Barse Orinoco Medio Maiz

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337OCT 2000, VOL. 25 N 7

KEYWORDS / Orinoco / Arqueology / Ronquin / AMS DAtes / Ceramic Sequence /

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RONQUIN, AMS DATES, AND THE MIDDLE ORINOCO SEQUENCE

William P. Barse

William P. Barse. Ph.D., CatholicUniversity of America. Research

0378-1844/00/07/337-05 $ 3.00/0

RESUMEN

El modelo de intensificacin agrcola y expansin de lapoblac in en la cuenca de l Orinoco Medio, basado en laintroduccin de maz alrededor del 800 a.C., se fundamenta enla aceptacin de fechas de radiocarbono tempranas para lasecuencia cermica desarrollada para la regin de Parmana.Sin embargo, fechas de radiocarbono obtenidas por espectros-copa de acelerador de masas (AMS) de cermicas del sitio de

Ronquin sugieren que la secuencia es ms joven que lo pos-tulado por varios investigadores. Las fechas por AMS, del

primer milenio d.C., reportadas en este articulo, indican que elfechamiento de la secuencia del Orinoco Medio necesita serrevisado, y que la introduccin del maz en la regin es un

fenmeno ms reciente , que ocurr i ya avanzado el primermilenio d.C.

Introduction

This paper offers a reviseddating of the Middle Orinoco

ceramic sequence. New accel-erator mass spectroscopy(AMS) radiocarbon datesfrom the Ronquin site, ob-tained from carbon encrustedon sherds excavated from

Ronquin by Howard in 1941(Howard, 1943) argue for amuch younger dating of theMiddle Orinoco sequence

than proposed by Rouse(1978) and Roosevelt (1978,1997a, 1997b). This sequencehas important ramificationsnot only for the developmentof Tropical Forest culture, but

also for the introduction ofcorn into the region and itsimplications for populationexpansion in the northern

lowlands of South America.The sequence has been de-bated since the 1970s whenexcavations in the Parmanaregion produced inconsistentradiocarbon dates from the La

Gruta, Ronquin, and RonquinSombra ceramic assemblages.

Based on excavations con-ducted in 1974-1975 at

Ronquin, Ronquin Sombra,and La Gruta, Roosevelt andRouse proposed a sequence ofthree Saladoid phases, LaG r u t a - Ronqu i n - Ronqu i nSombra, dating from 2100 BC

SUMMARY

The model of agricultural intensification and populationexpansion in the middle Orinoco River area, based on the intro-duction of maize at ca. 800 BC, is predicated on acceptance ofearly radiocarbon dates for the ceramic sequence developed forthe Parmana area. However, accelerator mass spectroscopy(AMS) radiocarbon dates from the Ronquin site ceramics sug-

gest that the sequence is much younger than hypothesized byseveral investigators. First millennium AMS dates reportedherein argue that the dating of the Middle Orinoco sequence isin need of revision, thus leaving the introduction of maize intothe region a more recent phenomenon that occurred well intothe first millennium AD.

Associate, Smithsonian Institu-tion, Washington D.C. and Se-

nior Archelogist, URS Corpora-tion. Address: 1026 Union Ave.,

Baltimore, Maryland 21211, USA.e-mail: wpbarse@hotmail. com


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RESUMO

O modelo de intensificao agrcola e expanso dapopulao na bacia do Orinoco Mdio, baseado na introduode milho em meados de 800 a.C., se fundamenta na aceitaode datas de radiocarbono jovens para a seqncia cermicadesenvolvida para a regio de Parmana. Porm, datas deradiocarbono obtidas por espectroscopia de acelerador demassas (AMS) de cermicas do lugar de Ronquin sugerem que

a seqncia mais jovem que o postulado por vriospesquisadores. As datas por AMS, do primeiro milnio d.C. ,reportadas neste artigo, indicam que o fechamento da seqnciado Orinoco Mdio necessita ser revisado, e que a introduo domilho na regio um fenmeno mais recente, que ocorreu javanado o primeiro milnio d.C.

to 1000 BC (Rouse et al .,1976, Rouse, 1978, Roosevelt,1978, 1997a). These closelyrelated phases (forming the LaGruta Tradition) are consid-ered by Roosevelt and Rouseto be ancestral to the LowerOrinoco Saladero and Barran-cas ceramics, dated to the be-ginning of the final millen-nium BC (Cruxent and Rouse,1958).

