Oliver de Haas, Lars Kühn

ZIEHL 2016

Berührungsloses Tragen und Manipulieren mit Supraleitern

Elon Musk, Tesla, Space X

Hyperloop-Projekt - Luftlager

Elektromagnetische Levitation

Bild: Schaeffler FAGBild: techcrunch.com

Das Earnshaw Theorem

Diamagnetic Levitation

Samuel Earnshaw 1842:

Ein stabiler Schwebezustand kann allein durch statisch Magnetfelder oder statische elektrische Ströme NICHT erreicht werden,

Universität Leiden, NL

Supraleiter im Magnetfeld

Feldverdrängung und Flussverankerung

Superconductor verdrängt das Magnetfeld

Meißner-Ochsenfeld-Effekt oder

Idealer Diamagnetismus

Das Feld verdrängt den Supraleiter!

Typ-II-Supraleiter

Magnetfeld kann den Supraleiter in Form magnetischer Flusslinien durchdringen

Pinnig-Effekt

Einfrieren des Magnetfeldes im

Supraleiter im Magnetfeld

Feldverdrängung und Flussverankerung

Superconductor verdrängt das Magnetfeld

Meißner-Ochsenfeld-Effekt oder

Idealer Diamagnetismus

Das Feld verdrängt den Supraleiter!

Typ-II-Supraleiter

Magnetfeld kann den Supraleiter in Form magnetischer Flusslinien durchdringen

Pinnig-Effekt

Einfrieren des Magnetfeldes im

Modellbahnvideo

Supraleitende Magnetschwebebahn

SupraTrans II

Fahrversuchsanlage für SL Magnetschwebebahn

Fahrweg

80 m ovaler Rundkurs

16 kW berührungslose Energievers.

1 Fahrwegverzweigung

Passiver Linearstator

Fahrzeug

2 Passagiere

800 kg gelagerte Gesamtmasse

2 unabhängige Bremssysteme

1 m/s2 Beschl. des Linearmotors

On board Fahrzeugsteurung

Design: Airport Gate-to-Gate Shuttle

ATZ GmbH

Maglev Cobra

Gleis: 200 m

connecting 2 buildings within the

UFRJ

(Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro)

Fahrzeug: 4 gekoppelte Wagen

Gesamtlänge: 6 m

Passagiere: 24

Bilder: UFRJ Maglev Cobra

Prof. Richard Stephan

Maglev Cobra - Rio de Janeiro

Super Maglev

Strecke: Oval ø ≈ 12 m

Geschwindigkeit: 40-50 km/h

1 Passagier

Evakuierte Röhre: 0.1 bar ???

Bilder:

SWJTU Chengdu, China, Prof.

Deng Z. G.

Super-Maglev Chengdu, China

Klassifizierung Magnetlager

Linearlager Festes Lager

RadiallagerAxiallagerRotation bearing

Schwungmassenspeicher (FESS-Flywheel)

Boeing F&E Ergebnisse

5 kWh / 3 kW

Rotationsgeschwindigkeit: 22.500 rpm

Thermische Verluste 2 - 3 W(60 - 90 W Leistungsaufnahme)

Systemvorteile aus Boing-Sicht (perspektivisch:

UmweltfreundlichWartungsarmPotential für hohe Leistungsdichte (W/ kg) und hohe Energiedichte (Wh/ kg) Schnelle und häufige Lade- und Entladezyklen ohne AbnutzungLebensdauer >25 JahreWeiter Arbeitsbereich bzgl. Umgebungstemperatur

M. Strasik, J. R. Hull et al. 2010 Energy Storage Systems Program, November 2-4, 2010 Washington DC

M. Strasik, J. R. Hull et al. 2010 Energy Storage Systems Program, November 2-4, 2010 Washington DC

Schwungmassenspeicher (FESS-Flywheel)

Engineering, Operations & Technology | Boeing Research & Technology Superconducting Flywheel System

Copyright © 2004 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Flywheel Energy Storage System

• Why Pursue Flywheel Energy Storage?• Environmentally clean (green)• Low maintenance• Potential for high power density (W/ kg) and high energy density (W-Hr/ kg)• Can handle rapid charge and discharge rates without degradation• Cycle life times of >25 years• Broad operating temperature range

• Why use high temperature superconducting bearings?

• Very low bearing losses to extend the idle mode

• Simple passive system• HTS bearings will support ultra

high-speed flywheels for high energy density

– (Energy = (1/2) (Moment of Inertia) (Spin Speed)2)

F.Werfel at. al. MAGLEV 2014

Schwungmassenspeicher (FESS-Flywheel)

11

Figure 18: 10 kWh/250 kW demonstrator flywheel fabricated by ATZ / Magnet- Motor with HTS bearing on top; a Gifford McMahon cryo- cooler serves for bearing cryogenics.

