Barry, Norman P. · Barry, Norman P. Modern Siyaset Teorisi An Introduction to Modern Political Theory, 4th edition (2000) 1. Siyaset Bilimi - Tarih 2. Siyaset Bilimi - Felsefe Çevirenler:

Barry, Norman P.Modern Siyaset TeorisiAn Introduction to Modern Political Theory, 4th edition (2000)

1. Siyaset Bilimi - Tarih 2. Siyaset Bilimi - Felsefe

Çevirenler: Mustafa Erdoğan ve Yusuf Şahin

ISBN 13: 978-975-6201-68-8

Liberte Yayınları® / 1013. Baskı: Aralık 2012, 2. Baskı: Mart 2004, 1. Baskı: Şubat 2003

© 2012, 2002; Liberte Yayınları®© 2000, 1995, 1989, 1981; Norman P. Barry

Bu kitap ilk olarak İngilizcede, Macmillan Publishers Limited’in bir markası olan Palgrave Macmillan tarafından, An Introduction to Modern Political Theory ismiyle basılmıştır. Türkçe çeviri ve baskısı Palgrave Macmillan’ın izniyle yapılmıştır. Bu Eser’in müellifi olarak yazarın hakları mahfuzdur.

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Özet İçindekiler

1 SIYASET FELSEFESI VE SIYASÎ DÜŞÜNCE . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 29

2 HUKUK VE SOSYAL KONTROL . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 75

3 DEVLET . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 119

4 OTORITE VE IKTIDAR . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 159

5 SIYASÎ ILKELER . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 199

6 ADÂLET . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 241

7 EŞITLIK .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 293

8 ÖZGÜRLÜK .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 327

9 HAKLAR . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 379

10 REFAH VE REFAH DEVLETI . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 425

11 KAMU YARARI VE DEMOKRASI . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 459

Detaylı İçindekiler

NORMAN P. BARRY ANISINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

TÜRKÇE BASKI IÇIN ÖNSÖZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

TAKDIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1 Siyaset Felsefesi ve Siyasî Düşünce 29

1. Siyaset Teorisinin Bugünkü Durumu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2. Dil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3. Liberal Bireycilik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4. Siyasî Liberalizm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5. Marksizmin Gerilemesi ve Toplumculuğun Yükselişi . . . . . . . . . . . 58

6. Feminizm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

2 Hukuk ve Sosyal Kontrol 75

1. Hukuk ve Toplum Felsefesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

2. Tabiî Hukuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3. Emir Olarak Hukuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

4. Hukukî Gerçekçilik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

5. Kural Sistemleri Olarak Hukuk Sistemleri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

6. Ilkeler, Kurallar ve Hukuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

7. Hukukun Üstünlüğü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

8. Radikal Hukuk Doktrinleri ve Hukukun Üstünlüğü . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

3 Devlet 119

1. Siyaset Felsefesinde Devlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

2. Devletin Tahlili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

3. Devletin Ekonomik Teorisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

4. Devletin Organik Teorisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

5. Anarşizm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

6. Devlet Hakkındaki Çağdaş Tartışma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

4 Otorite ve iktidar 159

1. Otorite, Iktidar ve Cebir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

2. Otoritenin Mahiyeti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

3. Iktidarla Ilgili Bazı Problemler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

4. Iktidar Hakkındaki Sosyal Teoriler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

5 Siyasî İlkeler 199

1. Siyasî Ilkeler ve Siyaset Felsefesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

2. Evrenselleştirilebilirlik ve Ahlâkî Çoğulculuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

3. Sözleşmecilik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

4. Faydacılık . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

5. Bireycilik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

6. Feminist Ahlâk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

6 Adâlet 241

1. Adâlet Problemi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

2. Adâletin Anlamı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

3. Usûlî Adâlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

4. Sosyal Adâlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

5. Rawls’un Adâlet Teorisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

7 Eşitlik 293

1. Eşitlik Ilkesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

2. Insan Doğası ve Eşitlik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

3. Fırsat Eşitliği . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

4. Eşitlik, Piyasalar ve Kaynaklar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

5. Eşitlik, Aile ve Feminizm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

8 Özgürlük 327

1. Siyaset Felsefesinde Özgürlük . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

2. Özgürlüğün Anlamı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

3. Negatif ve Pozitif Özgürlük . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

4. Özerklik Olarak Özgürlük . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