The early radiocarbon datesfor the La Gruta traditionhave been disputed by severalinvestigators. Vargas, whotested Ronquin and La Grutabetween 1972-1974, arguedthat the La Gruta - Ronquin -Ronquin Sombra phases fallwithin the first millenniumAD (Vargas, 1981, Vargasand Sanoja, 1977, Sanoja andVargas, 1983). A later datingfor the La Gruta sequencewas also suggested by Zucchiet al. (1985) based on investi-gations at the Aguerito site,located on the Orinoco oppo-

site the mouth of the ApureRiver and upstream fromParmana.

Early ceramic dates havesignificant implications forunderstanding the develop-ment of a manioc-basedTropical Forest culture in thenorthern tropical lowlands.Technologically sophisticatedceramics dating to 2100 BCin the Middle Orinoco wouldimply that: 1) earlier, yet un-discovered Formative phasesexist in the lowlands and 2)

the Tropical Forest level ofculture based on manioc hasconsiderable antiquity in theregion. The validity of theearly La Gruta sequence dateshas particular importance forthe regions archeology sinceRoosevelt posits increasingpopulation with the introduc-tion of corn during herCorozal I phase, assumed to

broad-line incised designswith curvilinear motifs, mod-eled-incising, modeling, par-ticularly of zoomorphic straphandle adornos, and white-on-red painted designs, some ofwhich were placed to empha-size modeled portions of avessel. The Y and Z groupceramics were found in thelower levels of the site, strati-fied within a dark band ofcharcoal marking a formersurface of occupation (cf. Fig-ure 3 in Howard, 1943).Sherd counts for the Y and Zgroups peaked in levels thatequated with this paleosol.

Late Ronquin was definedby the cauxi-tempered Xgroup ware. Decoration com-prised narrow-line incising intriangular motifs, punctation,applique fillets with puncta-tion and, more rarely, painteddecoration. Incising and appli-que techniques were used toproduce anthropomorphicfaces on the sides of certain

vessels, the eyes formed withcoffee bean shaped clay fil-lets. Stratigraphically, the Xgroup ceramics were withinthe uppermost 25 to 50 centi-meters of the site, coincidingwith the A-horizon cappingthe subsoil deposits. Clearstratigraphic separation ex-isted between the X groupand the deeper Y and Zgroup ceramic assemblages.

Howards two periods werere-named by Cruxent andRouse in their monograph on

Venezuelan archeology(Cruxent and Rouse, 1958).Early Ronquin thus becameRonquin and placed withinthe Saladoid series, which en-compasses the Lower OrinocoSaladero style and cognatewhite-on-red decorated potteryfrom the Venezuelan coastand the Antilles. LateRonquin X group ceramics

begin at about 800 BC. Thisis a post-Ronquin phase inher La Gruta sequence. Siegelhas accepted the early LaGruta dates as partial support- and as a potential source for the introduction of corninto the Lesser Antilles(Siegel, 1991).

Alternatively, if the LaGruta-Ronquin sequence fallswithin the first millenniumAD, Barrancas and Saladeroceramics would remain theearliest known for theOrinocan area. Accepting thisdating thus leaves ancestralBarrancas and Saladerophases yet to be discovered.It would also compressRoosevelts six periodCorozal (800BC-AD400) toCamoruco (AD400-1300)phase sequence into a muchshorter span of time(Roosevelt, 1997a) leavingcorn a late introduction intoMiddle Orinocan diets.

Ronquin and its Sequence

The Ronquin site is in thestate of Guarico, Venezuela,six kilometers upstream fromthe village of Parmana, on asand dune bordering the leftbank of the Orinoco River.Ronquin was tested byGeorge D. Howard from Oc-tober to November, 1941. Hisexcavation, a 4x60 metertrench oriented perpendicularto the axis of the dune, ex-posed a stratified deposit with

two periods of occupationdesignated Early Ronquin andLate Ronquin (Howard,1943).

Early Ronquin was markedby a well made sand-tem-pered ware termed the Y-group and an associated ash-tempered minority ware calledthe Z-group. Decoration ofthe Y-group consisted of

were designated the Camo-ruco style, a phase of the lateprehistoric Arauquin horizondefined in the same mono-graph.

