN v khu dn c ti p. H ChMinh ................................................65

Biu 3.28. Nng SP ti mt s vc snxut xi mng ti H Nam t 2008-

2012 ............................................65Biu 3.29. Din bin nng SO

2xung quanh

mt s KCN trn a bn c nc tnm 2008 2012 .............................66

Biu 3.30. Din bin nng NO2xung quanh

mt s KCN trn c nc t nm2008 2012 .....................................67

Biu 3.31. Nng hi axit trung bnh nm timt s v tr trong KCN Bc TngLong - HN v KCN Nh Qunh -Hng Yn nm 2012 .......................68

Biu 3.32. Nng hi axit ti KCN SngCng, Ti Nguyn nm 2008 .......68

Biu 3.33. Nng NH3ti mt s v tr trongcc KCN min Bc nm 2012 ........69

Biu 3.34. Nng SP ti mt s lng nghti H Ni nm 2010 .......................71

Biu 3.35. Nng SO2 ti mt s lng ngh

nm 2010 .........................................71

Biu 3.36. Nng NO2ti mt s lng nghnm 2010 .........................................71

Biu 3.37. S thay i v nng SO2 vHNO

3 ti H Ni v Ho Bnh

(2000 - 2010) ..............................74

CHNG 4. TC NG CA MI TRNGKHNG KH

Biu 4.1. S ca bnh mc ti vng nh hng nhim v vng i chng xungquanh khu vc nh my xi mngBm Sn ...........................................81

Biu 4.2. l bnh nhn lao c pht hinnm 2011 ........................................83

Biu 4.3. Kt qu kho st v nh hng khibi t Nh my xi mng Bm Sn ncy ci, ma mng ..........................86


10/157


VII

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

DANH MUC KHUNG



Khung 1.1. nh hng ca kh hu v thi titn mi trng khng kh................3

Khung 1.2. Nm quc t v rng 2011................6

Khung 1.3. Chng trnh Qu mt triu cyxanh cho Vit Nam .........................8

Khung 1.4. Phn loi th Vit Nam.............10

Khung 1.5. Mt s ch tiu v pht trin giaothng ...............................................12

Khung 1.6. Mt s ch tiu v pht trin kt cuh tng giao thng..........................13

Khung 1.7. nh trng cng ngh ca cc nhmy nhit in................................16

Khung 1.8. Phng n quy hoch sn xut ximng n nm 2020 ca p. HNi ................................................19

Khung 1.9. nh hnh sn xut xi mng ..........19

Khung 1.10. nh hnh sn xut thp..................20


Khung 2.1 c tnh thi lng cc kh thi dot sinh khi ti Chu ...................35

Khung 2.2. c tnh thi lng cc kh thi dot rm r ti Ti Bnh ..................36

Khung 2.3. Kh thi ti cc lng ngh Bc Ninh .. 36

CHNG 3. DIN BIN CHT LNGKHNG KH

Khung 3.1. H thng cc rm quan trc mitrng khng kh t ng, c nh ...45

Khung 3.2. c trng ca mt s thng s dngtrong nh gi nhim mi trngkhng kh ..........................................46

Khung 3.3. nh gi ch quan ca cc khu dnc xung quanh v ting n cnh cckhu vc sn xut ..............................67

Khung 3.4. Kt qu quan trc mi trng khngkh cc lng ngh ti H Ni ............70

Khung 3.5. t rm r sau ma v .....................73Khung 3.6. H thng cc trm o gim st lng

ng Vit Nam .............................74


Khung 4.1. Bi hc nhim khng kh ti thnhph Bc Kinh, rung Quc .......... 79

Khung 4.2. nh hng n sc khe ngilao ng ti cc m than l thin Qung Ninh ................................... 80

Khung 4.3. Lng ng axit v nh hng.........84

Khung 4.4. V d v s ph hoi cc kt cu cngtrnh do lng ng axit ...................85

Khung 4.5. nh hng khi l gch ti x AnTng, Hoi c, H Ni ...........86

CHNG 5. NHNG KT QU V HN CHTRONG QUN L MI TRNG KHNG KH

Khung 5.1. Xp loi nhim mi trng khngkh Vit Nam theo ch s EPI.........92

Khung 5.2. rin khai th nghim s dngnhin liu thn thin vi mitrng cho taxi v xe but ti mts thnh ph ln ...........................94

Khung 5.3. Bo v mi trng khng kh vchng ting n trong khu kinh t,khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip

v cm cng nghip ......................97

Khung 5.4. Tnh cng ca Vit Nam trong vicct gim lng kh thi CFC ..........97

Khung 5.5. Cc quy chun k thut quc gia clin quan v mi trng khng kh c ban hnh .........................101

Khung 5.6. t my khi dng n 25 giy

bo v mi trng ........................104Khung 5.7. Kt qu thc hin Cng cStockholm ...............................105


11/157


III

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

DANH MUC BANG



Bng 1.1. Din bin din tch rng ton qucqua cc nm 2008-2012.......................5

Bng 1.2. Hin trng din tch t cy xanhcng cng ca mt s th nc ta

v trn th gii.....................................7

Bng 1.3. S lng phng tin c gii ngb ton quc .....................................15

Bng 1.4. ng hp nhu cu v u t vt liuxy dng trong nc nm 2011......17

Bng 1.5. ng hp quy hoch pht trin snxut vt liu xy dng n nm2020 ..............................................18

Bng 1.6. Phn b cc nh my, c s sn xutvt liu xy dng theo vng nm2011 ....................................................18

Bng 1.7. S lng doanh nghip sn xut thpphn b theo vng ............................20

Bng 1.8. D bo nhu cu tiu th cc sn phmthp trong nc n nm 2020, c xt

n nm 2025 ....................................20Bng 1.9. Lng thuc tr su s dng Vit

Nam qua cc giai on .....................23


Bng 2.1. Nhm ngnh sn xut v kh thipht sinh in hnh .........................29

Bng 2.2. c tnh ti lng mt s thng s nhim khng kh t hot ng cng

nghip trn c nc nm 2009 .....29Bng 2.3. Nng bi trong qu trnh khai

thc than ..........................................30

Bng 2.4. c tnh cc cht pht thi vo mitrng theo sn lng quy hochpht trin ngnh thp n 2025......31

Bng 2.5. c tnh ti lng cc cht phtthi vo mi trng t sn xut ximng ...........................................32

Bng 2.6. c tnh ti lng cc cht pht thi

vo mi trng t sn xut vt liuxy dng...........................................32

Bng 2.7. c tnh ti lng cc cht nhimtrong kh thi t cc nh my nhit

in trn ton quc nm 2009.......33Bng 2.8. c tnh ti lng cc cht nhim

trong kh thi nh my nhit intheo cc dng nhin liu trn tonquc ..................................................34

Bng 2.9. Nng kh nh knh trong khquyn ................................................39

Bng 2.10. c tnh t l pht thi kh nh knhtrn u ngi .................................39

CHNG 3. DIN BIN CHT LNG

KHNG KH

Bng 3.1. Gi tr gii hn cc thng s cbn trong mi trng khng khxung quanh theo QCVN 05: 2013/BNM - Quy chun k thutquc gia v cht lng khng khxung quanh .....................................47

Bng 3.2. Cc mc AQI v mc nh hngn sc khe con ngi .................47


Bng 4.1. Cc bnh c t l ngi mc caonht trong phm vi ton quc ......80

Bng 4.2. nh hnh bnh ngh nghip linquan n nhim khng kh cngnghip .............................................81

Bng 4.3. l ngi ln tng mc ccbnh ng h hp (%) ................83

Bng 4.4. l tr em tng mc bnhng h hp (%) ..........................83

CHNG 5. NHNG KT QU V BT CPTRONG QUN L MI TRNG KHNG KH

Bng 5.1. Tng k tnh hnh kim nhnin hn s dng mt s loiphng tin tham gia giao thngng b ....................................... 95


12/157


IX

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

DANH MUC HNHCHNG 3. DIN BIN CHT LNG

KHNG KH

Hnh 3.1. Bn h thng cc im quan trcmi trng khng kh .......................48

Hnh 3.2. Kch thc cc loi bi PM so snh ving knh si tc con ngi ............51

Hnh 3.3. Bi m mt trn tuyn ng PhmHng (H Ni) nm 2010 - mt trongnhng khu vc c nhiu cng trnhxy dng v mt cc phng tingiao thng lu thng cao ...................54

Hnh 3.4. Nng kh NO2tng mt c ngun

gc t ng Nam rung Quc nhhng n mi trng khng kh khuvc Chu ..........................................74

Hnh 3.5. Sng m dy c bao trm BcKinh ...............................................75

Hnh 3.6. Sng m quang ha khu vc Down-town Core, Singapore do nh hngchy rng t Sumatra, Indonesia ......75


Hnh 4.1. nhim khng kh lm tng s bnhnhn mc bnh phi ...........................82

Hnh 4.2. S n mn, ph hy ca ma axit ....85


13/157


MOI TRNG KHONG KH

DANH MUC CH VIET TAT

ADB Ngn hng Pht trin Chu

BX Gm cc cht Benzen, oluen,Xylen

BKH Bin i kh hu

BVM Bo v mi trng

CO Ccbon mnxt

CDM C ch pht trin sch

CNH Cht thi nguy hi

MC nh gi mi trng chin lc

M nh gi tc ng mi trngFDI Vn u t trc tip nc ngoi

GDP ng sn phm trong nc

GV Giao thng vn ti

p. HCM Tnh ph H Ch Minh

HM Hin trng mi trng

KCN Khu cng nghip

KCX Khu ch xut

KDC Khu dn cKH&CN Khoa hc v cng ngh

K Kinh t trng im

KHKV&M Khoa hc Kh tng Ty vnv Mi trng

K-XH Kinh t - X hiNN&PN Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng

thn

H2S Hyro sulfua

HCl Hyro cloruaNO Nit xtNOx Cc Nit xt

NO2 Nit ixt

NXB Nh xut bnO3 zn

ODA H tr pht trin chnh thc

Pb Ch

PM1 Bi c ng knh kh ng hc nhhn hoc bng 1 m

PM2,5 Bi c ng knh kh ng hc nhhn hoc bng 2,5 m

PM10 Bi c ng knh kh ng hc nhhn hoc bng 10 m

PBV Pht trin bn vng

QCVN Quy chun k thut quc gia ca Vit Nam

SO2 Sunfua ixt

CM ng cc Mi trng

CK ng cc Tng k

CVN iu chun Vit Nam

B rung bnh

CCP iu chun cho phpN&M i nguyn v Mi trng

p. Tnh ph

SP Bi l lng tng s

UBND U ban nhn dn

UNDP Chng trnh pht trin Lin hp quc

VOCs Cc hp cht hu c bay hi

WB Ngn hng th gii

WHO chc Y t th gii

WO chc thng mi th gii


14/157


XI

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

LI NOI AU

Khng kh l mt thnh phn mi trng quan trng, c ngha sng cn duytr s sng trn ri t. S thay i mi trng khng kh s tc ng n con

ngi, cc sinh vt v pht trin kinh t x hi.