5. John Stuart Mill ve Özgürlüğün Değeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

6. Hukuk, Ahlâk ve Paternalizm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

9 Haklar 379

1. Siyaset Teorisinde Haklar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

2. Hakların Tahlili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

3. Hakların Eleştirisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

4. Insan Hakları, Iktisadî ve Sosyal Haklar ve Refah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

5. Hayvan Hakları ve Hayvanların Iyiliği . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

10 Refah ve Refah Devleti 425

1. Refah Teorisinin Kökleri ve Doğuşu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

2. Çağdaş Refah Argümanları . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

3. Piyasa ve Refah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

4. Eşitlik, Özgürlük ve Refah Devleti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

11 Kamu Yararı ve Demokrasi 459

1. Kamu Yararı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

2. Demokrasi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

3. Usûlî Demokrasi ve Kamu Yararı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

4. Liberal Demokrasinin Radikal Eleştirisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

KAYNAKÇA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

NORMAN P. BARRY | MODERN SIYASET TEORISI 29

1. Siyaset Teorisinin Bugünkü Durumu

Siyaset teorisi konusuna gi-rişin başlıca zorluğu bununla uğraşanlar arasında konunun ne

olduğu hakkında pek anlaşma olma-masıdır. Başlangıçtan beri son derece tartışmalı metodolojik sorunlarla il-gili olmak bütün sosyal bilimlerin ko-nuları için doğru olmakla beraber –o kadar ki, sosyal bilim kavramları “özü bakımından tartışmalı” kavramlar ola-rak anılmaktadır (bkz. aşağıya)– siya-set teorisinin zorluğu söz gelişi iktisat teorisininkinden daha büyük görün-mektedir. İktisatçılar, özellikle makro ekonomide, şiddetli metodolojik tar-tışmalara girerken, yine de öğrenciler için bir giriş kitabının muhtevası hak-kında önemli ölçüde bir anlaşma var-dır. En azından, bu gibi kitapların köklü biçimde birbirinden farklı malzemeyi

1.Bölüm

Siyaset Felsefesi

ve Siyasî

Düşünce

BİRİNcİ BöLüM30

ele alması ihtimâli yoktur ve Batı dünyasının sınırları içinde bunun yerden yere çok farklılaşması da söz konusu değildir.

Fakat siyaset teorisinde bu durum sâdece siyasî düşüce-ler tarihi dersleri bakımından doğrudur. Bu alandaki kitaplar büyük ölçüde belirli siyaset felsefelerinin tasviri ile konunun Platon’dan günümüze kadar gelişmesinin tarihsel bir anla-tımından oluşur. Bu gibi araştırmalar önemli ölçüde sofisti-kasyon içermekle beraber, bir bütün olarak siyasî düşünceler tarihinin diğer sosyal bilimlerin olduklarını iddia edebilecek-leri anlamda sahici bir teorik disiplin olduğu düşünülmez. Siyaset felsefesinin büyük eserlerinde –genellikle siyasî istik-rar için gerekli olan şartlarla ilgili olarak– sosyolojik türden genelleştirmeler bulunduğu iddia edilmiş olsa da, bu eserler genellikle daha farklı bir nedenle incelenirler. Bu neden, on-ların belirli türden kanunların ve kurumların arzu edilirliği-ne ilişkin normatif önermeler içermeleri ve bu tür tavsiyeleri rasyonel muhakeme ile desteklemeleridir. Siyaset felsefesinin “klâsikleri”nin insan ve toplum hakkında felsefî olarak düşü-nen herkesi her zaman ilgilendiren hakikatler ve derin kavra-yışlar (insights) içerdikleri düşünülür.