Ronquin and itsRadiocarbon Dates

Radiocarbon dates were notavailable for the MiddleOrinoco ceramic phases untilthe 1970s. In view of theearly first millennium radio-carbon dates (obtained in the1950s) from Saladero andBarrancas style deposits onthe Lower Orinoco (Cruxentand Rouse, 1958), Rouse hy-pothesized that ancestralphases might exist in theMiddle Orinoco region(Rouse et al., 1976). Seekingconfirmation in the form ofadditional radiocarbon dates,he visited the Parmana areawith Cruxent, Olsen, andRoosevelt to sample Ronquinand nearby sites. Four units

were excavated at Ronquin tosecure charcoal for radiocar-bon dating. Further testingwas conducted about 200meters downstream fromHowards 1941 trench in anarea designated RonquinSombra, within the galleryforest along Cao Carapa, andat the La Gruta site, discov-ered by Sanoja and Vargas in1972 (Vargas, 1981).

Tables IA and IB list theRonquin and Ronquin Sombraradiocarbon dates published in

1976 (Rouse et al., 1976).Both sites produced dates inthe early first millennium ADfor the Ronquin style(Howards Early Ronquin Ygroup) pottery. Earlier, Vargashad reported a comparabledate of AD 335 fromRonquin (Vargas, 1976). LaGruta produced dates of 2115and 1760 BC for pottery sty-


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was plotted by each squareand level from Howardstrench. Plotting the sand-tem-pered Ronquin (or Y group)specimens showed a nearcontinuous ceramic middenacross the site area. Thismidden trends upward to the

south, clearly marking a nowburied occupation surfacecovered, perhaps, by eolianand colluvial processes. Thismidden corresponds to thecharcoal layer illustrated byHoward for the 11-metertrench section he analyzed(cf. Figure 3, in Howard,1943). Plotting the sherdsthus established the strati-graphic control for thesamples to be dated.

The five samples selectedfor dating included four sand-

tempered Ronquin sherds andone cauxi-tempered Camorucosherd. The Ronquin phasesherds are from Howardscharcoal midden layer. Threeare rims of open platters(Square B-16, Cat. No.155620; Square C-35, Cat.No. 162134; and Square C-43, Cat. No. 160264). Thefourth is from a carinated

bowl rim with a zoomorphicstrap-handle (Square C-37,Cat. No. 161072). Carbon fordating was removed from theunderside of the three platterrims, and from the base ofthe strap-handle on the cari-nated bowl. Brief descriptionsof these sherds are offeredbelow.

The three platter sherds and

one bowl sherd with a zoo-morphic adorno on a straphandle that were dated by theAMS technique accord wellwith the descriptions providedby Howard (1943) for the Y-group or Ronquin ceramics.These sherds are also perti-nent to the Ronquin style de-fined by Cruxent and Rouse(1958, pp. 207-209) and Pe-riod II of Vargas Ronquinphase (Vargas, 1981). Allfour sherds are tempered withsand, undoubtedly the nu-merous quartz inclusionsnoted by Howard as charac-teristic of the Y-group ceram-ics (Howard, 1943, p. 31).Temper was added to a fine,clayey paste that was wellcleaned prior to vessel con-struction. Each rim is from awell-fired vessel. Exterior col-ors (using the Munsell stan-dard) range between dark red-dish brown (5YR 3/4), red-dish brown (5YR 4/4) to yel-lowish red (5YR 4/6). Interior

colors are similar thoughsomewhat darker, havinglower chroma readings withindark reddish brown (5YR 3/2to 3/3). The interior surfacesof the open platters (the por-tion that presents itself to theviewing field) and the exteriorsurface of the bowl sherd, arewell smoothed to polished tothe extent that they exhibit, inplaces, a dull luster. This isan effect achieved by smooth-ing the surface with a wetpebble while the vessel wall

was still damp. Such a polish-ing technique is readily ob-served amongst currentOrinocan ceramic producinggroups. Polishing essentiallyfloats a fine layer of clayover the vessel surface creat-ing a thin, slip-like veneer.

As noted, three rims (Cata-log Numbers 155620, 162134,and 160264) are from shallow

listically similar to Ronquinand Ronquin Sombra ceram-ics. Given these dates, Rouseet al. considered La Gruta ce-ramics ancestral not only toRonquin and RonquinSombra, but to Barrancas andSaladero styles as well.

Roosevelt (1978, 1997a) andVargas (1976, 1981) workedagain at La Gruta in 1975.Their separate excavationsproduced dates spanning 7485radiocarbon years (Table IC)on samples from the middendeposit containing the sand-tempered La Gruta ceramics.

