Baroque Italy 2

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European aroque


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Martin LutherSchism 1517Reformation

Broke the Catholic Church

Council of Trent1545 / 1563.


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The Baroque can be seen as a distinct style, or as the final phase of the Renaissance

Counter Reformation Absolutism

Science and Philosophy

Stylistic Dynamics

THE REFORMATION

Movement in Europe that began with Martin Luthers activities in 1517

Initially an attempt to reform the Catholic Church.

Many Catholics were troubled by corruption in the Church: particularly the selling of

indulgences.

What is an indulgence ??

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS


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ABSOLUTISM

is a monarchical form of government in which the

monarch has absolute power among his or her people.

An absolute monarch wields unrestricted politicalpower over the state and its people.

Absolute monarchies are often hereditary but other

means of transmission of power are attested.

Absolute monarchy differs from limited monarchy, inwhich the monarchs authority is legally bound or

restricted by a constitution (laws).

We can associate that with:

French Monarchy

Popes



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Protestants VS Catholics

Action - Reaction

The reaction from the Catholic Church Counter Reformation 1570

Council of Trent. Document setting the canons that the Counter Reformation should

follow

CATHOLIC / ATTACKED AND WEAK /WHAT TO DO ??

The magnificence and the theatricality were used as liturgical purposes


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The Catholic Church wanted to craate a great religious devotion in every art.

Music / Painting / Sculpture / Architecture

Wanted to inspire an art that could show Godsglory and help catholic

believers in finding redemption and salvation

Final Judgement, Rubens Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Bernini



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Popes Sponsorship

Emotional and persuasive fundaments established by the Council of Trent.

Less reality / More artistic concept

Art as an educational tool for the society

Support from the Catholic Church

Subordinated art / Church interests

BAROQUEXVI century

Inocencio X, Velzquez



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The word Baroque is derived from the

Portuguese word Barroco

Spanish word Barroco

French word Baroque

Irregular, rough, imperfect pearl

The word Baroque was invented by critics rather than practitioners of the art.

As with the term Gothic

Eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, which sharply

constrasted the clear and sober rationality of the Renaissance.

The word was first used by Heinrich Wolffin in his Renaissance und Barock

(1888). He identified the Baroque as movement imported into mass, in

opposition to Renaissance art.

In common usage by the 1920s.


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Classical

Precedents

Static

Rational

Circle

RenaissanceClassicalPrecedents but

from differentperiods

Dynamic

Emotional

Ellipse

Baroque


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Renaissance

Fra Angelico

The Annunciation

Baroque

Altomonte

The Assumption of Mary

Colors

Details

Emotions

Figures

Dynamic


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BERNINI

Michelangelo of the Baroque


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ARCHITECTUREPreviously- Humanism / Renaissance

Regular and simple shapes

Easy comprehension

Search of balance and symmetry

Interruption / brake / classical balance - Baroque

Shape becomes more important than fuction

Same Renaissance shapes but with a touch of fantasy and movement(motion)

Monumentality, dynamism, buildings become more complicated

Emphasize the sculpture values or characteristics of the buildings

Palacio Farnese, Antonio de Sangallo


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Stone, brick Ashlar

Interior Color marbleBronze

Ornamentation: COMPLEXITY

MATERIALS


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CURVE FACADES - architraves

Movement

Chiaroscuro

Sculptures

Cocave and convex facadesDepending the perspective and the context

Flexible wallsOrganic conception

FACADES


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The Wall is the main support dynamic character

The Wall waves and models allowing flexible plans

The openings may have diverse shapes and mainly = complexity

The archs are also varied, but the most popular is the round arch

ELEMENTS


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Columns independent or attached

More used as a decoration

Begins the use of caryatids and atlantes

Appears two new columns: solomonic and estipites

They used all the orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan,

Composite) in their columns but with different proportion thanthe classic ones.