Mamafih, tarzı itibariyle analitik olan ve metodolojiyle, kavramların aydınlatılmasıyla (açıklanmasıyla) ve –daha ön-ceki pozitivizme zıt olarak– siyasî değerlendirme mantığıyla ilgili bulunan, siyaset teorisi denen bir ölçüde felsefî bir konu gelişmiştir. Bu kitap esas itibariyle bu tarzda yazılmıştır. Esa-sen, bunun 40 yıl önce var olandan çok daha zengin bir da-mar olduğu belirtilmelidir, o zaman bu tarz analitik siyaset teorisinde çok az ilginç eser vardı. Savaş sonrası dönemin başlarında sâdece hukuk felsefesinde yeni ve analitik teknikler toplumu inceleyenler için ilginç sonuçlar getiriyordu. Bunun-

SİYASeT FeLSeFeSİ ve SİYASî DüŞüNce 31

la beraber, son otuz yılda –başkaları yanında– Rawls (1972), Nozick (1974), Dworkin (1977), Walzer (1983), MacIntyre (1981) ve Raz (1986) (ve politik iktisadın kimi temel ilke-lerinden yararlanan çalışmalar) disipline yeni soluk getirmiş-lerdir, öyle ki bir zamanlar güvenle söylendiği gibi siyaset felsefesinin öldüğünü söylemek bugün büyük bir abartma olur. Özel olarak önemli nokta, siyaset felsefesinde geleneksel yöntemin–sözleşmeciliğin– canlanmasıdır. Bundan başka, bu yaklaşımların bir kısmının aşırı bireyciliği insanın sosyal tabia-tını vurgulayan düşünürlerin heyecanlı tepkisine yol açmıştır: İnsan toplumsal bağlarından çözülemez ve farazî bir sözleşme yoluyla soyut bir kural seçici yapılamaz. Bu toplumculuğun (communitarianism) temelidir. Bu mülâhazalardan açıklık ka-zanmış olmalıdır ki, siyaset teorisi çeşitli disiplinlerden yarar-lanan eklektik bir konudur. Münhasıran siyaset teorisine ait olarak tasnif edilebilecek bir bilgi bütünü ve analiz yöntemi yoktur. Bu kitabın geri kalan kısmında siyasetin birkaç farklı alanla ve metodolojik yaklaşımlarla ilişkisini ele alacağız. Do-lasıyıyla, kitap politikayla ilgili olduğu kadar felsefe, hukuk, etik ve iktisatla da ilgili olacaktır.

2. Dil

Siyaset teorisyenleri dille bugün eskiden olduğundan daha fazla ilgililerdir. Mamafih, dil üstündeki bu vurgu fazla abar-tılmış olabilir. Biçimsel felsefedeki durum nasıl görülür-se görülsün, özellikle Mantıkî Pozitivizmin etkisi altındaki İngiltere’de, siyaset felsefesinin problemleri hiçbir zaman kavramların aydınlatılmasından ibaret olmamıştır. Bunun nedeni, kısmen, siyaset felsefecilerinin daha ziyâde adâlet, haklar, özgürlük ve devlet üzerindeki sınırlar gibi daha büyük


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Dizin

A

acı 213, 216, 217, 376, 417, 430

adâletanlamı 247, 248, 251–256eşitlik ve 219, 222, 228, 235fayda ve 223liberal adâlet teorisi 209problemi 241–251, 255Rawsl’un adâlet teorisi 205, 208sosyal adâlet 17, 37, 113, 135,

200, 228, 231, 242, 256–262, 267–275, 285, 289, 297, 431, 447

usûlî 256–258, 270, 281, 314, 324

âdil fırsat eşitliği ilkesi 281, 287

ahlâkî çoğulculuk 202

ahlâkî durum 388

ahlâkî haklar 370, 383–385, 397, 399

ahlâkî kurallar 50, 210, 277

ahlâkî tehlike 19, 430, 434, 438, 442, 445

aile 321–323

Alman Sosyal Demokrat Partisi 488

Almanya 190

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 15, 26, 91, 95, 129, 171, 192, 235, 245, 294