Clearly, not all apply to thesame assemblage. Consideringthe wide range of radiocarbondates, Rouse (1978) proposedtwo chronologies, one longand one short, for the La

Gruta Tradition. Rouse (1978)and Roosevelt (1978) ac-cepted the longer chronology,which places La Gruta andRonquin phases between 2100to 1000 BC, arguing thatthese ceramics were ancestralto the Lower OrinocoSaladero and Barrancas stylesdated to about 900-800 BC.The short chronology advo-

cated by Vargas (1981) placesLa Gruta around 600 BC atthe earliest, with Ronquin andthe related Ronquin Sombrawares dating to about AD300and later.

Ronquin Ams Dates

Recent examination of theRonquin ceramics excavated byHoward and housed at thePeabody Museum, Yale Uni-versity, revealed a number ofsherds with carbonized encrus-tations. Carbon appeared eitheras burnt food remains on ves-sel interiors, or as soot depos-ited on strap handles. It wasthought that the AMS tech-nique, run directly on carbonfrom the sherds, could providea more accurate chronological

assessment for the Ronquinphase than charcoal taken frommidden contexts. Five sampleswere selected for dating afteran inventory of carbon-bearingsherds in the Ronquin collec-tion was completed.

Choosing samples to bedated by the AMS techniquewas accomplished after thecollection (14,000+ sherds)

TABLE IRADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE PARMANA AREA, VENEZUELA

LAB # UNCORRECTED DATE DATE SOURCE

A: RONQUIN SITE

I-8547 1220 +/- 80BP AD730 Rouse et al., 1976I-8542 1240 +/- 105BP AD710 Rouse et al., 1976

SI-1371 1615 +/- 50BP AD335 Rouse et al., 1976

B: RONQUIN SOMBRA SITE

I-8545 1560 +/- 80BP AD390 Rouse et al., 1976I-8544 1515 +/- 80BP AD435 Rouse et al., 1976

C: LA GRUTA SITE

I-9520 725 +/- 150BP AD1225 Vargas, 1981I-8937 935 +/- 80 AD1015 Roosevelt, 1978

Not Given In Source Not Given In Source AD800 Roosevelt, 1978I-10747 1230 +/- 130BP AD720 Vargas, 1981I-8968 1645 +/- 80 AD305 Roosevelt, 1978I-8969 1765 +/- 80 AD185 Roosevelt, 1978I-9519 2605 +/- 85BP BC655 Vargas, 1981

I-10742 3320 +/- 100BP BC1370 Vargas, 1981I-9232 3665 +/- 85BP BC1585 Roosevelt, 1978I-8546 3710 +/- 85BP BC1760 Roosevelt, 1978I-8548 4065 +/- 85BP BC2115 Roosevelt, 1978I-8970 4090 +/- 105BP BC2140 Roosevelt, 1978

I-10740 8210 +/- 190 BC6260 Vargas, 1981


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platter-shaped vessels withthickened rectangular rims,two of which are illustrated inprofile (Figure 1). All threemeasure close to 30 centime-

ters in diameter. These rimsare examples of HowardsBowl 1 (1943, p. 32), one ofthe most common shapes inthe Ronquin assemblage. Theyare comparable to vessels in-cluded in Formas 3, 5, and 6defined by Vargas from herexcavations at Ronquin(Vargas, 1981, pp. 243-244).Carbon on the backside of therims suggests that this vesselshape was used for foodpreparation. One of the threeplatter rims has decoration.

The decorated platter specimen(Catalog Number 160264) hasa modeled tab on the crest ofthe rim and an incised line onthe inward facing wall of thethickened rim following thecircumference of the vessel.The rim with the zoomorphicadorno (Catalog Number161072) is a large sherd froma carinated bowl. This speci-

men is an example ofHowards Bowl 2 and VargasForma 13, again, a very com-mon form in the Ronquinphase assemblage (Howard,

1943, pp. 37-40; Vargas,1981, p. 246). The adorno(Figure 2) is well modeled,hollow, perched on a straphandle, and faces towards thevessels interior. It can beidentified readily as a stylizedrepresentation of a peccary.

The uncorrected AMS radio-carbon dates from these foursherds appear in Table II.Sherds from squares B-16, C-35, and C-43 all cluster atabout 1600 BP. The date fromthe adorno strap-handle is

slightly younger at 1090 +/- 60BP. Despite its difference indepth, the sherd from squareB-16 (level 0.50-0.75cm) isfrom the same midden hori-zon as the other three sherdsbecause the paleosol slopesupward to the south.

