Concordia Discors

ISSN 2077-6365

- 2015

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ISSN 2077-6365

ISBN 978-5-87456-862-7

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ISSN 2077-6365

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FASCISM AND RIGHTS-WING RADICALISM IN EUROPE AND AMERICA:PAST AND PRESENT

(PART II)

The general management of this project:Ruslan Gostev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor (Moscow, Russia)

EDITORIAL BOARD:Editors-in-Chief:Alexander Galkin, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor (Moscow, Russia)Alexander Bogdashkin, Candidate of Historical Sciences (Voronezh, Russia)

Senior Editor:Liudmila Okuneva, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, (Moscow, Russia)

Executive Secretaries:Elena Stroganova, Candidate of Historical Sciences (Moscow, Russia)Rory Yeomans, Doctor of History (Sofia, Bulgaria)

Members of Editorial Board:Olga Velichko, Doctor of Historical Sciences, (Moscow, Russia) Albina Noskova, Doctor of Historical Sciences, (Moscow, Russia) Kevin Passmore, Professor of History (Cardiff, the United Kingdom)Don Watts, Doctor of History (Store Heddinge, Denmark)Lucia Ceci, Doctor of History, Assistant Professor (Rome, Italy)

777, 2015, 3 (26)

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2015, 3 (26)

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.........................................284

(. . , . . , . ) .......299

.............................................303

7

CONTENTS 2015, 3 (26)

Robert Bideleux. ETHNIC MOBILIZATION, NATIONAL SELFDETERMINATION, ETHNOCRACY AND THE LURE OF AUTHORITARIANISM IN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE BALKANS, 19181940 ....... 8

Rudolf Paksa. THE HUNGARIAN EXTREME RIGHT DURING THE HORTHY ERA ....................................... 22

Nikolay Poppetrov. FASCISM IN BULGARIA SPECIFIC FEATURES OF ITS MANIFESTATION .................. 32

G. F. Matveev. QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TYPOLOGY OF THE SANATION REGIME IN POLAND .............. 42

Ionut Biliuta. ROYAL POWER AND THE IRON GUARD: THE CONFLICT IN THE CAMP OF ROMANIAN AUTHORITARIAN FORCES. SEPTEMBER 1940 JANUARY1941 ........................................................... 52

Rory Yeomans. MODERNITY, SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION AND GENOCIDE: USTASHA RULE IN FASCIST CROATIA, 19411945 .............................................................................. 63

Thomas Lorman. THE PRICE OF INDEPENDENCE: FASCISM IN SLOVAKIA, 19391945 ......................... 76

O. E. Petrunina. THE NATIONAL IDEA AND RIGHTIST RADICALISM IN GREECE (2021 C.) .................... 88

I. S. Yazhborovskaya. HITLERS AGGRESSION AND THE FATE OF THE PEOPLES AND MINORITIES OF EASTCENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE ..........................................................................103

A. F. Noskova. UKRAINIAN NATIONALISTS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR UNITED UKRAINE DURING WORLD WAR TWO: RESULTS AND REPERCUSSIONS .............................................................112

Thaddeus Piotrowski. UKRAINIAN NATIONALIST ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR COLLABORATION WITH NAZI GERMANY ......................................................................................................................123

Aivars Stranga. THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF KRLIS ULMANIS REGIME IN LATVIA. 19341940 ............146

Steven Woodbridge. RACIAL FASCISM IN BRITAIN ............................................................................152

Julian Richards. THE RISE OF FARRIGHT EXTREMISM IN CONTEMPORARY GREAT BRITAIN AND CONTINENTAL EUROPE ............................................................................................................166

Nigel Copsey. THE FAILURE OF THE BRITISH FASCISM: NO EXTREMISTS PLEASE WERE BRITISH!? ...........................................................................................................................176

V. I. Durov. DID FASCISM EXIST IN IRELAND? AN ANALYSIS OF RIGHTWING RADICALISM IN IRELAND IN THE1930s AND1940s .................................................................................................185

Leonard Weinberg. FAR RIGHT POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES ..................................................... 200

Joo Fabio Bertonha. FASCISMS IN LATIN AMERICA. COMPARISONS AND CONCEPTS .......................209

Marcos Cezar de Freitas. THE RIGHT HAND OF THE CHILD IN THE BODY OF THE NATION: EUGENIC PROPOSALS AND FASCIST CULTURE IN BRAZIL, 19321938 ...............................................227

Joo Fabio Bertonha. FASCISM AND THE RADICAL RIGHT IN BRAZIL IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ...........................................................................................................242

Veronica Valdivia Ortiz de Zarate. ON THE WAY TO DICTATORSHIP. THE NATIONALIST RIGHT IN CONTEMPORARY CHILE ..............................................................................................................256

Daniel Lvovich. RIGHTWING NATIONALISM IN ARGENTINA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: BETWEEN CATHOLIC TRADITIONALISM AND FASCISM .......................................................................272

E. D. Stroganova. LATIN AMERICAN FASCIST STUDIES IN SOVIET AND POSTSOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................284

CONCLUSION (A. A. Bogdashkin, A. A. Galkin, R. Yeomans) ................................................................299

OUR AUTHORS ............................................................................................................................. 303

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323.17(4)1918/1940 67.91(4)

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ETHNIC MOBILIZATION, NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION, ETHNOCRACY AND THE LURE OF AUTHORITARIANISM IN EAST

CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE BALKANS, 19181940

Robert Bideleux, Reader (Associate Professor) in the Department of Political & Cultural Studies, Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom

Abstract. This article will mainly focus on the particularly controversial contributions made by ethnic mo-bilization, national self-determination and ethnocracy to a range of extremely unfortunate outcomes in East-Central Europe and the Balkans. The analysis will concentrate on broad-brush conceptual frameworks, rather than detailed studies of particular countries and movements, partly for lack of space, and partly because the author has provided more detailed discussion of particular cases elsewhere [1].

Key words: East-Central Europe, Balkans, interwar period, ethnic mobilization, ethnocracy, authoritarian-ism, fascism, quasi-fascism, dictatorships.

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94:329.18(439)19 66.3 (4 )

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, (, ) paksarudolf@gmail.com

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THE HUNGARIAN EXTREME RIGHT DURING THE HORTHY ERA

Rudolf Paksa, Assistant Research Fellow, Institute of History, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungry

Abstract. In 1919, after the collapse both of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, a new political movement appeared in Hungarian political life: the far right. Rudolf Paksas study reviews the his-tory of this political movement until 1945, when the far right was banned. Paksa defines the main political idea of the far right as one which simultaneously rejects the concept of a civil state and communism. This study exam-ines the ideological forerunners and the history, ideology and two main varieties of Hungarian far-right thought, right-wing radicalism and National Socialism.

Key words: Hungary, interwar period, far right, right-wing radicalism, National Socialism, counter-revolu-tion, anti-Semitism, racism, race biology, World War Two, Holocaust.

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23

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777, 2015, 3 (26)

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. 1930- . - , -, - [18]. 1935 . - (Nemzet Akaratnak Prtja, NAP*) [19]. -

* - nap . . .

, --. 1936 . , - . - , 1937 . - - , -. - , -, . , , -, . 24 1937 . - (Magyar Nemzeti Szocialista Prt), . - -- , , , , - , - , - .

21 - 1938 . , . - 1938 . 1940 . ( - ) . - 1938 . - [20]. , --, -, . , -- - -, -. - , -, - , -. - . , . .

27

, - , - *. , , , . , . ( ) - - , -. - -, - . - (Pax Hungarica), - - -. , - , - - -. , - , . , , , , -, . - , - , , -. , - - , , -.

, , - - , . , , , - , - . --. , , -

* , - . . , - .

-- . , - . - , , -, . - - , , - . , - . - - -. , : - . - , , -- , - . (, , 1945 ., , .)

- . - - -. , . - 1938 ., , - . , - - -. , , . , - . 3 1939 . - . . 23 - 1939 . , . - , . 15 1939 . - . - , - , .

2829 1939 . - , - : , , .

777, 2015, 3 (26)

28

, 49 260 - . , , -. , -- , . - , -- . - , - 1940 . . . - . - -. -- (18911946) - - . - , - -, 1942 . - , - .

19 1944 . - , - -* (18831946) [21]. - . - : , - , -, . . - - - , . , 1944 . - , - . - [22].

- . 15 1944 . . - -

* (18871945) --, . . .

. - - , - , . - --. - 16 1944 . : - . - , . - -, . - , -. , - .

18 . - - . - , - - , . - : - -. - . , - , - -. . - . - (18721965) , - , , , . - - - .

- . - - . - [23]. : -

29

- , . , - , - - . , , . , , , - . - . , , - , - , .

1944 . -, . , - , 900 . - 40 % . , , , - , . . 1945 . - . , - [24]. , , , - , - , .

1945 ., - , - . . , , , , , - - , [25]. - , - , - - 1944 . , - . - , , . , ,

-. - , 90- . . .

-

1920- . - 1930- . - . - . , , - . . - - -, - -- . - , , - -- 30- . . . , , , - -. [26], -, , - - ( - , , - ) [27], - , - [28].

- , . - - - (18621953) [29]. , -- A Cl (). , , -. - , - .

777, 2015, 3 (26)

30

(19051952), A Cl, - 1944 . (Magyar Zsidkrds-kutat Intzet) - Harc (). : - , - [30].

- . - XIX ., , , , - . - . -, , - , , - , . - , : . - , , , . , , , - (, , , -, ). . - 1920 . [31]. -, - . - - 30- . . , -. . -, - . , , , - - - , - , . - 1944 . , , - .

-

, - , . - . ( 10011038 .) - . , , - [32].

, - , , - , , , , - , - . , .

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tek Horthy Miklsrl // Mozg Vilg. 2012. 38. vf. 89. sz. 1926. old.

2. Paksa, R. Ers kzzel a rendszer ellenfeleivel szem-ben. A hatalom s a szlsjobb a Horthy-korban // Rubi-con. 2013. 24. vf. 910. sz. 1435. old.

3. Gyurgyk, J. Ezz lett magyar haztok. A magyar nem-zeteszme s nacionalizmus trtnete. Budapest, 2007; Paksa, R. A magyar szlsjobboldal trtnete. Budapest, 2012.

4. Kubinszky, J. Politikai antiszemitizmus Magyarorsz-gon 18751890. Budapest, 1976.

5. .: Gyurgyk, J. A zsidkrds Magyarorszgon. Poli-tikai eszmetrtnet. Budapest, 2001.

6. Gergely, J. Prohszka Ottokr, a napbaltztt em-ber. Budapest, 1994.

7. . . .: Rom-sics, I. Bethlen Istvn. Politikai letrajz. Budapest, Osiris, 2005; Ablonczy, B. Teleki Pl. Budapest, 2005.

8. . .: Turbucz, D. Hor-thy Mikls. Budapest, 2011.

9. - .: Gergely, J. Gmbs Gyula. Politikai plyakp. Budapest, 2001. 145193. old.; .: Vony, J. Gmbs Gyula s a jobboldali radikalizmus. Pcs, 2001.

10. .: Gyur-gyk, J. Ezz lett magyar haztok. A magyar nemzetesz-me s nacionalizmus trtnete. Budapest, 2007.

11. .: Magyarorszgi prtprogramok, 19191944 / Ed. by Szerk. J. Gergely, F. Glatz, F. Plskei. Budapest, 1991.

31

12. Sarfatti, M. G. Mussolini lete / Elszval elltta B. Mussolini; ford. D. Kosztolnyi. Budapest, 1927; Mussolini Benito gondolatai / Ed. by Elsz I. Beth-len. Budapest, 1928.

13. -- .: Paksa, R. Magyar nem-zetiszocialistk. Az 1930-as vek j szlsjobboldali moz-galma, prtjai, politikusai, sajtja. Budapest, 2013.

14. Szakcs, K. Kaszskeresztesek. Budapest, 1963.15. Hubai, L. Magyarorszg XX. szzadi vlasztsi atla-

sza, 19202000. Budapest, 2001. IIII. kt. ( CD-).

16. .: Paksy, Z. A nyilaskeresztes mozgalom tevkenysge s trsadalmi bzisa a Dunntlon 1932 s 1935 kztt // Az antiszemitizmus alakvltozatai. Tanul-mnyok. Zalaegerszeg, 2005. 106167. old.

17. Lack, M. Nyilasok, nemzetiszocialistk, 19351944. Budapest, 1966. . : Szllsi-Jan-ze, M. Die Pfeil kreuzlerbewegung in Ungarn. Mn-chen, 1989.

18. .: Paksa, R. Szlasi Ferenc s a hungariz-mus. Budapest, 2013.

19. Szlasi, F. Cl s kvetelsek. Budapest, 1935.20. Szlasi, F. t s Cl. Budapest, 1938.21. A magyar Quisling-kormny. Sztjay Dme s trsai a

npbrsg eltt / Ed. by Szerk. L. Karsai, J. Molnr. Budapest, 2005.

22. , : Magyarorszg a mso-dik vilghborban / Ed. by Szerk. I. Romsics. Buda-pest, 2011.

23. .: Cole, T. Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto. London; New York, 2003.

24. Karsai, L. The Peoples Courts and Revolutionary Jus-tice in Hungary, 194546 // The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War Two and its Aftermath / Ed. by I. Dek, J. T. Gross, J. Tony. New Jersey, 2000. P. 233252.

25. Stark, T. Nyilas rsok 1945 utn // Trtnelmi Szem-le. 2000. 34. sz. 291308. old.; Kovcs, T. A nyilas emigrci 19451968 // Rubicon. 2008. 1. sz. 6468. old.

26. Zinner, T. Az bredk fnykora 19191923. Buda-pest, 1989.

27. Kovcs, M. M. Liberal Professions and Illiberal Poli-tics. Washington, 1994.

28. Kerepeszki, R. A Turul Szvetsg, 19191945. Egyete-mi ifjsg s jobboldali radikalizmus a Horthy-korszak-ban. Mriabesny, 2012.

29. .: Gyurgyk, J. Ezz lett magyar haztok. A magyar nemzeteszme s nacionalizmus trtnete. Budapest, 2007.

30. Ungvry, K. Egy magyar intzmny: a Zsidkrdst-kutat Magyar Intzet keletkezshez // vknyv XI. Magyarorszg a jelenkorban 2003 / Ed. by Szerk. J. Ra-iner M.Budapest, 2003. 147163. old.

31. Ablonczy, B. Lndzsahegy, nprokonsg, small talk. Turanizmus s keleti gondolat a kt vilghbor kzt-ti magyar klpolitikai gondolkodsban // Magyar klpo-litikai gondolkods a 20. szzadban. Szerk. P. Pritz. Budapest, 2006. 87106. old.

32. .: Zajti, F. Zsid volt-e Krisz-tus? A semitizmus s skythizmus nagy harca. Budapest, 1937; Rck Gy. Zsid volt-e Jzus? Tanulmny. Dom-bvr, 1943.

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32

94:329.18(497.2)19 66.3 (4 )

, (, ) rusinova_evgenia@mail.bg

. .

. 19191944 ., -, - , . . , - ; ; -.

: , , , , , -.

FASCISM IN BULGARIA SPECIFIC FEATURES OF ITS MANIFESTATION

Nikolay Poppetrov, Institute of Historical Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

Abstract. This article provides an analysis of Bulgarian fascism between 1919 and 1944, which emerged as a response to the crisis of socio-political, socio-economic and ideological processes in the country. The focus of the article is on the history of the formation of fascist movements and parties in Bulgaria. The article address-es the numerical, social and age composition of members of the Bulgarian fascist movement and its ideological programme. The influence of Italian fascist and German National Socialist ideas on Bulgarian fascism is also discussed.

Key words: Bulgarian fascism, fascist movements and parties, ideological programmes, ideology, Italian fas-cism, German National Socialism.

, - [1]. - , -, . - , - 1923 ., , , -

1930- . - [2]. - - . - , , 1960- . , -, - -

33

, , , , , - [3]. - [4].

- 20- . . - -. - , . (- , ). 1930- . - -, - .

- , - , -, , - , 11 , 1924 . 1936 . , , - , -- , .

. . - - . , , -. - , , - , -, -.

, ,

, - , [5]. , , - - , [6]. - - , :

, - , - , - , - , , - , , - . - , , ;

- ;

-, - , - , - 1919 .;

, - - , ;

, - , , , - ;

-, -, , , , - .

- , - [7]. , - - (), 1920 . ; , - -, 1923 . - , . - , , - .

-, (), ,

777, 2015, 3 (26)

34

- . - , - 1930- .

1920- . - . - , , - - , [8].

, , -, , , - . - , - , - .

-, -, , , - , - . - , - -, - , -, .

- [9]. 19191923/27 . - -- (1919 .), - (1923 .) - (1926 .), ( 1922 . 1924 .) (1924 .). -, - . , - . - , - ,

-- , , (19191923 .), (1928 .).

1920- . - . - - - . - - -. , - -. , . - , -, -- . - . - 1930- . - -. - , , , , 1928 . - [10].

1920- . - [11]. -. ( ) . - , - - . - , , , . - -, , - .

- , . , - . -

35

(, , , - ), - , , , - - .

- . - , , , , , , -, - . - , - , , , - - - .

1928 . -. - , . -, , . - , - . - (1928/1929 .). - . ( - ) - (1928 .), , - [12].

. - - . - (1930 .). - ( 1931 .), . , - , . - - - .

- . 1928 . - ( -). 1934 . , - - , , - . 1930 . , - , -, - , - , . - - . - [13].

1932 . - . 3 (). : - -. , - , - (-) () .

. , 1934 . - 15 20 . 1935 . - , - () [14].

- . - -. - , -- , .

1932 . - , . , , - ,

777, 2015, 3 (26)

36

. 1934 ., - , - ( , ).

1932 . - . -- , - ( , ) . , -, , - - .

- - 1934 . . - -, , . 1944 . - , , . - , -. (, - , , ) , - , - (). , (- 1934 .).

1936 . - (). , , . ( - --). , --, , - , - - - [15].

-

-. 1938 . - - , (- ) . - . - 8 1500 1938 . 12 000 1939 . -, , (, , ), - .

. , - , -. - - , - . - ( -), , . - . - , - , , , - , , .

, - 1 1941 . , - . - ( - ) -, . - . - -, - .

, 2 1944 . - - - , . 9 1944 . - - . - .

37

.

- . - . , , , , , - . - - 1930- ., . - - .

1926 . 15 000 -, 1929 . 30 000 (- 80 000!). 10001500 . 8000 , - 2000. 1934 . , - 200 000 - ( 120 000). - . 150 300 , 50, 4050. 1934 . - 15 000 20 000 , 35 000. 1938 . 1500, 1939 . 12 000 ( , 15 000). -, 1933 ., - - 200 000 .

- . , . , -- (, , -, , ). : -, , , - , . .

-. , - (- ) - . , , .

, - : ( - ), - . - . . 1930- . 60 % - 30 % . , , - , , - .

- , - . , , - , -- , - , -.

, , -, , - , - . - ( , , - , - , , , ) [16].

:

, -

, ,

-, - , ,

, , - , -, ,

, ,

,

777, 2015, 3 (26)

38

- , -,

- ,

- (),

-,

, , , , -

, - ( - ).

- -, :

, , -, -, - ( - ),

, , , , , -,

-,

, . .,

-.

(, - , -- , , ) - - .

. . - , . . -

. . - . () (- ).

. - : - , -; ; - ; , . - - ( , , - ) , - - () .

- - . - -. . - , -, - , .

- . - . - . - , - , - .

: /

-- . - , , - , - . / -, -, . , -

39

. , , - ( ) . 1932 . , - 1934 . - -. / - , , - . - , , , - -- 1930- .

, , - . - [17]. - , - , , - . , -, , . - , - , - - . - , - - .

- , - . - , , . - , - . - - . , - , , - -

. - , .

, - ( -) -, , - , -. , - . - -, , , , 1919 . -, - [18].

: -; - - ; - , - ; - -; ; , -, . . 1920- 1930- . - - , , -, , . -. - , - , - ., - - - , , -, .

1. -

- , - . , -

777, 2015, 3 (26)

40

, - , , - .

2. - , -, - , , , . - .

3. - - . - . , - , , , - . - , - - , - .

4. -, , -. - - (- ) , , , -, , - ( - ). - , - , . - - .

5. - -, , , . - , , - .

, - , - . , , ( ). - -, - , - , - .

6. , - , , , - 1919 . - .

7. , - - [19].

:1. , .

// Ars inveniendi. . , 2002. . 360383.

2. , . . . , 2009. . 187294.

3. , . 19201934. , 2002; , . - 19271934. , 2008; -, . (19321944). , 2011.

4. , . - - / . . . , 2009.

5. , . -- - 19181923 // . . 1972. 52. . 73180.

6. , . . 19181925. , 1976; , . - 19211923. , 1988.

7. , . - 19181944 // -. 1994. 3. . 1630.

8. , . ( -

41

// Bul garian Historical Review. 1993. 1. . 146174; Poppetrov, N. Flucht aus der Demokratie: Autoritarismus und autoritre Regime in Bulgarien 19191944 // Autoritre Regime in Ostmittel- und Sdosteuropa / Hg. von E. Oberlnder. Paderborn, 2001. . 379402.

9. .: -, . . -. , 2008.

10. , . . . . 99252.11. 1920- 1930- .

- : . -. , 1998; , . - . . , 2010; , . ( - -) // : , , -. , 2006. . 121130.

12. , . . .13. , . .

, 1929; . . , 1936.14. . ,

1933; . , 1938; , . . , 1938; - , , , :

, . -. , 1976.

15. . . 12 , 1933; . , 1936; . ,1938; . -, 1942.

16. - .: ; . : , . . -. , 1929; , . . , 1934; -, . . -, 1934; , . . , 1942.

17. , . // . . , 1981. . 923. . : - . 486487, 668669; . . , 1934.

18. Nolte, E. Die Faschistischen Bewegungen. Mnchen, 1979 ( . S. 189190); . : Idem. Der europische Brgerkrieg 19171945: Nationalso-zialismus und Bolschewismus. Frankfurt/Main Berlin, 1987.

19. - : Payne, St. Fascism. Comparison and Definition. Madison, 1980; . : Paxton, R. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York, 2005.

777, 2015, 3 (26)

42

94:329(438)19 66.3(4 )

, , , . . . (, ) gfmatveev@yandex.ru

. 1926 . . - , . , , 19601970- . . - , .

, , , - . , 1935 ., , , - .

-, .

: , . , , , , 1935 ., .

QUESTIONS ABOUT THE TYPOLOGY OF THE SANATION REGIME IN POLAND

G. F. Matveev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor and Head of Department of History of Southern and Western Slavs, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

Abstract. Marshal Jzef Pisudski carried out a successful coup in Poland in May 1926 and established a re-gime, known as sanation (Sanacja). For a long time in the historiography of the Soviet Union and then the Pol-ish Peoples Republic this regime was defined as fascist. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, many historians began to abandon this evaluation in favor of the more empirically-neutral term authoritarian dictatorship.

Pisudskis main aim was the establishment of an original political system which would combine elements of a presidential republic and dictatorship while also taking into account the Polish national character. The article traces the process of building such a hybrid model, placing special emphasis on an analysis of the April Constitu-tion of 1935, which in the opinion of its drafters, enabled the creation of a legal dictatorship.

The introduction of this constitution following the death of Pisudski, in effect, showed the true nature of san-ation throughout its existence as a dictatorship of the army.

43

Key words: Poland, Jzef Pisudski, authoritarian regime, sanation, opposition, April 1935 Constitution, dictatorship of the army.

, 1926 1939 . , , - . 1926 . -, 30 - - . - , - - . . , - , -, , - (-) - .

-, 1970- ., - -. - , , - -, . - , , . -, , - - . , - - , - .

- . 1926 . - . : - , - . (, - XIX .,

) - - . . - , , - -. , . , - , 15 1925 . : -: - . . -, , . -, . [-], -, , . , -, 1926 . [1].

, -, - , . - , -- , - , - . -, - , - - .

1925 . - - . 14 1925 . . - . . -. , - , .

- - . - 15 1925 . , , 400 2 .

777, 2015, 3 (26)

44

, . . -- , - , , -, , , , , - .

, - , , - , , - , - . . - . - - . , - 1 , 1918 ., 1926 . - , - -. - . [2].

, 1926 . , - , , - [3], , - , , , - -. , -, , , [4]. 1926 . - [5]. , . [6].

, , - ( - 1921 . -) , -

, . , , . - - - -.

- , - . 12 , , - , - . - - , , , , , imponderabilia , , - , [7]. -, - . - - , , -, - , -, , - . , , - - - . .

- - . - , 15 , - . . , - . , - . , - -. - , , , . - , 379

45

920 , -, .

, , - [8], . - -: , , , , , - - , -. - , - , [9]. , - , , , , - , , - - [11].

, - , , , . , . , -. .

- , - . ,

* : - , - , - , . - . - -, , - - . - , .

, - , - . - ( , ) , -, - . . -, , - -, . 9 , , , - - 7 1921 . - .

. , , - , - -, . , - .

2 246 95 8 6 - ( ). - - - ( ), -. , , . - , - , , . - , - 14 - -. ( 1 ) -

** . , - , , .

777, 2015, 3 (26)

46

-. - , - . , [11].

- , - , 31 - 1927 . , , - . : - , - ; - - ; ; -, - , , - . : , , , , - , , - , - , , -, , -. - , - , - , , - , - - , , , - [12]. - . - - , - - [13].

- . , - , . - ,

, .

, , - . 6 - , , - , , -. , -. - , - 1926 . , , -. , - - [14].

, - , 15 6 - 1926 ., - . , , , , , - . -, - .

. - . - - ;

* - , - , - . -? - , , , , - - -. - -, - - .

47

, - . , -, . - ( 1921 ., -, ) , . - , , [15].

, - -, -. - , , , . , - , -, , . - , , -. , -, .

- 1927 ., - -. - 1926 . - , -, . , - , , - , -, - . , - , .

, -. 1926 . - 1928 ., - . 1927 .

. -, - 30 1935 . - - 8 . - - - , -, -, .

- , , - - -, -. , - .

-. 19261927 . - , - - - - - , , - , . .

1928 . . , -, 75 % - . , - , , . - , , , . , , - : - , - . , - , , , , .

- -

777, 2015, 3 (26)

48

, , , - 19291930 . . . -, - , . , - . - , - . - .

, , . 1930 . - , 30 . - , 19 , - - . -. 15 30 450 16 , - - (, -), - , , - , , - -, . . 1739 , 1143 - .

- - 1930 . , - - . - .

, -. - 1926 . . - , - , - , - .

, -

. - 2/3 , . - , , -. , - - , , - , . , -, . - - , - . [16]. - - , -.

1931 ., , , - . - 3 - , 19311933 . - .

- 1933 ., - . . . - . - . 1933 . - 63 - . - , -, . 11 1934 . .

26 1934 . - . , - , - . - , - 1931 . . - , -

49

. - - . , . , , - , , .

- . , . -, . , . , - , - . - , - . -, - , , - . , - - . .

-, - , - . -, . - .

* - , , , - , , -. , - . - : 26 .

, , , -

, , . , .

19331934 . - 2/3 , . - 1935 ., - , , - , , - 11/20. - 23 1935 . - . -, . , , , . 12 . , - , . , 23 1935 . -

, - , -

, -,

, - . , - , , , , , . , .

, , , - , , . witalski K. Diariusz S. 653655. , -, - - , - . , -, . - , , - .

777, 2015, 3 (26)

50

. .

1935 . - 1921 . , - , - . , - .

, - -, , ( , , -- 19191920 ., 1926 .). , - -, 80 , . 50 , 25 , 5 - ( , -, - ). - . - , -. - , - , . , , - .

-. , , , - , -, , - , -, - -, , - , . . -, . - , , .

- - ,

. - - , . - , 64 104 -. - 444 208 . . - 111 96 -, 32 , 64 . - [17].

- , - , - . . , -, .

- 1935 . - . - , - , 1935 ., , -. , 1934 . , , , , , .

12 1935 . . - , - . - , -, - . 12 1935 . , - . - , .

51

. - . - - - , . - , , . 1935 . , - -, . - 1936 . - 30 1939 . - .

, , - - , - , - . -, -. 1935 . - . , , , . 12 1935 . . . -, - . - , - .

:1. witalski, K. Diariusz 19191935. Warszawa, 1992.

S. 152.2. 3 1926 . .

. . : -, , - , ( - ( ). . 09. . 1. . 8. . 81. . 5).

3. Tymieniecka, A. Polityka Polskiej Partii Socjalistycznej w latach 19241928. Warszawa, 1969. S. 123124; Kolebacz, B. Komunistyczna Partia Polski. Proble-my ideologiczne. 19231929. Warszawa, 1984. S. 128.

4. , . , 25 -

: . - , - , -, , . (. . 476. . 2. . 4. . 7.).

5. . . 09. . 1. . 8. . 81. . 1314.

6. , - , , - , . - , - ( . . 09. . 1. . 8. . 81. . 1516).

7. Pisudski, J. Pisma zbiorowe. Warszawa, 1938. T. IX. S. 9.

8. . - , : . - , . , - - (witalski, K. Diariusz S. 195).

9. Pisudski, J. Pisma zbiorowe. T. IX. S. 2022.10. Ibid. S.1113, 18, 3132. 19241926 . -

- .

11. rda do dziejw Polski w XIX i XX wieku. Lata 19181939. Polska Niepodlega. T. III. Wybr tek-stw rdowych. Putusk, 2005. S. 244247.

12. Ibid. S.247248.13. witalski, K. Diariusz S.198, 19.14. -

- , , , 19141916 . , 1928 1932 . 44 - (54 % ) 54 (74 %), 3 (44,4 %) 7 (70 %), - 5 (50 %) 8 (80 %) (Zarys dziejw wojskowoci polskiej (18641939). Warszawa, 1990. S. 527).

15. witalski, K. Diariusz S. 339343.16. Ibid. S. 624625.17. .: rda do dziejw

Polski w XIX i XX wieku T. III. S. 334352.

777, 2015, 3 (26)

52

94:323.1(498)1940/1941 66.3 (4 )

.

( 1940 1941 .)*

, , (, ) ionut.biliuta@gmail.com

. .

. , , - . , - . - , -. - , , - - 1941 . .

: , , -, , , , .

ROYAL POWER AND THE IRON GUARD: THE CONFLICT IN THE CAMP OF ROMANIAN AUTHORITARIAN FORCES,

SEPTEMBER 1940 JANUARY1941

Ionut Biliuta, Doctor of History, Researcher, Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, Vienna, Austria

Abstract. The present text describes the takeover of the Orthodox Church by the Iron Guard during the short-lived period of Romanian fascist rule in coalition with General Ion Antonescus government. In many respects, along with other official institutions, Horia Simas followers intended to revolutionize the all-powerful Orthodox Church and win over the sympathies of the Orthodox clergy through administrative reform emanating from le-gionary theologians. Due to the short length of time in power and the opposition of the Church which sided with General Antonescu because of the 1941 bloodbath resulting from the legionary rebellion against their political ally, this effort at ecclesiastical reform ended in failure.

Key words: Orthodox Church, Iron Guard, interwar Romania, fascism, Horia Sima, General Ion Antonescu, ecclesiastical reform.

* . . . . . - , .

53

(10 - 1938 .). . - -, ( - ), - . 16 1938 . 10 () - . 29 1938 . - .

, - , . - , - . 21 - 1939 . - , , , . - , . 256 -. , () . , - 30 1940 ., -. - . - , - .

- .

-, -, - . - . [1]. , - , [2]. [3], - (), . - .

. , , , , . , - .

, -, . II - - . , , -, - (56 1940 .) [4].

- - - .

.

6 1940 . -

II, - I [5]. - . . - - , - [6].

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777, 2015, 3 (26)

54

. 6 , , . . - - [9]. - . , -, , -, .

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55

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- [29]. , . . . , - - - - [30]. - ,

777, 2015, 3 (26)

56

[31] - [32], - .

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57

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777, 2015, 3 (26)

58

, - , , -, , - [57].

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59

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777, 2015, 3 (26)

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. - , -, - (, ), - .

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:1.

-

. : Si-mion, A. Regimul politic din Romania n perioada sept. 1940ian. 1941. Cluj, 1976. P. 272. . : Hei-nen, A. Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail. Micare soci-al i organizaie politic. O contribuie la problema fas-cismului international. Bucharest, 1999. P. 420424.

2. Sturza, M. Romnia i sfritul Europei. Amintiri din ara pierdut. Alba Iulia, 1994. P. 168.

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4. .: Dele-tant, D. Hitlers Forgotten Ally. Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 19401944. Houndmills, 2006, especially chapter 2, Antonescus Path to Power. P. 3751.

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ra, 1995. P. 435.7. Ibid. P. 488.8. Heinen, A. Op. cit. P. 416.9. Moa, I. I. Sfntul Arhanghel Mihail: Voevodul Puterilor

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Sep. 8. Year LXXXVIII, No. 3738. P. 4.19. Marcu, G. T. Note i informaii // Revista Teologic.

1940. Sep. Oct. Year XXX, No. 910. P. 535.

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. .: Panaitescu, P. P. Universitatea noastr // Cuvntul studenesc. 1940. Nov. 8. Year XX, No.1. P. 8.

31. Herseni, T. Studenime legionar // Cuvntul stu den-esc. 1940. Nov. 8 Year XX, No. 1. P. 7. , - , - : .

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63

94:32(497.13)1941/1945 66.3 (4 )

, : (19411945)

, , (, ) roryyeomans1977@gmail.com

. .

. - ( ): , , , -, , , , , . -, . - .

: , , , , , - , .

MODERNITY, SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION AND GENOCIDE: USTASHA RULE IN FASCIST CROATIA, 19411945

Rory Yeomans, Doctor of History, Researcher, Centre for Advanced Study, Sofia, Bulgaria

Abstract. This article examines the Ustasha-ruled Independent State of Croatia, looking at the states two revolutions the national revolution, known as the revolution of blood, which aimed to racially purify the state from Serbs, Jews and Roma through a campaign of genocide and the second revolution, also called the rev-olution of the soul, which sought to refashion Croatian citizens into Ustasha subjects who would think, behave and communicate in an Ustasha way. The article argues that, for Ustasha ideologists, the two revolutions were symbiotically linked. The internal revolution of the soul to construct the individual could only begin after the building of the state through genocide had been accomplished.

Key words: Ustasha movement; Ustasha state; Croatia; nationalism; genocide; social mobility; intellectuals.

, 1942 . - , , - , - .

, , , , , . : , - . -

777, 2015, 3 (26)

64

[1]. . , , - - , , - .

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.

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65

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777, 2015, 3 (26)

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67

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, - , , - - , , - , . , , - -, . . -, , - [15]. - . , , - HRS, - . - 1939 ., , , , - , - - , - [16].

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777, 2015, 3 (26)

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, - . - - .

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69

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, - , . - 10 , -, - [27].

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777, 2015, 3 (26)

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. , , , - [34].

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71

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. -, - , , [39]. - , - , , , -, , , -.

. , , , . , , , - [40].

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777, 2015, 3 (26)

72

- , , - , , - [42].

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, - , -- - , - , - , , , - . -, - , - - 1942 . - .

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73

, , - . .

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. . - - -, , , - - , [48].

-, 1942 . - . - , - , - . . -, [49].

- , , - 1942 . . - 1944 .,

, , , , - . - , - : - . - -, - , . - . - , .

- - . - , - , , , . . - -, . , , . 1945 . , -, - .

:1. Velianstva izloba jednogodinjeg rada u Nezavisnoj

Dravi Hrvatskoj u priredbi Dravnog izvjetajnog i promibenog ureda // Nova Hrvatska. 1942. 19. travnja.

2. Vitkovi, S. Izloba Godinu dana rada Nezavisne Dr-ave Hrvatske, 19411945 // Hrvatska smotra. 1942. V. 10, No. 6. S. 366.

3. Dokumentarna otkrica o djelovanju idova proizvela su najdubli dojam // Hrvatski narod. 1941. 2. svibnja.

4. Cerovac, T. Izloba idovi // Hrvatska smotra. 1942. V. 10, No. 6. S. 368.

5. Bauman, Z. Modernity and