Amerikan gerçekçiliği 92–95

Amerikan liberalizmi 290

analitik-sentetik ayrımı 35, 40

anarşizm 16, 151

anayasaanayasacılık 184, 478anayasa hukuku 76, 84, 90anayasal demokrasi 485, 508, 518anayasal haklar 251, 296, 384anayasal reform 508, 509ve kanun 93–95ve kurallar sistemi 183

antropomorfizm 132

apartheid 81

Aquinas, St. Thomas 380

Arendt, Hannah 181

Aristoteles 247, 248

Arnavutluk 354

Arrow, Kenneth 249, 496–504

Austin, J. 83–91, 98

Avrupa Topluluğu / Birliği 16, 99, 101,

NORMAN P. BARRY | MODERN SIYASET TEORISI540

130, 444

Avrupa Toplulukları Kanunu 100

Axelrod, Robert 141

B

Bachrach, Peter 194

Baratz, Morton S. 194

Barry, Brian 169, 183, 206–208, 242, 279, 296, 434, 462, 472, 507

Barry, Norman P. 37, 48, 52, 63, 69, 70, 99, 109, 125, 137, 146, 189, 200, 212, 231, 241, 265, 324, 368, 427–431, 440–443, 450, 455, 466, 468, 473

basının gücü 187

Becker, Gary 322

belirsizlik 412

bencillik 277faydacılık ve 216

Benn, S. 339, 341

Bentham, Jeremy 80, 83, 86, 215, 216, 220–224, 244, 335, 341, 347, 398, 417, 422, 446, 465, 493, 494

Berlin, Isaiah 18, 206, 208, 296, 330, 347–357, 362

Beveridge, William 435

bilmezlik perdesi 18, 277, 278, 279, 283, 284

bireycilik 43, 148, 156, 227–231, 234, 256, 269, 381, 406, 427, 461

Birleşik Krallık 91, 93, 130, 229, 361

Bismarck, Otto von 431

boşanma 323–325, 372

Bowles, Roger 134

Brennan, Geoffrey 509–511

Britanya. Bkz Birleşik Krallık

Buchanan, Allen 61

Buchanan, James 143, 210, 212, 276, 504–507

Burke, Edmund 402

Burns, J. H. 482

bürokrasi 491, 513– 516

C-Ç

Campbell, Tom 382

cebir 53, 119, 125, 131, 137, 142, 153, 162, 165, 169, 180, 186, 200, 214, 256, 328, 357, 373, 411, 426, 507