The fifth sherd dated bythe AMS technique belongsto the Camoruco phase. The

sample was taken from car-bonized food remains on theinterior of a cauxi-temperedbasal sherd from a flat-bot-tomed jar recovered from

square B-40, level 0.75-1.00cm). As a fragment of abase, the sherd lacks stylisticattributes useful for typology.However, its paste composi-tion clearly identifies it as anexample of the ArauquinoidCamoruco phase ware. Thisidentification is based on thehigh percentage ofcauxi tem-per, the grayish color, andrelatively soft paste (com-pared to the Ronquin phase

sand tempered ceramics). It isclearly different from the Z-group ceramics, temperedwith ash (caraipe) that arepart of the Ronquin phase as-

semblage. Howard noted thatthe ash tempered Z-group ce-ramics contain little to nocauxi in the paste (Howard1943, p. 45). At 730 +/- 60BP, the AMS date from thissherd is commensurate withother dates obtained fromCamoruco and Arauquinphase components reported byZucchi (1984) and Rouse(1978) for the MiddleOrinoco region.

Figure 2. Ronquin Carinated Bowl with Zoomorphic Adorno(Howard's Bowl-2), Catalog Number 161072. Diameter of bowlmeasures about 28 cm.

Figure 1. Ronquin Platter Rims (Howard's Bowl-1). Top, CatalogNumber 155620. Bottom, Catalog Number 162134. Both have di-ameter of about 30 cm.

TABLE II

RONQUIN SITE - DATES FROM CARBONIZEDENCRUSTATIONS ON CERAMICS

LAB # UNCORRECTED DATE DATE

BETA-64529 1090 +/- 60BP AD860BETA-97344 1590 +/- 50BP AD360BETA-69591 1670 +/- 80BP AD280BETA-69592 1720 +/- 60BP AD230BETA-64528 550 +/- 60BP AD1400


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Conclusions

The AMS radiocarbon datesfrom the Ronquin phase (Ygroup) sherds corroboratethose initially reported byRouse et al. (1976) from their1974 excavations at the site,as well as the date reportedby Vargas (1981). Consider-ing these dates, it is clear that

the Ronquin component fallswithin the middle of the firstmillennium AD and not ear-lier. This dating has implica-tions far beyond mere ceramicchronology.

Importantly, the youngerdating of the Ronquin phaseindicates that Rooseveltsmodel of agricultural intensifi-cation and population growthalong the Middle Orinoco,with corn being adopted dur-ing the Corozal phase at 800BC, is in need of completerevision. If Ronquin dates tothe first millennium AD, asdemonstrated herein, then theCorozal phase, placed byRoosevelt after Ronquin(Roosevelt, 1997a), cannotbegin at 800 BC. Thus, it islikely that the advent of cornas a significant addition tothe Orinocan diet is consider-ably later than hypothesizedby Roosevelt. The AMS dateof 730 +/- 60 BP (AD1220)on the cauxi-tempered sherd

from the base of the A-hori-zon at Ronquin, approxi-mately corresponding toRoosevelts placement of theCorozal phase within the site,argues that the only compo-nent within the upper levelsof the site belongs to theCamoruco phase of theArauquin horizon. Arauquindates to AD 1100-1200 andlater in the Orinoco Valley.

The first millennium ADAMS dates from the Ronquinphase ceramics also chal-lenges its placement (as wellas La Gruta and RonquinSombra) before the Barrancasphase. In light of the AMSdates, a more probable ce-ramic sequence would haveRonquin, and the related LaGruta and Ronquin Sombra

phases, derived from an ear-lier Barrancas horizon datingto the final millennium BC(Barse, 1989). This sequence,developed in the context of amanioc-based subsistencesystem, was supplemented(but not supplanted) by cornafter ca. AD 1100 whenArauquin and related phasesbecame widespread through-out the Orinocan drainage.Local phases ancestral to theLower Orinoco Barrancas ce-ramics are currently unknown.It is certain, though, thatOrinocan Formative phasesfollowed a lengthy HoloceneArchaic tradition extendingback to at least 9200 BP(Barse, 1990, 1995, Cavelieret al. 1995).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author thanks IrvingRouse, Richard Berger, andRoger Colton for grantingpermission to work with the

Ronquin collection housed atthe Peabody Museum at YaleUniversity; Irving Rouse,Betty Meggers, MelburnThurman and Warren DeBoerfor commenting on this paper;and Murry Tamers, Beta-Ana-lytic, for his input on the dat-ing. Part of the research re-ported herein was funded bythe National Geographic Soci-ety.

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Barse Orinoco Medio Maiz