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Basic Aerodynamics & Airframe Design
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Variation of Ambient Temperature with Altitude
FIGURE 1/1
FIGURE 1/2
Measurement of Air-speed
Air-speed indicator (ASI) will read :-
Pressure in Open Tube minus Pressure in Closed Tube
i.e. ( p + ½ ρ v2 ) - (p) = ½ ρ v2
FIGURE 1/3
EAS - Altitude Curve
FIGURE 1/4
Aspect Ratio =
cbbCC
S TIPROOT .).2
( =+=Wing Area =
c
b
S
bAR ==
2
Wing Characteristics
FIGURE 1/5
Lift of Wing Sections
FIGURE 1/6
Wing Section CL, CD, CM
Lift Coefficient = Drag Coefficient =
Normal Force Coefficient
Chordwise Force Coefficient
Pitching Moment Coefficient =
Sq
LCL .
=Sq
DCD .
=
Sq
NCN .
==Sq
CCC .
==
Scq
MCM .
=
FIGURE 1/7
Wing CL - α Curve
FIGURE 1/8
Spanwise Lift Distribution
Spanwise Lift Distribution with Fuselage
Figure1/8A
FIGURE 1/9
Wing Stiffness
FIGURE 1/10
Fin Efficiency - Effect of Torsional Deflection on Incidence
Figure1/11
Fin Efficiency - Effect of Bending Deflection on Incidence
Table1/1
Table of Standard Atmospheres
DEF-STAN 00-970 Symmetric Flight Envelope
VH = Maximum speed in level flightVD = Design diving speed (EAS)MD = Design diving speed (Mach)n1 = Maximum normal acceleration coefficient FIGURE
2/1
Tornado & EFA Symmetric Flight Envelope
VH = Maximum speed in level flightVD = Design diving speed (EAS)MD = Design diving speed (Mach)n1 = Maximum normal acceleration coefficient
FIGURE 2/2
Comparison of Symmetric Manoeuvre Envelopes
FIGURE 2/3
Rolling Manoeuvre Envelope
FIGURE 2/4
Gust Envelope
FIGURE 2/5
FIGURE 2/6
Aircraft Balance (Stable Aircraft)
L Wing & fuselage liftP Tail loadn Load factorW WeightT Engine thrustD Dragf Forward inertia factor
0.... =−−+ TlPbDcTaL
0sin. =+−− βTPnWL
Wing & Fuselage Loading
FIGURE 2/7
FIGURE 2/8
Stable & Unstable Aircraft
Proof / Ultimate Ratio for Various Projects
Ultimate Factor Proof Factor Limit / Ultimate Proof / Ultimate Aircraft
1.5 1.125 0.67 0.75 Jet Provost, Canberra
1.5 1.0 0.67 0.67 Tornado, EAP
1.4 1.125 0.71 0.80 Not Used
1.4 1.0 0.71 0.71 EF2000
1.25 1.15 0.80 0.92
1.25 1.0 0.80 0.80
U.S unmanned a/c Proof factor not known
TABLE 2/1
Comparison of UK & US Permissible Flight Loads
Table2/2