cebir tekeli 121, 125, 137, 154

Checkland, E. 430

Checkland, S. 430

Cheung, Steven 143, 470

Coase, Ronald 144

Cohen, Gerald 334

common law 52, 78, 81, 85, 94, 99, 104, 109, 111, 113, 148, 257, 342, 367, 373

Condorcet, M. J. A. N., Marquis de 499

Connolly, William 38, 40, 164, 330

Cranston, Maurice 382, 408–410

Crenson, Matthew 195

cumhuriyetçilik 427, 428

çocuklar 307, 322–325, 333, 384, 390

çoğulculuk 104, 193, 202, 205, 207, 228, 269, 355, 357, 360, 377, 416, 483

çoğunlukçuluk 481–483

çok-kültürcülük 68

DIZIN 541

D

damla damla akma etkisi 428

davranışçılık 23, 46, 95, 194

de facto otorite 174, 175

değiş-tokuş 207, 322, 323

de jure otorite 174, 175

demokrasidoğrudan demokrasi 480, 495,

517müzakereci demokrasi 511, 517temsilî demokrasi 39, 220, 488,

495

demokrasinin ekonomik teorisi 33, 42, 48

demokrasi teorisi 485, 489

demokratik teori 475–478, 490, 512, 520

demos 480

Demsetz, Harold 470

deontolojik ahlâk 224

devletin ekonomik teorisi 133, 135, 140–145

devletin organik teorisi 124, 146

devletsiz toplumlar 127, 128

Devlin, Patrick (Lord) 374–377

Dicey, Albert V. 89, 100

diğerkamlık 440, 510

dil 31

doğal haklar 380, 381, 384, 391, 395–402

doğal hukuk 36, 78, 380, 381

doğal kabiliyetler 299

doğal yetenekler 57, 275, 282, 283, 289, 312–318

doğa ve konvansiyon 305

Dowding, Keith 165

Downs, Anthony 499, 500

Doyall, Len 272

Duncan, Graeme 475

düşünmeye dayalı denge 276, 284

düzeltme ilkesi 266

Dworkin, Ronald 16, 31, 65, 101–106, 110, 313–319, 328, 380, 404

E

eğitim 69, 136, 157, 193, 268, 306–309, 406, 425, 434, 441, 448, 450

Eleştirel Hukuk Araştırmaları 111–116

emeklilik 425, 441, 452–456

emotivizm 56, 201, 231

empirisizm 46, 94, 193

Engels, Friedrich 62

epistemoloji 46, 365

Erh-Soon Tay, Alice 382

etik. Bkz ahlâk, ilkeler

evlilik 18, 35, 321–325

evrenselleştirilebilirlik 202–205

F

Factortame Davası 100

farklılık ilkesi 312

faydacılık 115, 213–215, 219–227, 244, 262, 283, 398, 400, 446

Feinberg, Joel 385, 396

fırsatfırsat eşitliği 18, 71, 236, 279, 281,

287, 294, 302–307fırsat mâliyeti 310, 359, 449


Finnis, John N. 76

Flew, Antony G. N. 294, 299

Frankena, William K. 247

Freeden, Michael 43, 385

Frey, Bruno 448

Frey, Raymond 419, 420

Friedman, David 155

Friedman, Milton 16, 231, 439–444

Friedrich, C. J. 178, 180

Fuller, Lon 80–82

G

Gallie, W. B. 39

Gary (Indiana) 195, 196

Gauthier, David 210

geleneksel otorite 172

genel haklar 392

gerçekçilik 92–96, 112, 290, 488

Gewirth, Alan 411, 414, 415

Gilligan, Carol 115

Glazer, Nathan 445

Goodin, R. E. 413, 449

‘Görünmez El’ 153, 154, 217

Graham, Kevin 475, 492

Gray, John 38, 196, 222, 330, 355–361, 370, 436

Green, David 429

Green, Leslie 177

Green, T. H. 350

güç 332, 334, 344, 386, 395

güç transferi 512, 514

Güney Afrika 81, 311

H

Hailsham, Lord 508

hak edişler 258, 262, 278, 297, 309, 314

hak etme / hak ediş 67, 217, 242, 251–261, 274, 283, 297, 314

hak iddiası 416

Hamlin, Alan 202, 211, 410

Hamowy, Ronald 343

Hare, R. M. 202–204, 209

Harris, David 414, 415

Hart, H. L. A. 16, 42, 49, 82, 93, 96–101, 209, 375, 386, 392, 407, 421

Harvey, David 113

Hayek, F. A. 16, 17, 24, 109, 111, 234, 258–271, 291, 305, 342

hayırseverlik 389, 410, 439, 440

hayvan hakları 20, 383, 416, 419–421

haz 203, 215–218, 227, 422

Hegel, G. W. F. 124, 147

Held, David 475, 518, 519

Hitler, Adolf 173, 224

Hobbes, Thomas 89, 92, 127, 140, 170–172, 186, 210, 332, 340, 386, 403

Hohfeld, Wesley 385, 389

Holden, Brry 475

Holmes, O. W. 93, 94

hukukahlâk ve paternalizm 372devlet ve 67, 68doğal hukuk 36, 78, 380, 381emir teorisi 34, 76, 83, 96, 343, 398felsefesi 75hukuk önünde eşitlik 69hukukun üstünlüğü 71, 80, 106,

DIZIN 543

109–111, 115, 130, 148, 164, 244, 518

özgürlük ve 374

hukukî gerçekçilik 92, 112

hukukî haklar 100, 115, 384, 391, 399

hukukîleştirilebilme 412, 413

Hume, David 24, 54, 66, 82, 121, 167, 225, 236, 242, 306, 426

Husami, Zyad 272

hürriyet. Bkz özgürlük / hürriyet

İ-J

içebakış 48

ihtiyaçlarhak ediş 67, 242, 251–261, 274,

283, 297, 314objektif ihtiyaçlar 269, 271, 434

ikincil kurallar 79, 175

iktidar eliti teorileri 162, 193

iktidar hakkındaki sosyal teoriler 191

iktisadî bireycilik 229, 231

iktisadî güç 519

iktisadî haklar 404–409

iktisadî özgürlük 328, 361, 369–371

iktisathukukî iktisat 113siyasal iktisat 124, 152, 228

ilk durum 276, 284

insan doğası / tabiatı 46, 48, 82, 116, 121, 151, 168, 190, 210, 297, 386, 431, 444, 487, 492, 494, 516, 520

demokratik teoriler 520H.L.A. Hart 83Hobbes 386iktisat teorisi ve 47

J. Bentham 446J.J Rousseau 516J. Schumpeter 492J. S. Mill 494metodolojik bireycilik ve 48refah devleti ve 447ve eşitlik 298

