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BEING RATIONAL How we make decisions? Speaker: Xinchao Zhang

BEING RATIONAL

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BEING RATIONAL. How we make decisions?. Speaker: Xinchao Zhang. YOU MAY HAVE SEEN THESE. AGENDA. Appetizer : Do you think you are rational?. 小王今年 30 岁,是一名职业女性。她在大学里担任过很多学生组织的职务,人很聪明,说话直率。喜欢打抱不平,有着强烈的个性。小王有着很好的口才,荣誉感强,在大学中曾经参与过关于男女平等的辩论,并且率领辩论队取胜。 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: BEING  RATIONAL

BEING RATIONALHow we make decisions?

Speaker: Xinchao Zhang

Page 2: BEING  RATIONAL

YOU MAY HAVE SEEN THESE

Page 3: BEING  RATIONAL

AGENDAW

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Appetizer : Do you think you are rational?小王今年 30岁,是一名职业女性。她在大学里担任过很多学生组织的职务,人很聪明,说话直率。喜欢打抱不平,有着强烈的个性。小王有着很好的口才,荣誉感强,在大学中曾经参与过关于男女平等的辩论,并且率领辩论队取胜。有人根据这些描述对小王的职业和爱好做出了一些推断,请你分析这些推断,按照他们的可能性进行排序:1小王是医生,平时喜欢玩扑克2小王是银行职员3小王是个记者,喜欢交朋友4小王是个销售,喜欢旅游5小王是个参加女权运动的银行职员6小是会计,喜欢爵士乐

Page 5: BEING  RATIONAL

WHAT IS RATIONALITY

假设你得了一种奇怪的病,这种病不痛不痒,没有任何症状,只是有万分之一的可能性让你在将来的 5年中突然死亡。现在医学界研制了一种新药,经过严格的验证和鉴定,这种新药没有任何毒副作用,却有可能将你的万分之一的死亡概率消除。Q:你是否愿意买这种药?如果愿意,你最多愿意出多少钱买这种药? _____________

假设你是一个身体非常健康的人。现在医学界研制了一种新药,制药公司想找一些人来测试这种新药。经过严格的验证和鉴定,这种新药没有任何毒副作用,不会给身体带来任何损害,唯一的问题是有可能让你在将来的五年中有万分之一的概率突然死亡。Q:医药公司需要支付你多少钱你才愿意参加测试? _____________

假设你是一个身体非常健康的人。现在医学界研制了一种新药,制药公司想找一些人来测试这种新药。经过严格的验证和鉴定,这种新药没有任何毒副作用,不会给身体带来任何损害,唯一的问题是有可能让你在将来的五年中有万分之一的概率突然死亡。Q:医药公司需要支付你多少钱你才愿意参加测试?_____________

假设你得了一种奇怪的病,这种病不痛不痒,没有任何症状,只是有万分之一的可能性让你在将来的 5年中突然死亡。现在医学界研制了一种新药,经过严格的验证和鉴定,这种新药没有任何毒副作用,却有可能将你的万分之一的死亡概率消除。Q:你是否愿意买这种药?如果愿意,你最多愿意出多少钱买这种药? _____________

五年中1/10000的死亡概率 ¥

理性是一种一致的逻辑。做出什么样的判断可以因人的标准而不同,理性的人应该做到的是对于相同的问题不同的表述做出一致判断

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A METAPHOR OF OUR MIND• Given by Plato• Classic, but not real

Rational Brain

Emotional Brain

Our mind

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History

INHERENT IRRATIONALITY OF HUMAN

Daniel Kahneman Amos Tversky

Richard H. Thaler

行为决策学

行为经济学

经济学心理学 神经学

Page 8: BEING  RATIONAL

MENTAL ACCOUNTING假设你想去听一场期待已久的演唱会,你用 1000元买了演唱会的门票。但是在你去演唱会的路上你发现你弄丢了这张票。Q:你是否愿意再花 1000元买一张门票?

假设你想去听一场期待已久的演唱会,演唱会的门票是 1000元。你带着钱去了演唱会准备现场买票入场。但是在演唱会的门口你发现自己弄丢了新买的价值 1000元的手表。Q:你是否仍然愿意花 1000元买一张演唱会的门票?

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MENTAL ACCOUNTING• Introduced by Richard H.

Thaler, 1988• Violates basic principles of

utility theory and economics

1. How are outcomes perceived and experienced

2. Assignment of activities to different mental accounts

3. The frequency with which accounts are evaluated and balanced

?

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• Human Perceived Pleasure Machine• The value function is defined over gains and

losses to some reference point• Both the gain and loss functions display

diminishing sensitivity• Loss aversion

• Mental account matters….

MENTAL ACCOUTING

100-501000-950 <| -100 || 100 | <

An insurance policy against small annoyances

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AVERSION

Endowment Effect

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A REAL EXPERIMENT DESIGNED BY RESEARCHERS -Allais paradox

Experiment 1 Experiment 2Gamble 1A Gamble 1B Gamble 2A Gamble 2B

Winnings Chance Winning

s Chance Winnings Chance Winning

s Chance

$1 million 89% $1

million 89% Nothing 89% Nothing 89%

$1 million 11%

Nothing 1% $1 million 11%

Nothing 1%$5

million 10% $5 million 10%

Experiment 1 Experiment 2Gamble 1A Gamble 1B Gamble 2A Gamble 2B

Winnings Chance Winning

s Chance Winnings Chance Winning

s Chance

$1 million

100%

$1 million 89% Nothing 89% Nothing 90%Nothing 1% $1

million 11%$5 million 10% $5

million 10%

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ANCHORING

𝟏×𝟐×𝟑×𝟒×𝟓×𝟔×𝟕×𝟖=?𝟖×𝟕×𝟔×𝟓×𝟒×𝟑×𝟐×𝟏=?

人的思考需要一个逻辑的“起点”,或者说“参考点”。你也许无法轻松妨碍一个人的逻辑思考过程,但你却可以比较轻松的操纵他的逻辑起点

你手机号码的最后 3位是什么?西罗马帝国灭亡的时间比你手机号码的后三位大还是小?猜一猜西罗马帝国灭亡的时间是什么?

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CAN WE BE MORE RATIONAL ?• Yes, and No

• We can’t…• Without emotion,

we can not make any decision

• And we shouldn’t…• Morality represents

how people would like the world to go.

• You know more than you know

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PLATO’S METAPHOR IS OUTDATED

• 没有情绪,我们无法做出任何决定• 我们大部分时候的思考其实是由“情绪”驱动的 (Joseph LeDoux)

• 在所有的高等生物中,人类的冲动是最多的,并且比其他生物要多得多• 纯粹理性的人确实存在,他们被称为精神病患者 (emotional emptiness)

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Complex Logic Analysis

Outcome

Evaluate

Complex Logic Analysis

Emotion

EmotionalCache

MODERN MIND

专家是如何练成的?犯尽各种错误,然后相信自己的感觉

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YOU KNOW MORE THAN YOU KNOW

This is known as a “weighting mistake,” and it’s a serious problem for conscious deliberation. When we try to analyze our alternatives, we tend to search for reasons to choose one over another. The problem is that we’re not particularly good at figuring out whether or not these reasons are relevant. In other words, we’re rationalizing, which is quite different from being rational.