Basic Pumper/Apparatus

Operations-HydraulicsPresenters: FF/Eng. Andy Grove

Captain/Eng. Mark Goerger

Northwest St. Clair County Fire Protection District

Updated 2012

Topics to be discussed:

Properties of Water Line pressures Line Volumes Hydrants Relay Pumping Practice Problems Hands-on – Hydrant to Apparatus

Properties of Water

Uncompressible Unit Weight – 62.4 lb/ft3

1 Gallon weights 8.34 lb 1 ft3 contains 7.5 gallons Freezes at 32 deg F Changes to steam at 212 deg F

Expands 1700 times its original volume when changing to steam

Absorbs a large amount of HEAT

Head & Atmospheric Pressure

1 ft. of water exerts a back pressure of .434 psi 1 psi will elevate water 2.304 ft. Atmospheric pressure at sea level = 14.7 psi Theoretically, max lift for drafting = 34 ft

14.7 psi x 2.304 ft/psi = 33.87 ft

Practically speaking, no lifts > 20 ft

Line pressures

Calculating engine pressure Variables

Hose diameter Hose length Nozzles, appliances, etc. Elevation

Friction loss standards

Line pressures

Nozzles Hand Lines

Fog – 100 psi Smooth – 50 psi

Master Stream Fog – 100 psi Smooth – 80 psi

Line Pressures – Friction Loss

1 ¾” – 32 psi/100 ft section 2 ½” - Depends on volume

200 gpm – 10 psi/100 ft 300 gpm – 21 psi/100 ft 400 gpm – 36 psi/100 ft 500 gpm – 55 psi/100 ft 600 gpm – 78 psi/100 ft 700 gpm – 105 psi/100 ft 800 gpm – 136 psi/100 ft 900 gpm – 171 psi/100 ft 1000 gpm – 210 psi/100 ft

Red Hydrant

Green Hydrant

Orange Hydrant

Line Pressures – Friction Loss

5” Line – Depends on Volume 200 gpm – 0.3 psi/100 ft 300 gpm – 0.6 psi/100 ft 400 gpm – 1.0 psi/100 ft 500 gpm – 1.6 psi/100 ft 600 gpm – 2.3 psi/100 ft 700 gpm – 3.1 psi/100 ft 800 gpm – 4.0 psi/100 ft 900 gpm – 5.1 psi/100 ft 1000 gpm – 6.3 psi/100 ft Green Hydrant

Orange Hydrant

Red Hydrant

Wyes and Siamese – 10 psi/ea Standpipe System – 25 psi Master Stream Devices – 20 psi

Ground Monitors Truck to Truck relay pumping

Elevation + or – 5 psi/floor

Line Pressures – Appliances

Line pressures

Hose lines Longer hose lays = higher friction loss Smaller hose = higher friction loss Fog nozzles = higher friction loss than smooth bore

Things to think about: Long hose lays Multiple lines off

Remember…… Nozzle + Hose + Appliances (+ or -) Elevation = EDP

Line Volumes

1 ¾” Hose lines 150 – 175 gpm

2 ½” Hose lines 200 – 1000 gpm

5” or LDH 200 - 1500 gpm+

Master Steams >= 350 gpm Hand Lines <= 349 gpm

Smooth Bore Nozzle 1” tip – 200 gpm 1 ¼” tip – 400 gpm 1 ½” tip – 600 gpm 1 ¾” tip - 800 gpm 2” tip – 1000 gpm

Hydrants

Colored bonnets Blue = 1500 gpm + Green = 1000 – 1499 gpm Orange = 500 – 999 gpm Red = less than 499 gpm

Pressure Static – not moving, stored or potential Residual – what’s left over

Pressure Definitions - Full

Static Pressure Stored or potential energy that is available to

force water through pipes and fittings, fire hose, and adapters

Residual Pressure That part of the total pressure that is not used to

overcome friction or gravity while forcing water through fire hose, pipe, fittings, and adapters

Relay Lines

Large Diameter Hose LDH or 5” hose Use for long lays (less friction)

from large diameter discharge Pumper at the hydrant for

added pressure

2 ½” Diameter Hose Commonly used from 2 ½”

discharge to 2nd apparatus Good Hydrant Pressure

Relay Lines

Supply/Relay Pressure Always start @ 100 psi EDP Can adjust accordingly Must watch gauges closely

Intake side Hydrant pressure Relay pressure

Example Problems

1 Hand line NWFD 4213 is operating a 2 ½” line stretched

200’ with a fog nozzle flowing 300 gpm. What is the EDP?

NP = 100 psi FL hose = 21 x 2 = 42 psi Elev = 0 EDP = 100 + 42 = 142 psi

Example Problems

Multiple Hand lines NWFD 4224 is supplying 3 1¾” lines. The 1st

line is 100’ long with a smooth bore nozzle. The 2nd line is 200’ long with a fog nozzle and the 3rd line is 300’ long with a smooth bore nozzle. What is the EDP for each line?

Example Problems

Line 1: 100’ of 1 ¾” with smooth bore NP = 50psi FL hose = 32 x 1 = 32 psi EDP = 50 + 32 = 82 psi

Line 2: 200’ of 1 ¾” with fog NP = 100psi FL hose = 32 x 2 = 64 psi EDP = 100 + 64 = 164 psi

Multiple Hand Lines

Example Problems

Line 3: 300’ of 1 ¾” with a smooth bore NP = 50psi FL hose = 32 x 3 = 96 psi EDP = 50 + 96 = 146 psi

Multiple Hand Lines

Example Problems

Line 1: 100’ of 1 ¾” with smooth bore = 82 psi Line 2: 200’ of 1 ¾” with fog = 164 psi Line 3: 300’ of 1 ¾” with a smooth bore = 146 psi

Remember…. Line size, length and nozzle type do effect your

water flow.

Multiple Hand Lines - Summary

Basic Pumper/Apparatus Operations

Any Questions???

Hand On