Vit Nam l quc gia c a hnh a dng, iu kin kh hu v thi tit thay i tBc vo Nam, t l che ph rng hn 40% din tch lnh th. Cc yu t t nhin ny cngvi qu trnh pht trin kinh t, x hi chi phi rt ln n cht lng mi trng khngkh. Cng nghip ha, th ho pht trin vi quy m dn s th ngy cng cao, tc gia tng cc phng tin c nhn ngy cng ln, cng vi pht trin c s h tng, cchot ng khai thc khong sn, sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip v lng ngh c y

mnh nhng thiu bn vng, cha c quy hoch bo v mi trng l nhng mi e doi vi mi trng ni chung v mi trng khng kh ni ring.

i Vit Nam, vn nhim bi ti cc thnh ph ln vn tip tc tn ti mccao. Cc khu vc th l ni tp trung cc hot ng pht trin kinh t x hi, ng dnc, l khu vc c mi trng chu tc ng nhiu nht t cc hot ng pht trin. Vn nhim khng kh ti cc khu cng nghip, cm cng nghip, lng ngh, nhim khi mdo t rm r khu vc nng thn cng ang ging ln nhng hi chung bo ng.c bit, trong nhng nm gn y, vn nhim khng kh xuyn bin gii xut hinmt s biu hin nht nh.

Vi mc tiu cung cp mt cch nhn tng quan v cht lng mi trng khngkh, nh gi cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim khng kh nc ta trong thi gianqua, cng nh a ra nhng khuyn ngh, gii php cho cc vn ny trong thi gian ti,B i nguyn v Mi trng chn Mi trng khng kh l ch ca Bo co mitrng quc gia nm 2013. Bo co c hon thin vi s tham gia ng gp kin cacc B, ngnh v cc a phng trn c nc, cc cn b qun l, cc nh khoa hc v ccchuyn gia trong lnh vc mi trng.

Hy vng rng, Bo co mi trng quc gia nm 2013 Mi trng khng kh s lmt trong nhng ngun thng tin, d liu hu ch gip a ra nhng hnh ng tch cc,

kp thi phc v cng tc qun l, bo v mi trng v ng ph vi bin i kh hu trongtnh hnh mi.

NGUYN MINH QUANG

B trngB i nguyn v Mi trng


15/157


XII

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

TRCH YEU

Bo co mi trng quc gia 2013 Mi trng khng kh phn tch cc vn lin quan n mi trng khng kh ca Vit Nam trong giai on 2008-2013:

iu kin t nhin, pht trin kinh t; din bin hin trng cht lng mi trng khngkh; kt qu t c v nhng tn ti trong cng tc qun l, t xut cc gii phpqun l mi trng khng kh hiu qu cho nhng nm sp ti.

Bo co c xy dng da trn m hnh D-P-S-I-R (ng lc - p lc - Hin trng- c ng - p ng). ng lcl s gia tng dn s, pht trin th, pht trin cc ngnhkinh t v giao thng vn ti, cc vn ny v ang gy nh hng n cht lngkhng kh; to ra p lcrt ln lm thay i hin trng mi trng theo chiu hng xu

i. Hin trngmi trng khng kh c nh gi thng qua mt s thng s c trngnh bi (bi l lng tng s SP v bi mn PM

10), lu hunh ioxit (SO2) oxit nit (NOx),ozn, ting n,o c ti mt s a phng trong thi gian va qua. nhim khngkh gy cc tc ngn sc kho ngi dn, kinh t - x hi v bin i kh hu. p ngl cc gii php c ra v thc hin nhm qun l hiu qu, phng nga, gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh bao gm cc chnh sch, php lut, th ch, cc cng c qunl kinh t, thng tin cng ng.

Bo co gm 6 chng.

Chng 1. iu kin t nhin v kinh t - x hi nh hng n mi trng khng khCc yu t kh hu v thi tit nh ch bc x, ch hon lu gi ma, nhit

, lng ma v m, c nh hng quan trng n mi trng khng kh. Din tchche ph thc vt cng l mt trong nhng iu kin tc ng n cht lng khng kh.

Nhng hot ng kinh t - x hi, bao gm qu trnh th ha, hot ng sn xutcng nghip, hot ng giao thng vn ti, hot ng xy dng v dn sinh, hot ng snxut nng nghip v lng ngh,... v ang to ra sc p ln i vi mi trng khng kh.

Giai on t 2008 - 2013, nn kinh t Vit Nam chng li, nguyn nhn chnh l do

khng hong ti chnh t cui 2007 2010. Mc d tc tng trng kinh t thp songti Vit Nam, sc p mi trng t hot ng pht trin kinh t vn khng h nh. Nguynnhn do cng ngh sn xut ca nc ta cn cha hin i, hiu sut s dng nng lng,ti nguyn cha cao, u t cho cng tc bo v mi trng ca cc doanh nghip chac ch trng.

Chng 2.Ngun gy nhim mi trng khng kh

i Vit Nam, cc ngun thi gy nhim mi trng khng kh gm: ngun ding (hot ng giao thng), ngun c nh (hot ng sn xut cng nghip: khai thc vch bin than, nhit in, sn xut thp, sn xut xi mng v vt liu xy dng; cc lngngh v l t cht thi nguy hi) v cc ngun khc (hot ng sn xut nng nghip, hotng dn sinh). Cc ngun thi hin nay ang c xu hng gia tng c v s lng v quy


16/157


XIII

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

m. uy nhin, theo c th pht trin ca tng vng min v quy m tnh cht ca tngngun thi nn p lc ln mi trng khng kh cng khc nhau.

Chng 3. Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh

Hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh ti Vit Nam c xem xt ti ba khuvc chnh (1) th, (2) cc khu sn xut cng nghip, (3) lng ngh v nng thn. Mt svn nhim khng kh mang tnh xuyn bin gii v lin quc gia c trnh by trongphn cui ca chng.

Cht lng mi trng c nh gi da trn chui s liu quan trc t nm 2008n 2013 v c so snh vi kt qu quan trc giai on trc. Phn tch v nh gi dinbin cht lng mi trng khng kh Vit Nam da vo so snh cc kt qu vi cc Quychun k thut mi trng quc gia hin hnh.

Cht lng khng kh ti cc th: nhim do bi vn l vn ng lo ngi nht

v cha c ci thin so vi giai on t 2003 - 2007. Nng cc thng s bi (bi mnv bi l lng tng s) c xu hng duy tr ngng cao, c bit cc trc giao thng vtuyn ng chnh cc th ln. Cc khu cng trng xy dng cng ng gp phnng k gy nhim bi vi quy m nhim cc b. Phn ln cc thng s nhim khc(NO2, SO2, CO v ch) vn nm trong ngng cho php ca QCVN 05:2013. Cc thng sNO2, SO2, CO vt quy chun cho php ch xy ra c tnh cc b. Ring thng s zn tng mt t c mt s trng hp tng cao xp x ngng QCVN 05:2013 trung bnh1 gi.

Cht lng khng kh xung quanh cc khu sn xut cng nghip: vn ni cm

hin nay l vn nhim bi. Nng bi l lng tng s ti rt nhiu im quan trcxung quanh cc khu cng nghip vt gii hn quy nh, thm ch vt nhiu ln gii hncho php i vi trung bnh 24 gi v trung bnh nm. Nm 2011 l nm ghi nhn xungquanh cc khu cng nghip, khu sn xut b nhim bi nng hn c, trong khi nm 2012,bc tranh mi trng khng kh li c ci thin ng k nhng ni tp trung hotng sn xut cng nghip. uy nhin, nguyn nhn khng phi do hot ng kim sot nhim hiu qu m do nh hng ca khng hong kinh t, nhiu nh my cng nghipngng hot ng hoc sn xut cm chng. Bn cnh , mt s ngnh cng nghip anghot ng vn tip tc pht thi vo mi trng khng kh mt lng bi thi ln, l

cc ngnh khai khong, nhit in, xi mng. rong nhng nm qua, nhim ting n xungquanh cc khu cng nghip cng duy tr ngng cao. Cc thng s khc (NO2, SO2) nhnchung vn thp hn ngng quy chun cho php.

Cht lng khng kh ti khu vc lng ngh v nng thn: nh trng nhimkhng kh ti cc lng ngh tip tc gia tng, c bit ti cc lng ngh ti ch kim loi,nha, vt liu xy dng... nhim mi trng khng kh ti cc lng ngh ty thuc votnh cht, quy m v sn phm ca tng loi ngnh ngh. Lng bi v kh CO, CO

2, SO

2

v NOxthi ra trong qu trnh sn xut kh cao. Nng SO

2, NO

2ti cc lng ngh ti

ch nha, c ng rt cao, vt nhiu ln gii hn cho php. rong , nng bi v

nhim ting n thng xy ra cc lng ngh c kh v sn xut g. i vi nhiu khuvc nng thn, cht lng mi trng khng kh hin nay cn kh tt, rt nhiu vng chac du hiu nhim. Cc cht nhim hu ht nm trong ngng cho php.


17/157


IV

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

Hin nay, cc nghin cu, nh gi v cc vn nhim khng kh lin quc gia vnh hng ca chng n cht lng mi trng khng kh Vit Nam cn hn ch. rong, lng ng axit v suy gim tng ozon l hai vn nhim ton cu c nh gi l ctc ng nht nh n cht lng mi trng v sc khe cng ng. i vi mt s vn

khc nh sng m quang ha hay nhim khng kh xuyn bin gii hin vn cha rrng nhng xut hin nhng biu hin nht nh.

Chng 4. Tc ng ca nhim mi trng khng kh

nhim mi trng khng kh c tc ng tiu cc n sc khe con ngi, ynhanh qu trnh lo ha, suy gim chc nng h hp, gy cc bnh nh: hen suyn, ho,vim mi, vim hng, vim ph qun, vim phi, thm ch gy ung th phi; suy nhcthn kinh, tim mch v lm gim tui th con ngi. Bn cnh , cc cht gy nhimkhng kh chnh l th phm gy ra hin tng lng ng v ma axit, gy hy hoi cc hsinh thi, lm gim tnh bn vng ca cc cng trnh xy dng v cc dng vt liu.

nhim mi trng cn nh hng n cc h sinh thi t nhin v y nhanh bini kh hu. Khi khng kh b nhim, cy ci chm pht trin, cht, c khi tuyt chng.S gia tng nng cc cht gy nhim nh: CO2, CH4, NOx, trong mi trng khngkh gy ra hin tng hiu ng nh knh, khin nhit trn b mt tri t nng dn lnv gy ra bin i kh hu.

Chng 5.Nhng kt qu v hn ch trong qun l mi trng khng kh

rn c s nhng thnh cng t c t giai on trc, giai on 2008 2013,cng tc qun l mi trng khng kh t cc ngnh, lnh vc tip tc c y mnh vthu c nhng kt qu kh quan. Hnh lang php l v c cu t chc v BVM khngkh tip tc hon thin; kt qu kim sot nhim khng kh t hot ng giao thng vnti (tht cht tiu chun kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng ng b; tng cng chtlng phng tin giao thng cng cng, th nghim nhin liu sch cho phng tin giaothng ti mt s th, s dng phng tin giao thng thn thin vi mi trng; tngcng kim tra, gim st nhm loi b cc phng tin c gii khng iu kin luhnh); kim sot cc ngun pht thi t hot ng sn xut cng nghip (ch trng ut cng ngh x l kh thi, s dng cng ngh ph hp vi tng loi hnh sn xut; u i,h tr hot ng bo v mi trng trong sn xut kinh doanh; thc hin kim ton nnglng trong cc ngnh cng nghip v xy dng gp phn tit kim nng lng v gimpht thi cc loi kh nh knh); y mnh trin khai nhm gii php xanh (tng trngxanh, pht trin pht thi carbon thp, chi tr dch v mi trng rng); y mnh ccchng trnh quan trc mi trng khng kh, tng cng quan trc khng kh t nglin tc...

uy nhin, bn cnh , vn cn nhng bt cp trong cng tc qun l tn ti tnhiu nm nay nhng cha c gii quyt trit . H thng th ch v mi trng khngkh cha p ng yu cu (thiu cc quy nh c th cho mi trng khng kh; h thng

tiu chun, quy chun v mi trng khng kh cha p ng c yu cu thc t; tnhhiu qu, hiu lc thc thi chnh sch, php lut cha cao); hot ng quan trc v kimsot ngun thi cn yu hay cc hot ng h tr (u t, nghin cu KHCN, s tham gia


18/157


XV

MOI TRNG KHONG KH

ca cng ng) cha pht huy hiu qu; thc tun th cc quy nh v bo v mi trngca cc ch ngun thi cn km.