The column could be short or gigantic according to the building

ensemble

The Solomonic column (salomnica), also called Barley-

sugar column, is a helical column, characterized by a

spiraling twisting shaft like a corkscrew

The estipite column has the shape of an inverted cone

or obelisk.


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Atlantes

Caryatids


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ROOFS

Variety : barrel vault, groin vault, lunette vault, hemispherichal on pendentives

Test of new vaults like the oval dome

Increasing of domes on the building exterior

Interior- The vaults were shown as hemispherical domes with lots of paintings

and sculptures


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ORNAMENTATION

All the designs were based on curve lines

Showing the dynamism that they were looking for. Examples: curve architraves, oval

vanes and ornaments based in nature

Liberty for designers The originality and the invention were important and

appreciated. The power of creation.

The most important was the effect of the whole context or work. Global artistic work.

All the baroque buildings were formed by sculptures, paintings and decorative

elements.

The interior of the buildings became more colorful and rich. The result was a theatrical

effect in the architecture.


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TYPOLOGY

PLANS

Rectangular ELIPTICALCIRCULAR

MIXED

PROTOTYPE PLAN Il Ges , RomaVignola y Giacomo della Porta

Were used in these kind of buildings: RELIGIOUS, PALACES,

fountains, gardens, squares. But the most important were the

churches and palaces.


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ROME

ITALY

Power of the Church

(Popes)

PalacesUrban spaces

Fountains

Churches

Rome was the center of the artistic activity - Especially activities related with the Counter

ReformationThe result was an architecture completely BAROQUE

Religious Order Wanted to define an iconography for the Counter Reformation

Jesuits

Church with a dome in the transept

Open spaceView at the altar from the believers.

Just one nave with pilasters

Based on the Council of Trent

Il Ges

1568, Giacomo della Porta

& Vignola

Il Ges


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Interior

Il Ges

Longitudinal plan covered by a barrel vault

Chapels and transept not very pronounced. This allowed that agreat number of believers could stay near the altar.

The dome was an important element

Just one nave. This was more suitable for preaching.

The mother churchof the Jesuit order

Il Ges


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Della Porta Vignola

Il Ges

After the death of Vignola in 1573, Della Porta continued the construction, and in1584 modified its faade after his own designs.

Il Ges


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Double pediment (one in front of the other) shows the axial plane

(axis).

The exterior rhythm shows the interior one.

What you see in the facade is what you find in the plan

Il Ges

Il Ges


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Barrel vaults with stucco moldings

RICH ORNAMENTATION

Il Ges


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Santa Maria Novella, Florence Il Gesu, S.J.

Alberti Vignola y Giacomo della Porta

Renaissance Baroque


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URBAN SPACE

To identify important churches and

basilicas

The Pope Sixto X, established that the Urban Space should be at the service of the

Church. As in architecture, urbanism helped to show the power of the Catholic Church.

Arranging the union of seven early Christian basilicas of Rome by boulevards decoratedwith obelisks and fountains. Connecting the key buildings.

Effort of the papacy to make Rome again a grand city.


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Saint Peters Square was the most important symbol of the baroque urbanism in

Rome.

Bernini created an urban space that exceeded the expectations.

The project (1657) was based in a double square after which Saint Peters

Faade was rising, like a theatrical scene.

This Berninis double square is composed by two elements:

1. Thepiazza oblicua. The transversal oval with the columns like open arms.

2. Thepiazza retta. Stairway offering an appropriate base for the Madernos

faade.

1 2


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Another great example of urbanism is the Piazza Navona or NavonasSquare.

Here is located the beautiful palace from the Pamphili family. One of its members, the

pope Inocencio X, transformed the ancient stadium (Roman Empire) in a gorgeous

square which was decorated with three Baroques master pieces.

Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Bernini)

SantAgnesein Agone church, Pamphilisold chapel (Borromini)

Palazzo Pamphili.


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Bernini

Scupltor, Architect and Painter.

Respected the classic orders

First work. Requested by the Pope Urbano VIII was the

refurbishment of Saint BibianasChurch

When Carlo Maderno died in 1629, Bernini became the

architect in St. PetersChurch.