40 50 60 70 80 900

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

radial

axialHTS - PM 14 mm

radial

axial

HTS - PM 5 mm

Damping measurements: Axial and radial frequency response

1. fu

ndam

enta

l fre

quen

cy [1

/s]

temperature [K]

Figure 19: Fundamental frequency response of an HTS test bearing dependent on the temperature

Figure 20: Calculation of rotor resonance amplitude as a function of damping on the PM bearing.

In the following we briefly scan flywheel technical key and operational issues to gain the desired flywheel high-speed operation. 3.1 Practical Rotor Damping Rotor dynamics is the most challenging task of FESS operation under higher rotational speeds. By speeding up the rotor is passing several eigenfrequencies. Especially critical is the situation by approaching the rigid body frequencies which are accompanied by sudden increase of the rotor amplitude.

Further on, the rotor as a solid body is fixed elastically in one or two points on magnetic bearings which can cause additional motion effects. In Fig. 19 we studied on a test bearing the influence of the superconductor temperature on the first fundamental frequency of the system in radial and axial direction.

The frequency ratio axial/ radial two-to-one is related to the corresponding stiffness values. The curves show only a weak dependency on the temperature in agreement with the stiffness behavior. One typical effect is the situation where the

magnetic and inertia axes are parallel but separated 9

Figure 14: Concept of high gradient magnetic bearing

SmBCO seeds on top show a non-vanishing trapped field distribution between the three peaks. The scanning Hall results of multigrain bulks give evidence of components of the super-current across the grain boundaries in the multi-seed bulk. While the intra-grain current determines the three individual magnetic peaks, an additional inter-grain current can pass the GBs and contribute a substantial part to the total trapped magnetic flux density integrated over the bulk. The latter is especially beneficial for large- scale applications. Larger bulk fabrication is demonstrated in Fig.13 bottom. YBCO blocks of the size 90mm x 60 mm 20 mm are tested for trapped flux motor application. The scanning Hall distribution displays 8 individual crystals corresponding to the 8-seed structure. At an excitation field of 0.75 T the trapped flux peak values scatter between 600 and 650 mT. While in the length direction the grain boundaries show a certain flux overlap of 200 - 300 mT, in the perpendicular direction the neighboring 4-crystal rows indicate almost no trapped flux overlapping distribution. The latter behavior gives some evidence that between the two 4-crystal rows super-current is flowing rarely.

3 Flywheel with Superconducting Magnetic Bearing For rotating application we favor the journal –type magnetic bearing interaction. Fig. 14 shows the principal design and the rules for an optimized magnet excitation of a radial and axial high gradient HTS bearing. The corresponding magnetic distribution of the B vectors (Br and Bz ) can be calculated. After that the field decays with the exponential function along the radius vector r and relative to the axial distance of the magnet poles L (pole pitch). The obtained by flux field gradient generated by the PM / Fe configuration determines the radial force Fr and stiffness dFr/dr. Along z direction a sin / cos function covers the periodic field variation in axial direction and determines the axial force and stiffness of the magnetic bearing. It has been shown that subdivision of the magnets in a multi-pole arrangement with the pole pitch L in Fig.14 increases the bearing stiffness provided the air gap can be kept small. On the other hand, in superconducting bearings force generation needs a displacement. Small magnetic air gaps < 2 mm improve the flux density in the gap but limit the possible displacement of the rotor. For larger distances > 2 mm the enhancement of the electromagnetic force due to Fe collectors is caused by the steeper flux gradient generated by the Fe collectors. In addition, larger gaps are useful to prevent any dangerous rotor stator contact in fast rotating machines, like flywheels or high-speed motors. The thermal insulation between the cold HTS stator and the warm rotor (or vice versa) is becoming easier in assembling at larger gap distances. In the next chapter we compare the different FESS demonstrator concepts with superconducting magnetic stabilization and the critical concepts. A self – stabilizing magnetic bearing is definitely a most fascinating and promising technology. Due to its physical properties it needs no electronic control and operates completely passively. Basically, the HTS bearing (SMB) is inherently fail-safe in contrast to active controlled bearing AMB after power loss. Using liquid nitrogen as a cooling fluid the HTS superconductor is operated at fairly low temperature, far below critical operation points and is therefore safe and reliable. Because of the mechanical bearing friction a conventional flywheel loses about 2% of its stored energy per hour lowering the round-trip efficiency for diurnal, load leveling to half of the daytime energy. A magnetic bearing can reduce these losses by one order of magnitude. We therefore look first to the bearing concepts. An operating temperature of liquid nitrogen (T=77 K) is considered as satisfactory and sufficient far below the critical superconducting temperature Tc = 92 K, and therefore safe and reliable. Better electromagnetic force density values up 13 N/cm axial and 6.5 N/cm and especially higher

ATZ GmbH / Magnetmotor

Axiallager für 1 Tonne

5 - 10 kWh / 250 - 300 kW

1.8 kW Kältemaschine

800 kg Kohlefaser-Rotor

LEISTUNGSSPEICHER - UPS

Vortrag / Kapitel /

Überschrift

617/02/2016Maria Sparing UK MagSoc Event „Magnetics in a Green Future“

Ring spinningConventional ring spinning system: ring - traveler twisting element

Traveler is dragged along the immobile ring by the yarn, winding onto the cops.

yarn

nmax = 25.000 rpmyarn throughput limited by ring-traveler friction→ heat → wear and melting

of synthetic yarns

Vortrag / Kapitel /

Überschrift

717/02/2016Maria Sparing UK MagSoc Event „Magnetics in a Green Future“

yarn

ring

traveler

Superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) as twisting elementØ Replacement of ring - traveler system with ring-shaped SMB

magnetic ring

superconductor

Vortrag / Kapitel /

Überschrift

9

0 20 40 60 800

20

40

60

80

x (mm)

y (m

m)

1201101009080706050403020

17/02/2016Maria Sparing UK MagSoc Event „Magnetics in a Green Future“

10 YBCO trapezoids cut from preselected melttextured cylinders Øa max

80 mm

0 20 40 60 800

20

40

60

80

x (mm)

y (m

m)

1201101009080706050403020

H in mT

44 mm bore forspindle with yarn

copper casing

LN2 tubes

supercondcutorFCDmin = 3mm

insulating vacuum

remanent fieldafter field coolingat ~200 mT, 77K

§ Enclosure of superconducting YBCO ring in a flow-through cryostat Superconducting magnetic bearing as twisting element

Klassifizierung Magnetlager

Linearlager Festes Lager

RadiallagerAxiallagerRotation bearing

Festes Lager: Manipulatoren

Visionary study - visualization

Handhabung von Proben

Labor- und Prozess-automatisierung

Supraleiterkryostat

Kompakt

Plug and play

Effizient!!!

Lebensdauer ist noch zu verbessern

First prototype in cooperation with FESTO AG & Co. KG

FESTO SupraMotion - Hannovermesse 2013

FUTURE CONCEPTS: scouting for application scenarios of superconductor bearings

SupraLinearMotion

SupraHandling

SupraPicker

Pictures: © Festo AG & Co. KG

FESTO SupraMotion 2.0 - Hannovermesse 2014

FUTURE CONCEPTS: scouting for application scenarios of superconductor bearings

SupraHandling 2.0

SupraShuttle

SupraChanger

Pictures: © Festo AG & Co. KG

FESTO SupraMotion 3.0

Suche nach Anwendungsszenarien Supraleitender Magnetlager in der Industrieautomation

SupraCarrier

SupraCycle

SupraHelix

Pictures: © Festo AG & Co. KG

Megatrend: Innovating to Zero*

Saubere Produktion

Nachhaltige Produktion

Sichere Produktion

- Kein Abrieb: Null Toleranz für Keime in Lebensmitteln und Medikamenten

- Keine Reibung: Null Wärmeeintrag in die Kühlkette

- Kein Verschleiß: Lange Lebensdauer für komplexe Lagerbauteile

- Keine Berührung: Null Verschleppung von radioaktiven, giftigen oder verseuchten Stoffen

* Frost & Sullivan: Top Ten Mega trends, Sarwant Singh

Lexus - Amazing in Motion

LexusAmazing in Motion

designed and built by Lexus and evico GmbH, and ridden by pro skateboarder Ross McGouran. The video was created as a PR piece for Lexus, to show off their forward-thinking, creativity and technology. Built and tested in Germany, final film with “hoverpark” near Barcelona, Spain

Partner:Lexus InternationalCHI & Partners Ltdevico GmbHIFW Dresden

2014 - 2015Pictures: © Lexus International

Lexus - Amazing in Motion

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

A A

B B

C C

D D

1 A3

Status Änderungen DATUM Name

Gezeichnet

Kontrolliert

Norm

DATUM Name20.04.2015 Kai Guenther

1 : 1Werkstoff / Halbzeug

Behandlung GewichtAbweichung für Maßeohne Toleranzangabe

nach DIN 7168 m

Werkstück-kanten nachDIN 6784

EVICO GmbHGroßenhainer Straße 10101127 Dresden

Maßstab

Cryoboard_150420

Symbole für die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit

Din EN ISO 1302Reihe 2

Symbol in der Zeichnung

Rz 100 Rz 25 Rz 6,3

w x y

-

Blatt

1 /

921

87

220

160

59

37°

53

79320100

15324

www.lexus-int.com

Thank you for your attention