Chng 6.Cc gii php bo v mi trng khng kh

gii quyt vn nhim khng kh, cn xy dng cc gii php, la chn cc utin v thc hin c l trnh cht ch. Da trn nhng phn tch, nh gi ca cc chngtrc, Chng 6 tp trung cp n cc gii php u tin bo v mi trng khngkh nc ta trong thi gian ti. l vic hon thin cc th ch v mi trng khng kh(h thng chnh sch php lut, k hoch qun l mi trng khng kh, tiu chun, quychun, t chc qun l mi trng nh nc); y mnh hot ng quan trc v kimsot ngun thi. Cc gii php tng cng, kim sot v gim pht thi bao gm nhm giiphp nhm kim sot, hn ch cc ngun gy nhim bi; tng cng p dng cc binphp nhm kim sot, gim pht thi kh t hot ng giao thng vn ti, sn xut cngnghip v dn sinh; tip tc y mnh nhm gii php xanh v cc gii php h tr khc

(cng c kinh t, u t ti chnh, nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh, s tham gia ca cngng v hp tc quc t).


19/157


20/157

1

Chng I

ieu kien t nhien va kinh te - xa hoi anh hng en moi trng khong kh

IEU KIEN T NHIENVA KINH TE - XA HOIANH HNG EN

MOI TRNGKHONG KHChng

1


21/157


22/157

3

Chng I


CHNG 1

IU KIN T NHIN V KINH T X HINH HNG N MI TRNG KHNG KH

1.1. IU KIN KH HU, THI TIT V DIN BIN RNG, CY XANH TH

1.1.1. Kh hu v thi tit

Lnh th Vit Nam hp ngang vtri di trn 15 v , c v tr a l nmhon ton trong i ni ch tuyn ca Bcbn cu, pha ng Nam i lc u - ,

gn ch tuyn Bc hn Xch o v chunh hng kh hu ca Bin ng.

Ton b lnh th Vit Nam c ch mt tri ni ch tuyn. Hng ngy thigian chiu sng trn 12 gi trong cc ngyt gia ma xun n gia ma thu vdi 12 gi vo cc ngy cn li. Tng sgi chiu sng hng nm l 4.300 4.500

gi v kh ng u trn cc v , nhngs gi nng khng phn phi u cho ccthng. Do nh hng ca my, tng lngbc x mt tri tng i thp min Bcv tng i cao min Nam.

iu kin a hnh ca Vit Namkh a dng, gm: i ni, ng bng,ng b bin di phn nh lch s pht

trin a cht, a hnh lu di trong mitrng gi ma, nng m, phong hamnh m. a hnh thp dn theo hngTy Bc - ng Nam, c th hin r qua

hng chy ca cc dng sng ln. Phnb kh hu gn vi s hnh thnh 7 khuvc a l: Ty Bc, ng Bc, ng bngBc B, Bc Trung B, duyn hi Nam

Trung B, Ty Nguyn v Nam B. Do vy,nn tng nhit - m thay i nhanh t niny n ni khc.

Nhn chung, kh hu Vit Nam cth c chia ra lm hai i kh hu ln:(1) Min Bc (t o Hi Vn tr ra) l khhu nhit i gi ma bin tnh vi 4 mar rt (xun - h - thu - ng), chu nhhng ca gi ma ng Bc v gi mang Nam, c ma ng lnh; (2) MinNam (t o Hi Vn tr vo) do t chunh hng ca gi ma lnh nn kh hunhit i kh iu ha, nng quanh nmv chia thnh hai ma r rt (ma kh vma ma). Bn cnh , do cu to caa hnh, Vit Nam cn c nhng vngtiu kh hu (hay cn gi l kh hu a

phng), c ni c kh hu n i nhSa Pa (Lo Cai); Lt (Lm ng); cni thuc kh hu lc a nh Lai Chu,Sn La.

Khung 1.1. nh hng ca kh hu v thi tit n mi trng khng kh

Cht lng khng kh ph thuc rt nhiu vo kh hu v thi tit. Cc yu t t nhin nh tc gi, hng gi, nhit , bc x mt tri, m, lng ma, my, hi nc trong kh quyn,... vs tng tc gia nhng yu t ny c nh hng ng k n mi trng khng kh trn c phm vi

vng v ton cu.


23/157

Chng I


Vo ma ng, trong khi minBc chu tc ng mnh m ca gi mang Bc th min Nam chu nh hngca gi thi t min cn xch o gy ra

hin tng nng nng Nam B, TyNguyn v hin tng ma vng duynhi Nam Trung B. u ma h, do chunh hng ca gi ma Ty Nam nn khhu min Bc kh v nng, tuy nhin tgia n cui ma h, gi ma Ty Nam dichuyn qua vng bin xch o, cng vidi hi t nhit i gy ma ln cho c 2min Nam, Bc. Nhn chung, ch honlu gi ma nc ta rt khng ng nhttheo khng gian v thi gian, chu nhhng mnh m ca vng bin xch oi Bnh Dng.

Nhit

Nhit trung bnh nm ti VitNam dao ng t 210C n 270C v tng

dn t Bc vo Nam. Ma h, nhit trung bnh trn c nc l 250C, c th:H Ni 230C, Hu 250C, thnh ph H ChMinh 260C. Ma ng min Bc, nhit xung thp nht vo cc thng 12 vthng 1. Do chu s tc ng mnh ca gima ng Bc nn nhit trung bnhnm min Bc nc ta thp hn nhit trung bnh nm nhiu quc gia khcc cng v chu . So vi cc quc giany, nc ta c nhit v ma ng lnhhn v ma h t nng hn.

Lng ma v m

Nhit v lng ma ca ncta tng i n nh qua cc nm. Lngma trung bnh nm vo khong 700 -

5.000 mm; gi tr ph bin trong khong1.400 - 2.400 mm. Nhn chung, lng manm min Bc ln hn min Nam c v

gi tr ph bin cng nh gi tr ti cctrung tm. Do s chia ct a hnh ca cch thng ni ln. S ngy ma ln (lnhn 50 mm/ngy), ph bin l 5 15 ngy/nm, ni nhiu nht khng qu 30 ngy v

ni t nht khng di 2 ngy. Lng macng c s bin ng ng k gia ccthng trong nm v s chnh lch gia cctnh, thnh ph (Biu 1.2). m tngi trung bnh nm ph bin trong khong80 85%; din bin ca m tng i

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Thg 1 Thg 2 Thg 3 Thg 4 Thg 5 Thg 6 Thg 7 Thg 8 Thg 9 Thg 10Thg 11Thg 12

0C

H Ni Nng Tp. HCM* Pleiku

Biu 1.1. Nhit khng khtrung bnh cc thng trong nm 2012

ti mt s tnh, thnh ph

Ngun: Nin gim ng k Tp. H Ch Minh,2013; TCTK, 2013.

Biu 1.2. Tng lng mati mt s trm quan trcqua cc nm 2008 - 2012

Ngun: Nin gim ng k Tp. H Ch Minh,2013; TCTK, 2013.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Sn La H Ni Nng Pleiku Tp. HCM

mm

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012


24/157

5

Chng I


chu nh hng su sc ca ch ma.m vo , do nh hng ca gi mav s phc tp v a hnh nn Vit Namthng gp bt li v thi tit nh bo, pthp nhit i (trung bnh mt nm c10 - 11 cn bo vo nc ta) v chunh hng ca cc hin tng thi tit ccoan nh l lt, hn hn, triu cng,...

Vi c im a hnh c b bin div hai vng ng bng chu th c cao thp, Vit Nam c nh gi l mt trongnhng quc gia chu nh hng nng nnht bi bin i kh hu (BKH). Nhng

phn tch lin quan n mi lin h gia nhim khng kh v bin i kh hu sc trnh by trong phn sau ca bo co.

1.1.2. Din bin rng v cy xanh th

Din tch rng ti Vit Nam tronggiai on u thp nin 90 ca th ktrc lin tc b suy gim, ch cn 9,1 triu

ha. T nm 1995 - 2009, din tch rng tng lin tc nh trng rng v phc hirng t nhin, bnh qun mi nm tngkhong 282.000 ha. T l che ph rng t27,2% trong nhng nm u thp k 90ca th k XX tng ln 40,7% vo nm

2012, che ph rng bnh qun tng0,4%/nm. eo thng k ca B Nng ng-hip v Pht trin nng thn, t nm 2008

- 2012, tng din tch rng ton quc c xuhng tng dn (Bng 1.1.). Mc tiu qucgia n nm 2020 l nng che ph rngln 47% (Chin lc pht trin lm nghipVit Nam giai on 2006 2020).

Bng 1.1. Din bin din tch rng ton quc qua cc nm 2008 - 2012

n v tnh: ha

TTNm

Loi rng 2008 20092010 2011 2012

1Tng din tchrng

13.118.773 13.258.843 13.388.075 13.515.064 13.862.043

1.1 Rng t nhin 10.348.591 10.339.305 10.304.816 10.285.383 10.423.844

1.2 Rng trng 2.770.182 2.919.538 3.083.259 3.229.681 3.438.200

2 che ph rng(%)

38,7 39,1 39,5 39,7 40,7

Ngun: Quyt nh v vic cng b hin trng rng ton quc nm 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012,B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn


25/157

Chng I


Mc d tng din tch rng tngnhng cht lng rng c chiu hngsuy thoi. Phn ln rng hin nay thucnhm rng ngho, rng trng kinh t,gm cy cng nghip v nguyn liu giy,...vn khng mang li nhiu gi tr sinh thi.Nhm rng c ng gp cho mi trngnh rng gi, rng nguyn sinh ch cnphn b ri rc mt s khu vc nh TyNguyn, Ty Bc do hin tng cht phrng tri php, do dn di c ly t trngc ph, lm ry, Chnh v vy, rng vncha pht huy vai tr nhiu trong iu hakh hu ni chung cng nh trong gimthiu cc tc hi ca t nhin nh l lt,trt l,... v hp th cc kh nh knh ckh nng gy bin i kh hu v nhimmi trng ni ring. Tuy nhin, n nm2012, din tch rng t nhin tng thm138.461 ha, t 10.423.844 ha mang li tnhiu ng mng cho ngnh lm nghip vphn no gp phn gim bt p lc ivi mi trng ni chung v mi trngkhng kh ni ring.

eo cc kt qu nghin cu cacc nh khoa hc trn th gii, cy xanh ckh nng hp th 50% bi phng x; hpth hi, bi c c thi ra t hot ngsn xut cng nghip v dn sinh. Chnh

v vy, cy xanh mang rt nhiu nghatrong vic iu ha khng kh th.

nc ta, qu trnh th ha din ra mnh,m rng c v khng gian v quy m dns, tuy nhin, din tch cy xanh pht trinkhng t l thun vi tc th ha.

eo thng k, cy xanh th ncta cha t tiu chun v che ph cngnh cn bng h sinh thi. Ti cc vng th ha nhanh, cha c vnh ai xanh bo v mi trng. H thng cy xanhmi hnh thnh v tp trung ti cc thln v trung bnh, cn ti cc th nh,

Khung 1.2. Nm quc t v rng 2011

Nhm bo tn v nng cao nhn thc cacng ng cng nh tng cng qun l vpht trin rng bn vng v li ch ca c dn

trn ton th gii hin ti v tng lai, Linhp quc chn nm 2011 l Nm quc tv rng v ly ch Rng Gi tr cucsng t thin nhin cho ngy Mi trng thgii (ngy 05/6/2011).

Mc tiu ca Nm quc t v rng 2011l thc y vic qun l, bo tn v pht trinbn vng tt c cc loi rng; ng thi,tng cng cam kt chnh tr lu di giacc quc gia da trn Tuyn b Rio (1992),cc nguyn tc trong Chng trnh ngh s21 v cng tc chng ph rng. Thng qua

cc hot ng trong Nm quc t v rngti cc quc gia v khu vc, Lin hp qucmong mun mt che ph rng trn tonth gii s gia tng ng k thng qua qun lrng bn vng (SFM), bao gm bo v, phchi trng rng v ti trng rng, cng nhngn lc ngn chn suy thoi rng. ng thi,gim nhng tc ng kinh t - x hi v mitrng n rng bng cch ci thin sinh kca ngi dn sng ph thuc vo rng.

Ngun: Tng cc Du lch Vit Nam, 2011


26/157

7

Chng I


cy xanh chim din tch khng ng k.So vi cc tiu chun v quy chun th tl din tch t dnh cho cy xanh cn rtthp. eo tiu chun th xanh, mingi phi c 10m2 cy xanh hp thulng kh do h thi ra. Hin nay, dintch t trng cy xanh trong cc th mi ch t 0,5m2/ngi. Ti H Niv Tp. H Ch Minh, ch tiu ny cng

khng qu 4m2/ngi (H Ni: 2m2/ngi; Tp. H Ch Minh: 3,3m2/ngi),ch mi bng 1/5, 1/10 ch tiu cy xanhca cc thnh ph hin i trn th gii

(Bng 1.2). c trng ny l mt trongnhng nguyn nhn khin cho chtlng mi trng khng kh ca cc th cha c m bo.

Bng 1.2. Hin trng din tch t cy xanh cng cng

ca mt s th nc ta v trn th giin v: m2/ngi

thtrong nc

Tiu chun tcy xanh s dng

cng cng (*)

T l tcy xanhthc t

thnc ngoi

T l tcy xanh

H Ni 12 - 15 2,0 Washington (M) 40

Tp. H Ch Minh 12 - 15 3,3 New York (M) 29,3

Hu 10 - 12 3,5 Berlin (c) 27,4

Nng 10 - 12 0,9 London (Anh) 26,9

Hi Phng 10 - 12 2,0 Matxcova (Nga) 26

Nam nh 10 - 12 1,5 Nam Kinh (Trung Quc) 22

H Long 10 - 12 3,1 Qu Lm (Trung Quc) 11

Vnh Yn 9 - 11 3,2 Paris (Php) 10

Hi Dng 9 - 11 3,7 Hng Chu (Trung Quc) 7,3

Bc Ninh 9 - 11 2,7

Hng Yn 9 - 11 3,2

Ghi ch: (*): TCXDVN 362:2005 - Quy hoch cy xanh s dng cng cng trong cc th

- Tiu chun thit k

Ngun: GS.TSKH. Phm Ngc ng, Tp ch BVMT, thng 4/2009


27/157

Chng I


1.2. TNH HNH PHT TRIN KINH T - X HI

1.2.1. Tng trng kinh t

u nm 2007, Vit Nam gia nhpT chc ng mi gii (WTO). yl mt du mc quan trng gip m rngth trng v thu ht ngun u t ncngoi, thc y tng trng kinh t chonhng nm tip theo. C th, nm 2007tng trng kinh t nc ta t 8,46%, caonht k t nm 1997. Tuy nhin, giai on

t 2008 - 2012, cng vi nn kinh t thgii, nn kinh t nc ta chng li. T nm2012 n nay, kinh t Vit Nam gp nhiukh khn. Tng trng GDP n cui nm2013 t 5,42%, trong khu vc nng,lm nghip v thy sn tng 2,67%, khuvc cng nghip v xy dng tng 5,43%,dch v tng 6,56%.

Mc d kinh t tng trng thp,

song ti Vit Nam, sc p mi trng cnguyn nhn t hot ng pht trin kinh

8.46

6.31

5.32

6.78

5.89

5.035.42

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

%

Biu 1.3. Tc tng trng kinh tca Vit Nam giai on 2007 - 2013

Ngun: TCTK, 2013

Khung 1.3. Chng trnh Qu mt triu cy xanh cho Vit Nam

Chng trnh Qu mt triu cy xanh cho Vit Nam l hot ng phi hp gia Tng cc Mitrng v nhn hng nc gii kht Vfresh thuc Cng ty c phn sa Vit Nam Vinamilk, cpht ng t nm 2012. y l chng trnh hot ng hng v mi trng thin nhin bng cchku gi cng ng cng tham gia trng thm nhiu cy xanh cho Vit Nam. Tiu ch v a im trng

cy ca chng trnh c m rng ti cc khu vc m cy xanh em li li ch thit thc cho cngng nh khu dn c, khu cng cng, cc tuyn ng trung tm, cc trng hc ti cc thnh phln trn ton quc.

Theo , chng trnh hng n mc tiu trng c mt triu cy xanh ti cc thnh ph lntrn c nc. Nm u tin trin khai, d kin s t chc trng cy ti 4 thnh ph ln l H Ni, HCh Minh, Hi Phng v Nng. Sau , s lng cy xanh s c tng theo tng nm v mrng n cc thnh ph khc hng n mc tiu trng mt triu cy xanh cho Vit Nam.

Tnh n nm 2013, chng trnh t chc trng cy xanh ti 8 tnh, thnh ph: H Ch Minh,Qung Ninh, Nng, Tin Giang, H Ni, Hi An, Qung Nam v Hi Phng vi gn 70 nghn cyxanh cc loi.

Qua hai nm trin khai, chng trnh nhn c s h tr tch cc ca cc c quan ban

ngnh Nh nc v a phng; s hng ng, tham gia nhit tnh ca nhiu nhn vt ni tingca Vit Nam, ca hng nghn tnh nguyn vin l on vin thanh nin, dn c sinh sng ti nitrng cy xanh

Ngun: TCMT, 2013


28/157

9

Chng I


t vn khng h nh. Nhiu nghin cu ch ra, kinh t tng trng thp l donc ta ch yu da vo vn (bao gm ciu kin t nhin) v lao ng, trong khi

t trng ng gp ca KH&CN trong tngtrng li thp hn nhiu nc1. Bn cnh, nhiu ngnh kinh t ang ph thucvo hot ng khai thc khong sn. iuny cho thy cng ngh sn xut ca ncta cn cha hin i, hiu sut s dngnng lng, ti nguyn cha cao. Tngtrng kinh t c tc ng khng nh ivi mi trng ni chung v mi trng

khng kh ni ring.eo cc s liu ca Tng cc ngk, c th thy cng nghip v xy dng lhai ngnh c ng gp ln cho tng trngkinh t ca nc ta, song li l ngnh gyra khng t vn nhim khng kh.Hot ng xy dng lun l ngun gy nhim khng kh, c bit l gy nhimbi rt ln. Hot ng xy dng pht trin

ko theo cc ngnh sn xut vt liu xydng cng m rng v y cng l ngungy nhim khng kh. S tng trng cangnh cng nghip da trn s gia tngcc hot ng sn xut cng nghip lmtng nhu cu s dng nng lng v dnn tng tng pht thi cc cht nhimvo khng kh. Nm 2010, t trng tiu thnng lng ca ngnh cng nghip l lnnht, chim 40% tng tiu th nng lngca cc ngnh (Biu 1.4).

Nm 2012 - 2013, ti mt s khuvc sn xut, cht lng khng kh cci thin, nguyn nhn xut pht t vicmt lot c s sn xut ngng hot nghoc gim nng sut do suy thoi kinh t.

1 Theo tnh ton, tng trng GDP nc ta da vo yut vn chim 52-53%, yu t lao ng 19-20%, cn yut nng sut tng hp (TFP) chim 28-29%. Trong khi

yu t ny mt s nc trong khu vc chim ti 35-40% (Ngun: Bo co thm tra ca y ban Kinh t caQuc hi, s 1821/BC-UBKT ngy 18/10/2010).

Biu 1.4. T trng tiu thnng lng theo ngnh

Ngun: Vin nng lng, B Cng thng, 2010

Cng nghip40%

Dn dng33%

Nngnghip

1%

Giao thng Vnti

22%

Dch v

thng

mi

4%


29/157

0

Chng I


Trong khi , u t cng ngh, hngn dy chuyn sn xut sch hn michnh l gii php lu di gip gim thiupht sinh nhim, ng thi thc y tngtrng kinh t bn vng. c t ny i hinc ta cn phi c nhng chnh sch v cch phhp.

1.2.2. Tc th ha

nc ta, tc th ha gnlin vi cng cuc y mnh tin trnhcng nghip ha t nc. Tuy nhin, doquy hoch khng ng b cng vi tc

pht trin nhanh nn qu trnh thha ang bc l nhiu bt cp ng longi, khng ch nh hng n kt cu

h tng th m cn pht sinh cc vn mi trng.

Trong 20 nm gn y, s lng th nc ta tng nhanh, nht l cc

thnh ph trc thuc tnh. Nm 1990, cnc c 500 th, n nm 2007 l 729 th v n nm 2012 c nc c 765 th. Trong , c 2 th loi c bit(th H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh), 13 th loi I gm 03 thnh ph trc thucTrung ng (Hi Phng, Nng, Cn) v 10 thnh ph trc thuc tnh, 10 th loi II, cn li l cc th loi III,

IV v V. Hai th c bit v cc thloi I, II ang phi i mt vi nhimmi trng khng kh nghim trng.

Khung 1.4. Phn loi th Vit Nam

Trong nhng nm gn y, vic phn u nng loi th tr thnh mt mi bn tm ln cacc chnh quyn a phng, v cc th thuc loi cao hn s c quan tm v phn b ngn schnhiu hn.

H thng phn loi th l mt c ch thc y cc thnh ph n lc c nng loi. Cc thnhph thng u t xy dng c s h tng p ng tiu ch ca loi th cao hn, thay v u t trc tip p ng nhu cu trc mt ca ngi dn. V d nh, mt thnh ph hoc th x c th ut m rng ng x, mc d nhu cu giao thng kh hn ch, thay v u t m rng h thng cpnc tp trung l lnh vc m ngi dn c nhu cu r rt.

Ngun: Bo co nh gi th ha Vit Nam, Ngn hng gii, 2011


30/157

11

Chng I


Trong nhng nm 2007-2012, cc th trn c nc bng n s phttrin ca cc d n bt ng sn. Hng lotcc khu th mi c xy dng, nhiu

nht l th H Ni v Tp. H ChMinh. Cc cng trng xy dng khu th xut hin khp ni v l cc ngun gy nhim khng kh, ch yu l bi, cho cc th v vng ln cn. Tuy nhin, tronghai nm gn y, 2012-2013, do th trngbt ng sn ang ng bng, nhiu cngtrnh xy dng cc khu th mi khngc tip tc trin khai, mt s cng trnh

thi cng cm chng, do nng bitrong khng kh ti cc khu vc ny cgim hn cc nm trc.

Hin nay, 2 th c bit l H Niv Tp. H Ch Minh khng c cc thnhph v tinh, ng thi, tt c cc hot ngpht trin kinh t - x hi u tp trungvo 2 thnh ph ny gy p lc rt ln

ln mi trng ni chung v mi trngkhng kh ni ring.

Quy m dn s th nc ta lintc tng, c bit l t sau nm 2000. Sliu thng k t Tng cc ng k chothy, tnh n ht nm 2012, dn s thti Vit Nam khong 28 triu ngi, chim31,9% dn s c nc. eo d bo caLin hp quc, n nm 2040, dn s

th ti Vit Nam s vt qu dn s nngthn (Bo co nh gi th ha VitNam, Ngn hng T gii, 2011).

Khi cc th ca Vit Nam ngycng pht trin v m rng th dn s th cng tng, s lng dn chuyn t khuvc nng thn ra th cng ln (nhm didn c 80% thi gian sng th cng

ang tng nhanh ti cc thnh ph ln)

gy qu ti cho h thng h tng c s snc, gia tng mt giao thng.

Dn s th tng nhanh (Biu 1.5)ko theo nhu cu sinh hot, s dngcc dch v gia tng. eo hot ngxy dng, ci to h tng c s cng mrng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nhim bi i vi mi trng khng khca cc khu vc xung quanh.

1.2.3. Hot ng giao thng vn ti

Trong nhng nm qua, hot nggiao thng vn ti c nhng ng gp

quan trng vo s pht trin KT-XH cat nc. ng gp ca giao thng vnti trong tng sn phm GDP ca lnh vcvn ti, kho bi giai on 2005 2012 lintc tng. Tuy nhin, hot ng giao thngvn ti cng pht sinh khng t cc vn nh hng n mi trng khng kh.

Trong giai on 2005-2012, s lthnh khch vn chuyn phn theo ngnh

vn ti c xu hng tng vi tc trung

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

20

40

60

80

100

1986 1990 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

%

Triungi

Thnh th Nng thn T l dn s thnh th (%)

Biu 1.5. Dn s trung bnh

phn theo thnh th v nng thnqua cc nm 1986 - 2012

Ngun: TCTK, 2013


31/157

2

Chng I


Khung 1.5. Mt s ch tiu v pht trin giao thng

Vn ti ng b chim t trng ln trong tng khi lng vn chuyn. Sn lng vn ting b c mc tng trng rt cao. Gi tr vn lng khch n nm 2011 tng 51,2% so vinm 2005; lun chuyn khch t mc tng 52,9% cng k; vn lng hng tng 47,5% v lunchuyn hng tng 28,5% cng k. Tc tng trng bnh qun mi nm t 14,8% i vi vnlng khch; 15,2% i vi lun chuyn khch; 13,9% i vi vn lng hng; 9,5% i vi lunchuyn hng. Tc tng trng phng tin vn ti ng b bnh qun giai on 2005-2011 l16%, trong xe my tng khong 17%, t tng khong 10%.

Vn ti ng stch chim t trng nh trong ton b khi lng vn chuyn ton ngnh. Nm

2011, vn ti ng st chuyn ch 11 triu lt hnh khch v 4,1 t HK.Km, chim 0,6% tng khilng vn chuyn ton ngnh. Khi lng hng ha vn chuyn t 8,1 triu tn v 3,8 t T.Km,chim 1,3% tng khi lng vn chuyn ton ngnh. ng st Vit Nam hin c 302 u my vitng sc ko 305.700 CV, 1.063 toa xe khch v 4.996 toa xe hng.

Vn ti hng hichim mt v tr quan trng trong ngnh giao thng vn ti. Theo thng k caCc Hng hi Vit Nam, nm 2011 c 98.593 lt tu bin (trong c 54.455 lt tu nc ngoi)ra, vo cc cng bin nc ta vi tng trng ti 343,62 triu GT, tng 11,25% so vi nm 2007. Snlng vn chuyn nm 2011 t 59,7 triu tn hng ha, chim 9,2% tng khi lng hng ha vnchuyn nhng lng hng ha lun chuyn chim ti 69,7% tng khi lng hng ha lun chuync nc. Lng hng ho thng qua cc cng bin nm 2011 l 181 triu tn, hng nm tng bnhqun t 8 n 12%.

Vn ti ng thy ni acng l mt th mnh ca ngnh giao thng vn ti Vit Nam.Nm 2011, vn ti thy ni a ng gp 9,0% lng hnh khch vn chuyn v 4,2% lng hnhkhch lun chuyn; vn chuyn c 137,2 triu tn hng ha, chim 21,2% khi lng hng havn chuyn v 12,6% khi lng hng ha lun chuyn. Tng s lng phng tin tham gia giaothng ng thu ni a tnh n thng 12 nm 2011 l 798.834 tu thuyn cc loi nhng tui tutrung bnh cao.

Nm 2011 vn ti hnh khch ng thy c t 162,5 triu lt hnh khch, tng 4,5% v3,3 t lt HK.Km, tng 4,6%; Vn ti hng ha c t 117,1 triu tn, tng 2,3% v 18,7 t T.Km,tng 2%.

Vn ti hng khngch yu vn chuyn hnh khch, vi khi lng vn chuyn t 9,8 triult hnh khch nm 2011, chim 0,6% tng khi lng vn chuyn hnh khch ca c nc. Giaion 2008 - 2011, tc tng trng hnh khch bnh qun t 11%/nm.

Ngun: TCTK, 2012

0

500000

1000000

1500000

20052006200720082009201020112012

Nghn tn

ng st ng b Hng khng

Thy ni a Hng hi

Biu 1.6. Xu hng vn ti hnh khchton quc qua cc nm 2005-2012

Ngun: TCTK, 2013

0

1000

2000

3000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Triu lt ngi

ng st ng b

Hng khng Thy ni a

Biu 1.7. Xu hng vn ti hng haton quc qua cc nm 2005-2012

Ngun: TCTK, 2013


32/157

13

Chng I


bnh khong 11%; khi lnghng ha vn chuyn phn theokhu vc tng 11,4%. Nm 2012, slt hnh khch vn chuyn c

t 2.775,9 triu lt ngi; khilng vn ti hng ho vn chuynt 959.307,7 nghn tn (Biu 1.6 v 1.7).

Ngnh giao thng vnti, k c cp trung ng v aphng, u ang ch trng chocc d n pht trin giao thng

ng b. Rt nhiu d n xydng ng quc l, ng caotc, c trin khai trn c nc.Trong khi , cc loi hnh vn tikhc li cha c u t ngmc, nh ng st, ng thy.Do vy, cc hot ng giao thngvn ti vn tp trung ch yu vong b v dn n tnh trng

qu ti trn cc tuyn quc l, caotc. y cng chnh l loi hnh

vn ti gy nhiu sc p nht ivi mi trng khng kh.

Pht trin h thng kt cu h

tng giao thng

Trong thi gian qua, h

thng kt cu h tng giao thng

c u t ci to, nng cpv xy dng mi, gp phn gim

n tc giao thng, to ra nhng

thay i ng k v cnh quan v

ang dn hnh thnh mng li

giao thng theo quy hoch. Tuy

nhin, qu trnh ci to, nng

cp h thng kt cu h tng giao

thng, li pht sinh nhim mi

trng khng kh.

Khung 1.6. Mt s ch tiu v pht trin kt cuh tng giao thng

-ng b:mng li ng b c tngchiu di 255.739 km, trong quc l l 17.202km (chim 6,67%), ng cp tnh l 22.783 km(chim 8,91%), cn li l h thng ng huyn,ng x, ng th v ng chuyn dng.Mt ng trn ton quc l 0,87 km/km2v 3,45 km/1000 dn. Cht lng ng chang u gia cc h thng. T l ng ctri nha trn ton quc l 92,12%, ng tnht 65,54%. Quc l c 2 ln xe chim trn 60%,ng c tiu chun k thut cao chim 41%.Kinh ph cho cng tc bo tr quc l ch png khong 50% nhu cu. T 2001 n 2008

c 11.168 km ng b c xy dng mi,nng cp, ci to; xy mi 103.266 m cu vhn 8.433 m hm ng b.

- ng st: mng li ng st ctng chiu di khong 2.995 km c phnb theo 7 trc chnh v gm 3 kh ng:1.000mm, 1.435mm v h thng ng tchhp (1.000mm v 1.435mm). Giai on 2001- 2008, c 555 km ng v 6.800m cung st c nng cp, ci to, khi phc.

- Hng hi: h thng cng bin Vit Namgm 49 cng trong c 17 cng bin loi 1;23 cng bin loi 2; 9 cng bin loi 3 v trn126 cu bn vi tng chiu di tuyn mp gn40 km, hn 100 bn ph v khong 2,2 triu m2bi cha. Giai on 2008 n 2011 c gn9.000 m cu cng bin c hon thnh avo s dng.

- ng thy ni a: ton quc c 2.360sng phn b trong c nc vi tng chiu dikhong 220.000 km, trong cc tuyn sng ckh nng khai thc vn ti l 41.900 km. Hinc 15.000 km ng thy ni a c t chcqun l, bo tr vi 7.189 cng, bn. Giai on2008- 2011 no vt lung ng thy ni a t5,4 triu m3.

- Hng khng:tnh n nay, c nc qun l v khai thc 22 cng hng khng. Giaion 2009 - 2011, nng lc khai thc ti cccng hng khng tng gp 2 ln so vi khoch 5 nm trc.

Ngun: TCTK, 2012


33/157

4

Chng I


Ti cc th ln nhiu cngtrnh h tng giao thng v ngtrng im c u t trinkhai. Ti H Ni: vnh ai III H Ni,

tuyn ng st th H Ni Hng, Nhn Ga H Ni. Ti Tp. HCh Minh: i l ng Ty, hm im, tuyn ng st Bn nh Sui Tin, c bit, hin nay, nhiud n xy dng ng cao tc, ngcao tc trn khng trong thnh ph,ang c trin khai trn cc tuynph ca H Ni v Tp. H Ch Minh

lm pht sinh khi, bi, kh thi vting n, gy nhim mi trngkhng kh th.

Pht trin cc phng tin c gii

ng b

Trong giai on 2009 2011, slng cc phng tin c gii ngb khng ngng gia tng. Tc tng

trng cc loi xe t t 12%, trong xe t con c tc tng cao nhtl 17%/nm, xe ti khong 13%, xekhch tng khng ng k; xe mytng khong 15%, s lng xe mynm 2011 xp x 34 triu chic (Bng1.3). Tc gia tng cao ch yu tptrung phng tin c gii c nhn.Trong khi , trong cc th, giao

thng cng cng cha c u ttha ng nhm p ng nhu cu ili ca ngi dn v gp phn gim slng phng tin giao thng c nhn. nc ta, i a s cc phng tingiao thng c nhn vn s dng nhinliu chnh l xng, du diezen. C rtt phng tin giao thng c nhn sdng nhin liu sch. m vo , xe

p khng phi l phng tin cs dng ph bin trong i li th.


34/157

15

Chng I


Bng 1.3. S lng phng tin c gii ng b ton quc

n v: Chic

Loi phng tin 2007 2009 2010 2011

Tng t 1.106.617 1.137.933 1.274.084 1.428.002

Xe con 301.195 483.566 556.945 659.452

Xe khch 89.240 103.502 97.468 102.805

Xe ti 316.914 476.401 552.244 609.200

M t, xe my 21.721.282 - - 33.906.433

Ngun: Cc ng kim Vit Nam, 2011

Bn cnh , cht lng phngtin c gii ng b cng c ci thinng k c bit l t ch khch; t l

phng tin giao thng c tui th di12 nm i vi chng loi t ch khchtnh n ht nm 2011 chim 78%. Slng phng tin c, nt gim hn, nhiuphng tin mi, hin i c thayth, trong mt s lng khng nh lloi xe hng trung v cao cp.

nh ph H Ni v Tp. H Ch

Minh l hai thnh ph c tc gia tng

phng tin giao thng ng b ln nht

c nc. S lng phng tin giao thng

ti Tp. H Ch Minh chim n 1/3 s

phng tin giao thng ca c nc. (Biu

1.8 v 1.9).Nhn chung, cht lng cc phng

tin c gii c ci thin, song vic gia

tng khng ngng s lng phng tin c

gii c nhn ( t, xe my) trong iu kin

h thng giao thng cht hp, thiu quy

hoch ng b, gy khng t p lc cho

cc nh qun l mi trng trong vic gii

quyt vn nhim khng kh ni chung

v nhim khng kh th ni ring.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Triu chic

Biu 1.8. S lng xe m t, gn myti H Ni qua cc nm 2001- 2013

Ngun: B GTVT, 2013

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Triu chic

Biu 1.9. S lng xe m t, gn myti Tp. HCM qua cc nm 2001 - 2013

Ngun: B GTVT, 2012


35/157

6

Chng I


1.2.4. Hot ng cng nghip

1.2.4.1. Hot ng khai thc khong sn

Vit Nam c nh gi l qucgia c nhiu tim nng v khong sn,

trong c nhiu loi tr lng ln nhb xt, titan, t him vi gi tr kinh tln, ng gp ca ngnh cng nghip khaikhong vo GDP ngy cng tng. eo sliu thng k, nc ta c trn 5.000 m vim khai thc khong sn. Cng nghipkhai thc khong sn tp trung nhiu tikhu vc min Bc (khai thc than, qungst, kim loi mu...), min Trung v Ty

Nguyn (vng gc, vng sa khong vcc loi qung khc). Cc hot ng khai

khong gy ra rt nhiu tc ng nmi trng v x hi, lm thay i mitrng xung quanh. Bi v kh c hi,nc thi,... t cckhai trng ca cc mkhong sn, bi thi,... l nguyn nhn ph

v cn bng sinh thi, gy nhim i vimi trng ni chung v mi trng khngkh niring.

1.2.4.2. Hot ng pht trin nng lng

Vic gia tng mc s dng nnglng lun km theo nguy c gy nhimmi trng khng kh, lm suy gim strong lnh ca mi trng ton cu vgia tng bin i kh hu. eo nh gi,hn 90% ngun nng lng s dng canc ta l nhin liu ha thch, nhin liu

c ngun gc hu c. Qu trnh t chymt lng ln nhin lius pht thi ra cc kh gy nhim mi trng vkh nh knh.

Ngnh nnglng ca VitNam ang phttrin nhanh.

Trong 15nm qua,hng lotcc nh mythy in vav nh cxy dng khpni. Vic xy dngcc nh my thy

in trong thi gianva qua dn n phhy hng lot din tch

rng. Ngoi tc hi ph hy h sinh thi tnhin, vic ph rng xy thy in cng lnguyn nhn lm gim hp th CO2, gybin i kh hu. eo nh gi ca ngnhin, thy in s sm c khai thc httim nng. gii quyt tnh trng thiuin, trong khi lng kh t cho sn xut

in kh tng cao, giai on ti s cn phttrin cc nh my nhitin chy than. eo

quy hoch pht trinin lc quc gia giai

on 2011-2020 cxt n nm 2030

(Quy hoch inVII), d kin

52 nh mynhit in

chy than,2 nh

my innguyn t v

mt s d nthy in s c

xy dng. nhhng pht trin

ca ngnh nng lngs gii quyt tnh trng

Khung 1.7. Tnh trng cng nghca cc nh my nhit in

Cc nh my nhit in chy than c nhUng B, Ninh Bnh, Ph Li 1 ch yu l nhit

in ngng hi, s dng l hi tun hon t nhin,cng sut thp, khng p ng c yu cu v mi

trng. Cc thit b lc bi ch yu l cc thit b c inc hiu sut thp, tr nhit in Ph Li 2, cc nh my nhit

in chy than c cha c nh my no p dng cng ngh xl khi thi nh cng ngh kh SO

2, NO

xv gim thiu s to thnh

NOxtrong qu trnh chy. Do cc thit b lc hu v thiu vt t thay

th nn hu ht cc t my ca 3 nh my nhit in ln ca min Bcl Ph Li 1, Ung B v Ninh Bnh khng t cc thng s hi ban

u theo thit k.

Nh my nhit in Ph Li 2 c cc ch tiu tintin hn, sut tiu hao than tiu chun khong 335g/

kWh, a s cc khu t ng, kh kh SOxtrong

khi thi t l khi c x l chim 78% tnglng khi thi, t hiu sut 90% v nng

SO2ra khi ng khi < 500mg/m3

.

Ngun: B Cng thng, 2013


36/157

17

Chng I


thiu in, h tr hot ng sn xut kinhdoanh, t gp phn tng trng kinh ttrong nc. Nhng vic pht trin cc nhmy nhit in chy than cng s gy p

lc khng nh n mi trng khng kh.Trong giai on 2006 2009, trung

bnh hng nm in sn xut ca ngunnhit in kh v diesel chim t trng 44 46% trong tng in sn xut, thy inchim khong 32 36%; cn li 19 24%l t trng ca nhit in chy than, du vmua in t Trung Quc.

Nhit in than, du:vi s lng

nh my khng nhiu, nhng li lnhng nh my cng sut ln, vi nhiuloi cng ngh, c thi gian vn hnh vngun gc khc nhau, cc nh my nhitin chy than v chy du gy ra mts vn nhim khng kh trn a bnhot ng. Trong s cc nh my ny, mts cn s dng cc cng ngh lc hu canhng nm 60 ca th k trc nn gy nhim mi trng khng kh nghim

trng. Cc nh my mi xy dng pdng cng ngh mi v c quan tmn vn BVMT ngay t giai on thitk, tuy nhin, vn cn ch trng vo vn x l kh thi trong qu trnh vn hnh.

1.2.4.3. Hot ng ngnh sn xut vtliu xy dng

Giai on 2008 2012, cc nh mysn xut vt liu xy dng nh xi mng,, gch ngi nung, gm s,... pht trinmnh.Cc loi hnh ny u c u t,sn xut vt qu nhu cu tiu th thc ttrong nc. Vic sn xut cung vt qucu gy nhng nh hng ng k nvi mi trng khng kh.

eo quy hoch n nm 2020, cngsut ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng tngnhng khng nhiu. Tuy nhin, sc p cangnh ny i vi mi trng khng khvn l vn cn c quan tm.

Bng 1.4. Tng hp nhu cu v u t vt liu xy dngtrong nc nm 2011

TTLoi sn phm

Nhu cu ni a

u tSn lngsn xut

Thc t

1 Xi mng (triu tn) 68,59 54 45,50

2 Knh xy dng (triu m2) 187,90 93,29 76,49

3 Gch gm p lt (triu m2) 429 289,8 246,90

4 p lt (triu m2) 10,2 7 5

5 S v sinh (triu sn phm) 14,7 9,0 8,50

6 xy dng (triu m3) 152 - 152

Ngun: Vin Vt liu xy dng, B Xy dng, 2013


37/157

8

Chng I


Tnh n nm 2011, hu ht ccnh my sn xut vt liu xy dng cphn b ti ng bng sng Hng, Trungdu v min ni pha Bc: sn xut xi mngchim 35% - 40%, sn xut gch chim33% 36% tng s c s trn ton quc.

S phn b khng ng u cc khu vcsn xut lm gia tng sc p mi trngti mt s khu vc v pht sinh cc vn mi trng khi phi vn chuyn vt liuxy dng phn phi trong c nc.

eo quy hochpht trin ngnh snxut xi mng n nm2020, cc khu vc tptrung ch yu cc nhmy sn xut xi mng:

ng bng sng Hng(Qung Ninh, HiPhng, H Ni, HiDng, H Nam, NinhBnh) v Bc Trung b(anh Ha, Ngh An,Qung Bnh).

Ti Vit Nam,cng ngh sn xut vtliu xy dng nh: sn

xut gch t st nung,, ct xy dng, tmlp, vi cng nghip,...hu ht c, lc hu,cng sut thp, chi ph

vt t, nng lng vnhn cng cao, mitrng sn xut khngm bo gy tc ngxu n mi trng

khng kh xung quanh.Tuy nhin, cng cmt s ngnh sn xut

vt liu xy dng cu t bng cng nghhin i, nhp khut cc nc tin tin,t gy nh hng ncht lng mi trngkhng kh nh: gch

p lt, s v sinh, knhxy dng.

Bng 1.5. Tng hp quy hoch pht trin sn xut vt liu xydng n nm 2020

TT Loi sn phmCng sut

2011 2015 2020

1 Xi mng (triu tn) 68,59 94 130

2 Knh xy dng (triu/m2) 187,9 96 132

3Gch gm p lt, plt (triu m2)

448,7 418 660

4S v sinh (triu snphm)

14,7 14 23

5 xy dng (triu m3) 152 125 181


Bng 1.6. Phn b cc nh my, c s sn xut vt liu xydng theo vng nm 2011

TT S liu ti cc vngXi

mngGch tst nung

Tm lpxi mng

si

Sv

sinh

1Trung du, min ni phaBc

20 5.140 6 1

2 ng bng sng Hng 18 5.571 14 19

3Bc Trung b v Duynhi min Trung

9 605 11 1

4 Ty Nguyn 0 415 0 0

5 ng Nam b 2 289 2 6

6ng bng sng CuLong

2 3.657 3 0

7 Tng s 51 15.677 36 27



38/157

19

Chng I


Trong cc ngnh sn xut vt liuxy dng, sn xut xi mng l ngnh chlc v cng l ngnh gy sc p ln i vimi trng khng kh. Sn xut xi mng

s dng hai cng ngh chnh l xi mngl ng v l quay. Ti thi im hin nay,cng ngh sn xut xi mng ch yu theophng php kh, l quay. Cng ngh nyc chia lm hai nhm: nhm cng sutln hn 2.500 tn clanhke/ngy c ut ng b, thit b tin tin; nhm cngsut thp hn 2.500 tn clanhke/ngy dy

chuyn u t thiu ng b, cht lngthit b khng cao.

1.2.4.4. Ngnh sn xut thp

Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnhthp pht trin kh nhanh vi nhiudoanh nghip u t quy m ln. eo sliu iu tra ca Tng cc ng k, nm2000, ton ngnh c 76 doanh nghip, nnm 2009 s doanh nghip tng 6 ln, ln462 doanh nghip (Bng 1.7).

Khung 1.9. Tnh hnh sn xut xi mng

Nm 2010, sn lng xi mng nc ta t 54 triu tn (trong xi mng l quay c khong 50triu tn, l ng khong 4 triu tn).

- Tng s cc dy chuyn sn xut xi mng l quay c u t v khai thc n ht nm 2010l 59 dy chuyn vi tng cng sut thit k l 62,56 triu tn.

Mt s khu vc c mt cc nh my, d n u t ln:+ Ti H Nam c 12 d n vi tng cng sut 9,39 triu tn/nm.

+ Ti Ninh Bnh c 10 d n vi tng cng sut 13,13 triu tn/nm.+ Ti Hi Dng c 7 d n vi tng cng sut 7,90 triu tn/nm.Thc trng phn b cc nh my nh trn (tp trung Min Bc v mt ln khu vc H

Nam, Ninh Bnh) lm ny sinh cc kh khn v h tng giao thng, mi trng trong vic vn ti ximng t cc khu vc tp trung nh my n cc th trng ln.

Vic kim sot nhim mi trng ca cc nh my xi mng thng cha c thc hinthng xuyn (nht l cc c s xi mng l quay c, u t trc nm 1990 v cc c s xi mngl ng). Nhiu nh my s dng cc thit b x l mi trng vi hiu qu thp, thm ch c nhmy khng vn hnh cc thit b lc bi vo ban m. Cc c quan chc nng cha thc hin gimst thng xuyn v x l kp thi cc vi phm v mi trng. Trong khai thc nguyn liu vi,t st cn gy ra nhiu tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng. Vic thay i thi quen khai thc , sdng ph thi, kt hp gia khai thc v hon nguyn l vn ht sc quan trng nhng cha

c quan tm ng mc. Ngun: B Cng thng, 2011

Khung 1.8. Phng n quy hoch sn xut xi mng n nm 2020 ca H Ni

- Tip tc u t pht huy cng sut cc c s xi mng l quay c quy hoch trong giai ontrc nm 2010.

- Pht huy ti a nng lc cc c s nghin xi mng hin c, ng thi u t chiu su cng nghgii quyt nhim mi trng.

- Ngng sn xut xi mng cng ngh l ng vo nm 2015 v cc trm nghin xi mng cng sutnh vo nm 2020 m bo mi trng, mang li hiu qu sn xut.

n nm 2015, nng lc sn xut xi mng ca thnh ph t 2.550 ngn tn/nm, nm 2020 l2.800 ngn tn/nm.

Ngun: Quy hoch pht trin vt liu xy dng thnh ph H Ni n nm 2020, nh hng nnm 2030

(ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 4524/Q-UBND ngy 29/9/2011)


39/157

0

Chng I


D kin nnm 2015, tng nhu

cu thp tiu th trongnc l 16 triu tn;nm 2020: 24 triu tnv nm 2025: 37 triutn (Bng 1.8).

Vi c trngl tiu tn nhiu nnglng (than, du, in),

chim khong 6% tngtiu th nng lng cacc ngnh cng nghip,ngnh thp hin cnh gi l mt trongnhng ngnh ngu v pht thi khCO2. y l mt trongnhng thch thc ivi cng tc qun lmi trng khng kh.

Mt c imca cc nh my thpc xy dng trongthi gian va qua lcc nh my luyn cnthp cng sut nh.Nhiu nh my loiny ch yu nhp phliu v sn xut thpcht lng thp. yl ngun gy nhimmi trng khng khkhng nh.

Bng 1.10. Tnh hnh sn xut thp

Sn xut thp di tp trung Hi Phng, Bnh Dng (chim

16,1% v 14,7 % tng nng lc sn xut). Sn xut thp cn

dp tp trung ti B Ra Vng Tu v Qung Ninh. Sn xut

thp ng tp trung ch yu Tp. H Ch Minh, Vnh Phc, Bnh

Dng, ng Nai, Hi Phng v Hng Yn.

Ngun: B Cng thng, 2013

Bng 1.8. D bo nhu cu tiu th cc sn phm thp (*)trong nc n nm 2020, c xt n nm 2025

Ch tiu 2013 2015 2020 2025

Tiu th thp /ngi (kg) 156 176 252 373

Tng nhu cu tiu ththp trong nc (triu tn)

14 16 24 37

Ghi ch (*): gm thp thanh, cun, hnh, cun cnnng, cun cn ngui, thp ng

Ngun: Quy hoch pht trin h thng sn xut v hthng phn phi thp giai on 2020, c xt n nm 2025, B

Cng ng, 2013

Bng 1.7. S lng doanh nghip sn xut thp phn btheo vng

Vng lnh th S lng doanh nghip sn xut2000 2005 2007 2008 2009

Vng Trung du minni pha Bc

8 20 30 39 33

Vng ng bng sngHng

23 94 125 182 202

Vng Duyn hi minTrung

16 36 42 55 53

Vng Ty Nguyn - 3 6 6 6

Vng ng Nam B 26 60 98 131 132

Vng ng bng sng

Cu Long 3 25 23 33 36Tng s 76 238 324 446 462

Ngun: X l theo s liu iu tra doanh nghip nm 2000, 2005,2007, 2008 v 2009 ca TCTK , 2010


40/157

21

Chng I


1.2.5. Hot ng xy dng v dn sinh

Hin nay, mc d s lng doanhnghip xy dng tng ln t 27.867 vonm 2008 ln 44.1843 nm 2011 (Ningim thng k, 2012) song hot ng xydng li c xu hng gim do tc ngca khng hong kinh t, c bit l donh hng ca tnh trng ng bng cath trng bt ng sn. Tuy vy, cc tcng tiu cc t hot ng xy dng nmi trng khng kh vn cn l bi tonkh i vi cc c quan qun l. Vic

khng thc hin y , nghim ngt ccbin php bo v mi trng ti cc cngtrng xy dng ang hot ng trn cnc (xy dng, sa cha nh ca, ngx, vn chuyn nguyn vt liu) v ang

gy ra nhim khng kh. Hin tng o

v lp ng thng xuyn do hot ng

sa cha h thng ng x, h thng cp

thot nc, h thng thng tin, cp in,

gy mt v sinh, nhim bi ti khu vcsa cha v xung quanh. c bit, vic ko

di thi gian thi cng ti cc cng trnh xy

dng do thiu vn u t gy tc ng xu

n cnh quan, khin cho mi trng xung

quanh lun trong tnh trng nhim bi.

Cc hot ng dnsinhnh t ccnhin liu ho thch (than , du ho v

kh t), ci, hay vic t cc cht thikhng kim sot cng gp phn lm tngcc cht nhim trong khng kh. Hinnay, ngun gy nhim khng kh t hotng dn sinh ti cc khu th gimnhiu do iu kin sng c ci thin vs thay i thi quen sinh hot. Tuy nhin,ti khu vc nng thn, trong sinh hot vchn nui vn s dng than, ci, kh t,...

lm pht sinh cc kh nhim.

1.2.6. Hot ng nng nghip v lngngh

Nc ta c n 68,06% dn s sng nng thn, tuy nhin, cc ngnh nnglm v thy sn ch ng gp 20,6% vogi tr GDP. Trong giai on 2008 2012,mc d gp mt s kh khn do hn hn,

su bnh v ma l xy ra ti mt s aphng song n nm 2012, tng gi trsn xut nng, lm nghip v thu snnc ta vn t 638,3 nghn t ng.

Chn nui gia sc, gia cm

Hot ng chn nui gia sc, giacm c duy tr n nh v c chiu hnggia tng trong thi gian qua. Cc trang trichn nui ngy cng c m rng v c

quy m v s lng, tng t 6.267 trang trinm 2011 ln 8.133 trang tri nm 2012,


41/157

2

Chng I


tp trung nhiu khu vc ng bngsng Hng (ng cc Tng k, 2013). Cctrang tri chn nui tp trung phn lnc h thng x l cht thi, vi cc loi

cng ngh khc nhau nhng hiu qux l cha trit nn y l mt trongnhng ngun gy nhim mi trngxung quanh.

Bn cnh quy m chn nui trangtri, vn cn tn ti m hnh chn nuic th, phn tn, cha theo quy hoch.eo s liu thng k nm 2010, c ncc khong 8,5 triu h c chung tri

chn nui quy m h gia nh. y l mhnh chn nui nh l, khng c ut cng ngh cng nh kin thc trongchn nui, khng c k hoch thu gomcht thi. Cht thi gia sc, gia cm hunh khng c x l ng k thut, xthi trc tip ra mi trng l mt trongnhng nguyn nhn gy nhim t,nc mt, nc ngm v c bit gy mikh chu, kh CH

4, nh hng n mi

trng khng kh.Trng trt

Trong giai on nm 2005 - 2012,duy tr hot ng trng trt n nh vsn lng v din tch cy trng (Biu 1.12). Nhng nm gn y, 2012 - 2013,sn lng cy trng c xu hng tng:sn lng la tng 0,8%, sn lng ng

tng 6,6%, sn lng rau v hoa mukhc u tng (B NN v PTNT, 2013).Song song vi vic tng sn lng cytrng l vic gia tng lng phn bn hahc v thuc bo v thc vt. eo BNng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn,lng thuc tr su nhp v Vit Namgia tng mt cch ng bo ng, nunh nm 2005, c nc ch nhp 20.000

tn th sang nm 2006 - 2007 tng ln30.000 tn/nm; nm 2012: 55.000 tn.

Biu 1.11. Din tch v sn lng laqua cc nm 2005 - 2012

Ngun: TCTK, 2012

Biu 1.10. S lng gia sc, gia cmca Vit Nam giai on 2005 - 2012

Ngun: TCTK, 2013

100

150

200

250

300

350

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

20 05 20 06 20 07 2 008 2 009 20 10 20 11 S b2012

Triu gia sc Triu gia cm

Tru

B

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

7476

78

80

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 S b2012

Triut

n

Triuh

a

Din tch Sn lng


42/157

23

Chng I


Hin nay, Vit Nam ang i mtvi vic s dng ba bi phn bn hahc, thuc bo v thc vt c v liu lngln chng loi dn n tnh trng d thav pht tn thiu kim sot ra mi trngxung quanh. iu ny gy nh hngkhng nh n mi trng khng kh,do thuc tr su, thuc kch thch sinhtrng, sau s dng, b -xy ha thnhdng kh thi c tnh axit, kim rt c hiv pht tn vo mi trng, gy nhimnghim trng.

Lng ngh

Trong thi gian qua, ch trngpht trin nng thn v lng ngh theonh hng ca Chnh ph lm thay idin mo nng thn, cuc sng ca ngidn nh cng c ci thin, kinh tnng thn khi sc. eo s liu thng knm 2011, c nc c khong hn 1.300lng ngh c cng nhn v hn 3.200lng c ngh. Cc lng ngh phn b khng

ng u gia cc vng, min (min Bckhong 60%, min Trung 30%, min Nam10%). Trong cc lng ngh c quy mnh, trnh sn xut thp, thit b c vcng ngh lc hu, nm xen k ti cc khudn c chim phn ln (trn 70%). y lnguyn nhn ny sinh nhiu vn v mitrng ti cc lng ngh.

Hu ht cc lng ngh ang hot

ng hin nay u c nhng nh hngtrc tip hoc gin tip ti mi trngkhng kh. Tuy nhin, trong s , 03nhm lng ngh: ti ch (kim loi, giy,nha), vt liu xy dng, khai thc v ch bin thc phm l nhng lng nghgy nhim mi trng khng kh nngnht. Mc d, c a vo danh schcc lng ngh khng c php thnh lp

mi trong khu dn c hoc nu ang hot

ng th phi thc hin cc bin php x lcht thi t quy chun1 nhng nhmcc lng ngh ny vn tip tc hnh thnh

mi, gia tng t pht trong cc khu dnc m thiu s qun l v gim st cacc c quan chc nng i vi hot ngBVMT. Chnh v vy, cc lng ngh ny

vn tip tc l im nng v nhim mitrng, trong c nhim mi trngkhng kh.

1. Thng t s 46/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2011ca B TN&MT quy nh v Bo v mi trng lng

ngh.

Dt

nhum,m t,thuc da

17%

Ch binlng

thc, thcphm,

chn nui,git m

20%

Ti chph liu

4%

Th cngm ngh

39%

Vt liu

xy dng,khai thc

5%

Cc nghkhc15%

Biu 1.12. Phn loi lng ngh Vit Namtheo ngnh ngh sn xut

Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2008

Bng 1.9. Lng thuc tr su s dng Vit Nam qua cc giai on

NmKhi lng(tn thnh

phm)

Trung bnhlng cht tc

dng (kg a.i/ha)

1986-1990 13.000 15.000 0,4 0,5

1991-2000 20.300 33. 636 0,67 1,04

2001-2007 36.000 75.805 1,24 2,54

Ngun: TCMT, 2009


43/157

4

Chng I



44/157

25

Cac nguon gay o nhiem moi trng khong kh

Chng II

CAC NGUON GAYO NHIEMMOI TRNGKHONG KH

Chng2


45/157


46/157

27


Chng II

CHNG 2

CC NGUN GY NHIM MI TRNG KHNG KH

2.1. CC NGUN GY NHIM

Vit Nam l nc ang pht trinvi nhiu hot ng mang li hiu qu tngtrng kinh t. Tuy nhin, song song vivic pht trin kinh t, cc hot ng phttrin cng l ngun pht thi gy nhimmi trng ni chung v mi trng khngkh ni ring. Trong , cc ngun chnhgy nhim mi trng khng kh gm:giao thng vn ti; sn xut cng nghip; xydng v dn sinh; nng nghip v lng ngh;chn lp v x l cht thi.

Tc nhn gy nhim mi trngkhng kh ch yu bao gm: bi l lngtng s (TSP), bi PM10(bi 10m), ch(Pb), zn (O

3); cc cht v c nh cacbon

monoxit (CO), lu hunh ioxit (SO2), oxitnit (NOx), hydroclorua (HCl), hydroflorua(HF); cc cht hu c nh hydrocacbon(CnHm), benzen (C6H6); cc cht gy mikh chu nh amoniac (NH3), hydrosunfua(H

2S); nhit, ting n

2.1.1. Hot ng giao thng

Hot ng giao thng vn ti cxem l mt trong nhng ngun gy nhimln i vi mi trng khng kh, c bit cc khu th v khu vc ng dn c.

Cng vi s pht trin ca h thng c sh tng giao thng, tng trng cc phngtin c gii v khi lng vn ti hng ha,hnh khch l s pht thi cc cht gy nhim mi trng khng kh.

Cc cht gy nhim khng khch yu sinh ra do kh thi t qu trnh tnhin liu ng c bao gm CO, NOx, SO2,hi xng du (CnHm, VOCs), PM10... v bi

do t ct cun bay ln t mt ng phtrong qu trnh di chuyn (TSP).


47/157

8


Chng II

S pht thi ca cc phng tinc gii ng b ph thuc rt nhiu vochng loi v cht lng phng tin,nhin liu, ng x... Nhn chung, xe

c ti trng cng ln th h s pht thi nhim cng cao, s dng nhin liu cngsch th h s pht thi nhim cng thp.

Ti Vit Nam hin nay, s gia tngcc phng tin c bit l t v xe mycng vi cht lng cc tuyn ng chap ng nhu cu l mt trong nhngnguyn nhn chnh gy nhim mi

trng khng kh. Kh thi t phng tingiao thng vn ang l mt trong nhng tcnhn ln gy nhim mi trng khngkh. Trong , xe my chim t trng lntrong s pht thi cc cht nhim CO,VOC, TSP, cn t con v t cc loichim t trng ln trong s pht thi SO2,NO

2(Biu 2.1).

Lng pht thi cc cht nhim

khng kh TSP, NOx, CO, SO2, tng ln

hng nm cng vi s pht trin v s lng

ca cc phng tin giao thng ng b.

Vi tc tng trng hng nm cc loi

xe t t 12%, trong xe t con c tc

tng cao nht l 17%/nm, xe ti khong

13%, xe my tng khong 15% km theo

vic s dng nhin liu (ch yu l xng,

du diezen), cng vi cht lng phng

tin cn hn ch (xe c, khng c bo

dng thng xuyn) lm gia tng ngk nng cc cht nhim trong khng

kh. Bn cnh , cc tuyn ng cht

hp, xung cp, thiu quy hoch ng b,

cha p ng nhu cu i li cng vi

thc tham gia giao thng ca ngi dn

cha cao gy n tc giao thng cng l yu

t ng k lm nghim trng thm vn

nhim mi trng khng kh, c bitl ti cc th ln nh H Ni v Tp. H

Ch Minh.

2.1.2. Hot ng sn xut cng nghip

Hot ng sn xut cng nghip vi

nhiu loi hnh khc nhau c nh gi

l mt trong nhng ngun gy nhim

mi trng khng kh ng k ti VitNam. Cc tc nhn gy nhim ch yu

pht sinh t qu trnh khai thc v cung

ng nguyn vt liu u vo, kh thi t cc

cng on sn xut nh t nhin liu ha

thch, kh thi l hi, ha cht bay hi

Ngun nhim khng kh t hot

ng cng nghip thng c nng cccht c hi cao, tp trung trong mt vng.

0

20

40

60

80

100

TSP SO2 NO2 CO VOC

%Xe my t cc loi t con

TSP SO2 NO2 CO VOC

Biu 2.1. T l pht thi cc chtgy nhim do cc phng tin c gii

ng b ton quc nm 2011

Ghi ch: Tnh ton theo h s pht thi WHO, 1993

Ngun: Trung tm Quan trc mi trng - TCMT, 2013


48/157

29


Chng II

Ty thuc vo loi hnh sn xut, quy trnhcng ngh, quy m sn xut v nhin lius dng m cc hot ng cng nghipkhc nhau s pht sinh kh thi vi thnhphn v nng khc nhau (Bng 2.1).

Cc cht c hi t kh thi cngnghip c phn loi thnh cc nhmbi, nhm cht v c v nhm cc chthu c vi cc cht nhim ph bingm NO

2, SO

2, VOC, TSP, cc ha cht

v cc kim loi. Trong lng pht thi

SO2, NO

2v TSP chim phn ln trong ti

lng cc cht nhim, cn li l cc cht nhim khng kh khc (Bng 2.2).

Trong cc nhm ngnh cng ng-hip Vit Nam, cc hot ng: khai thc

v ch bin than, sn xut thp, sn xutvt liu xy dng v nhit in ang cnh gi l nhng ngun gy nhimmi trng khng kh ng k hin nay.

Bng 2.1. Nhm ngnh sn xut v kh thi pht sinh in hnh

Nhm ngnh sn xut Kh thi

Cc ngnh c l hi, l sy, my pht in tnhin liu nhm cung cp hi, in, nhit

Bi, SO2, CO, CO

2, NO

2, VOCs, mui khi

Nhm ngnh nhit in Bi, CO, CO2, H

2S, SO

2, v NO

x

Nhm ngnh sn xut xi mng Bi, NO2, CO

2, F

Nhm ngnh sn xut gang thpBi, g st cha cc oxit kim loi (FeO, MnO, Al

2O

3,

SiO2, CaO, MgO); kh thi cha CO

2, SO

x.

Nhm ngnh may mc: t cng on ct may, git

ty, sy

Bi, Cl, SO2, Pingment, formandehit, HC, NaOH,

NaClONhm ngnh sn xut c kh, luyn kim Bi, hi kim loi nng, CN-, HCl, SiO

2, CO, CO

2

Nhm ngnh sn xut cc sn phm t kim loiBi kim loi c th, hi ha cht, hi dung mi huc, SO

2, NO

2

Nhm ngnh sn xut ha chtBi H

2S, NH

3, hi dung mi hu c, ha cht c

th, bi, SO2, CO, NO

2

Nhm ngnh khai thc du th, kh CO, SO2, NOx, hi HC

Nhm ngnh khai thai sn xut than v khong sn Bi, SO2, NO

x, CO, CO

2

Cht nhim Ti lng(tn/nm)

T l %

NO2

655.899 18,52

SO2

1.117.757 31,56

VOC 267.706 7,56

TSP 673.842 19,02

Cc ha cht 143.569 4,05

Cc kim loi 960 0,03

Bng 2.2. c tnh ti lng mt sthng s nhim khng kh t hot

ng cng nghip trn c ncnm 2009

Ngun: Ngn hng gii, 2010


49/157

0


Chng II

2.1.2.1. Ngnh khai thc v ch binthan

Khai thc v ch bin than l mttrong nhng ngnh cng nghip gp phngi vng an ninh nng lng v tngtrng kinh t ca Vit Nam. eo thngk, hin c khong 28 doanh nghip khaithc, ch bin than nm trong Tp oncng nghip an v Khong sn VitNam. Song do cng ngh khai thc cnlc hu, cc bin php gim thiu bi, khthi cn hn ch nn cc tc ng n mitrng khng kh vn l vn cn c

ch trong ngnh sn xut ny.

Tc nhn gy nhim mi trngkhng kh pht sinh t hot ng cangnh khai thc v ch bin than ch yul bi (TSP, PM10) v mt s cht nhim

khc nh SO2, CO, NO2, CH4...Mc d trong qu trnh khai thc,

ch bin v vn chuyn, cc doanh nghip thc hin mt s bin php gim thiutc ng nh trang b h thng x l bi(75%), che ph xe vn chuyn, ci tin dychuyn sn xut nhng kt qu quan trccho thy 100% cc c s khai thc v chbin than c nng bi vt ngng quychun cho php (QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT).

Bng 2.3. Nng bi trong qu trnh khai thc than

n v: mg/m3

QCVN 06: 2009 quy nh hm lng bi: 0,15mg/m3

Ngun: Cc K thut an ton v mi trng cng nghip, B Cng thng

STT C s sn xutKhai thc,ch bin

Vn chuyn Bi thiKhu hnh

chnh, dn c

1 H Tu - Qung Ninh 2,0 - 8,8 10,2 1,2 0,57 - 0,73

2 Ni Bo - Qung Ninh 47,7 - 75,9 1,9 14 1,4

3 Cao Thng - Qung Ninh 16,3 - 38,4 - - -

4 Tn Lp - Qung Ninh 20 - 30,1 - - -

5 Nh sang TT Hn Gai - QungNinh

2,6 - 5,3 1,4 - 1,8 - 0,1 - 0,9

6 Mo Kh - Qung Ninh 1,08 - 2 - 0,1

7 Hng Thi - Qung Ninh 37,6 15,2 - 1,3


50/157

31


Chng II

2.1.2.2. Ngnh sn xut thp

eo nh gi nu trong Chng 1,ngnh sn xut thp vi c trng tiu thnhiu nng lng (than, du, in) cnh gi l mt trong nhng ngun phtsinh nhiu loi kh thi vo mi trng.

Ngun gy nhim khng kh cahot ng sn xut thp ch yu pht s

Documents

Bao Cao Moi Truong Quoc Gia 2013