Insan Hakları Evrensel Beyannâmesi 383, 406

Irlanda 87, 372, 481

Irlanda Hükümeti Kanunu 87

istek tatmini 218, 335, 336

Isveç 444

işgücünde cinsiyet ayrımcılığı 322, 325

Jasay, Anthony de 143

Johnson, Lyndon 442

K

Kamenka, Eugène 382

kamusal mallar 52, 134, 135, 178, 473

Kamu Tercihi 143, 145, 506–511, 519

kamu yararı 129, 150, 217, 393, 416, 459–474, 482, 484, 492–507, 515, 519

kan tedariki 447

Kant, Immanuel 24, 122, 227, 251

kapitalizm 16, 58–62, 65, 81, 152, 155, 264, 286, 351, 428

karizmatik otorite 172, 173

katılım 477–482, 485, 488, 491, 510, 514, 517

katılımcı demokrasi 515, 518

kendine hâkim olma 348, 353

Kennedy, Duncan 113


kışkırtıcı tanımlar 34

kirlilik 138, 144, 195, 196, 471

Kirzner, Israel 264, 311

kişisel ahlâk 375

klâsik liberalizm. Bkz liberal bireycilik

kolektif kurumlar 53, 54

kolektif refah 227, 435, 450, 460, 474

kolektif tercih 21, 473, 474, 497, 498, 504. Ayrıca bkz kamu yararı

Arrow problemi 498, 504sınırlı devlet 125, 154, 382, 472,

520

kolektivizm 58, 61, 152, 156, 431

komünizm 59, 62, 111, 230

koordinasyonun kuralları 260

korumacılık 465, 468

kuralların içselleştirilmesi 50, 179

kuşaklar arası sözleşme 454, 455

Kuzey Irlanda 87, 131, 481, 500

kürtaj 57, 105, 405

L

Le Grand, Julian 413, 449

Lesser, H. 39

liberal bireycilik 43, 55, 61, 291, 381, 461, 472

liberal demokrasi 229, 354, 370, 475, 482, 504

liberalizm 43, 54–56, 61, 66, 69, 208, 229, 236, 436, 472

Amerikan liberalizmi 290eşitlikçi liberalizm 66klâsik liberalizm 15, 24–26, 55, 61,

148, 166, 254, 356, 434–443, 461, 469, 472

siyasî liberalizm 43, 55, 436

Littlechild, Stephen 189

Lively, Jack 475

Lloyd, Dennis 94

Locke, John 24, 125, 210, 233, 260, 342, 380, 394

Lomasky, Loren 509, 510

Lucas, J. R. 160, 247, 266, 514

Lukes, Steven 161, 164, 194–196

Lyons, David 224

M

Macaulay, T. B. 495

MacCallum, Gerald 345

Machiavelli, Niccoló 163, 427

MacIntyre, Alasdair 31, 65, 66, 69, 403

Mackinnon, Catharine A. 72

Macpherson, C. B. 512–514

Mahkûmların Ikilemi 53, 138–141, 150, 179, 213, 503, 508

Mandeville, Bernard 427, 446

Marcuse, Herbert 350, 351

Marksizm 58, 62, 64, 113, 272, 398gerilemesi 58

Marx, Karl 24, 32, 58–62, 152, 191, 352, 361, 401, 425

Mead, Lawrence 443, 444

Meisel, James 486, 487

meritokrasi / liyakât sistemi 17, 242, 254, 265, 484

merkezîleşmedevlet otoritersinin merkezîleşmesi

129, 131iktidarın merkezîleşmesi 192

merkezî plânlamalı ekonomiler 60, 261, 371

DIZIN 545

meta-etik teoriler 209, 214

metafizik 85, 92, 120, 190, 215, 220, 229, 347, 384, 398, 460, 463

Michels, Robert 488, 489, 517

Miller, David 34, 151, 256, 316, 511

Mill, James 347, 493, 494, 495, 496

Mill, John Stuart 71, 214, 222, 290, 347, 359–376, 446, 482, 494–496, 511, 516

Mills, C. Wright 192, 193

minimal devlet 154

monizm 352

Mosca, Gaetano 192, 486, 487, 488, 489, 508, 517

muhafazakârlık 55, 65, 229

Mulhall, Stephen 65

Murray, Charles 442–444

mutlak haklar 396, 405

mübadele 49, 71, 97, 134, 140, 143, 157, 168, 188, 190, 229, 232, 245, 254, 260, 263–267, 281, 310, 319, 340, 350, 369, 393, 396, 429, 512