Broken pediment. Very

important feature from the

Baroque


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San Andrea al Quirinale

Bernini

Oval plan

Small entrance portico (minor scale for

the pedestrian)

Facade shows just one piece, like one

story. It has a big pediment.

Big and small columns. Different

proportion

The building has an ubanistic

arrangement (comunication with the

street)


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San Andrea al Quirinale

Bernini

Oval plan

B i i C l d


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Berninis Colonnade

Saint Peters, Rome

Courtyard in the front Gathering of the pilgrims.

Engaging them

1657


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Tuscan order

Dynamism

Exuberant huge columns


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Saint Peters Square, Rome

BERNINI


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BERNINI

Tabernacle or baldachin

St. PetersSolomonic columns

Twisting columns

Dynamic energy


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The baldachin is at the centre of the crossing and directly under the dome of

the basilica.

Over the main altar

The baldachin acts as a visual focus within the basilica; it itself is a very large

structure and forms a visual mediation between the enormous scale of the

building and the human scale of the people officiating at the religious

ceremonies at the papal altar beneath its canopy.


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Borromini

Builder and Sculptor

More complex buildings than Bernini

Handling of classical shapes

Conflict with Bernini since the construction of St. Peters

1st work: San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane, church

When the Pope Inocencio X died, Alejandro VI gave all the buildings toBernini, leaving Borromini without work.

Tragical life

Didnt get the big commissions

Better architect than Bernini but he was more popular

Suicide


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BorrominiSan Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane

1638

Dynamic facade (concave and convex lines

over the architrave)

Columns without order and proportion.They give verticality and movement to the

facade.

Wavy and broken cornice


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BorrominiSan Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane


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San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane

Santivo alla Sapienza


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Santivoalla Sapienza

Borromini

1642

Church at Romes University

A courtyard leads to the entrance of

Sant'Ivo.

Borromini gracefully continued the

lines of the Palazzo's two stories of

arched colonnades.

One of Borromini's hallmarks is his

use of convex and concave exterior

and interior surfaces that playagainst each other.

Concave / Convex / Concave / Convex


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caracol Santivoalla Sapienza

BorrominiFor the small space, the architect

superimposed two triangles on top of one

another to form an enormous Star ofDavid and create a hexagonal floor plan

in the center of the church


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Rich geometry of the Dome

Seems to be arbitrary figures and curves but is actually a geometric analysis


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Piazza Navona

Borromini


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Piazza Navona

Santa Agnese (Santa Ins)

Borromini

Piazza NavonaGiant statues symbolize what were considered


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Piazza Navona

Four rivers fountain

Bernini

Giant statues symbolize what were considered

the world's four greatest rivers: the Nile, the

Ganges, the Danube and the Rio de la Plata.

Each statue also represents one of the four

continents that were known at the time.

Cornaro Chapel


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Santa Maria della Victoria, Rome, Cornaro Chapel

Cornaro Chapel

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

Borromini


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Unidad de arquitectura, escultura,

pintura y teatralidad.


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BERNINI BORROMINI

Continuity of Classicism

Creativity but restricted

Perfect handcrafting

Visionary creativity

vs


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Fontana di Trevi, RomaNicola Salvi

Biggest baroque fountain in Rome


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Santa Susana, Roma

Carlo Maderno

Sober facade compared to Borromini

Some scultpure elements

Just one nave

Following the typology of IL GESU

Fachada de la Baslica de San Pedro, Roma


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Carlo Maderno

Facade of Saint Peters

ACTIVITY


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ACTIVITY

1. Answer the questions in the crossword.

2. Make a comparative analysis between the following countries

attending to the Baroque architecture developed in each one of

them:

Spain

France

England

Make a list of:

Historical antecedents

Architectural Characteristics

Architects and their masterpieces

Finish the task with a conclusion.

Documents

Baroque Italy 2