müeyyideler 34, 50, 76, 83–85, 88, 91, 127, 166, 170, 184–188, 216, 331, 339, 399

mükemmeliyetçilik 356

mülkiyet hakları 49, 78, 109, 139, 143–145, 153, 189, 196, 226, 229, 234, 242, 250, 257, 260, 264, 304, 394, 469–472, 475

N

Negatif Gelir Vergisi 442

Nelson, William N. 475

Ng, Yew-Kwang 134

Niskanen, William A. 507

nominalizm 38, 161

nomotetik kanunlar 40

normatif önermeler 30, 51

Nozick, Robert 16, 24, 31, 153, 262, 263–267, 271, 289, 316, 380, 403

O-Ö

O’Connor, D. J. 79

Okin, Susan Moller 321–325

Okun, A. M. 294

oligarşinin tunç kanunu 489, 517

olması gerekenin olabilirliği ima etmek 408

Olson, Mancur 468

Oppenheim, Felix E. 328, 463, 473, 474

ortak insanlık 301

ortak malların trajedisi 470

otorite 16, 35, 51, 90–92, 98, 106, 120, 130, 146–150, 153, 159–162, 167–184, 197, 259, 271, 311, 331, 342, 360, 381, 408, 478

geleneksel 172karizmatik 173rasyonel-hukukî 172

otoriteryanizm 181

oy vermenin “ifade edici” işlevi 509

oy verme paradoksu 496, 498

ödevlerhaklar ve ödevler 72, 243, 399, 511sosyal ödevler 414, 432, 443

ödev-yükleyen kurallar 87

öncelik kuralı 208, 279, 283, 394


örgütlenme özgürlüğü 383

örtüşen mutabakat 290

ötenazi 397, 398

özcülük 32

özel ahlâk 374

özel haklar 18, 110, 392, 470

özel hakları 421

özel sigorta 431, 450

özel ve kamusal 148, 372, 464, 472

özerklik 18, 19, 56, 65, 67, 71, 95, 113, 122, 190, 265, 319, 353–361, 370, 388–391, 398, 407, 419, 437, 518

özgürlük / hürriyetbasın özgürlüğü 339din özgürlüğü 20, 280ifade özgürlüğü 20, 57, 280, 335,

351, 354, 365–369, 383, 394negatif özgürlük 347–350,

354–358, 360otorite ve 331, 335, 342, 352, 380,

408pozitif özgürlük 18, 348–357seyahat özgürlüğü 20, 331sözleşme özgürlüğü 190, 350tercih özgürlüğü 164, 169, 183,

187, 230, 272

P-Q

Paine, Thomas 428

Pareto-optimalitesi kriteri 134

Pareto, Vilfredo 134–137, 192, 232–234, 281, 438, 486–489, 497, 508, 517

parlamento egemenliği 98–100, 175, 385

Parry, Geraint 514

parti rekabeti 474, 493, 499–502

Pateman, Carole 514

paternalizm 269, 302, 364, 375, 433, 441, 453

patriarşi 72, 73

paylaşılan anlamlar 231, 272, 273

Peacock, A. 233

Pennock, J. R. 475

Peters, R. 174

Pettit, Philip 138, 511

Phelps Brown, H. 320

Pigou, Arthur Cecil 135

piyasabaşarısızlığı 143, 234, 439, 451bireyciliği 229, 233, 272ekonomisi 69, 134, 153, 188, 190,

200, 255, 257, 266, 294, 311, 387, 405, 428, 467

Piyasa ve Refah 437piyasa verimliliği 467

Plamenatz, J. P. 490

Plant, Raymond 39, 270, 410

Platon 30, 32, 303

Polsby, Nelson W. 193

Ponting, Clive 120

Popper, Karl R. 32, 36

pornografi 369

Posner, R. A. 110, 111

pozitif hukuk 57, 76, 90, 380, 386, 389

pozitivizm 30, 59, 78, 80, 94, 101, 114, 201, 209

psikolojik baskı 184, 332

Quebec 69

DIZIN 547

R

radikal hukuk doktrinleri 111

rant 156, 313–317, 446

Raphael, D. D. 382

rasyonel-hukukî otorite 172

Rawls, John 17, 24, 31, 203–213, 245–249, 274, 275–291, 295, 312–315, 436, 455, 511

Raz, Joseph 31, 356–361

Rees, C. J. 305

refah devleti 61, 125, 229, 271, 350, 409, 413–415, 426, 429– 450, 456, 513

reklam 187, 188

rıza 171, 258, 373, 395

Robinson, R. 450

Rothbard, Murray 155

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 210, 304, 305, 349, 352, 479, 485, 515

Rowley, Charles 233, 504

S-Ş

sağlık hizmeti 436, 449–452

Sandel, Michael 70, 518

Sartori, Giovanni 475, 477, 489

Schumpeter, Joseph 20, 489–492, 503, 504

Scruton, Roger 65, 147

Sen, Amartya 213, 227, 267, 313

serbest piyasa 15, 71, 149, 200, 266, 310, 319

sınırlar, coğrafî 129

sınırlı devlet 125, 128, 154, 382, 472, 506, 520

Sidgwick, Henry 223, 347, 348

Singer, Peter 417, 421, 422

sivil toplum 69, 73, 124, 156, 157, 401, 425, 429, 432, 435, 444, 519

ve refah 429, 444

siyasal katılma 280

siyasî kurallar 51, 370, 413

siyasî özgürlük 338, 512

Smart, J. J. C. 224

Smith, Adam 138, 139, 217, 243, 426

Sorauf, F. 461

sosyal kontrol 88, 93, 106

sosyal ödev 414, 432, 443

sosyal sigorta 426, 431–435, 444, 450, 453, 454

Sovyetler Birliği 58, 402, 406

sözleşmecilik 31, 210–212

Spencer, Herbert 94, 254, 347

Stalin, Josef 224, 402

Steiner, H. 340

stek tatmini 207, 222, 278, 462

Sugden, R. 141

sübjektivizm 65, 112, 113, 230–232, 273, 433, 434

Swift, A. 65

Szasz, Thomas 391

şirketler, büyük 70

T

Tahıl Kanunları 465

tâlî yasama organları 87

tanıma kuralı 97–103, 106

tarafsızlık 38, 203, 216, 237, 302


tarihselcilik 168

Tawney, R. H. 293, 294, 311

Taylor, Charles 69, 157, 354, 360

Taylor-Gooby, P. 39

Taylor, J 71

Taylor, J. 69, 157, 354, 360

tek zirveli tercih sıralamaları 498

temel kural 55, 103, 128, 278

tercihkolektif tercih 473, 497, 504, 511,

514özgürlük ve 122, 397

Titmuss, R. M. 350, 448

toplum felsefesi 75

Trakman, L. 142

Tuck, Richard 403

Tullock, Gordon 504–507

tümdengelim 168, 203, 276, 494

U

ultraminimal devlet 154

Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti 449

Usher, P. 503

uyuşturucu 329, 349, 350, 376

W

Walzer, Michael 31, 272–274, 436

Weber, Max 172–174

West, Robin 115

Whynes, D. 134

Williams, Bernard 213, 224, 227, 300

Wolfenden Raporu 372, 374

Wolff, R. P. 122

Wollstonecraft, Mary 71

Y

Yoksulluk Kanunu 429–431

Young, Michael 307

yükümlülükler 92, 147, 148, 211, 323, 390, 399, 402, 454

Z

zarar ilkesi 367, 373

zihinsel hastalık 391

zorunluluklar 68, 83

Documents

Barry, Norman P. · Barry, Norman P. Modern Siyaset Teorisi An Introduction to Modern Political Theory, 4th edition (2000) 1. Siyaset Bilimi - Tarih 2. Siyaset Bilimi - Felsefe Çevirenler: