- --

r;;IASi'.b..< ~O(tJ__r.;~jij ~

U'j~Jf ~) .Y

)..t1iJdJ)J;--18•7249218-7237430:(;);

ut;JI),! (1Jr1

)..t1iJ,Jl,)J::.IJ;~Jf J;<)..t1iJC).f{~J.'" ;.f{

U'lI'..1))1/.

,1999 JJI-::..fl,!.1,2005 (JJ-::..f l,!.1

LJ)90/- dY ..

5

1.1' ;;L~~-:::1 r1.1' ~ 'L~~J I)! c!J) ,f ~ J! ~ / ~L

(i~ l:/ -~ ?) z., )JI z:; I~JidW:W __i;I1)! '-A LJ;! J1~':::""":::;J1.11.1~ ')In;; ~ ~ / ~ uiu,/.I)!.}t= LJIP/ .d 1.1' ~ l:lyrJ! .:::....I)!cJ'_~ r L).,JIJ?-) I)! )JJ 1.1'e f 'f­I)! JIP4 4 -'f- J~J~ J! LI) ,f cJl ;; ~ ~ I)! ..:-tJIP OJr.,--

-'f-C~0~ J! -:::J) ')In~~,f ~L 4-' 4-' 'f-JiJ..;)~ r ujljl ok-- )JI 'L)JiI_;Y~ ,f)JJ OJr.,-- (i~ I)! ..:-lJlPL l:lJI nl '..:.-yf ..:.-.,JUJr,.;)1'J'"~ '.::.:?-YL.- ,f .d u}lJ,/. (i ;;'~v J~Loo1J!I ,f)JJ 1.1' //. LvI )JI ~ L~JJIl!f ..::)j,f dVJR;

-~J~~ ILJ~,f 1.1' ~ ~ ~I) uiu,/. s.'f-I/~ -:::1 I)! N':::""~ 1.1'

-'f-u,1P "~Y~)In J! l:l ()' if)JI L),{ -:::)JI~v!

fl999 J'"

7

•~/II _;.J~ -1

22 (grc.'.JO)U,/. -2\

UJJ! v! '-.J~ L ~J,Pz -3

33 LI.J 0uJ?'V-J,Pzv! '-.J~ L uJJ! .JJI49 J""'~ .JJIc.'.JO)U,/. -4

72 ~L(.II .JJIc.'.J -5

H6 JJ..i .JJIJ~ -6

96 ;.JJJ~J~i; -7

9

.IJ' J1j~:--"u,./. fJi-)v";-:~J...f? '(Lf .:!jJ~'.J:~k~ r r.~ ...JJJIv.v' _(.t1 ~ J'; /- ~ c}VJPzAr;' JA~~ I;-fr v. J.IJ4lr /- /-'tL.t1 J;/ ~ .IJ' J.::rCI ;;L r J,t?,J\. L~ C)' -L.t1 ..?/LOP ...J r ~.I~ .IJ' :L .t1J!L r-4_:,"'I).I~ ~ J~ Jif.ct' OJ ----ki'1Iu> ct'Ic}Vv:-;~ .IJ' " _:,"J IJ,;S Jj.'. v. if.C)}i OJ --~ C).ii I c}Vv:-;

'Jv'~ J,[--.,f. '::)JJJ I)J,;fIc}Vv:-;Lr f-:)J1IX ~

U":~J~ ~ ~ ..,...,....::)J):J(j~1I~ if' LC)r'if.lJ' ~'./.'J-v.-I(~If!LI)J,;fL u,),.IJ' L.t1cfJ.I OJL

~O).fJ

cP'JPzM(Verdict on India)

_( T-.1 (;,'.1 tJ~)iJ!_,dJ.Lu,:t)i "'~J')tei

11

-i- v-~ "- Ji d\,.lWsI.::/',.JJJJ).v! ~L J ~J

OJ -L" (W v!~.J~ Jt OJ 'L" (W Ifv!u,u. do do (lSiJ~;.;L u";1'L" eJ.J}d u_;~L uji t>Y"" .JJI.JJ~ P. '-/~

~J(,,-(! luf.i J..:J!?JcJI'15J/JtljJ~i~IPoLd';.J}L J'J.J...f ~ J .::/', ...f.:iJJ VILupu,J~;.;.;cJI'v­.JJIUP!? L u";1.JJI,ft v:! Jtlj J ~ "- a.J~JJv! u.v~ cJI

-~.!v:! .JJ)f'1.::/', J~;.;"-ujp!J~;.;2...LcJIj TLIr ~,J!3';/;1.r~L ~ PoL 15Jlj;

JcJIv!VI -i-LlIJJ~Jd V:!' = -i-L" (/ .JJ1 .::/'I..t~ .NtJ..tj J JIJi JcJIv!VI -i- J"u$J:~~ .JJI'~ ~ '~\ ~

J't.J.= j ~ :'f-Lirt,I"- L)JJ.r~L v!~~ cJI-i- J"~. .;~, ~ ~I \'LIr I[=1. r JIJi .JJId~'\'LIr I[J4, ,y"­,;I~ "- a.J~JJ~~ 4) Jr LIr ~ I.:;;G J t.:&i ~I ~Lir I/.Ji

~Ir L-J) tf JIJi .JJIJ;.\~A V:!' p.fUYi.!J".!j'Llrv,!jl..tlJi ~~/.JJJ.JJI.Ntvlf 'f-=:PJ/ yJJL~I JIIJi ;,;;vI-L;,:,'"Ji u'f- i'J p. rd Jr Lir V.JJJvI .JJIv,!jl..tlJi ~~/.::/" Jui,/ .;~I L U? fl/.J~I

v! ~Ji ;;; "- _;,£ 15.J1rIJ.D ,j..JL ';-I.fJ(i "- ~.l~II

12

/,J~1j1J'J~JcJ' .JJ'~" .JJJ~ LU? _(~.JrU':'-~.JJ~-'f-.J ,:,~ rb.JLJcJ'.J'= r O~ ,.It ~

dV"JPt .s:'f- ~ (i' -fI =~v L UP.J~ L;!" /. ~ L 15J'jr~ -fI rb.JL~, ~ ...iJ.) if .JJ'j'~' if I~L J.J'15}U,/.v!.:::;? -fl1f = .JJ'-'f- ~ r~f .JJJ= _( 'f-.:::;? -fI' = -~b:-'f- 'J,I J-P L b.JLJdVJ~ L JJ J' .JJ').ti' 15}1b/.r 'f­J' _(~ L~~fj'~'Ji ~ ~ ,,",I.J' V' ~_(J'y = 2_ V'~=1 r v' f /.~(i' -fI (b.JL1V'~~ L U_"'Jc,GI: ~ 1:5'v!J' J..JLL;!" /.1v' ~_('f- LJ1,~ J'y If =" ~ -4,J.,J ,f 15j'~' JJ ~ =_(L~LlJ=~L~I('" 15j'~' JJ ~_(J,J..I.. ~, -fI 'J,'k.' J,J..I..L -fI fJ' 1J-P J..JLLv'

-'f-15.J~ If clv!,y,f':',f If ~ L;11; L.JJJ j'Y:r) Yo(Ir .J'.ti' 15}U,/.v! dVJ~ fi_('f-LJ1'~If =J'y -fI" Uk

.\ji u~....;v! J-P v' .JJ'ti.J .J1j/. J-P (~L 15.J~.JJ''LJ1,fJ ,,::..fJ~J'{ 'O..A: cflj 'jJ1 ~.J J d v! UJ.J'J'.JJ'.I';' J ":"~'J.J~ J"::'->v~' v~{.I} JJ.J~'~ L/ v' n' 'jr J....;v! ..:..I.Y.JJYo~~J.JJ.:;;,~J ,-:"..J:i ~, v! ,-}~ '-.J~ v!J' '-.J{ V' , 'O..A:~ -~i ~ {J' '~i ~ fi~ aJ ~i uk!..; Yov!.J' 15}1b/.-ij1.J'JJ1 J!f3 JcfljL .JJ"~ .I';' J ..:..~IJ.J(j 'J" J!3JUJ)J' L:~f r?v! u,; JJ/v~L V' -~ J'~.J '.J~~ tf'.L.V'~ ~...f ",:,,'YoaJ '-/ JJ 'v.t L'J ~ I..:..~ ~.J!~..If Yo'J -fIcJ'Y JJ ''f-c[,~ ":".JIPI":"~'J.J.JJ'~ ,;-' -fI-v.t LJ1 ,-7.~2Jv~"JjI. L -;'.J! -fI-'f- L~J'j~, .JJ'.::/;. J dJv!

13

-'f-CIJW J' rJ1,.0 I)!VI f~_,J1~ ~.Jj L f~I Y JJi ''f- t:z,rWi j~~iifi s 'f- j~!.SJ ~ J'J ~ I)! ~.J~ L .Jlpl" j.JJI'f- '" f~1J' L J; I)!U;' ~J !;';-,~i y; ;i~J;jJ.J~I ~I OJ ~ f 'f-C~t;; !.SA-.; r~VI Iy;CfJ; V~"~If~:ir.J!.SiUu~ ~ J1~ v' -f'ii? -C"i" ~ LJ' .JJIv.J~L)1tJ.J ~ ..::,..--~~I:P"JPi ~ -?J! VI f 'f- j~!.SJ J'J ~ i 'f- C~v.:,L J? (j .; riw ~ -0~11# J~ JJ.J L~ ~ -'y;

_ L riw 0:"" ~/ JJ .JJ' '_.P..G '~I..-- ~.Ji -!.SJ.:.-? (j .JJ' J~;(j ~. J J~Jj I)!J~;!Jj ~ L ..::,..--_,j, !",:",,';;;~-~J 'JIPozI ~!doLi Jr" L¥ J (1I)! ~}~ -If'~~~rLf ~~.::,/",:",,';;;~ -If.Jk#' 1Jr'I L v.J~ /. y;_;?A .JJI~ v;?Lz " J~

t".rL/.'1uP.?~-?J,f do '=':- ~.J'J' o~L~' J, !;LJ~y!J ~ .JJ' 'j~'~ 1';I)!do e:. ,~ ~ L L L ~ (j-iJ,

-Ulj~i i I)!J' v' L J.}? f 'f-C~IfJ! J'!7' ~ .;v' ,j2f -'y; J!1v~j~JPi e.t~r~,,,?fi -i.: ":"'J~ ,;-' L..::,;;';1ufloL .::,'jJi 2..L ;£.1 )j /.1r(;-' L ..::/;~,L u~,j~ JPiL (Wi j ~J~ii fi -~iJ,;-1..-- ,;-' v.:,f ~J ~y u~;~ u~;

~ tiL 1V~L uJ..;~,lfi Ly;.::,'J' ~/.J; V'.;~)~.JJ')p' !.SiU,/.f 'f- ~ ~ .,L.' Ly; ~J ",:)y, r J'"" v' ~~J..:..rV' (1) -~.J '7. ;!.J ~..J.'~)v.! ;!.J ~ tiL r~JPi Jy,~ L..::,;;';L ui.'i .JJ' uJ~'.1L ~JPi ,J~ 1/3r~~JPi f 'f- ~u I)!cfuj~lJ.iU,/.~JPi 2..V' -Ul.l ('i .,:..~IJ.J.JJ' ~)J' P ~~.1 V~

14

r -"p' 1.5)U,/. -J"J; ..;~). c.)!v' )J'~)?c.)!ur~~ )J'.;: ..:)U,tSu:.hn'J ~ -?J tSif.J."r *'- ..;I; f,,, -:e;;'G ~

-?J tSif-'i-~J'(lS/'Llf L LJ' .::/; ,..(I" )j- Jr" -:~, -,f)J' ..::.:?~ '~ ~., rdo f!"r' ~ ~,Llf tSU~Po~ ~ .

(2)~C,,'/~ ,.~ -,f I.5JJ'. c.)!uf 1.(j~!/J'.; if"~,J~v! (lSi J~i;)J' v"/.L ~'j Ji L'J ~ L v' i ~ cfltj 1.5)~ d~j1.5J!V' -~IJ'e;;'G ~ V'L J~'L &, ;;f Ifc.)!uW -~ ~IS'l.5j'Y." c.)!~)I( ulJi L ~ -Vl)Jul c.)! If'un L ';J'~y U4'J' AJr )rJi'V ~JlIJ2...Ld')J' t!J ~ uJJ!;;' )J' '~)~-:,j.' rv' -f!cf.dp,..L d' -"A )J'A~·j c.)! d'-f!L .::,.f')j

(lSi J~iiL u';' ...t.4;- v.! $' L J....;1#-"~ j )J'?oC f,,,(3)-1/~ J'';- f

~ I.5j'.t' J'J c.)! ~~ 0:),L 1# d~ :Jic.)! )JJJ~J~r}.; cfltj ~?'4(~,rd,j 0:),L uil.J..-'")J' u~~ )J' I/):.i';

-:)i'l:£ -"j/.f? tS~~ ~'j '~J'..:)~)J~~ A..,~ r,j?'~c.)!UJ)'';L cJ' 'tf'..:-sw tSt)J)p '~ iJj I,:f L 1.5;/. tS~ .u,.}!v.!' LJ'J'ji ~ J¥I'L ~~) IUJ)p c.)! 1863'~.fd)c.)! ~;~ ~ Lu~rO cJ' '''' c.)! JJ.J L U?~(/-'~J'L'y LJ~ii 2...V' (4) -I.5J~J J.tj (j ~ f,:f L'cW' )J' (j, I:f"/.)J'Pv.!' vir ";)J ',/. t~u-v!' JiJi t)~~ Po c.)!,rue

-~)('i.;uJJ~ Uyj .

jJ' ~ c.)! )JJ v' f 'i-J! -:Ji ;;;i~ c.)! ~)~ L-;'1.5)U,/.

15

LvI ",/.' ~ Yov!;. L ";,,tJ.VI .JJ' '111";,,tJ. r ..:.11~ J .I~IJ.?":::;J VI j'~ 11(IiAtil ",)U,/.~ -'IJ7 I~;~.J.L~JPl15I:l-v/JJjrI~YoJ 1.:)1uf tJ.t".r':;"y -:IUJ.I?IJL dVJPl

VI fi -L11 ..:.v-'J-I;L 1.:)1.IJIJ"d .:...UJ:r/t L U.,)I.:...-?J.IJIL! 154f'Jc)!J 15U!.IJ/".IJIU.J'J'J1.:)1j v!' uk:'J15v.~-?J15i.....4: .IJIE.....u)('L! ~rIe}~ ~.Ij L ~~I .IJIL! ~.IJJ ~I

15~/ .IJI~ Y'/. 15LI.I cf". (1.1-?'.I-~ f J.t;:. r ..:.!iIP L11~I-t';~;;~ ~ ~I ~ L u£i 1.:)1-v!' .I1JI-t';15;:-- ~ ~I ~

J?Llf L •.J:?' J ..:.l'J.I.IJILlj J..4: .I~ L GY ~I L if. fJ~t_? 11". ~ r 'f- ~ ~ 15VI _gj L! IJ{IZA ~.Ij L J-J

tJ!1,fl11 ()v IVI j ~ ~Uv' r(- JUI .:...JA 15J1I~ L r.I ~L VI j 'f- bU u 'f-IPP';; Yov!~.I~L J}~I15(- JUI v!uiYJ1I.lJIv!' ..:.I.)v bU v! I:l- f~ JI<IUPtJ!1, (Ii1.:)1Po L,.j15uP 1.:)1,,:,,1 s» J'"~(~ -:rVI (5) ~ I.t v!~.IJif-~I ;-tr- LL~.f'j Jr v!~I 'v;.::);;jl (j 'v;..:.~ E..... ":,,I'~ ":'.IJ/ JI

-'f- ":'.IJ/ 15JI LVI f'f- c:C! II-:j,; v!~.I~L .IJJJ~r;2.... VI"'uJJ~~ L d? tf~.:...~ VI e)~ ~ .IJIL11~ ..:.I_/I

L v' .IJI~11u~-..t?~1¢I (lSi J~~r;f 'f- cC!11-: 4f' ,; -~.1~I,;}VJPi L (lSi VI f'f- c:C! II.1J/ -: -~ J..4: I..:.>tr- 15l:;~ j~JPl •

~-v!' 2.... L ..:.Ip.L l:;ytr- ",)U,/. j ~u./'vf.lJ/ u~..; v!v!' vf;.;~ L..:v; ",)U,/. Yov!11VJ.Iv!;. L u~~ 1.:)1Ju.IJ~~ ~ ;-tr- ';-, J....;AJ;;./(1) ~ J....; J:~JJ/~~ r I:l- .IJI

16

,;-'IU,}..J? cJ'&J '~.1,f.! ~v J~ Vir ~Jk 2...V' ''T- j1l.lr-1.1o.( .I;:'

UJ'j; f cJJ.L./.' ..:..1I'J" ~ L" ;£.1 ~v /1 .d~..;J;I cJ'

JI viI ~ J~;i V'r~''PILLf ~IP..:..L) LUJ'j; .IJ'~/ .IJ'~JJ J~JPi L if. !I) (1Si~' wfI ~ ~~cJJ.~ ~J'J u!.IJJ~.A!~JPi ~ ~J JV' ~~~£f~e--,,1. vi~' .IJ'ejI...::,;_,)wfI ~ ~ 2... v' ~ ~IP '.I~ ~ ":"~'J.IP.IJ'ur:j ~,.IJ' '",,;r f'T-U.I.¥' 2...V' ~~.f'j~'Yol(do f cJJ. ..:..1I'J" &J ~ ~d~'I)L.lr ,J..ICrill( r .IJ'~ ~ L~ I ~~v'-J/

-Lvf' f~IP~.IJ'-t.lj~ r"wfll( v' iJ:...f! -J1IPL~ J~~;.;u! cP'J~ ~~ .IJ'-:<) J ~ ';.I} Jtr .IJ'U}.;;, I dV'JPi L ~ V' fl) ~JI s:S(jJ ~ S4 V'L (fl901) 0. J.liJIP! 'J'J -'T- ~ ~ e--,,1.

,;-'J~~~J Sif. 'T- ~.1!L c,et,f~ ~JJ ~ cP'JPi

''T-,f ~ J; uj.,S,-}Ir ~Jk ~ V' -'T-~.1 Yl (J/ ~ e'.Ij

.I? ~, L ":"J-0' -.I' -cJJ. 'T-.1Yl ~ J -:<) cJ): cJJJj .IJ'L (llii j~~r.;fV ~ IJi ;;;;v' u! ub.lCJtr J~ J~" ~C1..:..'Ju,o,;-' .IJ' 'T- ~ ~.II,~ .IJ'J; ~ ScJI;:--J~~ ~ viJ'1;Jl SdV'~ L u";'.;.I} LJI} -'T- ~ ~ ~ j~'.d Lv'A.!',} ~~J; u~j ~ ";".Ii..:iJJwfI Yof~ ..J'r I( ~ SL'J LYl u! ~, u! PI .IJ'L uJ'?'CJI~~ viI~

-~Jf~L~J¢,iY~'~.Ir ~ u! ~J~ J' LJI J;;i Jtr -J1IPL~ J~~;.;

17

.::.:?fJ,I SLJ ,y;--, /1:)'--"Vl e'.Ij~...;/ _:,v!-'" L 1:)'f'-l/ ~(lSi JMr; f,,,,;'-t' IIr .::.;V,~,'- v' -'i-II"'~ f J:Lr L if.fl) .Ir ~ eJ -: -'i- ~.1J J.,G' ~ r1:)'

4'~/u£iS J""IP ~ ~.Ii ~JIf'L if."" ~J/'- ~ v' vfi "'~-:# v!UJ)J',y; .IJ'UY';JJ.S..:/'; ~, fl)....ltY r1:)'":,,,'-!/.~ eJ J"~J/...fi Yo"';iJV L .I'ti' 0:(,./1 '- >/ v' -~f I;J.

-(j.l J!~, /.I'J ~, L~; U:t..!t .IJ'(j.lJ&L)ti' oJl...;) ~ ~ f 'i-II -:~ ~ r ...fi"'~VIUr. L" I~ ..:..~t,C;1v!U~ .IJIU~~VlJ',,1o.l~VoJJIf'....JJjPO.l{,.fur" (j L I:P'J;:.z-Jf.l~1 ,_, S (JLJ .IJIYif~L.I{/.,.f~yvJt Vl.lfL(j~~~ .IJI~f! ~/'- v!1:)1'~./.' ..:..I.,l:.ai Yov!PIr~.f -~ ~S ..:..77'-.,lI.)0/ .IJ'i..L Lf ,J.~ ,-uJ:t..!t v!I:P'~ _I) r if'" (j ~ r"S if'" (j -:I e: L Lf f / ui.lJ~ .IJI'u"J/'uY1z J"I:P'~ '-l7. ,.fif" (j vl-! ,,».111 J~0J~ Sif.f! ":".IJ/C.lL ,.fI:P'~ P~ I))-v!v!JLvI .IJI'C.lL ,.fvI '~L L~J/~J1,J!s7 ,.fif" (J J~J;:.z"J~ vl.lJIJ:...fi ,.ff~1LJ.IJIUJ~J ,.fl" J~~ >.J/ i..~I v!J'~.I{ vI L ujt,Y' j 'J"1:)1v!vI (j_:,.IJI'/ ~ ~ J/i.. L 1:)1v!-::?'.I('.1 1LL;L.11'=i.. L L~I /J.IJIC.lLPvI eJ i..v,-J drfJ/i..LJIYIP'-l7. ~I fjy" ,., '- J.IJIC.lL ~~ ~ .lJIL",_i'rI:)I.lJIC.lL ,.f1:)1fl" -:;.. rvl-'-lJJ ~J/tfJ1P" v!.l.lJI ~L

18

-~ b: ~I J'. d:-"JPz IJ}L U';I ~ 1.1' '~iffi~~ d:-"JPzt:tfr ~ r~)~,J U~ L v'_''''~ tt~ oj)/'~ cf.L~I

~ ~ JPz .nl '~ ~;, 'J.):-~f .....;),JU~)~fJ,,- ~ r;,!/l,;

J'. '-;~ ~J! r;,f,.(tf- -?) 0:._I"~ ru£i ~k--,JcJ' '.::,.LfL ~))L U)~~,.(~ Lir L~ ~ ..::,.~..ir~I ""';iJVL r;,!/l,;:ti'J'.J="~ 1.1'-1./1 zrf;l.1./)}L r/J JjlL U~ ,.(Po""';iJV- .,

-tf- Jf.!d!'IJ~~ OJ};,JU~JPz'jy ,JcJ' ))1AX;I tJ:ti'~l.rtJJljf ~ ~lr~p.LL);f ~/~/(gL~J'. '-)~ L cJ'v! vf;,..!I)L UhJ&i Po ~ tJJljf))1 1.11L.fPo .;::....tJJljfLUhJ,.(tf- Jf f./.I~ ~~l,; ,-)Ini 1.11 ~ Iflr

~ ...f ":,,,1fL~ ,1947-v:"~ tJ){ 8J 'v! vf;,..!I).::,.~i,J ~ (j_:,'~(FI ~k--I~1.1' i _:,L U';I V:f ~; Po J'.v'-if}y. IUrI) LJ;",)}J1j ))1J:~(j_:,))")(,....vI~'-;~ ~J'. 0# ))1Jl,;'~ cJp'~"- '":,,,JIJ'. ~/ '-){)}J:~))I',fr'~k--V~ ,.(1"~4·r 1.1'-1/~ (r J! JIL

-~ifC" ,;:L ~ /.I/. "'

cJ' ))1 '1.11a~b)CJ~; ))1 )1_t;ll.5ilb/.r -:-->. v!.f='" ~ 1.1'.::,.iJ(p. uPo"- i Ii IJ.:'J _:,Lj ru):t/i L u? ,.(1.112:: .::,.I./C L uhJ-tf-Cf.! ...JJ.)Jt; ))1A."" Ix _:,Lj ))1.d8J ~I L"L.f ~ ~,.(tf- Cirif~~ -1.11 Jf ~l,;.f" J)) u~j ))1,;:!.t.J))J tJ:ti'IuhJtv!fu'i'Y.J:))1 (I;~'I J'J~,J cJiG"'Ii.....;1)1v! _:,Lj 1.1'L"~ I.::,.JJ., uPo"- i~ ~ J} ",)},fr I) ))1 Ii~I) cJf

LU? LJi. '-x ))I-/;:/. 8J tf r;,f-tf- C" (}.p ":,,,I}~L..-~ ~

19

Uy.""LJIt~JQ; I v"i=- I.lI:!J:..::,,-*"tJJI ~ £'(J~;~I-Vll...r)iiUit,-UP""

.41e: V' uk-.}S VI .lJI.r:S VI '~I S ..::"-*,, tJJI~ .lJII Vlr '- U.r.::'~~I L UP"" tJ.l~~ L tJJI;rJ.£v!JItS ..::"-*,, tJJI '- L/ ~I JLz J~L~ tJ.l~4 4 ,,:,,1 -~b:o~L

.lJIc)f_;P): I:)~ '-.l~ 4 4 -Jv!~J:JJitt'J U~;.lJI"'r~S UJ)J '-.d .lJIU~I JI '- L/ ~I L v!~~ LJIt ..:_,/J: ,-/lr 4 4 -(L~ % LJIt u~1)":'~ '(Lf ('(' ~ 'tJA.d,£I

(1/ S.::./"tJJt '- L/ ~I '( L~ ~ Jlj ~ ~ IJY.".J ~Vi JI/-JV!~J:Jr J;:_lvv£1fJIJ4tJJI(I/ .lJI'(YJJ

L JY.". J ~Vi JI/ .lJIJ;S-'"Lui~ '-.lin ~ L tJJI;r}i.lJJ J~~ri -: ~ fLJIt ~(p.zLr f _.U,. v' LJ; .lJILJIt V('(e:JItJ{J.lJ: ~LfJIt~ -.f1'(b.lL tJ.l~.d tJ)U,/.r:"ri '~1/~ J:.rr t..i' J: UYzjf cf..lJJ.l(,~131} -.f1OJ J: ";'.lyI vI .lJILJIt ~

-i=-~f u~1).lJIdJ.l ,-I LU-"Iy):Sui~ '-.l~'-.lin ~ ~.....;/ L (lSi J~~ri s i=-I)j -: i';' ~ '(v'fJ".') I J~ .;j)ib L 1:)1 .lJI'U~Iy): 'fl.? L 1:)1 -VlLr J;:_Iv

J.?" J: f1857 L/ ~ L U';I f i=-L~~Jf J".') J!-:-i=- L~~un~k-'~v(~J'v!i~.JI;~ '!~",j~ fun (,p""'UJIb7 ~I u-,,'Vw;J:,;i L (Y",~ ''''-J ~jl II:)I J: uk-'~ J~L'(f";:;/.l ~I .lJI~I.!.(fi~ ~I '- Uij L ,-b '~ .lJJ '- U,! ';-,';-,J} (I.;J!r:"rf i=-JlrJi i.. vI ..,.._,-:-V)} JJjt..i'l '­~ f Vl i=-.lf '::':'Iv.'-l/ ~I v?j ..,.._,-:u_;~L uiY "

20

v!(!)y :t)i .JJ'V. (!)Ifi-,.Ivf~Iv. U;~LUJ:t)iL U';I

If~ (?"'L (!)}; JJI'uA",i.!I'...JL.-jluY '-Jia f~i 'f-Jj-Uj'UJ~

'-Jia (:.,ifi s:'f-C" I~ JI"..~L" .;£J V. cfij f ;:-- ~ 0--'(!)Y :t)i v.~ L U}Y '-Jia s:'f-i? "v,.::.qrf J'-;~uj U£-P.JUJlji ..JiJV L (!)Iji Ai! To eJ~ .:;,"p J(!)IJJI

,..i'v! '::'-J~ Ji uJIa ~ ~ s:'f- ~)..:,.~~L.::.-tJIv J£c.:!JJIJI}I (Ii eJ V. '::'-J~ vI -'f- Ji ~v '-Jia " J) Ld .J.L U';I J£'f-C~JJ:AJ~(!)I'Uj'.v.:tJuJlji ..p.u)n Yo ~

.:;,"pOJf~ t".~f u'9.hlJ ..:-r/JJI(!)I?J:'LJ;;r;~JJJi:!1~'J" (Jf J!'i JbJC ~I ~, ,J;J 0--' v:'A i 'f-6~fi -v/.:;,"PJvI f~ ~:t)i Yos:LUJ1 JJf. " Ll;;1f,,J;J vI rA JJI

L uJ'ji' ~ J'J L (I' JJI'-;~ J...0: LIJ LJ v.J~ ..JiJV Lu~v(Ii JIJL~UJ2_ L uJ'ji v! '::'-J~ vI -~ ,..i' Jlv. (f uJlji (i (';,i2_ vI -I))L(I' Yof Ifu~vOJ -Uj' J~ J1~IJ

bJC ~ ~ 'b (1)1J~I ,..i'f'tJ ...JI.)Ju~~L uJlji ~ 't~

c~ " JJllf tJ't,Jc ,f I)JI;i ~ Ir,JC vI .J. -'f-C~Yt ...JiJV L-.::'-,

~JJI cP"JP;OJUj''f-J/01.::.-IJC Yov! '-J~L':;'"p U}Ib./.

J~J~i}L ujJ'"L !:P"JP;P.L I)JI;i -Uj'L~}~ ~ v!(!)ILbJCLU';I v.,/' vI -'f-~J!'i ~ ;I.tlL fbJC JJJJ(:.,yv it-- ~ f!.4-J)jl.tl' v!JJJu:t)i Yof 'f-~J~If u~)1(!)I~I '~ ,..i'V.~c)j~do JJI,.I (jJ/01vii~!? Yo ..JiJV L

21

~ L)IP.I1U;'/LYl. ~ cJIL b)C -<r-tr ~Ir- b)C ,f uf.jJ? ,fb)C )JIT CYlI~ )r 6I.)!~)~ L.::/!J:!I'1r-1.)!un~ vI iT c~r"I~ Ji L~~ ...P Ib)C ~ -T J~YlO!2...L)r "k-- -: 'T c~IJ.:'J ~ ~fi I;lJLuYl?)JIuVtl)~ ~ ,f is~)JJ J:!I'1r-v~~Jk~ -e»"I -<r- CYllS)~

-T~)'YlIf.!rV1V JI.,b)C ,f)JJ J~i;I.)!~ I.)!~ LvILun )JI JiIf.!~Ir- ~)Ia,,)} Yb)C ,f)JJ vI ~ ~J,f if.":::;'J vI Yo b)C 8JA~T0') ~1c!'jL cJl 0'b)C ,f Nt lSJt ~Ir-

-4.11T) ~ I.)!ViJ ';-, ~,... Jt~ 2... 41'-4.11 ~ 1tiL I.)!(/J) ,f ~ ';-, Jy s:T c~if0' ~!I'1r-)JI Atll J.i8JTr 'tiL ')Ia\.{~ If.!701J.. ';-,r._f

_(arJi lSiLJ) )JI ';I,-,,~v:' 8J 'Yl_:,u£

1_ Aloysius. G. Nationalism Without a Nation

in India. Delhi, 1997.P. 34

34 -1./ :"~I 2

44 -!,/ :"~I 3

47 -1./ :"~I 4

5_ Panikar, K.N. Culture, Ideology, Hegemony.

Delhi, 1998,P. 83 (Footnote: 23)

22

v? ~y.J IS t;)lu jf f 'f- Jt" I(~f Jfy -: v! b)C S~ /."J u1j v! Vf V'~~J ,.:.!"' I:PJPi L tJJ:t/t ~ --?JS do fJfJLJ1 v! ~f 1 '~ I( ..:-tllPJ:~)Jf& '1Sk-- ,;-f L I:PJPi

-: 1'JJ1J'1P.:Jj", tJJ2~JPi1tJJJ! ~ --?JSdosv? tJ~_;()pf l;yfu)Jff!~ ~ efy'1tJJJ! f~ 1-.1(..:-G"~f)Jf ":-~JIPtf~ I(z S t;)'V'JPiL tJJJ! V's:'f-tf- -:Jfy --0 ~f!~ L~Jfy -: )Jf~v:J1L 4-~ )Jf t;)~s'._il..:-IPP -: 1 '~ 1~--:~ ~

I(tJP'f)- If.!f 1'~J;.::;~ Jvf", dV''JPiL tJ_')fV's'f- (if tf-~f!;tJl;-ov'I

)JfOJ! v! ..:-~fy.L t;)f..f£: v.! JIP L ~f ..:-tlfy rV -:2... Vf )pf OJ!fL~~t;)I, 1-:1' Vf fi -'f-D~{ ~j J~JPi

VI ji ~ 1J~ '{ JfJj 1,-/lrL ~J~ L JfJj f _(fJ1 (G"~f --0 L tJ_')ff 'f-C~J11-.JY --0 tf I()fpf OJ!v! ..:-)yIf JL~S~J ~ Lf "'Vf -~ ),JJ t;)'V'JPi~ J.fV'",1~--?J,»fJ-:S )pf tJJ! z_ Vf'~ If.! JfJj I(,-/lrJ~Pi JfJj ~

-I If.!L t;)f-~ 1-.1( tJJ_;( JfJ ~f S~f tf v! t;)~JPi I(tJJJ!)Jf tJ;~ ,fu2... L~ Vf -I ..:-j.j ~ t;)~JPiv!v~ Jf..&:f

23?-, tf J"IP ~y j.JI{ ..,~j ~ ..,y ~ U~V,/ JG"u..L ~JPi

v! do ~ ~, / Ui.? .JJ'uk rV L u.".:, 2...L ~y ~,-~-v!' J~~':;"?.JfL~A~j

L uiu.. .JJ'u_,:..~).tl' J ..::;u, .JJ',~ .Jy( ~'.tf; U'~ .r ~/ J{'~j;'~' L u~ $ o'J L.t1~~.JJL~' j ~iv~L uiyj.JI{ 2... ,;-' L fJA J ~l? SIf"~ v! ~, Uf t{.r~t,,_. ~'v.: '-?: '1(]1, ':;".JI{J[ v!.JJJ J'k.' v' -,-.I J"IP ,-..(G

(I)-1v.: JG"LLf .:.)'u .:;.,~'j'Lv' .JJ'c,j uJ,{j.JI{ tt' j ~ :u~~ "'~S~y.J JJ c,j / J[ v! I:}VJPij J; ..::.JJ.- u;1/ ~ v! UV !LJ.JIJ,J,{ -2... L ..:.JIPSud /.J~,f L J. ,,; ~ -1UJf (.;J/ .JL..:,}L uJy. ( J.) .JJ..:::;u,.JL..:,}v' y.U~·':;".J.i'Sc,j v.:, ~ ':;Jv' _(fI664)e}/ ;? ':;".JY1~.J J1~Sud9 .JJ'UJJ!':;J u/JJ-~ £ j;}f v.:, ~uk .JJ',fi If v! c}VJPiU'j'~ .JJ'J~j~~..v, .JJ'"';'.Ji Y.y.!LJ~' sU.JJ'JIPo;: i;;iSuy.j '-t'v! ..:.,.G".JS'-/ JJ~ L uiJJ

J~ J.j~~rJ LifLv.:"U:~v!"';'.JiV!Uv!L~7J[~,~, .JJ'.:;.,;; uilb/. v! b--JL UV !LJ.JIJ,-~ .JJ'to:<;fI751",~S.:;.,i J.)v,-t{..:.)'u~'j' J.}_;~ L ud~ Lv' (:)Su~ v! c}VJPi"fV~L h,/ L J{'v! V'.JAv!~ .t1J'!G""' ~ '-.J{ j V.!' fir -,-f .J.t;:. ~ r f if- v.: JG"

(2) ct-V.!~ .:;.,i ",k-- ~ '-)J' j.JI{ ~ / J{'L ~ S"'~v! f1757L J[ -r'-t!~uiJJ ",k-- .Ji j.JI{ .:;."p. L v' ~ ~ L v' -~

24

-4-Jf{;.v Lf '-~'--U)I/ LcP"~)IP 15~ 15uj~ L cJ' .IJ' '4-J J!i!-j "'sr' ~, "' ':;".JJ/LU';' i ~ ~ ...t ':;".J~15O~ .:;.,~'j'L ~j fi '15k'" J!~j.:;.,~'j'~, eJ '-- ~.Y...) LV' )C 2... L L~J;JI Lv'cJ' -Lz J!~,j' L v' i O'z ~j 15J{ ~ -...I f '-.J{

J~ ...t f1773-1/..:::"'uj~ ~ LU';'2...L Lf,.J{ / .:;.,~'j'

15Jl1JJ'...t J~J 15f1770-ifJ ,--'(j rLfr3 ~.Y...) ~ J'b...t'-J / J{ J!L~J;L V' -,J (j.Jf .:;_j'u .::j r~ /.JJ .::/;eJfll '--ur~.1 L If(2...LLf ~ ~ /-"~,~, -£ 4-JtI-;v' -S,-f {;GJ rcJ' J{ -r' ..f£'~ (rILJfF ~j~,

J{ (./ v' .JJ'(3)-t!YI"' (fJ (.JLv' cJl/ L ur~.J '-- '::J 15-0'"tf..:;.,j ok-- ~

J ~If f (i~ -"~,l;;'J ';;'J V' ..:lIb l$Yt,.. J!J/f'k.' / J{ 0:' ~, -'.JYI,:,L'J Lf cJ'; ;-vL v' ...t ....a: "po15J{ v?- f tJ, cJ'; '-- u~ ;Z .IJ' 'uJ.Jr .::.v"J'uJ.?C cJ' i ...tv' 2...L ':;"~.JJ/15J{ y.£J!.Ir .::.v"JeJ...t cJ'-'YI o;;'G '-- .:;.,)i

-£Lf (r 2...L J{ y.£d-' .IJ' JtJJ PoL V' -£4. J rcJ' LYI .J? '--.:...:? 15d-'L J{ JJ y.PoL J'iJ ...t ~ ~LuflcJ'-LYI.I? '-z~r Jf.lJ"Jf A(~,::')v"Jo.Jf);...t-J! _;j "'Jy' .JJ'£ ~J J!....;)I},ij / uJ:t_)i ~ '15?i~JJ':'<~ J!L'J ~J )"t,.. r uJJt "";iJPL ..JJ;)'~y ...t -6.15OJ? (4)t!YI;-vL J{O..t~j'-- -r') .:;.,'p.J)i L do f£~ .JJ'k

-4:.. ~ 0' .IJ'kJ..I? '--...t cJ'-4:..

25

f ~I j l,r tr v!cP'JPz J"J !J?' .JJ' ~ .A~Ir,Jf ~,r A,GJL VI .JJ' JfJh#' ~jtJ, S,JfL Vr. i!JJj L <liil

v!V;tY ~}i-£JI'Jj4v./ JJIJ?til".v!c.dl -i!.::J L ~1l-.f<:c.d!T 11rtf~jtJ, S,Jf 1./f J~~" ~ vI

.r JJI£c,e.-{v';~LtJJ(jJAy.fL~ L ~'y..)JJI~

JJI 'r L vI "=,,,1e: L eJI'£ (J,/ ~ V,?jtJ,.»!L JIJj L.::/;

fJh#' ~I'f '-J)~ 1~"J} ~J,I ~jtJ, S,Jf fl) c.d OJr JIS,Jf~vL ~y~ f~ uP-:J!L :t?'.JI ~ e: vI -Lir ~

(5) -~11Ptf.::/jtJ,, .-J!;c.d ~ ~J.6. IJ~ I,)!..u.-L V-tt~ e:L l;) '-i'I,JfJJI JI.~Sv;l'£ TJ ~ /~ Jj LV)( eJIJJJL vI'- ,;I;J£v!,Jf c.d' ~ e: VI 'I) ~fJ(jJA li~tJZSv/i L JL~}

~jtJ, v! ,Jf _y)I 0..(6~ vI "IJjL V";I j !...e,,,.L ~jtJ,

L ..:kP S ,Jfus» c.d ojl;;1rvI IVJj~ JJIVJ;!jLIJ Lf

J'ko' f! -:j -?J ~ Sv'-V] TJftr IJI~' J) ~ v!;"(~~,.;J. f" t ,J.,.f'£ (6+!' j;fJ '-.Nt &,L J[ I,)! JJJ

..:&..:1 'Lf )f'J ~ eJ'c.d' i..v"~ ~JPz u I)C~~ rVJ;!jfl) -:v!Jril L eJ'.J:.~'-/ JJ _I) c.d JC I,)!~~, JJ''LfLil ~j~, fr ';-,uf'V] TJ Li JJi..vJ /. J! ~.:;....v'v!l:I,jlS eJ' .»!L ..:kP v!Po '.I.~JJI 'tJJi..J 'tJi:) J,I4£';-,-:'I tJ/ JJ Oi~JyI ~vL VJJI-£ Lir ~ JI'J! J~JPz~/ L bi' J (' )JI ~ J) -:,:..}I '£L;c.d f L l:IjJI fr

J~t1" V~JPz 'L V~I if' Llr l:IjtJJ{S eJ' '£LilJJ/

26

~ L t:)'~.r/ v'Jj ;>y ~ 1"Ylrr ,;J~~V:>' ):.-.:2... v' ',J.IJ'8~{~):.-':v!JJ..LLtlv!.I'ti' / J[-LJ.~ Yl.l'ti' ~v! Jy.J J~.1 jJ( y.p.L L)L ~ J'" 1"Yl4f ~..4r 'Yl~V J'"~ e.J~JJLfr v:>" v!.1 ...;~ v!ufo.v!~r y. .IJ'v:r.::.-1{ ~ ufo .IJ'Yl~, J 1:1"' v! cP'JP; .J(' L~ V'('i / /V..' I!

. ¥

-YlV'r ):.-':4f L4-..4rV'v!.I'ti' .IJ'~~ LJ[-J:_eJP.L.::,I,,;; 1"tJ~J rcP'JP;J' v!JJ.. L U}y J j

, •• .. ." ~i.J~ ,.... ",".' A ,.IJ ut/:/ -~ '-'r Yl IT JP;.IJ ~ ~J .Ii,.p~ ;;'-.1 ';- ~ fi~

k L .IYltJ.IJ'J'J.I'~.I;J/ rdG J:J ~/ ,-J~ v! "'"L u[..Ii~~, JvJ 8J~ 1"Lr ":)J V'v! cP'JP; j .r -JL >'15 v' (j~.LYl Lf t:)$J~ J[ ):.-.:2... v' -~ ~ f r ~.1 rO ,;-'j '-/JJ JI rI-'f- ~YlrVI- V:>'P.L .::,1,,;; 1"UYl4f .::.-tl~.J.'~ v:> dG .I~J} .IJ'y. (" oJ~,..(£-'f-.I..J:1 ~ dGJL -!}fJ'j...;r j.IJ! .IJ'Jy;r ...Jr j.li.v!~, y. 1"'~ (jtJ. L J[tt' .IJ'v!J~~ .::.-~'-1'~~, v:>' cJ!jtJ.q 2... v' -~ .:5LL cfL }.Jr t:)'~ -?JV' _tJ CYl~~~'JLf O.l{ .::.-...15~jtJ.

_tJ _;,j;I ~ dGt:)'P.J:.IJ'..!.r./Ii' 4- (jtJ. L J[ v! .IJJJf...C~'1"Yl-?J if.. ):.-.:rI-~~, ~~~'JLf if1'::)JJ 8J~j~ eJ~jv! '::'-.I~fi 8J-~

dVJP/":,,,'1"1/YlcfJ r~ v' ~, .IJ'1/Ylf'"AX;'tfk-- rJ[ ~L .::,I,,~'..J:I.lJ' Jr J....;v! ~J.ILv' j ''f-jI ~; (jv:>' {eJ 1"~ ';' ~, ~ r v' L f r / uJC'P.J:~ J[ L V' --t.lj4- .IJ''IY 'i.:L!' cJ!jtJ.L V' ":,,,'-1/Yl..JI.) J'i 2... L U"",~JP;

27

.;U".jLJ,L J[ -t.lj L .::kiJ.#I cJI ,Jt)!.IJ.I.1'J-i:- -VL L )J'{)JfuI;!.;U.ttl:l·o..t-.I/"'L "'/ vt! '::'-.11{J OJ f,f tjJf;:t. tj..v.~=

(6) -L",/ tj..v.~,JcJii .IJI'L v:.fJ:J.; ",.::.-?.1 'L",/..:..-:!IL 'Li .7.C~./I./L.k ~ f t::...C" (~'),. '" ~I? ~.IC- _ y ., _ ,U'-'

tl t:P'.v;.z s» v:! --:~ JI= ~cJI '}Ji",,j},J '::'-.11{J[ ~I~ gl OJ J'. if.ft) JL! ~ .::.-~ = -L~ 1/rr; A~I~I.;VI Lfe:~ L.::kp .IJIufo. .I1J'-.Nt if' L J[ J'. ~I ,,?fi'tl.~ L J[.I'i:- T.I '-J .IJj.; Lf J'IP ;:Ij J.l1{ J'.1:P'.v;.z .IJIyi '}L" itl"J J'...:..--k-- e: L ;:Ij J.l1{ ~ .I1J'-.Nt .IJIcJ!jLJ,~;..jJ'. ~ fi OJ '" -?J ,J~ .LJ} .::JL.::.-~L U';I JiiL J[ J'. ~I .IJIt:P'.v;.z ~ '" ,1784 I.JJ.s: ~f v.! .lUi/If ,J,yILJ~ _;i j.lJ! '" .»lL VI-!v.! !ri r J'.U~

-LVJ'.;cJILf J'IP .::.-I.I~IL U~ OJ

,.:.!L ..:J!J"If"~.; t:P'.v;.z L UJ~ s.T v:! 6J(v=.IJI'J(LJYl..:J!J" =-tJ~tj~ i...L ~.; L~fi v:!1 -1(f'} J.f'l ~J.A! _;iJVLC':tyv tj)U,./.~ i... vI 'J(L unLL.~"'.I" ~ -Li f cJ'. 1/.1 J'.~C ,Jt:P'.v;.z Jyl = LIJ Lf ..:J!J"vI ,J..:J!J"-J..:J!J",J.I1Ziltj)UuL ur.J'. tjJlji ~,J ,1857

.J} I)Zil tj~ L t:P'.v;.z JI fk"1/ ..:,.t bU I ,.;~ vI", b.lC-1(f (*? '" J} ",I.IJIif~i

J tjv v:.J.llil'" tjv v:.Y)".."~ ~I L (Vanina) ~IJ

Jluf f t::... '" L" i..lj (/J.I./ vI J'. tt.::.-y;i .IJIv~~Jk';. .. y ..

'~i.IJ:?J'. cJI -v!' ":"')J,JU? Yo f v!' ~~.1 OJ ') ~ .»l L

28

J,.P IfUJ~ L~ L'".. L ur~.1 1.:)' -~ JJ J:i~ .IJ' 'JIIJJ'Js'-~y ~,L uP.l.:)yLf tP1(YJ!J:If1.:)' _;.IJIf..:J!7 (f

UJ~ L ur.s;v!V:-~IfU,¥ .IJ'U?-y' J'. ( 0/JJ -J.f1):.0' L I.:)'A.IJ'L'j.l~ .»lLuP. {:.1I.:)} .IJ' ~ ~.::J c...

~ ~ .IJ'J .I~ ~ f'i- j; ~~ 1f.lY- J'. ( tJ/!4tP"'r""" {:./Ic... -?J ()f -v ~...». -t..Af ~ 1.lY- .IJ'vi.::.-fpjj.#, -t..Af L~~rc...uJ~ fJ f.; J:iv' cMJ.- ~ -i:.. OJ) ..J}c...v' OJ~) c...

,:,-/ ,J.s: IIJ) ..J}~ ..J/ _;c... ~ Ifv' -.f.f ~ ~ LIfv'f -OJd c...' L ";,,tJ.Lu;J 1.:)' 2... v' 'tf~;.I~ (lSi .IJ'c...~; cJVJPiJ,'i- LYI":"1f'= ~ if.'i- ~ (i' ~ rt:i.JL..:J!7

(7) -,YI,f-tJ'.?" ~ L J'J) f I~JJ:.{L v' .IJ' .1':.0'O)U,/. J'. dV'JPivlr r cJVJ~ PoL J'J) f f'i- V.')L = c...v' -'i-L~ II.'JJA.J' JilV' Ifv' ," (j.l J'f ~ ~ Ifv' '';~.1~ f YI ,-.I ,-.II,j.l.tfr ~ Ifv' 'i:.. 'i-.I":") '-.I'J' rJ~.IJ'o:~Lv' 'v! (j.l.:::...'L -.::/f o~ ~J v' '';ilV r.1':.0'J ~ ~ J'. .,:..iJI., 1.:)' -"'UP '~r1 J.,;I; L U_,), -~ l.,:..iJIp L ~JPi .IJ' ~"'

, ~ .IJ'~ Jr.1 I;}.'J d"' J'. ...». '~);;I' 1 ur'.1 c...u~ .IJ' lJ~fij

4'~1~,~ J (fk--Lif.fJ,J Jf.1f~1.1 b~ 0:.'If1.:)' -'i- If~ of'", ~ v' L J'J) L u}.Iy' L ~JPil:#.J£''i- k'r c... ~ J'. '-.I~ L J'J) L uJ~ J.IJJI' L :;?J:{f% ~, If):.0' o{:/I.I; (f' ''( ~ ~ I.:)~I &DLv' .IJ J'J)IIJJ'. if.f 'i- Jf,~~L ~,f ~JPi LU_,),2...v' -JL~

29

-VI L.f'~~' lk..f ~.I1 J' L J'Jj .IJ'VIis.f cf.~J.I~f~,Ii,L.f ::,.J,.'J,,-J'JjL~ J'" ~.IJI J'Jj

,y"J!,,~ ..;(;2...L~.::J p.L~JS('1707)~j J,JJ'SL.fF lu~ '!f.lJ]fluJ)J' J'~.1L U;'jl,; .IJ'oc« OJJ'S

, .1,,1;~ O.lJ]fS~~.1 'J;.:;,~v!OJ'.:;,j~JJ'JI,;.1 ,~, "- J).IL .;.,j uk .IJ'J!;J}~.1 ~ OJ f 4-J e'", -:1 0'):' e~ .s' .IJ'e~'~J{ ~j'Yl)j ~J ~ uJ-v ~OJ j (j.l"; ~ S~~ ~ 'v/L ~ .IJ'~; S~, 'J..l ..;.IJ'VI.IvAS ,y' f ..;v! .:;,tJIp~,~; .IJ'..::f;.JcP~ S~,-~Jf ~) .IJ'j(jJ_MJ!1~.? L~'-'f-~.1Yl!{ J'Jj vir f!/.' JC-:v! cfijL un j 'Yl..;j''''~ ~OJ '1i~.1Yl21,;L un...(C.;"-.I~.IJ.IJ'',y' J'" 'e~J~J'"£r. ~

~ ~L.I~.IJJJI J'Jj J'"~'.IJ_(i~.If ~ J~ 1!:pJP;&-.I{-'f-C~1-t.fJtIb,,, ,-/Ir J~J~ &-.I{~v' .IJ''f-C~~J v!

.IJ'.I{;- ~~ '~J~; .IJ:!'J~'~ f 'f- JI..:,.~-:~ (j

.I~.IJL~' -~ O.l~21,;L J.J J Jr. &-.I{J;:j v!ur~.1St{v! ':;"~J~J t{S.I~ J;--/ ~j.l/ J~-~.;J/ ~u~J/ d~.IJ'J:~fv.' ~ JC-:v.!"-~"VIJr."',:;,~ O.l{S J;:; JL.,.-.., J0)I':;"~J~J ~, v! .IJJo)lb/. "- -?JV' -~ J"I): ~.I~, v! uj~ ~I

':;"~J~J~'-v.lu~'"-~'OJ fli~1-t&-J.I'i t_,Y/2...L uj.ly'Jr.J~L J'Jj .:;-.''&-.IIJIL vI .IJI(UVI J'" f 'f-CYl":"~-:-=-

(8) -~ 'f-.I.fr-=-~0'v!uj~ &-/ JJL !:PJ~"'.IC(V ~IOJ f tJ.IJI?1-: v! .::/; .IJJ':;-".::./$oJ!v! ,1917 f J uk -YlCYlJ~ ~ ~JIJ; -=-d!£.1L~ 1(jlP?

30

J'~ b.lC,:--/ I«: A. Kincaid) JcJ _~I -(j' L;.1/L 0:-(9) -~ vSL!.J ~I J:~.I~ L J.1';-J:VI ...f,[ I)Jv.! ..::.j~I

l.)J)J'U--~.1f JIJj r .I~.IJf fT 0'.1'/' lf 1vI ~ (jLU_";I J!i J: Jy.J~~.1 .IL)J} y. ...f,[(1) v.! JIJj ( ..::.~IJ.I.IJI~ ~ :V'~(FI ~k--LJ'Z a.l )j/.1(UfJf J:uj~':;-"':;-"

-~ J~ J'~ (!IVIelY.L I:); I)J.lJif .IJII:);J.;:./J:0' _:,.IJIVr i_:,I..::.'J! d~J'~;~ ~Jk L..::.VIP (j'k--

-~.1U.lW;I ( u~jJ.I rJ~~I V~ J~Jk J:.Nt~.I{ VI -V.I~J~Jk J:uiv I./.,.il .IJII./.J.lI)I"~ ~I L (H.Goetz») / !;(fi

19 .IJIIs/l:P"Jk (is:TV~ &" V' ~:frVI J: t\:)~ ( ~_;;;

(;)1J:'/ VI .IJI~ ~ J:~ ~ L ..:/;.JcP J'~ ~ uivT.I ~J J; 1.::)1;t J: uivJJ(;)1y. f L./ v.! .Ii...J) J' uJ~

-i:.:f~~eJ,

uiv I./.,.il .IJII./.J.lI)I..:/;. JcP J'&" vI Jl'jj(Jy. .I{ ;... (iV-!Jy.".lf J: I:P"Jk LLJ'Z ii ... ti .IJIJl,i .;:.'" ':;:.P'.IJ'ZJJ'.Ii ~JJI '~J/- v-" • / y_

Vf~ cf ./jl--,IJi1..::.JJIeP" .I~I"::'.IJ,II/} LIJv:' y.f~cf./.I~I ~ J»v~I" .IJIJ;t VI (iJ~'JJ)(iVfT Ci_, J:U;;/ i~j) L.Nt VI"V' (iV~~~ lJIf I.lJJ U?' L ",:"JIjy .IJI

/ r;;J/ ;:_I J: .IJJ(j'I ~". J ,_J.I IJ1 cf./ ..JJ\" Y -

S--,j J.~y.f~cf ~,_:,. ~.:::;? VI r.VfJf

31

I,)!..J VI ~~IJ.JS(!/I L ~.JI .JJI",:-,IJ;",:-,JII,)!.JJI. r'J.J~I f'iJ . ~ ./...; .. ,..1.si lf~. ~·7 f.:,llJ./

'-'- y V" " .- v r -.. V.. '"'y "

L JIJ) .J:.";' i .;.I" JIr J uk-- uv ,-,-,..il JI~I

J!)JJI L 'bJ/ J uAS.,:;,~j~J~,fl 'V1.JIJJI

(10) -\.i.tJJA I,)!.J~.JJI.)~)/ d~Yofly; -: ;.. ~ ( JIJ) L .J~.JJJ'"f JJ$l,)!l.)r~.J.JJlujL"~/JJL~J~JY;JI); ",:-,I'v!'

U}.Jy 'uJ.Jrv 'uJ.J~ r' 'uJ/";' -S(f {/ Sf.:,llL ..:.v'~.Jf.:,l~IJul,?,

~.f.'-J!~I; .JJI;,..1.1 'e:... J!fyl LIJ LJ (f {/ SuJ.J(..:.v'J.JJI

L2...Luy(J! .JJIV~; ~.::).,j LIUflf.:,llLJrLL)JI·

Yoe:.../- )JI IJy/,,;. )?L JJ) I,)!U}IJ LJ ~.f.'f.:,ll-40-J ~"';y~ e.f( f.:,ll.t!;L ~ d )JI Ji. .Jrv J'" )? 'Lr ~ ~ J'J

L ~ I,)! I.)r~.J ~Jf-'.Ju.Jrv .r ~ ~J SJrL J.}l vI -L;

(11) -I,)!u.tJ!.JJI,,1J'4u/.'A11r- L -r~

I,)!~J~ ~){ .JJI't3If.! ./~~ ~I (~vlr J!.;)}~.JJI'~I)i) '" '~j{ I,)!U;'-~.J-1.1 U.J~~)? J .JJ).J~J.J(ruJ'?'C

-e:... ~~ I,)!L~fiYo ';-, p}'l J.Jr..:.v'J 2...1.1'" JtSI.)fJ.

L I.)r~.J )JI I.)j~.j"I s:7- ~ ~~ ~ vI e)I.tl ( J;S)~J)(

-e:... T.J if2' {)JI )I)~ ~ Uyt ';-, fyl

f~~U''''I,)! ufll,)! ..J vI .f" (il~~-:eJ~)J!~ vI

J.,? ~ ....;t J!-" ~ tJ, I,)!u;i1f.!1 L ~Ip. ~ -£ T.J Y;

~I./I L uJ).;:§ )JI uJ.f'Jir-'u;~ 'U~ I,)!if." ~~/.I I,)!,_r (~J~ .; )" d~-£L~2...L~)~)L )~I t.f~ ~ .;UJ)!7 'e:...

32

I.ff -L 'f-) y;....c;i r vV )Jf ~fJi ~Jf '~Ly) \)J)f'; cJlJ..-'" )JftJ!1. Yo fr)~)/Jl'~f ~ ~!ti r )Jf ";,,JJ. d'~f 'f- C~If2...

-r);iJL~~~. .

1.Marshau, P. 1.Trade and Conquest. Aldershot 1993,P. 30

36 -i./ :"~f 2

41-i./:"~f 3

103-i./ :"~f 4

5. Rizvi, A. A.: Shah Abd al_Aziz. Canbera 1982,P. 236

6. Metcalf, T. : The Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge 1995,P. 23

7. Vanina, E.: Ideas and Scociety in India:

From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries. Oup, 1996, P.148

8.Gordon, S. :Marathas, Maraudens, and State

Formation in Eighteen Century India. Oup, 1994,P. X

9. Goetz, p. 6, 7,Quoted by Panikar : Culture,

Ideology, Hegemony. Delhi 1998.P. 38

39_i./:.1J~ 10

40_39 _i./:.I J~ 11

33

UJ~ ~ '-.J~LdV-Jk

L'.JJU.iV-Jk~'-.J~L..UJ~.JJ'

L L)J~ PoLLJ1(iL)_t;I .JJI.::kP '~~ ~I J'.cPJPzJ'dls;vf .I~'t -: OJ JC' e:C;.v L.I JJJ,- jlr. JilPIL ..:/f ~I

~ JjV I.JI_t;I VI L U";I (j_:,.JJI'f-v:- J'0 ..:.::? J'..:/f-'f-k"J"~~.Jj L~

..I: .JJI.J~ '.J~I ok-- J'. dr;,.JPif1-:i J'J -f1J'~~r~I'uf-vJ'.L~ 10"..1:-ti~J.lJ~/. dl-- J t,;J!r run LukL 0".lv..JL~}..J) /i L ur. ti ;-~rUi.JIJ;; .JJIuhJ.J'ui~ 'u,.Y.JJIu:;/lj J'.url.J -u:;( _:,.JJIi;_);;I'J_:,'- uP L d' -1,J:

-1,J:.Id~I J~jJ'uX LUJ'?'C.JJIUJjl,.-oL uP.; U!J.JJ:~Lun L~ '::"'.J~J'~ (~.JJI 'J':/. '.J~I vIiLi .::,.,1$Ji J:~~ 'I~ Jj .; .::,.,liWLLh;L d' '- vI 'tJlj _il

~Y'.JJ _ilrU:;J'JV.JJIu;lt! 'UJ,6 'UJ.JP-J ~ J'. .::,.,lniL un~ J'::"',i -V'!:1'tJJ'...Y J'un (~/,ylLO'Y J'~ -1/4t/,

4~~'-&I' U/./tl .JJIUJj J'un L.;J~~J'. .::,.,tJ~d' f1J'J J' ..:/f u~ 2.. vIL .::,.,~Ij J'd' Iun.JJI 'k",.Jj; r J. _:,j;L U";I i LJ1 J'!i

34

-if~ r,;;.0' I;)f J 1;('J./,bI'-...fl L I;)~JPi t,J! J'L f~ cf r? ':! Yo f~ :J!~' -...fl ~ uJ;)i~ "' t:f!_/ J.}L ~ Vi; Yof j' -.r";'; u ':! -15 ,-:!'; -.r";';At~J 15v' '- v' ~~ Yo t,J! J; .JJ' ..:l~15 ~J L -.r";';V' -,J2.... v' l-.r";'; v' ;t.- ;-L,-oL ~J -'f- CJ1Jl.?' ~..::/;.J I;)~ )J'V' '- uY!tJ..# J!:~,uf 'f-)v.: JG' V' ~)'J L V' f'J1 J'Jj(5)'J _.j ':! ~I I)J-..;f' fL!;.I t,J!V' ~'~ (i..J/ _:,l-.r";';J~L~ IVI '- .:..;:? 15 ~}J L -.r";'; ~ VI u s'f- 15 uJ;)i-h.~~I LJ1 Lf)LJI ~..:..1J~ 1;)1-tJ/ ~IP 15VI )JIvtl(- '-.V' )JI~f ~f(~I ~VI 2....VI -'f- ~.:A J'L rI;}VJPiflf LJ...I: J J) t,J! 1;)11 '~fJ_.J( I1;)' -~f ~ & .::JL UJ}J' J ..:..1'J) 15j.{) )LJI~..:..1J~L (' vI (1) 'f-v.: (5)~ 2....L .::/;15;)i ~f'AP- fif t,J! J,iPJ' 1;)1L j);/r ..J;~. (Richard Congreve) I.) "'{I':! v.:,-tJ/ ..:.J\P 15 vI u.Jt 'f- ifL'p L UJ;)iI~JPi L

(2)-v)f..J'p L)J'';- ,-I1"'-Jj~1 I;}VJPiuf v.: (J JIL -.r";'; v' f~ (5).¥' 2....L LJ1 ~)'J ~ -.r";'; 15 I;}VJPi._f ~I -L~ 'J1';;;'J '- C:)C 15vI )JIv!~15 ~.,:..L,lv I.)! "-)~

U)){) 15UJ?'C)JI'uJ!i 15 uti" 'uY~r L Up~.,:..L,IP 151;)1'- ..:..I)~ J'j u,-' j CJ1v,..J tJV t,J! ..:..L,IP1;)1~ -v!'JJA ._f

I)J-i:.- J~U)JJLL)I J ~ t,J! ..:..L,IP15 1;)12....vI -i:.- ~ f",JLL~JPi Lf ,y;--'It')jJ"; L U";I PoLL; t,J!AZ1'

-St;J/~ "'~JPi ,-I ~j~~(fL,-oy._f ~IJI) Yo(f1746-*,1794):/Yo (-J

3S

f'(' "',j.'v' OJP.L ,.,!IYLcJ' -" ~J '- L)i~;.n' (}wpLe: LI,;.' r" v! JI.-- Jf .JJ',J...G '",:"J' J r L L)~~J~ v! cfLJ.J~ t./cJ.uIcJ' 'M 'vt ~~ ,J Jp J'J J r v! L)J.-tJL cJ' -~,J f1780.JJ'fI770..i';(; L .::.-tJ!f>cJ' -vt.J.s}f L'7 -:Lr Jt' Tv! ~ ,J cfLPL~Jk L ~ cJ.J'JJ7-;.J/ v! L)i~J

. -~ ~ ./41~4&.

(W. Robertson) cf ";"/.'.1 ~J v! '-.J~ L c;? ,J cfL L ~J~

i.J'" ~.Ji .JJ':0 '- L.) if.fLf LYI L./A.;' r f'7 ~yl.-- LL ~J~ v.!' '- L.) ",' 'vt T.J./ c;?"'~.JC,J (J.J.JJ'cJti P-T '::'-.J~,J LtJ v! If J.J,J ~./ J(i '- L)I PJ L elLI_JPJLJ~;(jI'::'-~'J.J,J cJ' .JJ'cJ~ J -:&iP'-JJV v',J cfL

(3) .s,£~1£ J.J~IJ' L J; .-t"'r"J~,J ~..J:iPv' .JJ'v~ ",k-- v!;:---~ L v' ..t.",:,(j j:? .JJ'c;?J~ -:.u frJ J.J~ -:e:LL)J:0i..LL./ ~; "c);-'Jk -~ 0:~ '- d"..J J .::.-'~ ,J L)n.JJ' 'lJ -:&i ,J v' 'b.JC,J ...t. v'i..L d,IPY v! '-.J~ L c);-'Jk.::J L ~ v' -L)YI~'J~J~ v~ L~; JiU,./.'- -:tJ,Jdo fl LV'-J/ L( J;I,J djP cJ' -flYl6 JlP7 rV v! '-.J~L L)kJ .JJ''L)j~ J;IL'",./ Jj--t,.{ 2I.--LL)~~J~ufI/YlcA---; -:i..L~; "J~

(4) -",/f~~~JJ",="".J r..:/; .::{"cJ' .JJ""'/ Jvr'.::{v.!'i5'JLL)r. f ~ LtJ. '- L)y!J.JI;~'Jilb./. ~ Jilb./. ;;J~ -..f1 -: frJ J!f> -: r;;-" ,J f~~ o,jtJ' ~ -..f1" L)JJ~

'f-?- r"':""1'" J~ Yov! V' .JJ''f-J.J~ .JJ'~ (:.,~, f YoT~

36

~ '{ JIJ; L,;} SU~J.J-: .JJI'( ,-JJA SVI ~ I» ~";;J SVI-s~1.5/ JJ-: r.,J J~I.5J-: J'J ~ S tr.J (i ".J} ~ L VIJ~ SVI j f- J~~ (i ~.Jj L/.-.JJI.;:,j J.j L,;} SU~

-'f-~ ~ J(j l.5ilh/.I.5.J{.:.GL?S if.f'f-" 1.5~ ~~I

I.5J.Js:~ L~Jil! -: LIJ LJ Jjv! ~ l.5ilh/. .JJI;~I JJ.Js:~_~J~JiL(j .JJIJfiv!Vl_,J ~ "UJJ~Ji ;~I

v! (gL.:/; 1.5:c.fr~";;J VI -,J "IY"~ J~ S~ l.5ilh/.-: J'J .JJI:l.1:)'.J/-i v! VLr 1.5:c.fr eJa. (u;_. " U-"~J~ L J~I d­L--:~LIY,,~ vl-k"2...LJ~Iuk" ;;j'.LU~I ftf I.5Jv! dVJPi .JJI~J ~JtJ,f Un L;b.JJI J;i'J"" v! d~J~

-~JtJ,(f .;:,IJt,;;J:::-1L, I~I- y ~

f ,J LI.J -:St JI v.. ,-}Lr l.5ilh/. 'v! '-.J~ L ch l.5ilh/.~' -:,.1£ 'f- ti' ~ rf. JI .JJI'U~ 'ud~.:/;.JJI(lSi ~ d'"J~ vI -'f-lJ'.J ~ -t.Jf'.JJI-r;'" ~I L ifJI;i ~ .;:,~if .;:,~~ii

-S 'f-.J (i~.:/; -:"L)J.JIJI.JJ"::;1h.JJIJ,~ (Wi l.5ilh/. v!J~L J}1P .::.v-{.:/f...~

v! U~ Jdf~-'f-d~2...L~J':/;-:2... vI -'f- (iJ) .J} L.:/; ~}Lr J~J~ii JI,; L.:/; l.5ilh/. f ,J ~Y -:

(5)-SL~ I:)'.f? ..:)JJ;~I -: ~ f'(Li .::JJ~ .JJIL~t:{f .;:,~~ii fr; ~~J.-:f UJ:c.fr~ ~ Li v! d~J~

Sdlv!~Ji _r;I~~p!L":'!,,~Ji ~IJ -:-L~k"J~

k"r f ~J.Jf' S I.5JI;iS d' ~.Jj L .;:,j .JJIJ~ P f,J -:~~

37

L ~1J;,oLil~,f-I v!y; JJI? Yo....;~L UJJl uk 2_ VI -L~L~ tfJ~i I Un ~J", U~JfVtf.J~I :t,.:zJ.) YJJ-V~J J( P!.JIA (Ii fly; :t ;. ( v' -u/,J~ I IjJ~i--';r(SJ:d;i OJ _rr"'J~ SJ vI LJ:d;i -7-".1 J;i .J~( J 1:)1/ f~:l cf.~J",I:l- fL!;: d,j ~I 2_ L ((;-1L.::/; '-t' Lt~~ii L U~I~JI? Lt 1:)1.JJIL~ SI~ Ij)u uV J .,:..fU,ILt un L ~J ~.Jj L

-L~ (J.JI ~L}.; L. ...J_,f.",~J";:.JJ...;j;#t:::-~~J~iilj/JJI dVJ.kiOJt:::-j;~JJ2.t'; '-t' eJ fi),f- ,Jt :tr/ S J:d Ijj~ ~',.vI '~.?iJ.,['Ly;t:::-j;~ vI 2_ L 1:)1I:)'VJ.ki2_ vI -,_;:f .f J> Lt I:)IrJ.kiI IjJ~i

L ~~rv'-t' I vI .JJIL~ tf J~I I ~I.JjL vI fi) c:C y;P e.tG

-L~tfJ~I Ij~ .J,P:2_4-J otJJJJ:t Ly; z.),JJjr ~~YoJS~~( .JJIe '-t'Lt dVJ.ki

; /. t:::-u~1rJ.kiOJ "' nbJi J.,[ Ly; P e J ":"'~(2_ vI OJ f :l.s: Ly; L!/. t:::-I:)IOJ otLt J.4 .JJIJv f:t.J:.7 -~ ?'.JJII:)/eJf~.f t,v ~ :t L U~I ity; ~ .::/; S 1:)1~ 2_ vI.f ..::/; ~"' ~ vI OJ t:::-JA S I:l- f y; ~~ IJ I:)I.JJIJII t:::­;; fi) :t -f' t:::-Lt (j 1:)1:l f[_ ~ ~.,-v YoLt j...l.. vI -,_;:f-L 1..1.1.JIJGJL..::/~ OJ Lt ~.JyIv' i L~~!;:J~IUJ?IrJ.kif'( y; :t ~ ( Ly; "':""i-'r tf Li ot~tJIY':t Lt J'J.J LvI f1:)1.::J L ~tJ~ ~Lv;:.f.,:..fU,I~ Svl.f /. ~I I .::/; ljiU,/.OJ

y; uLi"'~JI? OJ ~ f'( Li OJ ':::;'J-f'.JJI J~ y;Jj? Ij)JliJS-Lv!~

38

..::-IP~' \.{~ jiJ uh!..; J:r- v.. ~JPz flll/:(..i -:,.'4J.) Y JJ

Un ~ -L~1~rIJ~;Sun (" ~.Ij L uJ..; d' .IJ' ~~ S ..J-I.-- ~ .::/; .fYIp~' OJiJa.r JIP ,J) .IJ'dIo' J~' v..J~jS

-LILJ~~ S'~ v?Lz SU-"'J~.f dJ~ v.. dl;---JPzfl) -:,.'4J.) y£Sv' f 1.)'./.::.(,l7Sv'",J~ v' .IJ'J jy. ~.::/; J~ C;, u JC'ILJ / ,-.tij .IJ' '..::-".!I"~~' J!J} U v..";" L LIV 1U.I/...Ji';;1 rfi~'wf'.IJ' e:Lit'.10:), .IJ' '.zC'-"A '-"p-j v..d,-LLf dJ~ ~.::/; S d' .IJ'YI~i r ~ ,-:"..1/ ~ ~ .J;~ J1j y.

-,-fJA u!(F'L v'0'

(2)

. u:t/i .IJ' uJ:t/i J_,JL ~JPz f tf- cC~ l/J'y -:",>/ v'(G -'? 2...L unL ~J';:'l ~~;£.1 ..::-,_/c l/v.. '-.I~L.::/;f~L~~,~ .:A ,;-' Ld'J£J~..::-~S..::-~jl tYi~d'2...L d'OJ1j~ ~ ,j2 -I)CYI"';~.:A ~ ~UJ~~ L u~~JPz ~~ .IJ'.zCtJ.!"'v.. f'~'~ 2.... v' -I)CYI~ .IJ'v~'o-?y OJ~Luti "' ~ -LYI y~~~ 2...Lun U iLii jYl {;J} Ai v.. .I~.IJ~ S uU> 'uJ.zC'u~ :Ji .IJ' u~JI.!.JI~ _,.....IJG-!/.'J?~a~d' .IJ' .:L~v..~.I~Ld' v.. un'-.I~L ~ L un L v' ~.1v.. .I~.IJL Jf ~ f1582 ~ f1580 y.

:f tf-~ v..un (Ii~ -?JSv~ ,;-' i LYI J'J v..J OJ~

39

Iic[,~ J!?-.I~ J' fi -tL ~ J/ ( I.)y;(jS~ ,; 'I.)!'J ,-:"j J -d r.)! I.)JJt) L( t"). -:,1'

(6) ~~ 1:)1Ji LIJ/ '-~ .nl I.)~ Ly;

oW ....fi .nl f!y;o~L~ II:)I Ji iOZ i.J S1:)1~ ~

~ -/ y; .::..jlJOf r.)! '-.I~ L ..::.-Lr.lS1:)1.IJI -rr..l L 1:)1~

SVI .IJI0)t;1~ q S"::;Ib",k--....fi J{'~I ~I r.)!OV !LJ.I';I

r.)! '-.I~ L~,:,II r.)! I.)n iviL~ r.)! I.)j~ J;/ L I:)~J~ ~j

Y, 'r.)! ,!:~i '-t'LJ' ....fiJ~ilI..;JJ -J!y; tt.,J I.)~I.li vg:,1'~!,I. '! '-.IL L I.)J:I./t ~ .~ ./ ..::.-iJlPL.(v. r'J.I';I, V'*. .., v·,. v· t.I..'

,1'.PoJ).£r.)! ~; .IJJ L o~ ..I ~ J~;-~r.)!~J~ ~ J;/ ~ (i~ J;~L )}I J ..::.-IJ~~I

J.,;I;J ..JtC>IL I.)~ JO.lyf SO~J~uk .IJIa.rJ -d 1:)1-!J.Itt.,J ~f('iA;t;I ~I.1';1 o.t'G ~

.;.V! .I? '""~ S~ ~. r.)! '-.I~ L I.)n ,-:"j-f;~~ ,J. 'T Jy; ~ J/JI S1:)1f -:it-­.::.::;I.f -: ~ ':;>JS if.-T Cy;'-J (- r1:)1~ ..J~

Sif.T Ci~)JJ~ ~I -~ Li J1+!'~ oW S,",,~yf..- ~ L~y; ":""~(r.)!..::.-V~I u ~':;>J

,j r.)!JL 1:)1.Po ..::.-~ -fI..J/ f -,/...JU;L 1:)1

(7) -~ ~ ..J~I u ,1'-:u:,1'~ ';Jfui I~ ,.k,.IJ~ 1:)1_.;:/ ~ ~ ( ill ..;JJ, .,. ..

-Ii ~.1 (,( r.)!; ~ Jj S(.;-j r.)! ,..f? I:)J ....fi" I.)JJ/JJ ~ r.)!1:)1,1'~C 1 tJ"II .IfL r.)!J'fl

40

l/.IiLv! .s: i-.1 ~ J~;-L.--L 1:)1JJ.IJIi:.I1rd~~ 1.1' v! f~ J;Ji Ij0:.' J.I S 1:)1 ji

~ J ~ J (!)\.J S 1:)1 .s: i-.I.1'-'~v! ~; aJ -Ii~i:LJ141.1~ ( (' JaJ _IJ1(}v ~.1 JLil ~f i: i-.1 ;Ji .e aJL(-S1:)1 ~ -?JSif..I~ I.I~L 1:)1v! f~fJJ !;:: -i-U.I~ ~j ~

. '-/- v!) ~I f'/~ i.1.I' ~ 'U} ~ d'Lv!JIP_"":-i-v.! ~~-:i.LLj/ f4IJIJ;lP!IL tt~ (JYI" ~ -l/(JY v.!' ,.I 1)1 ;-~

IUYJ'" .....;/ J(1.1' s» I:)L!I!;::,..f£c v.!if.'~~?I? UX ",:"IYo~ (JY '-/- LU~I_i­

J1feJ Ii~ Yoi.L 1:)1 v! JJ '-/- ~ -?JS(8) -'/

v! '-.I~L ui'.l; I.IqJ ,::;tJ~ L UH(~v! '-.I~L UJ:tf!:i-l/d~ if-LJI-..f' ot (1.1~

eft v!,.;:/~~f i-J~~~ ~I~-:~~ti~ L '::;.1J' 0'J i. -..f' ji Ii IJ1'/ v! ..k -..f' v!JI~SUH~~ f~oE -:~ ~ OJ fc..-; ~ -V.!LJ1L{':;">.IJf Yoi- JJ1 ~ UJ~IU{ -..f' ;-L.--Lif.f i- LlJI~~-..f'L 1.1'C( 1.1' -~ JJ1J'j~ UJ{ '::;.JJ,Il/j U{ -: .IJI~ J!{ U)I?L 1.1'L~ -Ii.J:!' ~ ~ S J/lJJJ~O'Ji. ;; ~ -: -L~,;JI OJ j(' Ii IJ11h ;-~ 1;;'

41

f1tj.l II'(' OJ .IJIIi IJ.:'J'- u/r ~I L ':;'.11.Id-"'UA.cJI'::;J vI Lv!J2 -'f-~;; '-:""-:~.1~ ";;;IJ~v! -r-' J2 -Iiv!ofi v!~ fli ~.d"VL~~II ~~Lv!v!p.J£-u~Li JI ..!.:J tJIJJ~ SUJ{L .11'"f y.IJ.:'J v! tJi'(.ee:« {LvlL':;'.IIOii.IJI-l L~

(9)

:f t:;_ (,/. ,.,.tt r , r:L-li'.," ~ ~IL cJ:J ~/, v- ~ ..• """ (.,Iv ...,

cJ!,l '-Z ~.,.1~ I UJJ! rV1Lti~ LI{~~I'~~o~~ ~I LU~I-e:. L~s'-v! cJIJ} .IJIe:. ~J i ~ L uyjf.,-e:.L uyjf.,J2 - s: L~ 4f L J.I '-.II ~-e:. ~ ~ '-A t./ ...f .111 d- JG"~4uJJ!tJzv!c.f.e:.~ vV~~ ('~) Jo-d- ~-:IJ'-IL uyjf.,-v! JrJi u~i~ScJI '- J~4-v! 1ftvV ~(' o-d- y. v! ~ ~ 4f "".II

(10)-v! (fiJI ~ -r-I;i .IJI.IJI'~.1C~ !")~I tJJ! 'tj.l (fz .::;~SJ{ ~I 4 4',f L.J: 4fLI.ISun v! '-.I~L cJIi~L~ )vlJ'- cJI~unS cJI ~ -~ L~ k"J~ '- ~lill J .:;,~UJL tt~" cJ~~" ~I

vIP -~rJi Jjv!U}JJ cJII un i I~ JIij ~u?; S~L.lJI.::./;

L uJJ! OJ1J.I.I~I ~;tJ, S,JfL ur. fjl;--w; OJ '-.IiL cJIOJ -L~ -r-I/ '-Z '- uy!u" OUV' S cJI.IJI'ui~ 'J).Ii

42

...J}'"L I.)~j 15cJIL(iq..0' i:. z....f ..JJ) If 15A,)Jlj~ <.l- f ,Jd~2...L c/VJRl ..:/; OJ! ~:i L cJI-i:.

ifL 1.)';1Yos:v!~ ~ ~I cJIV ;1 ~ / -~f ~flJIP ~I

z£L.tf z.):J..!;:. .:;....IJJOJ! ~I.)P; 15J'L -15v! Ill;!if f1866

.s,v.!Lt/ 15I.)}~ ;, ~; 15;,L;vI f I.).tf~ v!~I 'J.1Jy'L I.)~ (I'JL I.)JJRl;, )JIv!" J.1Jy'cJIJr'I Ix-v!"k.~JcJ}iL OJI;;(!/ )JIcJ'u;~"' )J)f"u T ..:.v-u; YoflJ 0:.rI.)P; 15I.)#J...J.I".:;...~ )/?.)JIJJ~;Tf "'~ <.l- )JIT)J ...J?~ J;Ll.)rJ,; 2...L (');JU! ';-,J.tfJ'/ 151"';'A -I);f ;,L; 0:.", ~JRl,_f..::.. ...._...

~<.l- L~ ~ v!..:/; 15(i poJIJ~ dV'JRl fv!vI JJ 4- -.tfk.~~,f'cJ}i ; u~;.::/; V'_;j:I v!~ JRl -r- J',,',J 15J~I..,;.J ox~~fYo/I"';'vl ii:.J~; Ji L~..4_;j:1 )JI(i..:/; 0:.' )J/ '~~ JRl f~ T I"';' IS' '-:' Ifci'i r ;u~;Yo ,J ~f jf (i v! ~JRl

(11) -.tfk.~J.::/;f i:. J1PL vI If u i:. ~ L~ Y'/. YoLI) cf". (I) .-?');'':;'''.-?JvI -v.! ~~ LJJ1'.JL".Ui 0" )JIOJI;;"'~ v!(i J!Yov.! If')1)1e..(GIf (IiI u.:;...cJI--" 'T~)fJ; v~~cJIf-:...J.I"j;? Jcf? " J~I '..::.r..? 'OJI;;u v.! z....~1.)~:(.Ji -v.! JI ,; LcJI

43 .

I.:P'JPi II.)I; I:)J.I!.,1'£ "'" Lv' OJ -Vj' Lf'~ 14~O:1..IJ'J' '- ~ -t..lf' SL~ .I'J'~ e'.Ij OJ...f£~,t-tJ i~~J ct:j v!S1:)'.IJ''L1.1./Jrr '-1.)1-"7 ir;-' -L"ift.ft!J.lII.:P'JPi

(12) -JJ'fr~~ S...t. '- ~f.L# .IJ'~v! dVJPi ,1'1/L '.I~ ...J1 Vr'.1 .IJ'-..fl.l~' r ..:.tJ~ ~,

~.1fJ?S v(;.. ir;-' I.)_;~L 1:)'OJ -'f-YJ S'...; tr rI.)J:t/I(13) -~, tJ'f .I').p {(~ L.::/; u:t/llcJ;--'JPiJ' 2...V' -'f­,1''f-I/ 1:)k:1..:.'/C L ~ j,{ v!~.I~ L I.)J:t/I J!L C)J!, J'{

:" .:;..7.1y~.::/;J) .IJ'(j1.)£2...L 1:)'v!(jv! ,;I.jL11'" ,,?fi J!OJ ,1'£Lt=..J'J ~/-UZ (~ r11'" 2... L I.)hX L 1:)'.1-£ LJ'f ,~

J,* .IJ'.1}? . t'JL;. / ...]I;L.::/; rf' -') ~ .::..:;",• ~ ~. - y

J; L ~ V' "';.1' .s:~, ..:.'.1"; 4 J,;j rJ.I.)~~ rf' JJ.;k k e~ .;:.,v-"}'/' ,1'£;;ff v".J 0',j2_ ') ..,c:.. .:;!c:r~ '-.IL ,,:.,j S I.)J'fJ) L,1'2...v' -UJfJ; .IL,,:.,j L I.)~~ '" 0' ....f"v.z .:;;.OJ -£ e"v 1Ji~ u}J,./. ._.1/J j(jJ.I I1:)'S 1:)'~ eJ ••• s: ~J ..:..lU.l{ S 1:)'£LIJ, v.!I.)~ 1:)'J!~ 1.f..J'J ~/- -if Jf ,_t..; bV )

(14)-" ""';7S..:.,/CYov!~.I~ L -"ti' .IJ'(~ L.::/; U:t.-"v! ,;Lj J'M'

.::/; jt..a -'f-Jr-' ~V jr v!1:)'Vj'a L 1.).iI;--JPi.IJ'I.)JJ!

J ~11 S'...; ,-' 2... v' 'if '- ~~S'...; -: ,1'L'.1 -: v!~.I~ L

44

..f,{'~, Jf~I ScJII~~.Jfit 4-~~ vI -! ~IP ~lPJ[ -t J1..JJ!? L ~P! ~ 1.-.; 't.f~JGo!~t.f ..::..7!?~ .::/; vI

J[~~I'Ii tAC JIJ IJj Yo fli .:,.r~J~-:J '-:J ~~.::/~ SJ JIPSu-"~~.::/; tJ:cI' .JJI~r~v v!,y (j ~ ~ ,.JlpL

-,f J1IJI!I dVJPzLUJJI f!~OJ 'f-(j~ ~~uiJJ Yo ~~ tJ/ JJuli cJI.J~ ~ ~c(I -~ ~ uP J) .JJIu!- ,.;1;IJ'~c(IILJ18LUr. f 'f- "" ~ cJ.t J~"f~ 'Ii~ ~I tJX2....L

-~ £.~IP ~j L.JL ~y .JJItJ!- ,.;1;v!tJvt.f ~ -1/(i ..JI)I J J~ ukLuJJI fli~Jp f? .JJI~

J'~.J .JJIPoL JIJl J'"Luli c1-s'f- .Jli~ Sd'jL uli c,tltJ:cI' v.:,~ -?JSVI '! ~ tJJljl Yo Po LL)L {tp,j

t.f LVI jlrJPz _~rJi t(I IX~ (cJii .JJ'...;I)' J J~ v!~2....v"~ e_;;L ~ .JJIJ~'~~) OJ v! J..lPLuJJI f~Ji~; J ~ ~v,1L.::/; ScJI~I 'IJ1..::..7.Jy~tr uk (UJ:cI'

J) L UJ:cI' OJ -L ~~J1 ,:5~ .JJI~~ t.f jlrJPz zb...A L)J!~~vlv!dVJPz..f,{'~;£ v.:y~(~I}IfILJ1Jp ~cJI,/.1.LVI -~ 'f-.JL.f .::/; "uk .JJI~ 'f-.JLr JL.::/;tJJl2.... VI! ,,'bJ/':;;'J VI o..:r..J:iS~.Ji ..f;; fli5; L.f.J'o?' ..::.r~~ .JJI'( J1V~J.J~~..J:i ~.Jit.f dVJPzv!4-

-t ,-.f~_L dVJPz l.JlfJI J (q L.::/; tJJI..J) ~ LtH. J2r:t -~ J1IJL uli t.f ..JU;L ..:-~f 1../ f ~~, 'Ii~.J~ Ifdy~

45

I.)!JL v' 'J1vd ~..::;u, o.i{~'..::/f ~ f I.)!JrL~' ~r. f L 1.:)' ~ ~ 'f- JJ1 oJ,;i 0)1;,J .iLJ, L .:.tJ~ I u}'JLJ.r('7L u.(.,.iil!:P'JRl J' f'f-",/- t~if~-UJ12£.i ...JJJ;>,LU~J/ Jj.f ,J 1.:)' .iJ'..l ,J u5.ii r. f i:..Jr.,;'J_,J ~, '" ,; r'-lJ.ilJ, ~ ~ I.)!(j 1.:)' -i:.. 'f-.i ~ ~ IUJJ') uk-- L 1.:)' I.)!DJ"'f- ""I.)! tt!i; d!'" ~C( ~, Lur. i:..~, c.;.;.i~ ('.i jb LOV

:f

~) '-/ JJ .iJ'"';:~jJ' '~Ij 'o~J 'J'i, 'J~"'-/ JJ DJ~ -~ .:.);...J~ I.)!I.:)~JRl.7.CL'J(;iJ. L u)y ,;-' OJ _( £-~",/-l/ ,J UJ.7.C

LukLJ1L./J' ".:.L~'.iJ'.:.1'1,J 1.:)' OJ -~

f 'f- cf'4~-~is~J),J .:.); I.)!uj~~) 1.:)'~J1.:J"'j ,JL./ ~ "uj~ Iu)y 1.:)'

"I.:)'A .iJ'uJ1J'J I.)!uj~ OJ .r~ ('7L u}'J~~rDJi"u~ ;; -v(!h{ I,-:""J. ,;-' L'/~OJ ~ -'f- JI/ o!l. ~ ~ i L~~J -~ 4 J1t,/­-~",/- LJ-'" I v'A i ~~./ ,.::;~>. ~2.. v' -L~ ~ ,;u£0' I.:)~ ,J 1.:)' I.)!v' 'f-f" L~Li "I.:)' I.)! ,..U--L .:.);f 'f- O.i~u'ril J);~j L UJ.iP"''''/-' -L~,J.t~ O.k.~~ OJ f L~ l,{~ 1.:)' ,J. 'J1,; .:.;~,~ ,J L~£~ "I.:)' J_,J" u~v(~.i.t' L u~ u'ril.....'f-I.)! -:I. ,J 1.:)' ..::;u,~, ,J 1.:)' f 'f-.i J~-vf

46

cI~ v:' )J' -\A is.::.-Jj S .:;.,)1{ JP eJ fi. ..-L"'./v.! cI~" ~J ~ f cI' ~ r~'I.).t Lf v.!

(15)

S .::./f l5J! L') 11'''' (') ~') I..M v.. J~v.. OV 4.l,..i'a£ .:;.,')'If L.::./f v' Yo f e: ~.fi OJ~J .e: 'f-)f ~Ll

(t~ v.. UJ)~' k ~~ )1J, ~ .:;.,iJ~ ~' yf .::.-v.. cI' .s: 'f-):f~ v../)~ )~,L,/9"" J,>wf1r( v' jt,. -g_z.:4-J

C~v.! "Un J'!'; )J' dij~')~,~cI'V-'JPifi)J' J~J~J..A: J1~Jv .:;.,)~u~(5)in c"i ~)J'P ":)JJ '.:;.,:/ J'; uk; .::.- ~ .fiL cI'V-'JPi

f 'f- rf ~OJ.::.-..v,JI}SV'-L~ Jv J}~ .:.5LLclt;.t, eJ ~ f ,J ..:)~V'"::;JV'SV'

(16) -~J,;j eJ ~ f~if,.j )J', • , .. \;I

0)iJ1/. f~!ljv..v' -~ v.. tt..!-fJf." ...t f1841.IJ wf1 ( ( 0"...t .JLU)!/ ~ -'f- -..J;I .::.-UY'; J ). 0/JJ .::./;

v.. .::./; oJ! .R..'~c~Jr OJI".-o;t-- L k~) )J' ~ ..Jl),

J'v;Sr-v..U?;JJ.'1J1d,j ~ o~ 2... LU5)!)J' U-"'V-'J;:-;

u)V L~.::.-v' f~-'f- Uc) ~ JP fi~ ":)JJ Sc/VJPi ''f­.::.- .:;.,k'J) JJ' ~ j'V-'JPi 0)iJ1:t. f ~f 4Q.'::'-..,..,- -~ V'v.! -=L)} j'V-'JPi L~?-) v.. ~JPi fv.! J"'} SV' v.!' ''-'1)JJ.:,.-r:

'(17)-~ J)S ':;"~YoJJJr;; ~~.:;.,iJ~v.. '-ALuJJ! )~'.::./f l5J!JJiL I.)?f.fi OJL ~ J'l' J.i>-' L '..v _)1 -~ -~ ~ ~J

47

UY!~ SU~I JJI ~ ,,5}u,.I. OJ 'v!'J[ ~;v. J,? v!.::/;/._1.l.fl ~ (lIVIZ;-'JI s:,J J"I} «S d' JJI LJ1 ./~ '-X ~

'",:,,"..1,( ~J;(y. fF v!Jy.J ~ ;j~~ JI~ v!P! ~ -Lb:r~ ~rJ LlfL .::/;v.S.::/;LU"':I i 'i:.. '_;;;IJ~ ..:.tJ~ J J~I

OJ JJI ~ c.i' ~J:J J ~J r .::/; v!d' 2.....l.fl -z:. J~I ~ L LlPo:co~ ;J 'J,JJ} JlP! IJIJv!U,lhlJ d' 'i:..~)' dG* S I.fl ~ lSJI;i

(18)-v.t)j JG' J,_;':.;tJ.N-/nl';;.tf 'f- LJ1 JJ/ 0;1.;;1-: ~ fIJi J ..:.tJ~ J~ d' L .::/;lSJIv.., ,J. '~~)' c.i' (--'?rY ~/.::/; lSJI L '-/lr J!;:--J';;-;

4».J"v JJI 'i:.. 'f-J)' ,f-Ji .;U}JJ U-,::Ij JJI U-,::} S I.fl OJ /.1.L~L_~S~ r,~1 SVlr J!;:--J';;-;Lf!. -i:..,f-v!Jv.- S;AJL~

Li L~ L)y.;!J ~ ..:.~IJJp~L~ tJlPo1.; J1L L '";"J!~I V_V'~/ uf.i SJ~ciJJ JJI J'.; .::/1;L ,,:,WJ c.i" ~L~~~GY OJ ,J.s: c.i' .J.d!;:--J';;-;JI ~ j;~ J1j f 'f- ..:.? r ..:.~ I.fl y.

-i:.. 'f-J)' Jv.- v.t'J(j 2.....L J; JJI 'i:..p j 'i:.. 'f-J

1. Bearce, G. D.:British Attitudes towards India, 1784_1858.Oxford, 1961,

P.17 18

'l.Nandy, Ashish: The Intimate Enemy. OUP, 1994,P. 34.

3. Bearce, P. 24

48

Bayly, C.A.: Empire and Information. Cambridge 1996.

5.Marshall, P. J. Trade and Conquest. Aldershot 1993,P. 173

-.J.t1IJ (J~~ jlij : .-r.) .ml) t.j'V'JP; ( J.f : I.!.JI~ _,.,. 6

521)' _,,1999

f1996 .J.t1IJ(J ....G~jlij :.-r.) ~ r.;-i ,f ~I ...;J) : ~I ...;J) 7

35-1)'

38-1)':"~I 8

9. Sita Ram: From Sepoy to Subedar. London 1970,P. 13

f1996 .J.t1IJ (J~.J : .-r.) JJjl) JI,..- Y' L ",:,",fT : t.j;J.J({ 10

14-1)'

106_107-I)' 'f1972 .J.t1IJ' JJIk '.;c/ .:-~:.;c/

73-I)'-fj~72-I)'_"~I

15-I)' -t.j;J.

11

12

13

14

15.Vanina, P.162

74-I)':fj~ 16

75 -I)' :"~I 17

18.Nanda, B.R.:Gandhi and Pan_Islam ism, Imperialism and

Nationalism, OUP 1989,P. 53

49

J~ r..tJ 4f"v?u, J:ylr- ~ s'f- ~ ~ ~ D.l S-=--~J~j;

UnJr,;. eJ f 'f- JJ1-=--)~ ~ s-=--~vI ,f-I r..t )JJJ'~' i v.rt'J t.f (':1 J:ylr-L (!)Ir..t )JJJI~I ..f~ 'UJ1j( ~ L JA~

~ nlv.r a) LI) d!' r..t '-)~ L un Jr,;. eJ 2... vI LJ1,f-44 t:t -'f- J~ J1t'"u~J )JILI) -: i 'f- Cl t.f (!)J~r (!)I,f-IS(!)I'v.r J~ JJ1wid r..tj )JI ~ Jr,;. ''f- J~ "Yo.:::;u,S(!)I

)JI ''f- til O.J: (f -:J) r (!)I~ l.)0' 'v.r J~ JJ1t'J {(!)I u~)/LIJ L.f (!)J~JJ~ Ji )JI '(:;7 () 'J..,i") '..Jj._f ",:,,1 Yo s:~ (jJ

-v.r L~J1~/ .J:)JIJ~'J>J '",:"].,,.1eJ ",:,,1'L)JI J>j,f-I .flJ ~ -?)JL ~l)I Iun Jr,;. 'v?u, J~J~j;

nl '; /. '",:"].,, eJ ..f~ f v.r z£ -:~nbJi,lVI.f 1) r..t ~ SuJ);~

~Jr..t ;:!L S(!)IIun (!)I)JI 'f-I.5J e,f-I L I.» 2... vI v.r ~I{(j!JS(!)If 'f- ,jj Ji,lVIr el' -: ~.::.J;> SLJ1 if' )JI ; /. -'f­'J~ I~JJ S(!)I)JI JLL el' 'J~ IUJJli'~ S(!)I'",./ ~

L (!)I~ Jr,;. fi -v.:.f(b' dL vr,;. L (!)IOJf v.:.f)_,f. ,f-I )JI

-:i v.r L.f .::J!7 _;i,IV L.::/f S(!)I'v.r Lf I.5J)J_;i,IV SUb~"''f-I.5Jn _;i,IV t.f S-=--L~IJI.» ,J. 'f-1.5)'; ~ .:::;u,J:ylr- _;/ ,;r~J1t {nb Ji,lVI~ '7 )JI'~ ~I 'ff,JI(!)Ir..t -=--)y" vI I)}I

50

-~,s71JZ 2....VI t;f ~~.JJ f VI) 7 C'i" v! ~J (j "G"~IJ!f ~('.I '~ '-.t. '-~~ dIP f~~JI ;;(JJ.tt ~~.JJ ~ Ij~ -:

L d'fl.tt "' .,::..~vI ~I ~ eJ~j~ "':-"'"-v.r LijJ (,P' .JJIJJ .

'::)JJ J JL .JJILY' v!i~ U.t. ~~ JI~.f -i:.. ~ ,f- .J~ v~'7 C.tt(~y rUJ~~ dIP v!J~ L vI;; v.r L~ U~Jv!J~-SJ~ -v.r L~4-J '-J.JY dV.) .JJI~;"".) 'J>J~ -:.:i)J vI'7j.tt ~ JI/ S~C ~"Ll}- ~ J-'Y vI fun ;!_ ~I

~J (ju)~4 4 -7 j.tt d!: JU;IJfv! LJ Yfd'Ij,:,.JJILd' ~ dIP ~ ~ vI 'j(f'.t.v»S~"' u~j '?t.z.rv!

(1) -?t. .f.z:« .J~rr Jt~I 'LJJ...Jj "':"1j rd's7j~S ,yf ,f- -:v! .,::..1Jjp d'

.JJI.,::..Ij~' Sd' LJ J"::'v! .,::..~IJ.JIt;;; ~IA .JJIL~ 1( b:"':"1j (i

..:..7'7 Sd'~ vI fr; C~V'J~v! J...I.- vI -L~UJJr .,::..>~

-Lvt'~.tt.J~.JJIr "vJ t.:J'. ~ r.:i)1bJ:YL.-- 8J .JJIJL~.ttr~ tJr J1~~'tJ YfuJ~iU.t. ~ 2.... L .:i)1bJ:YL.--J~if.f 7jb: 4-r L ( vI ~ L LJ ~IP .lIp' u2.... v' 7C.ttSub~;'Ld'u;; -L~1£ ....;~ v! u.JJJ)".;:,If uJ~iv!r .,::..j J.:i)Ib"";jjV Ld' J'-J.JY ..::..---JJr ~IA;; vrLJ..:..7'7

-7C~~~IfIJ/(~.it -:v! '-.J~';-, ..::.,,;.;J:YL.-- v!~ ~ (1.1 vI(r.JJI'j' '-"~L!'~ .JJI~r LvI '7 dIPS ....;1)1 J J..A' u'vi~",:",;"f l,';:'3~ .JC v.r 7.1J ..::.,,;.fo 2.... vI u 'v.r LIJ LJ

51

~ 'if' J JJ' '; /. J .I~''-/. Jh' -V-J ~ cf'{ J 1:)1--{I J;;j S1:)' .IJ'('i I:)~.IJL r4 J (I Jj~rL'J Lf(r J":"'-- .IJ'~~ J ~~

J'j .=;-' Yo ~ L~.t1'-t; j'Yo Ju;, rLf .::/f 2...L 1:)' PoLLf-L 'f-.1f .::/f 2...LyL;.o t)J if'f /by'G.yL;.o

J' LJ....; If.. U!J.ILUJJi If..I:)~JR; r~ If..~ ~ v'J:yv L1:)'v:' ;;'~If.. .J....L..LUn JL;.o Lu_';' Yo s,I.J!. ~ I

-'f- (} J...If..;£ u:IJ' LJ....; If..~v'" L I:)~JR;.IJ'd"jv' .a.rL Yo ( .IJ''(:;k-- ~ \5? '7.Lq {_./I If.. .IJJJ';.'J)j eJ~jG. eJ~jG. .::/f .r f~~~ r 1:)' .?Lq 2_

z.):~'" ..:.cL?SfY' If.. .I~.IJOJ 2... L ~ v' -v/ ~'"v?r'J? -L2::-J,.j?.I.1J,._;)tj _;'j~, G.J) SJ.I~S 1:)' .IJ'LS~f)t J~J~/fY'~eI?J~f tl ~I SI:)'G.qS

(:;k-- .IJ'~ -....r- ~ J~ Iun eJG. JA Sv' .IJ'L~J~, ":::;ih

YoL J} OJ If.. UJYo( -L zr Lf ~'" ~~Y2... L UJ'?'Cu:L I:)~JR;G.q Suy'!j L ~!I~L (jJJ, If.. ,;I;~;; L (:)tT.IJ'')J.::/'}.IJ OJ If.. .IJJJ';.' v' -L Lf ~jJJ, ~ L uil/L.t1 ,;' ...i?} .IJ',;'7.~~J.Ir1:)' 2... v' 'L L.t1L'J Lf ~'" ~~Y-~ ~ (~, J~:t eJ~jJ/2...L1:)' If..uP.1:)1/ L I:)~JR;.IJ'~

z£ J,J o!J. .IJ' '_po J"'} L tJJi J (:;k-- J?~.?L J?~, OJ

-L.I~ J .lIP, ~k-- ":::;Jv' ;;J.t1c,J) t.t1 !{ J'Jj ~ tT ~Ji If..do"f Yo ( ~.I! If.. J'~ Jy. ...f1L.t1LI), e.tGG.Jfi' .IJ'-L~Sif1':)JJfl), e.tGG. ~v",)t Li I:)~JR; 'L Ji? u:

52

UY.v.. ur~.1 S ~JPz SUy'!j ;;~ .::.:;.;L '-;'.I!.v.. UV LlJ.ll)f

tf ~ rI:J.fL'/~ ~ U}J.) ~.I!./ (:) ~ fl) ~Jli"(£,j ..1i.( J.j ~.I!.cJf-i~-L uy;..::..:~...i.lr tf .....;~L U~J .IJfL Ll./

cJf-L 4-J '-.J (if v.. ur~.1 1.5/JJ .IJf'.I~.IJaY '.IV' )/'/ / U'Jr.~fJ}L Ur. f~tf ~f;;f s..:./;tJ.Sur~.1 i L jf ~ v..-I) if~(:,,,,~?Ii~ ~ v.. i.S' cJf-UJ./ (.;V .IL.;._}L'/.I~C,j

'~ U.I~,.t- ~f '~~ ~ ~f ~ (~ L /J)j '(;;.I~v.. j~ L .;k1L if.(2) -s.:./;~/ ;; v.. j~ VfL0Y .I~J}q .IJf

.....;~L '-/JJ ~ v.. U.i~JPz .IJfU-5.1!.v.. .;L; JfMf Vf

LL./ ..::..:~U.lfJ~J~f fl) U.I~ e:LU-5.1!.,.4 -~ ,_/- ..:..~~f.l .IJf,:r(Un cJf,.(£-LlJ./ ( v.. .,:;,tt nfl j~JPz /J} i..J}1~-~~~f /1L cJf~ i.. vf I)Ly;~ unL J'f ».'~II'v~(cJfi..vf -I) tb '-J (lP J'f ~ v.. ,-}Ir j~JPz,_/-f

j~ JPz ~ -~ L~y;J./Jy'L JPLL cJ~ JPz ~ ~ ~.1 .IJf~ .Y'

J \).I~-~ L./.I~f / ,-:,fl '-:'JfL J'f ~ -~ L./ UJt? ~ ui.ll

~ -L L./ tf u/t? v..u)~;cJfi;;,.4 ~ Z-i.""';/ .;J.~;JJ.lfi£ify Svf OJ_rr ~ !.Vf ~ if~c,.I~L ~k--~ J~~".9tf (~Ljf ~ v.. df-I) 0.1.U.l~ J!f eJ~;~ uJI OJ.J':::;J vf

'_r.S:-1 tt.lJL1'(;;.I~"~ '~L,.. u;l,;: 'if~ '(;;.I~4 i:.L y; j~JPz(3) -~ Lde '~L,.. e 'J:d.l;';' ';'_/.J.I.lJf'~L,...Ifr

..$.Su~v.. '-.I~L .,:;,tt J o-r";'; Sdf.IJf,J} L ~JPz

i -?J ~ Svf -I),_/- .;f.;:1r ~.;~~ ~J.I( UJ?!i tf PIL (f1757)

-~ Li cJ~JPz v../ S JI.-- e.J~ ct!;tJ.jf L J{~~f ~f f,j ~

53

L fl) ell..--i-:2...L el' 'v!' JJ'Zv.: ~ ,.jJ'-- Jd,...f":::;J V'-J- J.J~' I ').;;J~.JJ'J) .I} L uk OJdL ..:-tJlv L Lf.. '""'"J~Jk '~ ~ J~'J~ ~ .JY'd"·' L v.:, ; -..f' Po L 2.. J'bLI.tf ..:-Ll.lrd"·' v.:,Yo I)CJ'Z~J (I( ...?I..-- L J;Ll. .JJ'uJ.J'J '-..J'Li~;dlPv.:, 'LLJ(~' I(el' OJ LfiL.JJ'J~'~ 2...V' 'L-L L~ J~' .JJ'J.,JdlPv.:,Yo 'I J~~ tf If.J~~ ~~

'Z

I(el' ; CJ'Z~~Lf..u}~ L ~j' JJ~v.:,2...L .I"'" d"o,~ 2...v'L u~'.J .JJ''':-~ ~ (!)' 'I)C~~ IV .JJ'uJ.;f~; ...J) -..f' Jz,..'J2...L LJ ~ ..:-Ll.lr.JJ'LJ ..::& ..:-~ ~ el' 8Jfl) o.JY' 2...Jv.:, ; 2.. ~ UH (~ 8J'-/ JJ (4) -"'./.J~' ",:",'l",:",J'J~Jk..JV'-I)C~J'ZfJj I(LJ'ZJ) ~ _::JJif.L LJ ..:-~Lf..~;-~'J' AJ r'" 'X Lf.. LLl. J1~IUH dlP .JJ'UJJt L el~;dlP Lf..,~..:-~~L0;/.Lf.. el' L V' '~itf.IJ~Jk U' ...?I..--Lel~; _(,{

-:l.J Lf.. ,-/lr ~.J} d~OJ ...4 4-J LJ'Zv.:I(LJ ?i~JJ; ...J) -..f' v!d!;Ll.L J{ PoL ..£.Jlf~0/JJ .JJ' ":-?.J '..:-.;If J L U_,),2... L ~ V' "J'Z,~ d{.Jv! el' U' ...?I..-- LV' 'OJJC,;.,) ~J(}~JJ J JL ~.Jj L U~'j.P):

2...L LJ ~Iv (~, J..:-:I Lf.. ,-/lr J~Jk f'J'Z'~ el'f.J-:Y JJ

;7~UIif-Y' J~Jk if-OJ _rrL~~~IP ..:-~UD~ .J~.JJ,f~'J ...?I..-- L ..:-~IIJ.JJ'~JJ ~' Yo fl) ;;f> 8JtJ!. -L~do ~' ..JJ'~.,J~I JuH v.:,(5) -'J'Z.J? ~ (~Ltt",:",~ l'U~JiVelt:Jj,,;-' Lf..J~.::/;JJ{ fl) IfL ~ ;:...~'J J'Z./~ ~ ":-~'J LL .JJJJ'k.' el' ~J ~ Li (6)L~ IUH~ (' J! L Uhl(

54

Un dt;.1f (fjf ~vf ji j Jfj (/ J.I"' u~1; S.IfJ L df .lJfuJJ!

.I~fIfLuJJ!df tSU_';~J~~f.lJ~fj S)J fV~~",JiJ i.lp:Jr -0-fl.cf.4df I.)! .:..tJ.lr.IJf.:..v,r ':;-f .IJf~)'

:f~~(Trevelyn),SJ/ L U~f -e: Jv .IJfJ~J~ 'J! Jf;;f

u;), f~uk '~ ~ r I.)! .IfJ ,;-f IujiJ~ (VPoL df Jt -~ fl. J1j~ JJ? eJIf I.)! .:..tJ.lr

.IJf'JfJL)'(~'~ J'v eJ~;~ eJ~;~ fi JfJLi

(7)-jif., JJ1J~ J!f",.I} u;),J? J'.;; fV~I;:~ ~ -: ~.IfJ -:-,fj L uJJ! L .IJJJf;;f

If C)!;tJ.L J{ LJ1 L)'()J,6S vf f_U,t d()lf ~.::/; I.)!

SJYL,J. ,f-'SuY';tJ.L J{ ~fj ~f f_U-fl. ~ LJ1 dfYf):

-tJ.~I.)! tJ'f:#L d~J~ .IJfuJJ! ~ ~ d)J J?-;.I1J ~ Jfit" "";J"" ,; d~.IJ L uiJJ df -'f-.I .:..~ ()Jl,...o"' .I}

":::;Jvf -~ ~J .J''v~~/ JJ-0 Ifl.)! t;:f J/. ,J.'~ LJ1 2...~~ l;.f~~ ~~f -~ J~ ~ b.lCS vf .lJf~L L d~J~:t,Ji ~

~.I~L un df f ,f-' JG" vf r Jt 'u.r f J1uk:fj I.)!(j vf f,;-f ~ .:.....:~ r L U~f J'£'J!I;.. ~ ~ILJ Lf.l JI ~f I.)!

(8) -Lb: ~)Jf .lJf4-J ~ dfj

~f JJ1~; ti J.J? ~ '::::;Jvf ~i ~i I.)! -:J.ILUJ:t,Ji

.:..fJ~Sun '~0'b.lCSd~J~ eJ'Vv:CJ1t".If;1fJ'::::;u,Sdf

u~ f fl.& ",)P/ vf.IJf fl.~ LJ1";;;fJ ~ l:h.l J(.I.lJf .If}f J

55

.J"L--L V' (j.J rf-' ":;'.J~ 8J~;,JJA,J U.i~jk rf-'I v! .11""1JUVIJfi cil; ~I '~.JO..4:.::JL ":;'.J~ J! {IPJ ( ..:v-~.JJ~J~ii.J"L-­'el.Jj J '.;1;,11j":::;u, IJ}J -t} .::.-!Ijf1U.i~jk ~ if.s:~ 4-J

,,:,,1 _V'~I..:;,L--~IL.::Jj .Jjl 'rJ) /. '..:;;/,.1 v! d' L;L L e .JJI

-:,..4' 't} rf-' ":;'.J~,J~.J L rJ/.v..JjlrJJ~ ",.I} J:1r- ~ U.i~Jk

-vJ1( (j J r4.JJI",,;P J iG ~.Jf L~V..::..:~-:f~ rJ.J~ 2_L £.1 (~ 1--:..4:JJ '-:"".1 V' ~I

-V,t J>J .JJI":"~ _i J_,J j~Jk .JJI'f-) f ~ d' ,-:",..J.:i,Jd~Jk~.J.;I~I?J'L (d~jk fl.i ~Jf ..::..:~-: L uj.J""- ~.JiJj....f ,,:,,1 _(_;;

~ .J~Ii ~ VI 2_ VI -t} ,J J;1 ,-:",..J.:ir?~ L V' .JJI'f­..::.)P J dl? ~I,.p ,-:",..J.:ip,J d~Jk ftrJJ -: JJ 2_ V"~ rf-'

''f-~.Jrf-' t:?JI~ ~..J.:iV' ( ~ (j ,,:,,1 ,tv /./ ,.f ~ L~ IJ1'.)or..J...G Yo dL--.JJL ';'L .JJIL d"~ ~ Ji~.J l;-I~ ';'L 8J,_,. .. V , 0-" ~ v

£.J1(J/ ~ z.JJIi";;(Ii ~I f/ ~~tfr' (Ii ~' -:dl.JJJV'~".J'?- (..:;,Y f 'f- c:C ~ ~~ ~ VI 8;I~I( VI rJP J'PI J~ -V,tL~d~Jk 1u)w ~u, ~I (j_;.JJI'~irf-' d~Jk t.f.Jj) v(:-v!vPJ;! JJd~Jk ( J~.JJIJ'L ~j L VI _(J{: I/i.LJI,J J'L v! d~Jk ~..lf rf-'I V,t ;(;.0 ~ d~Jk P Yo 2_ V'

(9) -JLiv.!_Ii ..::.-.:'J.Jf~ rJ.J~ J!2_ V' tVJV~I ( rJ) f{.J} J~ 1 d~Jk JI2_L .:..7'7 ~ .::./f rJiU,/.8Ji LJ1V~I ( rJ/.v.~'rJ) /. rf-'I .It~ 'Lf,.J1Y ((.)41J,Jd'i 'L~V~ 1 JJV L d'~ '?-.J.J~-Lf ":;'J~i'L~ 11(.JJI~~JId' ~ 'Lf i;;'?'" i 'J~,J J7 ~,J d'

56

.JJI.::/; OJ JC ~ rJ.J~ ~JI~ .,:..v(?1L rJ; f tJ.-;.;v! el' 2.... vI(' ",(a:el' .JJIv.:J ..:.J~IJel' 'I./.!.J,-:,1/ ~ L)J-"J~.J. LvI,::.v"'}.JJ~ el' 2....L vI ~ J1~J ~~ ;; fi -"v.:J ,; ":"~Uv'L

-UJ1)J PL el' ~L~J1.J/V'...:;./I}.JJJell fi' t,././~ J~~J~ el.JIJL (fI783_93) J'i/( J7- ;.1/rJ.k.~J.JI;I J .,:..~IJ.JJ? f ~Ij J-"J....t Uy']tJ.L J{.JJI J..::.J!~.JJIeli~ t.-~I J Uy']tJ.L J{ f t} ~J2J J VI -~I;:~J J LJ

.JJIrJ-"~L!IL J .JI;ru~IP' ~ ....tel' -~r jJ1 ~ uJJ~ J U}yPl

...k U~ -v!ijJ ~ ~ uJiI;--J~ eJJC ~r jfl~ rJA J)J(10)-~r~j ~ ~J~L el' ~I ~ 'f-:r ru~I;--J~

(:)J.Jt.JJIVi...J/ ~ UJ.J ~I .fV'.J~1 f ~~VI L J'i.JrIf f U¥ JJeJ~L I./.!.J~ UJ.J ~I jl;--J~ fiJ£-L~~ f uH.J}J1JVIeJ.f 'f- ~~JJ vl'L v.:J~ el'P'~~IJJ.J....t J.J:::-"

~el' f~J~VI 2.... 4.1' 'I./.!JP.....t...J~1 JL'(~~'I./.! e~L~~

dL .J,Jz:L J.J~ ~ UJ.Nf? ...J/ ~I 2....Vi -L~~ ";"'tJ.J=uy']tJ.L ~.JJ?...J/ ~IJ rUJVi flJ1 ~ -t.rVI -L~~I/(r

(11) -rL I:)'. ~.;{l) L1jl;--J~ J} (.)'J.JJIVV ~; ,-:,Ij ~ ,-:,Ij el~ elJ .,:..tl~ L UJJ! ....t~.J~ L u~1;--J~

ell;--J~ j'. .f 'f-V'L (John Shore) .I? el~~j r vI -rL ~ LJ1

~.JCJ(r ....t Ur;:: ~ ...k J7- ;.1/ ~ -"~.J ~I L J{ ....tI./.!Li ell;--J~....trJ/ f-"~.Nf L J{ .f 'f-l;1'rV' (f1799 _f1837)

~IJ ~ r el' (.)'Li ell;--J~-'f- ti.J JJA IX,j r el' ...k ':::;'JViel'....t ~.J~L ~J~ ~ ~I.J,L ~I ''f-C~~ U0 .nl Uy']tJ.

57

(G,.IJj{.::..~V' OJ -v.r ?-.I-f ':::;Jjr ;: v.r L~ y{~ .::..'JC L

.:::.....J;~L j~ ,_;!cJ' 'v.r Ji L( U)JJ '-/' Jh' ,_;!cP'JPzf f­-~~jfu:-(i L'.1 -f1,_;! '-.I~ L U.i~JPz (V'..u 'f-Jj If:f~t1'OJ f- jr J...; If,_;! .::..1l~L.I? cJ~ ;-1.,.-L':::;J ~ (12)

u:- J:",fj Iif. .::..~(i' -f1 ,_;!).JL U.i~JPz

Z-i. ..:..YJ: L ..if. .IJ'(/ ~ OJ f f- ~~~tfuP.?.:::......Ii v'1i f- ,_;!uP.(V JJ J f~-v.r

(13) -f-U)"tjX ~,.P ~i ,_;!.::..~..ir~ L tjJJ.JIZ,_;! '-.I~ LUJ2~JPze:L U}'JLJ ,_;!Po

':-J L'.1 ,_;! '-.I~ L cJ'L ..;;,;viJ ,_;! f1786 -~ f-.1 u:- ,f­f v.r LJ'l ,-I....f ~ V' ~-v.r eJJ'l4- .IJ'';?J: '~ ~ flJ if LJ'l

V',_;!":".I{.1-f1 JJ{eJ~' ( L'.1 If' -f-If ~Ju:- If ~!.V, JcJ'

tjJLL cJ' ~ -i.J' JtJV' _; ~J' f- VI.?' 0;1.,_;! Un cJ' l)' _;fl[,:r ( tj.l';:L!'...f tJlK. -v.r L~ J~1.1; JtJV'fi ~ i v.rLr .::..'Ju..J' L (HoI well) J.J JJ'l ,_;!f1759 -f-u:- l...f (t ,_;!cJ' i OJ f­I;!rt J1.:::......I~ v' Ji ~flJ if,_;! '-.I~ L tj.l';:L!' .IJ'cJ~JPz

(l4)-v.r~ '-J.l1j '-:"~). .IJ''cJv). 'J>.J'J~1~JPz J' ~ {~U)JJ cJ' i ''-/ -".,j,1.£' .IJ'',-:"k' 'cJv :cJi ,_;!J.l;:- L cJ' .IJ'-1/'.I'-t.J' Jr -IJ cc: J'lu:- .IJJ;: I[J'l ,~ Jj L:1' -f1 cJk-".lJL u",j

V'~ { U~ j ScJ' ~ -L ~ ,_;!(/ J.IS.::..rJ ,;-' I~JPz J'OJ i C~~~, u:-',_;! U~# .IJ''j~J(!{cJ',_;! Jy#J JuA 'C~

..:..yJ: u! cJ'Lf/.;;' 4-} ;:L~!7 i..L~.:::.....U~(;'"J)i

58

C.ttJ~~.::;.....:.-LI;IJ'"; .::;...U)L.! J uk _;j;/ )JI'~ 0'1/j,J.' '~i.L ~IJ./ u~Ij ,f )IJ L cJI)~.d' :c/t /A'; Ji'!7 cJI ,f cJI -~

-L;£" / r'i JI;:--J~U){" )hs--I.I' )JIL U";I i If.tt ~ I.I~I r U;/. o: UJ:c/t ..f/ ..f' ~3fi,f u.il;:--J~ ~j LcJI,,:,,1 -~fttvv»JJdj/ u.il;:--J~

,f C)I 'LIJ'L cJI 'I.I~ rcJI '~t,.. J~ ,f cJI-J' ":'-/.J -+!Jt;)JI L.tt '-./ .::;...~..;.;;"":-"'"-: ":,,Il ":,,JIL cJI)JI '..:.-IJ~,f cJI 'cJ~j

:,1'''''11 L)? cJ~" -:J) 1.1'LcJ' -L ,;~J.sJ/,f ..:.-~..ir)JI ..:.-t,..~1L u.il;:--J~ u!UJ:c/t,1'~IJ~1/,f vI v:''' ,1''f-C~"-:Y'-'f- 0') ,J:!0:' OJu! ..:.-tJ,~ .::;...~ tt~v1~Y 1/Jy JlP,;~, vI; iu!U~ ,f cJ' ~~ ;: ,1'v1Lf J!!?I~ ..:.-~..irOJu!un u! J'J) L cJIcfl 'u.tt (f:-'f- C~J) u!r?,1J":'-:/ U)Ia.::;... dos,4.11z:;

,; -:J) r cJ'...J) ,f un JlP u! .:.tJ,~.::;... ~

C.tty. II .::;......;1)1 -" 'f- C.tt1./ .::;...JiJPI ...J/I.I'.::;.../' ); J"Ji JlP ,1''f-C.tt" 1.1' ~ -'f­f 'f-~ju!~ -:" )} (~-v1 Lf .:;,.;,u /';:)j~ tJ,}i -4.11 ~,./ u!)p~..(" Lui;:,.p JI')L i ,f.)J' v1J~uJ u~1(.::;...1i 'f-Uc,tr'U)lt;

.....'f-C~II~~ ,f dof v1L.tt ":,,uCLu~ " u~ Y'Lf r~'~,f cJ' jJ) / u~ )J' v1Lf 1:1'/. JIP!

59

t:JI}t;Jf_;-j uj 'f- C.lJ,;;;_/,JI JI JI ~ -Vli ~~ ,;;;_Ij ,-.I~ff'v"/.j( ''f- C.f.l~ r U~

,; -: j L~ IJ.:'J-VlL~ '-.I~;! ~VlJ~JJU~(J Jt:JI,J. ''f- ~.fL.t~ I~~~0:),L t:JI..;/

(15) -'f- JjI_~I"J ~ v- J.t;uk JI -e»Lub.l L~.I1P7.IJI4v- '-.I~Lu..ti~J-"i.fl)".I} d~'I.t;;;IUJ(.~JPiu-i:.. ~~ t(I~~~~7 (V"~Ij ~I .IJI'J~I '.:;.,..7 '~ JJI;i V- t:JIuLN.r.i:.. ~~ ~tJ._f~ / vI

uJJI".I} d~f j J~ IJ~~vI 2... vI -L~_,.r r Vl.?1r

';-, L ~/ '~J,;;;_--:r..J,;i ~I f U~~JPi )JI _,.r"vL?' r J;/.JYos.J.,J u V-L~;L t:JIs'f- JI11J.I" vI V- U--:r..J,;i {i" t:Jj'Vk"v~JJI r ~J-"i V- '-.I~ L t:JI:i:..L_,.r £. .I~I I--:r..J,;i ~'

:~t:f

LI"L (j J.I~.f _,.r (f~r ~cJJ.li~"v.! l), r ~.I1P7-?.IJJlj Vl L.f 4 JJ1L UJ}~ YoVljl".L.lk.~JPi fVl::£-;£.1.II:)r- ;-~ V- LI1 jl".L .Ik. -Vj' ~ " cJ!; Jv.! V- ~;~ Jt:JI;?J/-Vl LI1 ~11,;;;_;-~LvI&I''f- vV rt:J'r.l; If",;;;_u?J-'f-

-Vl j;._f ~I v-j ~.k'~ tFJ!-:Yo 'f-......:~.IJIu~ IS ~ V- J.V- rf. '-7.~ ~ .....

4- vV Jj 1:;'~J-"i;7 ~I) ~ i:..-V ~U 'f-IJ.:'JIvI L "':-"'"",;;;_../..IJI~)lP J._t./i

60

f~Z£~ ji -c:c:,: If.! dk:~!~0"JLi If d' fr; rv(J/-7 Ii1)L ;£.1 v.. .;(; ...;'I0'..r,jj -,:J'1P;;.:;;t. ')L~l.j.J/,fi..:.f rJ1L'.;L(}l5.J~7c:c: ,: .I; if- ~ ~.Ji

(16)-cAl..!)' J(; If~ 1.1' -7 If ~~ >. ,fh'.J~,f If ~J.J1.1'LUJJ! L~/.JJ'~ J~L d' .a1'1.--L d'V'JPzJ' v.. .;L;L d' f7L,: (}v~L uJ.J'Jt:-.d J!-r; ~.J,: J)r- ~;.,.,..) 1./.; b: If L,: tYJ',",I J.JL,Lj'. '},",I v..JILd' J'V'JPz~ f~tt..J/, J~'/ .JJ''"'~ ,: t:-Y...J) ~ L Jy '}~ LI I~r.., v.. ;,.-'.1fir;UIf.!~' j'.'~J(tY J;' '},:.I',..,v..J~~t:-)/JI fi\}- ~~.:;.-' -cA ef~l,';'J,f v.. ..J_..l.. 1.1'L~/ -I)L~l./~::-74-~'

< ~ .. It .,JI tt .. V'r " .•1":,..) V.! 2!!! &J 1.1" ,...# D ,-j'. ';'Y'

cAj 4- ~ ~.JJ/ If.;L; .JJ'~ If':::;J~) j'.(]}I,y. .JJ'7If.! 2_ JI ~7 (]}v..J If,y. .JJ'IfJ cf Ij 1.1' &J ):.I? 'ri" If.! ,...v JI ~ ~j

J~Ij,~, d'j'.; ~ I.IOr' / f U,: 7.1 j 4-

~"-'.;/ Lv' JIJ;I Lj'.r .Jr.J~J'V'JPz~ LJ~ Lj'. .....1£ !:J' ~ ~, I1.1'J ..;.:;0 ~ .JJI

Lj'.'}L~.JIJ ()i~Il ...Ju;t~v.. t:-/o" L ~I~

L d;~ j'. '( ,: ~r r ~ 1.1' ...J/ 1)IJ L~J~A'~ .. I."" r' 1;~ 1 -'" r' fA~'.JjV j'. .....7.Jf'" ,;:;_J t:-v 1.1 v.1J:v' t:- .......

...!;t ') t:-JPOJ~;e:_'JL iL If ~.:;.-' If

61

(-~1VI ~'-Jl}. 'Ll)I .IJ' LIJJ( Ij'( LVI f'" iLJvII J' 2;. el) ~ '-J(J JIJ JJvlJrl/ .I,.J')".~ 1/,f- (tV1r LVI s.'-J ,; .Jt'.f;( r./.. (1.jlf "t}l; eJ Ld- tf J)~~ ....;)u' '(~J'Y U:'

\'

/Y r./.. ....;l)I )JI ~..J:i S ~;JI.J'JJt -v.r,f­(17) -0;::... r(J.:., .

-fI )~-fI f v.r;£ _;;IJ -: ..::.r.~S -:J) U'L ~JJt .JC/

)JI I)I,f- ~ ,-J/ f~Iljl Yo s:1J' -fIL~.y.~I/.~1r ~ e~i ( fin flf L~ z£ .:.---d ~I 1/,f- (tV ~I

..:..~~ S -:J) VI tt_L iLJ 'Yd I( r iL J)I,:, a: ,-J/:s,v.r;£ .JC/ r./.. tt(tV '( J"Uj" L~ ~J

j7 15'L// f 'f- ~~J -: ..:..G"JII..;L ,.;; VI eJ~

C~,:,~.t-{15' ( ( ~S eJ /)JI ~ ~JPz.Ji.} )JI

eJ )JI ~ L~L .Jiy )Jl.i ~I,.. jJI fi )JI ~,f- (tV '(VI ~ ~I,.. i ,-f (tV1~I,.. j~JPz

fr~,f- ..::.r.~ If......;/ 'f- JIJ-{~ VI S Ijl )JI ~

r~(,Lv ~ -: .J.',j J.'7 .c .JJI JiJ.7t{S ~I,..

(18) -' l'L~£ ~j..:%Li :1~JPzf 0;::...v.! •• V- u ,

Ij~ S~b)L ~JJt r./.. ttPz ":"J~ ~~.A )v/' ':;-"L.JC/~ Ijl' i:...Lf ..:..:1S~.i~JPz )I~.d Jt L )JJ J'N.' f 'f-SI5'J

.::..>1)J&)L Ijl 'i:...Lf J)IJ)IP ~ fi S Ijl" 'i:...a) ..:..l1.W J.~J"JJ -:J) '( Ijl )JIJiJ....; r./..~_,JIJLiLPo,j2 tt_i:...L~...vr./..~J.I1j ~J ~ S....~L fI857 ~ I-:J) vI eJ -~ JJ: r./.. J.'7J: ~

62

:V,tuj IXc- ~x f 'f- (p,. ~ I..;..;}.I/u)n V

c- ...J}L J7 4- .IJIUl;) c- ((> J~JPz.:;.;7

.Il(JI ...Jyl -..fi f'f- JJ1 0$.:;.;~-:V.lJI\'~UIr-;

) J~}jy,jy, 2~.IJI'f-~.1J»~U~lr-L ~~c-IjJ (I;:J.J.J1I ~ .IJIJ:!i"):S~~ f 'f- ~.1

(19) -'f- C~CJ.Iv!JJVl.J. V~lIJ~ v!Ij .:;.;iJ,~ LV;J.IVI?I l(U; fIUY..~JPz-: -?J J..IC -..fi -VV Jjj.-If v! .:;.;~y,Jok-- .lJIJ~0'J..IC ;Iy, l( .

.I} J1j 2...VI V,t'f-.1v!J~...f ~/ ~} -..fi J~JPi...f~ f j UJ

..:.51r-JL?:? l(U;~fl'J (J./Jy' LL~ 1.1l1-V,trl. J1 o-tL ~ -:"

,V' L VI -V,t J~;~fl'J eJ~;c- ~ v!eI~JPz2... VI ''f- C­

U.I/ ~ U.I/JL? f~.I~ -:"l(,;L; d...1~ v!~ ~ L J:-.?-'f-...JJ!?L

Lel'~ ell ftf..J 1f".I!:v VI IUY..~JPz.L. .::/f U}U,./.

Cz.l.IJJC- .,:...?!i" Sell ~'v.t 'f-.I) .,:...?!i" el/.lJIv.t 'f-.I} elJ~21r­

~ J.lL OJ ~J21r-l(el' .L. u;j ~U!.IJ'./.\J"'; d'- 2... VI -v.t ?-ru;j ~u".;~ (12 .I~ l(el' 'f-.1o~ C-el'y, .IJIv!JJfv!; y, --G.el' .::/f ~ .IJJC- t;;S ..::./'f y,J~JJ):,;I; C-.I} '-II; _IJ1v!":"'?!i" Sell t!J1r tilv!~JIJLeI}'i ~I ~I .IJI,J J1r t~i.'i"

-t!JJ1JlfS~{"elIY~L-~ rl. if.~.1 v!.:,ji:t J~JPz?'./Iv! fl;;1 f V,t~ fif' ~,J? ':;';.IJ/-: "=,,,1 i ~/.' .:;.;WlL u!7 .IJIiij;./.el' ~ ,j2

63

~-.3i>,-.3/ ,; .IJ' a.rJi Jj",.Ii'd~v..l)n (j .IJ'v.. d' f J.'1; /. .IJ'if"~ u~;~ _! j'V'JPi_!Jt f.'1 vl.?' t.f -:..J. .'1)l},.IJ'l.!'~.It../' 'f- ,-:"j ~ ~ fVt.£J t.f l/v'1Jjv' {P -'f­S I)}II ~.Ii >.S d' .IJ'~ .'1~ ~ LII j'V'JPi-'f- ~~ S~..;.;~ JY .Il}, ~~l~?-~, Jt L .IJJ-:.I~ -vi L.'1 ~..;Yo Ji Ji ~ 4- .IJ'15J,;i?-15y. v..1)~'V'JPi~' 2_V'-~ LJ

-J'.'1JdJSJ;:L ~ J~'Sd'~d~ ~d' -~JJt;~t~"',;_,}~.Ii L I)"':'t.f 11).'1'(J~.1 '-t'..11,,;LcJ!;JJ..IJ'd';:!;~' eJI)~ ~ C.'11t{v...J~ JU..j' J ~J;t.I)~J~iS d' -I ~J e~ '-t' S d' .IJJ~ V~ j'V'JPi-: -~?-.1d~_Vi j,j ~.Ii v..1)}~ -vi L.'12 "' J;LL I)j'(Ld(;ij,

.IJJ.lJ'~_! j'V'JPi~' L "::"'.11:>'.I/}! 'J:'~J,/.1 v..1)~J/-~JJ

S1)~.I1tJIJ,.L I)"':'~ Ji J;.~':::;J v' v..J;:;S I)JJt/.IJ' I)jJ cf ~d' ,-:,'-t,j'_JJt;; jf I)~J~~ I)~)I ~.IiLlf

(20)-~C.'1 ~ I)"';JJ.j'V'JPi-.3/ v..

d~!;Jt~ J'J ;:;-.1v.. 1.1'.1..1.~ f 'f- ..::..~S J~JS f1830-:Lund'" f~ ",:,,'Yo ~ V'~t.£Jk-'"J! d'V'Jp.L v' fVl.!-t ~~~ ,-/-l)i';'~ (}p ;; ~ f 'f-Pn~'~J;eJ' -v.. '-.I~(21)u-'f-r I)i ~, ~ .IJ'~ ( J/l:R. f 'f-J~~ ''f- J'i') 0~~~ ~v' v.. d'.IJJV' '~.1v.. .1.'11)JL,.- -..fi '-.I{ Yo ";.1'; I L

if. (G. R. Elsmie) tJ~' -.Ii -J. -'.'1-.3.1~~ ~ -.3/ ~ v.. I)nv.. __,#/ v' ''-.1';/ JI,,;J}i; J!dVJPi ~ q S)'J ,-d if' L

64

.IJ'U-"~Jk uk .IJ'Sd/ I)!~~I:)j.ltS.IJ1iJL. I.I'.I~~....;/UY';JJ.....;/ ~'J I( 1.1' i ~; I:)~Jk ~~ ~ -JJ. ~ ~.:t;1k'

(22)-~.1~o: UH "",;-' J-t;S1:)' f'J1 -: ';:<1( J~ 1.1' '- U-"~Jk

:L e.J f J14~ J.?"L y-JJ.Iv.. J-t;S1:)' -,f 0.1 f J1JJALJ1 o~ 15~.) Yo '- v..1:)' tAlv../~ ~ ':;;'JJ~.IJ''tf~;JJ.J-t;S1:)'L. if-'~ L);/ v..U~.I~",:"y ~uV ':;;'J OJ~;l;y' OJs:L '-/ JJ~ OJ '~ LJ1 o~ 15JI?Yo -~ ~J~ ~i. .IJ'J'J.) I~ PoL J"" .::-""IU~ -~ L.I';/ ':;;'J v.. ui~JJ.Lf~ ~ Ui'-tl;V' .JJ'~ ,; JJ'" SUH J~Jk OJ)L'~ C~~Jtf~, 2... L'2£ ; ( IJ} OJs: ~ tf If.!IU~ ,;-' 0Yo -~.1 .IJJ~ JrLL/ J_,c., v! u_,_; 15j~ v.. "" I:)~J~ 2... L u~ L 1:)' '~

(23)-L

err: '.::-.1'" I)!~ '~ ?.1 I)!U.,J J"" Jt I)! ~L;J';,'2...L 1:)'ojSu.,J 1:)' --?fi -~ ~ v.. u.,J .I'> ,;(t .IJ'1.1'.1.),J~JSf1830 .s.Lf ':;:";'u I1.1' OJ .::J L .::-iJ~.It] ':;:";'u J~t1.1' -~ L~ ~ L.);/ ( ".1(u~ .IOJ u~ L~_;15j~L.u~, v..

(24) ~ C~d,- Vlr J~J~ v..U~ / ;;fJr~ Jf~q SiGJr f~ 15.1~2... L L.f ~; .;U-"~Jk-: 2... 1.1' -J.;_J o~ .IJ';1;-" ~ U-"~Jk ~ '::JS~ ;/..IJ'..:&.::-~ 'UJ1,; JP. v.. JI!' 'UJ1,; I:)'P--':A~.d J" f,f S?I1.1' -~ ,; l/SUH (~ ,f-' JI )L "'/ b~' I)! I.I~.IJ'L.fUJ.d J" -~ ~V(Li1' 1.11; I(.::.:;0; J~ 2...L tfJJ.I.t'.:2...L~

65

rfi L ~jJ' 'jj~' \)}f, ~;:" LJ'i ",:",If" ~ l.)Jj'J~' tJ (jl {L ,:J L ~ Oj~ J (j' v! d:-'JR; -i: LJ'i ~~..::jp dL if.1/ ",:",C(~ Jt "Warrant of Precedence" 2....

-IJOk...::jJJ(jl ~ ?)J},:r ~if. f I)'v ~y. c[J:' _2')1 v:' -u -Ji _1_3 -" LJ'i tf '--tlr JJI ~ ~-;-L.-- L Ui.'iJJIU~If'j'UJJIf/_5 _jl~~ Oji c[J:' _4 -..:,.:)j~wjif;J ~ JJI I)'v ~.¥ c[J:1

'jl~~ L~{ v!ji -" f~~ -?/ ~U}IJ;£j,:r ~ rfi ~1)" v! Vir o:tft -i:zs L'J;£j ,y~uh'-/ JJJJI .zLv! ~ J L-llji '..:.v-I;/. J.;:..-!)'~":"~ '",:",'l '~J' a: Ok. ':;>jJv! ~ fv! t.f ":"~'-t-:2....LUJJr -~ .L1fIPG Jj~jJ' J&,2..L.--L U/,Jv!.,:..)1vJ':; 8J s:7-0jV' 2....L .Lf(r; Jr-li!' ~I~ (j' '~j JJJ ~ U/,J(~ jJ' 'u/.j:i{ ~ Jl) JJI '-? -l.C\ _;

-~ _;.,:..~J~'(jl;:)! UJ:tft f'J-ojV' t.f -:2....L;£j &! I)''v'L 0;/.2.... L ;£j (r; !JL 1)'1 -Llf ~~ tli J ~ '~~ J J~'pdJr ~ 'I JJ:z {J' ~ JL.--50 OJ~i5%"";/ v! OJ~i~j!...i f1901

.L~ j;,.';;1 2.... 1)'1-tJ elfif ~I f J'i;~j v!/ S JL.-- 50 .,.I~~

~t liJ!~)i LIJ-U}~o;r{t! 2.... L U/,JJ(;." : f~ II(25)tt_~,

-7-~j;fJ(il Jf~":";11 v! Ubj J~JJI~ ~ U..r.:~JR;

2.... 1)'1 -I .,:..'/S(.!)f.tl; ":"jl ~ J~JR; JI v! vir JtJ.. ~J{ ,Jjl,f :#&' u! (j~JR; J.;; -J'i (!/'~1)'1 f~ OjV'

66

2....v' -~ LYl f .::,A ~ J.~L ~f fi~ ~ ~';:IP .0' v! (j1.1~ _/OJ,.f. ~ (26)-Ih nJ ~ J~~ J-'1/":;',_f. ~' J!L JJ:cfiOJ{t,o -~ CYlt.).1~ ~ J~L/ t.).1{~ ":,,,fl ",:",J' 2.... L ~, i ~

",-.I,,;,'...f- (j_:,'Jv.l ,f-' ~, ~,.f}-J!J.J ,f-' ..:;,'.Iijyv.. fI9112.... L~ v' '",-.f..:.&..:;,~~ ~ Ji.ll:cfi J~J-'1-J

v' (English Etiquette for Indian Gentlemen) if s~ ",:",Cl~J,!;-' ~J'~,J ~ '~j '..:;,liWf~t':::;'J L.f fitfV1,f t.)J":;'~'1v..f~ JI? v.. ",:",J'J!-:~ (2&)-L~,J ,f-' ..:;,~JI v.. '-.I~LJ""~ -:~v' J,[L~,J _:,..JJ.} ,JLli ~ _:,IP~ilP"'e".L ..:;,/J

(28) -'1- ~~J}LJL .J.,f-'LJA tllfi( Yl

t.)fi .s.r _:,Jl (- ~":;'.11:cfi sv t.).1~ v.. ,.U.- L v~.IJ'J.J v~Y' ,_l.ll :cfi s;v! "'-J ":;'~'1-:~.l.Jb !.lIPL J.lUJ~J-'11 Ji.ll J'J L.f ,,/.1 J'[-v.l_:',,/.1 2.,.1..-- L J.i~J-'1

JJ:c)i f if J~,J ,f-' J'1' .::A ,J..:;,~v' (28) -V1;£ Jk-"J~tcI...ft.)JI?~ J~J-'1":;'.II:cfi JI fi -JYl Dh:t.)JI?v.. J~~J.h1.1J',.U.- L":;'.I14 J~d~~,OJ.lJ'~ (GJ.fJ.I~' Vb--:cfi i if(jJJ, ~.Ii f if _:,..:;,j~1v.. J}!; ",:",y f~vI? ...f .N1 v' OJv..ifDJ~j.l)'v.. '-.I~ L..:;,liW?- -v.lJJ ":,,,y IJ~~J-'1 ,_l.lluk -~ _:,..:;,liW?- ~ J~~J-'1 f if t.)k.~",JjJ,} ~.Ii: if~ CYlJC 2.... v' v.. '::-J ..:;,j~',JL~";'.IiIJi.'} n' JJ~'.1f ...f~J v' -L v.l('i-=-liW?- ~ Ji.ll ~.Ii .IJ'Jr.f ~ J~J OJf{.Ji ~~~ J-'1v.. ,.U.- v' -J L~~v.. '-,? ..:;,:/n' ('/' ~~,~~ (Maud Allen)V:';L~';.I"?-- ~ -?/ ...fI f~ J~~.I; v' Vb--

67

,_i.l V'./~j J J~ JP; s:~.I; v;i b: (,);" r ,_i.l v!d~ Jp;

v,,.f£,J1':' (,_I;" fVc.-f' ~ L ui.ll Jy JI 'J ~,:,Ic.-'.1lS}lb/.L r:JC: J~ .IJ' "J1 ,_i.l -: J2 -'(J1f('/'r .::,,;f ~

(29) -~.1 (~ Of,~ ..:.-W.IL ( JJv! U.i~JP; ~ _::JS-:J.IVI L UJJIL.I .: ..:.-~ J.~~ d' .IJ'L~ ~.1.IJJ~ UJJI f-:i ~ -LJ1

''':;'~lSJI f~ -:dlf.l Y JJ-'f- JJ1J;t ~ Sd'~ v,,.f£'J!~-L~J.::,.,)Sd'JLL~V.I~' 1 c.-'J.IJ (.I .IJ'J) .I} Ld' .IJ'

It£ .. ~ /Iftt ... "." • .. ••v! ~..Nf (f ~.JC/ - ..J~? lSzOf d'.f.lV'~ UJ~ ,

if-IJ! LJ1J}i ~ ~Ji IJ!L./.I~'~";;; Sd'J}~ f 'f-~:f IJ!;£U -1J!.1 v! ..:,.JIPS..:,.Jj vIrs:'f- -:~ r

lS/.v. lS.lVl(~ -: .r'f- rr Jy, ~ v!d'1uJjIu.;:'''JJ.I~ Aft::- Cilv (~ '''L -t::- 1J1ul.i./ L./J , ,. V+,., ,..::.-r'JJ '.IVlf 'f-Ci~ (~ -: .....-IL./ ..:.-'AJ.~ VIL

(30) -v.!' ~ v' rUSUY'JJL/.v. .IJ' '=':­i?'z '.I1Jiiu" f~ Vv! J;lPJl d'L dJ./L!,-J'J .IL.$,rV'

(31) tt-UJ1c[,'J1 LII~II ~ LrlS~ IU.i~JP;~ f 'f-LJ1d~JlSJt y, fVi v!Jy,J~ ,:;~~ ~.I! ~ v!U.i~ J-"1~

2...L;;f V' ",:,,1i ~"';;;'J~ Of ~ .I~, J":'-y;i ~.Ii .IJ' 13CJi OfI.,:;,~~.Ii L U~, f U£"~.1~ 6 ''f-d~ ~ .IJ' 'J~-:f~-:L~ f~ lS.lJ/ 2...LJ~ .IJ'J) ",:,,'2... v"~ ~.f.l~IOf~.I! " .I} d~.IJ';i~rfi fL~V ~~ -: .IJIL~ ~lP'Y.Li 1~./2... L u.i~JP; ~fi -IJ! ; f".I} ~ J~JP; Jy,J~L?

68

.0' ~ Ly; ~, 8J~j«",:,,'./(1) ~Ly; ~, ~ 1'1848 J;AJ r(Nigger)~ rv' ,_, ~ /i r~ (32) -vy;.1 v!uJ)1,J (j' j(;.-J~/i./iv!~J~ ~~iC:>' -:e:L v' 'y;~ j~ ,n' (j'.;:(;0"v!(jc:Jj,

(33)-I)C~y;~ ~/i Uk)J'~L~y;()J' ~)t. v!v' .J.1j),f-JJAJU~(;.-J~"";_.,.J"p./.j) -:Li 'I)C~l/,f- I.;,v!~VO)r_r If I(j' -~ r If ~.1;I~'

.J.'~ L~ 4-J ,f- if-'-.J 0" v! l:) U./. J u/·1Un (j''/ ~

(34) -I)C'/'y;~.::.J> ,J)J '-.J J~ )J'Jj J.l r(j',J J~uJ-: J'J v! (JL~~v' "";u;L~)t. )J' ~.1;1 ~,

L u_,J) JJv! (j(;.-J~ J£'IJ! L./ ~; ~ (j' if- (j(;.-J~ J' fe.L (j' e: v' ,_C~II(" J1t~, ,_ Jy; ,~ JtJJ' Yo ~ "i"J.),

0" L.::/; I un (j' ~ ~J v' -,_,f- (~, JIv!vlr j(;.-J~

uJ~ v!~ ~ Lv' -'(LiJjv!~~,J.::/; ~'::-J '-.d

J" i~)U)~"i"J.), -: v!u_,J) JJfi fl) ~)./(rif-~ ru/./. j) ,J,J(j' YoJy;"'ir ,Ju;J~JJ~ "i"J.), v' ~ ''(y; )JJ")~'r (j' ~-:-J'-J''/ ~ uJ)1,Jun 1.::/; ,J(j'L'/( I~' )J''':''>(;!

~ wfI OJ f,J ,:,~j~' -: Ijlj ~)t. f ,J ...f ~ v' ~; j)(35) -,-./ '£lrI~)I

/./.v!~ /i ~ u~(;.-J~ IJ}~ fl) jiJJ )J' u/./. j) -:J' ~ L L'/.::/; -:fl) ;C-:v!'-)~L u.ti(;.-J~)J'~;£~ v!~Ib' ,f-' )J'L~,J .::/; ~ (j' f,_U)-?? i..J" -IJ! ,f­rJ~()v!UJ)'J' ok-- J U)~ ~ U~(;.-J~ v! f1885 ~ -L~

./.::/;f ,f- Ji J" j(;.-J~ f j UJJ'J If.. if-~J v' i l/..,!UY'

69

-I.f -Jr 1.1'J",jIL-'f- / UJJ'.....;/ J(2....).::/$-ufeJ f v1 JG" 1.1' j~JP; fr;c£ L.I.I -: Yo r;tf.~I¢, ~ /), V:'-?J 1.1' -: JJ' 'i:_;Oi.l~ ,,~L-::t..Ir (36) -Luf .1.::/$C)J ~

j~JP; f i:;£ JJ' -i:;£; f/~ .IJ'..:,j~j~JP; eJ fr;~(37) -~ cc: J'Z _; .IJ' ~ ~ .::.r...J"";: .IJ' ~ ./ (J, ,. ~

1. Sale,P.: Conquest of Paradise. New York, 1989.

.I~!J'~Jp. ( ~ Nt Uji :if ~~ ji~:~ 2... L ~ 2

126'125-t./ '91996

144.IJ' '131'123-t./ :"~' 3

4.Spear, P.: The Nobobs,London 1980,P. 32

32-t./:"~' 5

27 -t./: "~' _67.Hutchins, F.G. :The Illusion of Permanence: The British

Imperialism in India, Princeton, 1967,P. 29

8-t./:"~'

91996J'J J-{ J.I~t.~.I;fi The Intimate Enemy: J!, -U.J/_8

_9

17-t./

31-t./:~' 10

70

38 -1.1 :"~f 11

12.Maclane, R.D.: The Rebel Bureaucrate, Delhi 1983,P. 139_140

156JJf 155-1.1 :"~f 13A"

105-V:JJL 14

87-V:~ 15

585_86 -1.1 'f1963J.trJJ -r.v.:k :.;.c/ ..:,..JJ(;.:.;.c/ 16

581_83-1.1: "~f 17

532_33-1.1 :"~f 18

97 -...I 'f1962 J.trJJ' { k '«/ ..:,..~:.;.c / 19

35 JJf 34 -1.1 :_&'f 20

21.Wurgaft, L.: The Imperial Imagination, Wesleyan Uni.1983, P. 43

109-V:~ -22

27-V:"~' 23

54-V:cf: 24

27-V:~ 25

57-V:~ 26

57-V:~ 27

54-V:cf: 28

57-V:~ 29

586_87-1.1 (yC k).;c / 30

lO-V:~ 31

112-V:"~' 32

71

33.Ballhatchet, K.:Race, Sex and Class Under the Raj

London, 1980,P. 97

98-I.! :"~' 34

121-I.! :"~' 35

49-I.! :t:f': 36

88-I.!:h 37

72

L JlJI.nl .JI.JeJ f j y;(i LI.J -: ~ I)! '-.J~L u~I;:--J.-'1

L.::./,eJf 'f- ..::.:?J..L.1-: I)! cJI 0' ,; .JJIv.t ,f-' .J~I Ji ~ J;~

U~I;:--J.-'1P!LVI i 'v.t ~JIJI).J /Y Jy; ~ I)!Uyl( (]tall

I~ 4:--' Jl;i> JJL LI)I JI .JJI? L .::./,tJiIb.l.l)! '-.J~L-v.t cJL!'4- .JJI '..::.---'JI('J'~ ~.J} J.JC jl;:--J.-'1f -:i -&' -Ly;S.::./,.J-Lr-Lj.'. J -:::;u, ~ cJI .JJI L~ ~J j~ ~ JIPL cJIIcJI I;J.::./, L Ui~ .I.~ J ~" ~ cJI I)! tiL ..f£'v.t tJJ~ -: L J.f L~

-v.t LJ tJ)u uLj J ..::...fU,1SUi~ 0' ~I -: .JJI 'f- S'v.t....uL L .JI.J.J~.JJI v.! cJly):jl;:--J.-'1~ji fl) -:-:J y JJ

I)! uiJ~ ScJI ''f- c:c: ~ v):I).J L cJI -'f- c:c: ~ '.Jt,..v I cJI.f

f 'f- J'~-:-'f- c:c: ~ 1~Jv L (I( ,f-'I .JJI ''f- t~JV J~k"J~ ,f-'I LJ~J..L.11SUJ)J' .JJI ..:..Ly.J'i~1 '..:..l'J.J ScJI ~

-L~

..::...fl.?-&' ~ I)! cJI-il. ..!.r.1)!UYl.? JJ ~ )p/ vI ? tJiU,.I.~ ";".Ji.JJI '",:"JI '~.JCScJl;:--J.-'1-:-JJJJi'tt~r"Yo fJ u

I:!y; I~,:r tJiLJ.JI(cJI ~ tiL L cJl;:--J.-'1~ -?J SJ. i:.._/~ '-Yo

J~ .:JIPSUn LvI .JJIcJI;:--J.-'1L .IJJ eJYoYfJJ-J ScJI -I)

v'.JJ''f- e.tL~ v~jv-J.-'1 f~J(~LI.J -: I)! '-.J~ L cJI i~.J:/z!

73

v.. ~L L UHdo -7,f- ~.lJ ~ '4Jl ~ f".I} J1j Jy LtL J;! "';'1L.2,).lJ"~"" 'o.!.-.li '..-:."JI1)IJLf J~ .lJIAt~,f- ~.lJ if.?Ji .lJIb fJ.I /-1UJ)J' .lj ~k'J.IS1:)1'o»1~LLI:)If 7o.lJ/2...L;£ 1d'jLtJHL~J~-Tjl;--J~ J_,['L~~ ~Uv' r UJJ~StJJ.lIJI.lJI~k'J.IS1:)1'L~ IP(

.lJI.I~I Vlr v..~.I~ vI i 'V~J....; II:)I)i -7 !:i'",f-I Vlr-~f tf(~1 r tJJ)JI.lJI~k'J.I1:)1'- ~JvI -'( L~"".I~r JJ~"/ ,-I f ""e~ ';.lJ'Lv:.f I:)JIiJ'-~; ~Jk v.. ~.I~ vI

-Lv/?ISLftJ~j ftoJJ! J-J~".I} L.:.JlP If tJJ.lIJI.lJI~k'J.I ~J~-kJJJ f '-f v.. ~tJ,lrL d' .lJItJ~ ,f- 1f",j J~v.. IJ~L.lJIJ' '(-I '- tJ~J.lJIkJ.lJj " Lf J'''' .II) " .I} JLr L tJ.,/I

dlj .lJIUJAV Ld' 1yfl.lJI ~ J'''' 2...L ~.l1f 1f~I 0/JJ(1) -~ '1-.1.dL

L ~; oilb/. .lJI'I"" J' ,,~~vI S~rv.. .lJJJI~I0:), U '-.I} tJ'1V -S,f- ?1SL~1f",j J~L dl;--J~

SLi 2...LLf5!IUt? Jk- '- ~J ~I -tj.l .lJJ'- ~tJ,lr

,; JJ v.. ~tJ.lr J~L '-/lr ~J~ v.. .lJJJI~I -OJ,f- ~j~I

~k--J{'~I ~I ~ "::;Jv' f! J! ~ ~J ~ S'1-.1 .lJJ.lJI'::-JJStJH (~~ v.. tJJ.lIJIJ'k.l tJi/.~ -!J"",f- .lJ"::;Ib".I}

':;-,f Yo ~ r~tf ........0" tJJ)J'-.Nf jl;--J~ ,-I '- ~JSif.!I -L,f-p J"I}L J....;t/ v.. (Wi

r ~P! J....; v.. ~tJ.lr 0lV' f~ tJ1.?IJ! r ~ vI ,f-I '-/ JJ

74

V- ~IP PI(~L~.Y..J L U~I ~ ~J 0'" -i-(/ do ~V- ;I~I Lt'J.JL~ .r IUJ-"J'J"!f~ / J}IVI .JJI~ ?-.JeJ~;~ eJ~;.JJI~L{tv- ~ J-JI ~ J{'V- LL; Jlk.I VI -L~1£If.!~J JII VI ~ Lb:~.kt Iun ...f ":::;'JvI '13~1'?i~JJ

-"U,..;~ L ~tJIP .JJI J.J/ O"k--If ~IP~I JJ- .JJI J}lr~I ..!JIJ~ _,.. V- j..I.. v' -~ ~ J _:.d LV- ~IP~I J;lr .JJIJ:1r- r)i fti t;f~(Mounstuart Elphinston)

~ l(- ~ LY/ cJ'Iui.Jl .J!h~ Y r f'( Y/ i t.f.. i :£.Y/~k'"~~j LJ' 60 V- ~.J~ J~P! ~-P. i~ LY/ (~~r )i J2 -L

-Lv.:~~.JL V- -P.J}I:)VJR; f" j/J~If -:.,:..fLz -: OJ~ L ~~y.J J:1r- J O"k--I;)I~.J-¥, J..:.JlPJ vI ~I I.)) 'i-~ Y/I{ ~~-"",.J)'Y~...l/ JL .::/!JiU1/....f ":::;'JvI -i- If.!Jr.f JIJ~~I c.)! v' -i­'L~~?-.J ~ UO"tI~1J1Pf " If'" ~ vI ~yrJ~J ~~vI ,J. 'L~ J If.!~ I JI J L1'~..f I ~}lr J~JkvI -Y/ .:;)f.J.::/$V- d' .JJIY/~IP J~I r~~.Jf L~-s~ I~I ~.Ji V- i:P'JR; fti ifL J ..!.-I.Jrl ~ LY/ a.J ~.;, I~~('; "' ":::;'Ib J (:).::/!-:-i-J' 100h;; J'J J. i- .::/!JJ.J-¥' 2....L.::/! 2.... vI -i-JUX;t:--JR;~yrIf V- (:) vI 'i­.::/!Jilb/. i Iy/If.!l.::I)i 'Y/~ ....;~I eJ~;~ uiY (}lP OJf i-

(2)-J~J /J~I ~I ~"' (II

J1;)1",.I)' O"k--~ Ji J.}? ":::;'Jv' V- -:J.JL .::/!Jilb/.

75

'~.lr .I '-J d i ~IcI~rV ';-, L U';I .nl ,f Yib;i- ~1'1828.1 L ~ 1'1784 I.))-J.I (i ([Jtl~" ~IL.I '-~ ~ ~I~rJ. ,1'(j.JJYi b;i- ..:Al. OJ .JJI'(j.JJi J~v! -:J.JL .::/; ...fSO~I JIii) v!~I.I'L~ 1£ i J~IUJ)J'J~~ -,?fi ,1'1) J~S~I~ JPi ,,:-,1-~b:b,?-- f ~j SiG v!~IL (g.I uk-- -L~uk ,,:-,1 ,.4 I)v.! 2.. L ..:.....JJAu'(g r~Iv!JvI -I) uJ~i;2..L~iv!J~LJ"1.JJI'~ J!.:/P...f .J'/J.}~v.!'YiIL~ J~rL.I .:/P~ v!~I~ I.))-I)~ Yir~I~~JPitllPoj(}.~ L ":"~.J~'-t'I'-;~J~JPi ,1''/ Yiu.J~ -: ,,:-,1 i ''/v! ...!.-.J{.J~ S1'1847Sje .J~Iv! j;~1 t'J .11,$1 rJ;? VI -L~

-~CYi,.::J '..:..!t1'r. '-/.J ~ ~~~ ~ ,1'LYi r ~J u

,,:-,1,:,17 r ~~ -i:..L~ Ly ..:..j~J I.JJI vJu,L ~I.JJIL~ ~b:r I~IP S~I -'f- .J.tlL ui?'~.lr .JJ ~ ~JP; -L~ ~ J~I I J~Ii.JJIb.JjJYi 0$ v! vI '~.I-+! ~IP Jl. .JJI~ Sui?

(3)-~~JJ,JIJ LY/ ()!~I ()!~ ~ L..g V' S..:..IP~' ()!~~

.fJ7 ~I.ljiIJr.Li.....;~Lu~JL,,:-,JP),~ -v!' uY:;?I ;;f 'Jj.J1.L ,,:-,JP)I~. -i:.. 'f-.J./.' ..:..~L L ~ -I) ~

L~.:/P,.f~' .1'1)p J"'} u,,:-,'-I)~y{v v!.J.~L.J'A'Jj.JI.-:-L~~ (?I--?.Jo:~Lv'v!'-;~ .JJ'L~~ ~ v!J~'~,-~i.IL IL.J;J~'(j 2..LwL ..:..'Ju,o .JJ'~Ll ~I ;;f

76

r V'~..4'7.':::"'"""", r ~I), ",:,,'',J J' (r ~, u~;.:::.....,..,.v..UJ.I;»;1j.lJ/ 2...L (r-J L L~; J' ~ .IJ'~ -f J"; ".,r (rJ,). L UJ.I; J~''Ji.li.~' I.JJ-L~V'...?L--L~j.lJ' 'ljAtle'.:::...'VIIi VV' -::j r ~tJlpL i:PJPi~.d L if.V"~I~ J' (;,i 'f- ~ .,r J...; v..~' eJ fi 2... v' ''f- L--...fi-f/i d'j jI)' fd'j -J/ .:.:::...Jf v'LJ..; -'f- ~ ~ V'J...; if-v..i:PJPi .:::...'v' -L~V'J...; if-I~~'J.I.IJ'uJ)J'L~;lr J.L~VJ...; IU!.Ilt; .IJ'uJ.I'~; 'u}~ '~(>I,..jvIuH L~~JPi2...L~v.. Jj v.. j. L if.o» J';; .:::...~lai ~ ...rr L~ JlIJ~lf .:::...v"~ ~ do IjJ~;}._fii:PJPi..f.;: (4) S.,r ,~ 1j.ll,.J,J} .IJ'IjJ';;1j.lJ/ ~~Ll,I' j;lr JJ:~'2... L J; J' ~~JPi fVlI~j. -::2...I~Jt v.. ~~JPi ~ s,(.)J (/ ~ ",:"k-"r":::;'Jv' ~~Ll,I' -::.IJ'(.)J

(5)-L~lIlPojJ./JP'L t)J..I;;(j~' Iv' .IJ'L~~t)V~J.Iif- L (Utilitarianism) c1", ~G' O'JL/.' v.. Ijv ILYi'~lIp L c1",~G' -lI'jJ, "'Ub.l L~!.IJ'~ 1j}1b/.v.. ~~JPi~~ flJ{ ",.I~ V' IUJ)J'.IJ'~~'J.IJ'i:PJPi LU~, J, /; L-:: ~ '(.)J ~ J'i ~Jlr v..J; J' ~;lr -::V'~'f- V'~G' J' ~, v.. ~1I~.IJ''J£/'..!?._fi q J' ~, ",:,,'.IJ'La? / ..:.r."G'.IJ'~'~',~ S;;; .IJ''J)CJ/.:::... V~JJv.. if.f 'f-I.f J' z... L ':;;>.IJUyjLb: ~~ .IJ';;~J;I~;lr J~JPi f ,J ~J I{~' <:(/ ~ J' If.!'.16; .:::...c1", ~L 'L~JlIJ~lf .:::...~lai .:::...'f'f- 1j.lJ/ 2...L~_;; J~JPi v.. ~tJIP uYoy"..f£L~V"~I (S,y?L-- .IJ''L~~lIJ

-'f- JI; .:::...~G'.-_.....

77

r:fb di' OJ I./;~f '-/lr L dt:Jil L if. --fi ~J LlJ)()I v!4·L~J¢I o-?Ij Yof if --fi 0:1.S(Evangelican)J) 'SZ_J) f ..:-~~J¢I v! (I' L vI -J.,z J? v!oN' Ll~I./~J; L up.? ~ vi fl./ ~ ~ L) vI f.tllY 0:1. a:

. _::;..., t.,z~ 2_L4-/lr fJj f~-:1 J;j) r'~d' -L.,z_I.,z,j" r:PJPi ;1 ~ u£i )JI uJ;? d' JIJ L.,z v! ~I~ ~J JIP ,-y. ~ "':'"'"L ..:-1Pu",IJ/lr )JI J:1r- v! t,,:)VJPi

jl.tll f);' J ..:-~IJ)S d'V'JPi -: -i:......J~ )JIL~ (f1828_f1838)

O)¥' -:2_L~vl_i:...?-,tJ ~ "JjL~)ifvlr'LJr ..:-1Pu",If d' )JIL~ S ~IP -=-cLlS 1#. Jy?,Ld'V'JPisi:...;£,j;.~t;f .J. 'U.,z ,:, LSi J/lr )JI J:1r- ...J/ ..:-1Pu",I-L~~~~)j

-L~~ifvt! J) f d'V'JPi JI ,j ~ ..:-IJlf;I

O)¥' 2_ L L) O)~f J' L ..:-1Pu",If~ ,j -:1 j;;i ~ d'

f ~ vI I;,'J''f- J.,z ~ .:A..$. J£'L~ 1./;:;" ~..$. f 'f­Lr:)O}Ib.l. f~~vI S;:;"~ ..$.-L~ 1./V v! jl;iL ..:-1Pu",I

.,zJr. J,UI L d' ~...f1 ~ L.,z,:,..$. ,.1£'1./ ~ ~ L U~I

UJ)I~..J L -::"uV1 Jy )JIt J~.,z f ~I S d' '-/ JJ )JI i:...L~.:./,L ,.71;LJ,; fl./ .::.r.~L ..:-ul.> ~fi -,J jl:> Il>y. ~I Sf ..:-IP~Iv! '-/lr fl.,z,Jt -:~ --?JSvt jJI~~rf ..:-ulP JLL~ --?JS vI ~J.,z ..1>. dWI v! f1838 ~ ,fl-£~~IJvitJ)Ui)~ S..$. OJ'~~).,z V "dl Yo ~ OJnl l/~ J' I){ I( ..:-IP~I

(6)-1/Jv!

~~ ~ v! d' 'ff.L~ 4-r Yo 2_ L L~~;"" f ui'V'JPi

78

J1r Jj Lf),el~.JJ L.::./'f .JJ'('1JC' L~~~J~ If.!, frJ:L el~JP; frJ k".J~' Io='~V'L ~~~,.:-.!,I)! .JJJJ';,' -L~I)! ..::-LJ.lr 0;),J£L~ JIf.! O;'.t' "J I)! ..::-LJ.lr 0;), L U/Y

-::J : r d' -'f-f f.J~' "::-.JyIJO'J: .JJ'J.J? '''::-J~O;'.t' "JI ~'JY 0;), .:;-.'./'L v:.f J}i I J"J 1J~ok-- .Ii frJ .; J~ V'.JJ' j){ _;/'"I)!vIPL ~ I)! .JJJV' J;; -L v:.f If.! J...;IJ}~ ..::-LJ.lr Lf),JJ:~L U~, 2....V' 'rJJ~IJ' J_,P r~,j Jlr

Yo frJ I)!u.ii 0;),d' i...f' ~~ r~J "J I)! ..::-LJ.lr Lf), -~ .JJJ

I)! dL;1J,O? ,fo:. eli' .JJ'I.!..-S~ -v!' J' (l/ I)! dL;1J,;£: .JJ'-L ?-f t~;J/rui'J.J.Jr ~, Iel~JP; ,,:,,'PoL ~~rif.Jf -~ cC ~ ~~_7-/..::-J~ J~'Jel'f~J~I~JP; fLLv' s» if.LlrJ~ (l.iI'"':"'l),J~ 2....L u.i~JP; ~'J..::-Ini .JJ'J"JtJ~JUyri./. 'J" .; ..::,;;'..::-~..::-'jiJ> u~'jJ'"':"'l), Jp; ?-.Jj

L d' Yo [)' J'::";-';J0' .I,' JJ1_7- ..::-J~J~'Jd' -L UJ1.JJJ

(7) -JL~J1.JJJ8J 'f- ~";:J JuJ1llJ1J~ j~JP; fifi if: JJ...f'I)!,.U.- L~\f~~.::./'f ('1 .JJ'Lv.:~J1k. ~'.J L ":,,JJj1, I)! "::-.JyIV' i ~ L~,,:,,'Yo L J'""V' -LJ1 v!d(;ii, f4L v.:~Yt )JGJ 4.5'~' ~~L v.:f k"i t-LJJ.J ~ Lu.i~JP; I)! ,.t.L ..:.il.-! jI f I)!J) If.! .JJ; .; Lf J.}l .::./'f ~~" frJ I;fr ~'./ if'f {v'",..A' If.! ..::-~~ok-- I)! ,.t.LV' '))/'f- J1, 07- Ju.;, -: -'+-

(8)u_'f- ef'; If.! I)!~;V I..:.v-h--~ JI ,9J~':-LJLi el~JP; lut?J~ L ~ v! f1813 I)! ,.t.L J~JV'

79

J J j'. 0:'" ~Ut?JI..-: v!? ~ L~;~,1.1' ~ -t5J'-J ~;~,/,Jp t5.1~ J!2... L J?S~ ifh-- ,;-' / 1.1' J{ UrJ'~~..irYlr 1.5.1»d~.IJ'0:'" '- 1.1' i~ L~ YlJI..-: ~~ ji -!0'.1~~ Yl.l'.,uJL 1.1' Lf r-?.::/;~' /.::/; S1.:)' ('/.lJ' JL~L '-/»~ Lj U)JJ ~ ('iJjd~.IJ'0:'" ...f ~ J£ -I:..

cI'/.~f i-~ '-~ v'L~».ILJ'~ v'-L~; ~ ~jc[,OJf ~i-~ "'-'~ ~»;-vL~.I!~'-~ vi~J.lJ -i- ~.II1.::,j/~~' OJ 'i-1.1# 2...L 1.1' j'. 'U OJ f i­~ ,;-' OJ I:..~.I", ~"'.~' J~Jk...f ~ f~ r/J!~..!.J.''/

(9)-~;ff ~ ~ '-U)~

'-.I{ '-.I{ J!~ t5~/. v!1.1' "Yl t,;.,} ,.U.- j'. ~tf.O:"'.j~..JL...I"~ .I? ,;-' L Ifo j' v./ -:1. ~~ ~.I~ 1.1' -£~

.:f,r+;£OJ -~ l)"; ""c~ ~P!. _v'v.! , .. v- ..

"'r/t5.1V1f£ ~J ( / U~;JJ.,;-' ~ ~"L Jj -"CYl0' 1.:' .IJ';"- ~J ~~L" t5.1J~f1.:);frJ C;~ ~ ,f J/f ,J t5J(J;0:.'L4 1.1'('i "":"1'" ~ J~J' t5.1V1~ '.IV1v! t5-"JJ' S..:,..:).11

. (10) n_f i-.1

0:'" j'. L ~ t5.1J~ft"l LYl Z_'j c!J.I"' 1.1' .I:)" Lv. /f t,;.,} ~!?' "'"":"1'... '-/ JJv!1.:)' /- t,;.,} ~li!tf.L~ u;:Cr'~ ~ j,~'~; ...f!v! '-.I~1Un 1.1# .IJ'uy.$L 1.:)' .IJ'4-J~11' 1Jr S~ f,J -:~~Sut? (11) -'Yl&.11un '- do-: .IJ'L~ ~J.I",.Ii' Y1(JY' .IJ' .::/Jk f i- t5.1~ 2....L Lf

80

..J/ _;LUt? i...L~V'_v.rJIII/ ~I_j-:f4~..:,.tVbfJJ;JL ~.flr J;UJ.Jlj~.JJIUK ....cc.~ ~ .JJIv9'

-4-J.f~.v~"' cJk:L t.jv#J5'..J/ J;bfJ~ o.JJ~v# .JJIIun v#L ~_j) ....cc.£ L.f v.!

(12) -£L.fJ~ ~ ~ .JJIJ'..t. .:;..<Iu,,-t;.J; fl855~ f J11 ~-{ ~ .:iJJ V' Iun J; '-.J~L~rdo f tt._;'J.Jb~ L ( v'v~L ~jJJ. o.J~ L~4' o.JJ~

':f~~

..,..,..~ J..t. .Ies:11oA.J,f' ~ J; ~JPj (Ii ,-:,'

':;).Ju,r J>. ~ ~ Jy ,-b ',f11~ j J>.?r.tf-~2...v"~~~~~_j',f11~

(13) -~ 11~_j ~ J~~~cJ'..yr~L~'_ju;JJJ~.JJ'~ v!J. L5! J~_jJ~L ~'_j cJ' >. >. ,-:,'-'11 '~1r!flr-' ~ -:tJJif.Lr ,j J;.JJ'Jr J~_j ,;-' ll'J ~_j/i v!doL L11 ,-Jlr-' cJjt.JJL f~

I.:;,>~ O}_j~' ~ v! cP'JPi L U~lr-' c,I' -" L./.I~",r~vJ''7' .;_t~ L ~_j..J/ _;v! cJ' -if v.! ~ ~ V' Yo f~'~~ J; un ~ if.! Jir J~ ~"'L)~Lh'.JO}_j....cc.'£ L11

-J!11,~ Jj 0}_j..JtJVL'-/JJ.J~'1~..:.-/ J.Jr rt rv' -'11 .I? .:;..<V ~ v!U~lr-' cJ'.JJ"cJ'/''J!I-: ~ ~ v' _~rt:)/'J~ J; fl839 ~ J'j J5!-:'Iid f ..Jv dIY'L (lSiJ~~r;~ J1 .s;;Lv' -"~ 11.1 v!J;

81

2... VI" I,jJ~ Jtlj JI v!VI ,,:",1s»~b: e.J,1. ~ J; VI /. ~JLf J...; ~ ..." J} J1jeJj ~ J'5l J' ~ v!~;~ JIYIjiJIYI J; J3#' J' 'TJi s»Ji J!rV' eJ -£ J~ 2... L-I~.If r f /t"J J./I ~I (IYI JJI-J~J ~J d I ~;~-J .If~.r I.)!5lJ' ~ ...J~ .::....~I L V' JJI ){:.IJ' ,;1; ~~Jj L V' JJI,J.~ Ir JJ~ J' ~ ...J~ II:)I ~Jj L L)j,c..,tJ?tLfk"I~1 ~ JJ v!~J~L~ ...LI:)Iv!~ .:J~~ (jk"C'JJ!-:"L)W -v.'"f.lf J~" ~ J~ fj/.:.J,~ ';-, eJ,JC

J' ":"'/"f.lf J~ eJ _.)T"V' Jvil rJ;~ Ju~J' 1:)1 ,1''( ~L ~ Lly 2... L 1:)1 ~ ':;'JyIJ/ JJJ£'J /,~ IJj v!J;c,tYs»~rfr L r':l ~y. J:;;'.,~ji (14) -T~ ~IJ J/JJIf .IfV!- eJ v! ;.. L if. I~ tf ~ r~ ~ .::....~ J' ~

.if1f.::....~JPz...J) wf' v!~JPz'::""A L~ ...J....; JJI.::...._::JJ' L)~I:--I:)IJ~jJJlifri I~J11t~ILL)r~...J) J/JJj~ {/J J./lr ~

~Lf ~J .::....Ji ,.J;jiO!'" eJ~j.::....J;.;}IJU~I.:;,LJ,~ L,.1835 YoL L~ ~ -J.If v!~ L~ ~ I J/ JJ J' ~f.L#IdV'JPzI.::/; J}.b./.frJV-II"J} C'Jv! V' J'~":'-J{J ~I v!J,_r .f .If~Ji j "J} J1jYo ,1'T ':;'JJ/ J' J/! .:J~~ ~ Iwf' I.)!J' ~j JJ~ .::....1JJIf b: ~ ~Jj I ~j J:JI-J~JPz v! ':;'JyIeJ ~ -J~":"'/U/" ~~ J' I:P'JPzL.::./; J}.b./.'f ~J ~

f::L~;~ eJ JJI!~r ~J~ J'VI '!;;~~(tlJJ Yo ~ JI"

;; ,.J;jirV' 'Jr ~.:J~ ~ ~.Ji(j Yo ~ J' 1:)' -~,r J,t .JJI.J~JIj'

82

,;L.::/; ,(jib/. ,_,J.JjL~ -I) .e ./ ~.J/? ~ r ~IJ.J _,'-1' _ r" u·., _ . . U •

./(i-".til~11f "'J:.1"" '- ~.JjL VI ..t.~ I~ t:)p. ';-, -J/~1.::lJ VI_IJ1.Jl;.1~(t":"'JII.5:/1" '-.I} Ifi'v! ":,,,L.-iL-~VI SVI v!t:P'JRi 'I)C!~~,..;:: ":"'JII.5:/11f v!UJ.JIJI~ L,:;~ ~ .JJI!.. iJj 1}I.5:/1.JJI ) k ~.Jj L VI )t ! ':;'.JJ/2...

-L~'V''; v!~~.Ji",.J}J1jl ~O"k-./ ~ Lr ~,:;~~ ~.Ji fl/V'AJI ~,>.Ji VI ~fi'- .Jti11~.Ji -t~ eJ ~ ..f/'~ ,.1£-sLI)I ;Il 2... L ~IY

fLUJ11fJi VI eJ.JJI'(Lr If.Jr O"k-v! t:)1]L uJ1 V~J.JI)IILJ1L./" "(.;,;,,.VI v! fl833L L~ -u/.J..l;o ~ .::/;

f-:",),/s'.v!r e/~ L L./ ~IP ~ ~.JiSUJ.JIJIL .l} ~.Ji If "';::1 f V! ;f./ -l1Y~.J~LVI '( a.r ,flf t:)J~ ( VI V'-'f- ':;'.JJ/';-,,;v! '- -?JSVI t:f. -,..;::(}v ;; ~ ]v!t:)JeJ,f fi t:f. -'(uJJ.J ,-I,; .JJI'( ul1 '- _;;;".

Ji OJ~;'- -=-"" ~'li.JCS ~I t?! t:)JeJ] ''f- cr(16) _'( J1t:)Jj

c);-'JR;LVI ] v!J1~tl,#1 J)~ J (j:~'- ~!S.::./; ~cJ!;,]..J) ~ '- -?JS.:;,1Ptl,#1t:)' ,.I£~./I~ .1"" ~ v!c,,~L1.5/JJ 'I/V' ~ I.:;,I.J~I L I.5.JJI/.J (fd'.JJI 'c"IJ.JJ (Y'.J'uJIhI.Jf JYI '::'-.JJ/S .::.-~VI.JJI'I)] IJr. L ~}lr L U.J..; t:)' ..J)JR; L..J1;LJ' ft.- -v."! ~ L/. '- U)J.)Lv! .::.-1)1" L

83

'I c?-Jt Yo IS'~.I; ~~, ~ L 1.:)' fl/.I,f. "' LYI J.}ll,-/Ir)jr~~, ~ 1.:)' v!k ~P! W'Lv./ '4.1./J.}llv' u~'L ,1856'15dI~ -!"JCt v! ,-/Ir J~~'"'t.:1- f 7-"1/

:f 1.l1;£v./ ./v"1 tJJ~;~' IS'tJ~ Iuj.l; e.fJ~.Ij- .,V' ~ L c,h.lJ (.I k.~eJ~; '"' ~.J YoJj ~/~74.~'Y~.J.-~ Lf ~.::.d) IdI~f~Lf jI/): Ui .IJ'L:~~ r 1.:)'.;;(; tJJI,/..IJ'YI .I~ Jj V:'.fJ~ f 7-" 'YI tJ.I~ '"' Jy V'dI

(17)__,,;ILf Y' ~~ YoJJ' V:~uP.;lYIf LV' v:YI~~, Yov!~'y...) JJ' ~tJ.Ir JISl'ruAu!~.I~ IS'Lf,:, 'J'~'y...) 'J? tfuA~4(J~ f(~r u;J'~'b-_,Iu}l,f I:)!;Lff I ~ L~).liW J'. JIIJJ' '(1lt"' .Ii J'ijJj 2...L v' v:rU~-..iYo '"' ~~, 1.:)' -y!J I.:)}I; Lr J....; If"J'.c,h.l J (.I .IJ' ~~'J.I J:~Vir ~~ .e: v:! .I~ItJ;'.;;'JJ IS'.::/; u!~.J Lv' '"'(/ if. 'tiv.! p J"'j

. II.'J '"' J1 tJ~ f~u.I'u!l:)J.IJ (.I ,;-' Lv' (/ ~,'1/v:! J} .~ '"' ~~, 1.:)'J;; 4(v:! J}ItJ;v I.:)}I; '"' ~1rtf~; .IJ'

J2y eJ~;'"' ~ 2... v' ~ LYI J~ ~'p. L 1.:)' .IJ'JjL~,,{ J'.uii v.!' J~ .I.,!

~ IS'uJ~ ~~, ~ 'j~.IJ' ~J V'I,)p ~.I~ L ~~, 1.:)'

L~~f JJ, '"' ~; tJ)U,./.ru_;;"~.1~~ fl/I/ ...!IY ~ '"'4(L J~ .IL,$,r~tJ~ 1.:)' -tf..~1/~.IJ I~J1,p ~'j L 1.:)' )t

L 1.:)' .IJ' tC..I/""!"!~J.:.1,;-' J'. u_;;"~.1J~~L .::/; tJiU,./.~

84

J.,,,,,cJ~ fl,., -:i·~VI , O~ J<YI.)!.:-~ J.,).tl IL);~-:I.::/', J)tb/. ~ VI ~ ,., t:_ )JI""J~ f,.,Jljr ~.:-!}J/, ,.I'"J: J.,).tl ~I eJ' L,.,~Ij .:-lMrL~~),j'~ f tJ, t".(fJ()LvlJ~cJ~ LL)r~~-?)Jvl_£~f ~{Vl

-!~.JJI ~cJIOJ?;' J .::/', o)tb/. )JI£{)JI .::/"·O}.J,/. f if-J,.,~'~ -:~ ~ O){ VI J t.-u,,1L cJI)JI~ ~ J".v.j ~ {JI{.I} j;i 1..:ku,,1 cJIL~ L VI

L)~~~fi -ifv:! )~~ 2Jr.) J.f { .I}J1j IL)/;)JI~}Lr 2-,j'I.)!.::/" )JII.)!cJI.I'v!~1/vii J t.-u,,1~~ I.)!L)>>-'")JI

.J)v:! cJ'; ~(

.::/', O)U,/.I.)!)i:'"~ LcJlf if- c,., ~, If-:~ ..:ku,,1cJI

L)/;)JI~}Lr ~~ f_;£.~ J (1"/ ;;-, L (:,ylr- o)U,/.)JI

~IJ) J() IL)/;Lc:P'~ fl) -:~ JJI~ cJl,.1£ -JY."-Jt.-UiJf PoLf ~J:i L rIL)?tr.)JIL)P.cJI'L!~Jljr ~ ~ ~

)jl,., r ~J! -: ~ ~}Lr ;r '£. if-) ~ {L)J~L L)/;)JIL)AJ~I' J L)/;~I 'I)!JL )~Ije f~ -" J;OJ;)1 J ~ I.)!J~ ~I 2_L .:-Ip.1fr )JI~I L~; Ivl)C ,J.,:-~J/ J4:»~..:ku,,1~~ L vI )JI 'I" ~ ~I-~~ (j ~ -?J0'" -LfvLr L vl.l' v1) v:! ~~ 'J~ ..:ku,,1~ f if- cr ~I ,;; ~fi-1) POx Lr /.I/..J. v:!~)J' ~ vI 'Il' IJY- )JI'JI~..::.h Pol.)!

-~ JJ:)1/ I~Y J .::/', o)U,/.L.:-p! J ,1857,.:f-

85

~,.J'Y•1.Stokes,E.: The English Utilitarians and India, Oxford, 1959,P. 27

2.Bearce, P. 292

220-,j:H~1 -329-,j:~ 4

34_,j:H~1 -56.Bearce, P.I65

7.Hutchins, PP.12_16

13_14,j:H~ -8154_157-41 :HI;fI _9

68-,j<{>-;;:/ _10

68 -41 :HI;fI _11

69_,j:H~1 -1273_,j:H~ -13

14.Powell,A A :Muslims and Missionaries inPreMutiny India,"

London 1993,P.I54_156

40_4141~ _IS

34_,j:H~1 _16

76-41:;;:/ 17

86

~ -~ J;.11JI 1.1'L ..:ku,,' L ~JGo! ~ uJ'ji ~ Jf1857

u,[!}.p ~ ,1I/1/~1.r1.1' ~ ~f J.::/f uilb/. j "" ,.JI;r~rJ.I41~'t~ L( 1.1' 2....L e.Jfi .IJ'ftv! ..:1ftJ1/J1.1' ft,,,J,['" 2.... 1.1'A '.IV « ftJ ~ jJ1..Jij1 ~ I)!J,.J... 1.1' YLf.IJ''v;?Lz '2/!rV "J-~ j~ Il:)j'j L'-;~.L I:P'Jk L ..:ku,,'

-~~~ L ..:ku,,' 1~,p. L do f f.! " -JtJP L .::/;J!)'1:)' & ~~J.f f 1 ~'.Ib#' L 1:)' s:L" j".It 2.... 1.1' I:)Y L ur~.1

(lSiL U.luf LLs.2.... 1.1' -"~ j -"A!.ir -~~.f ~ .; ur~.1 Js.2.... 1.1' ~ .IJ'Jk..::..r''; .::/'; -'-lJ.f( ~y .IJ'~i J1:)'L1.1' ~.~~ ~ ~ -IJuit' JJ I)!l;)J.IJ (.I .IJ';;'~ 0;),L 1:)'L u-t'"1PL ~1.1.1' -V-Ih (J/ ~ u?jtJ, J UJNf &, ~, f 2....f J' ..::..r'.IJL'.1 I!c,l? I)!J,.J...L ~IP!LI'fl/~' ~ 1.1'I!1:)'1 UJ.I'J'J ~~'J.IJ1:)' .IJ'Lf ~,_i'JJ I)!~tJ,~ L 1:P'u:-z

-LIP Ih .I' ;/. ./ ~. /.,

4- ~(P'.It 0'/ -?JJ~JGO! s» ~-::J Y JJ ~ ~/. L 1.1'o~1Pu,,' _; .IJ' 'j~ ~ Il:)j'j L'-;~L ~IP!LI' -,J ~ JJUJ JdJL"~ ,,:If r ~JGo!L u';' -'" ,~p,(.JiI)!uli ~ '_;>J

L.::/; uilb/. .IJ'-(j.l JJ.Jf.1- cJVJk ~ ~.Ii Ifi' ~JGO! ~ f

87

"y;,_;.! --V I.)!1.1':# .:J~~ r~ -f-.1 J;}f .:;_1.1' ]_~ "-/ JJ

" b:If J'J 1.1' -~, o..(G .:;_ ~~, eJ~;.:;_ "':"""L U';' J,(J!J'I "-/ JJ .IJ'I.)!~ 4fiL 1.1' .-t.',/. ,_;.!-?JIf~P! ~IP~'

'f-~of!r ..:1YoJ d>.1.)! PI ~P!W' .J.....1L~/ -4: f-.I.f rr" ~~~JM~I.)!~

J...; Ozl.)! GY If ~ L 1.1' .IJ' ..::/; 0)U,/.-6. If ,1857.f J; ('h" r~~, j)~ J J:~L U';' .:;_.A.1l L 1.1' -JrLJ,(tOJ.fJ; ~Ll IfUt? J~ I.)!1.1'tJb: tr-'~cJ Yo ~I -~

fV~.f (.?/ 1.1' ~ 0/JJ4Cy;./~ AJ Jk r..:/;.:;_1.1')i -,_;.! ~.I-¥, J/If ,,~, IfUJ.I; JtJV' .IJ'J:~If uitJ..-'" .IJ'U~JPlIf ,,~, Ly; z.),v~ / ~J-¥, JLL; .IJ'~J L'J ~U U}JJ=:if If~; ~~'.:;_ .l'J'.I' c,I' -, r'.IJ'.I' . ...,J}i ~ ~.I-¥,c.;., .,., v.. .,v '_;:;-'

-,_;.! ~.I-¥'JIll' LIf If ~~, j}~ J J:~L ..:/;0)U,/. ~, ')J

OJ~Y'O/JJ.lJ'~'J~'~.I~I}/('1 fOJ-?i..J) If~IP~'L..:/; U.IJ'U.I1,~ ~'./Ch'L c,I' I.)!"-.I~ L..:/; JC ~!-OJ "-J / (J'" ..:/w ..f IfJ~,JJ.I LJ...; cJ ~, (1) -Uy;P ~,

'~.I'JJ .:;__.v .::.v-.v.; ~ / ..:/; o}lb/. L "':;'JL ,1857

.IJILb: ~Jf / "-/Ir jlrJPi U ..t.ljL ~1,LI1 flJ J~r1.1' J,(rc,I' / cP'JPl J' f4: z....f eJ"= ui..V"~..JJ/" I.)!~J J;Jt:-JPl i'~~.f~ r~P!,_;.!' ~ Llf L 1.1'f -~,~y;P~'~~ J ~JJ~ L c,I'LV' -,,-/a' I.)!'"' IfJ~1j ~, i..L c,I'

f'y;'~.1~ ~ rJ~.:;_PoL 1.1' -~ "-'.f J~/ UiJ.IL c,I' .IJ'

88

h .ok;~ .JJ' '41/;:rf'-f'-cJI'4 ~.J.JJJ'- u~t:--~-4,J .::/, "cJIL

j~ d,-(IIU~ .JJII/"ri .ok;~v. ~J JJIU~ ~V.uP.u~ JJI':"--~J":,,,1-!"JI,e cJ~ JJ L u/; JJI':"--~.JPo L ,1857v!~ ~ ii' --tf "';j .JJIA JJI! J! .:;,j '- (I'

-,JJ!'1,JU~~~I L.::/; lS)U,/.(j 2.... L ~I ~I L .::/,lS)U,/.V. ~~ Po L ,1857

~~ J" .JJI'IJf)'I;~J{~I~I V.~. L VI -ifJI)'1UJJIj.S~.J ~~ f J"J>1~'- PoLVI -JLL 1;"'"ij,/.r:J >.S'T-' ''''~,f~ '- vl,.l£ -4lSJ./ ~ '- :--"ij,/. r:J lSA,GJLVI .JJI! dL L VI J{ t) .::/~S&1.Jltil./' tf"v rt ~ I/.

" dL L ~~ lS}1J,/..:..--1.1 .!.t. ~~ ":,,,1-!Jf .::/!"rt£01~~ JI .JJI'I/~ ~ ~tt~I...;r VA'" 1~J;r,.J. ..J/J ~UiS-"vI .J .JJI'T- ;.:J. .JJI~ lil4- '- ~~ 11-fl/~~J

-~, Cu i,GJ ~vI J!1U~~ 1;1-v.r Jr, JJ1'.SvI 't)~ lS.J!.....t ~ Po 2.... L U~~ L1-Po L ,1857

: ft..P' V. ~J~ L.J~' v'Lv./-!~.ft;'-:";~ ~ If ~;

./ cJ! cJ~ v. -'T- JjI, ~~.J;r, 1- lS.J~~ ,t,l.Ji

-iflS.J!L,)" 1-lS.J~PoSj.PI (.I " VI ~ cC-" 4- -'T- ~ ~ l.Ii ,,/ L,)" 1- lSJ~-" 4-

(2)-'T- I" lS.J!'- (VI .J~I (.I ~'-.J{ " e".LJy. cJ)J/ V. ,18872....L~ { ';:')..,p ,J1-

89

t:::-)?)1) " t".LJr._t.,_'j~ ,1898.1. )J' ,fJ"'"Jj ~ I:P'JPz~ L)}~ t:::- ~ .Po I:P'JPz J' f " (j,j ~~ V' -:-if~ J-?)JJ t:::-' '~ 1/"0; .Po Po L ..)I;L ~~ r 'v!Lr l...1'O)'JiJ

-L~ ~ ;lJiJ t:::-:",oU,..t.rJ II:)'L1')LJ, rv' si-O)~ 2._ L ~? J t.:P ~ ,-)'J'L ~~V./ L" Ltc4flJ~ ':;'P! ~ ,1857 ~ -" ~ ('1" t,,,.J:I

:f~tJfL

/~ ~ )~)JLL)~~ ,;-' f" .:;,)i,a ~PIJ'l'~,- )J' J n' ~? J t.:P ~ ~~ -£ l...",;-'s'T-Iz ~ jL;, ~ .A~ -£ z:« J js:'T-~~-:''T-C"JjJ,1' J t:::-....6L)J'~~

.:;,,!) )J' rJC L v' r -t:;- ....6L')In )J' ~~ ')In -:

J"o~.:;,)i~V' t:::-,a IPIJ' f.I,;J,,, 'v!(3)4

~, J£'I/,~'r .::.r.'J)V' ~ )~)JL..::/; 0)U,..t. ,,:,,' ~

,,:,,1/ t:::-)IJ, L.::)JJ )J' ',,:):JJ~) '~? J t.:P ~JPz s» ,j!.l...1'". ;I~.JL .::./'; ~t if' 1'L t:::-t~)~)J -: -1:. L)"I:)~'J~ V'J'£" .:.t" 0% ~ )~)J L L!;1'J t:::-)} JI; -i;_'-t' ~ )~)J'-/. )J' i;_ l...rL ~ J ;~ )J' ui)~)J,;-' ~ .:,.r'1))J' J: t:::-J)~~ L!,r1'J~ ,1860 .::.r.'J)-:_i;_ l...1'I:)~'rO)'JiJrV L I:P'JPz ~ if-f-'" )~)J)?rJJ~ ,1903 ~)JJ L I:)j1'j,JI ~ d)~v' ;-v L~' J ~ 1l'J)L' L.:,.r'1; I:)~'J

4~('~J -: ~ '-~~ L)~)J V'Lo~r

90

S C);) rJJ I.)! tr.S ~ .:;;~I.)! I., .,

~ A" AI,J? ':' V1 }" -r'j J -:>'.1 J /-.1 .'i- Ai Ai S C)_Nl ,.:. -.;~ fPi ? ~ (i V1 zs L Y/ .IIJ

'i- Ai Ai S JJ.I ,.,. L)! UJ.l1;-o

'x !Y ~ ... ~ J ...."...z A2..y'_'- ,v- • f ..

'i- Ai Ai S I:fZ/. J e J ~

J'j J (jll ~ f .IJ' v.! ,j L)! II.!

'i- Ai Ai S I,;/-'vf ~ ~ V'

UJ-"J~J..t.ljL V'f~fll.tj /.::.<.'J.IJ"L _p,.j, v' L UJ.I~.IJ

V' .IJ' 'IiC~~ "";!i" ( .:;;L.»SC)' .e:L~ ~J .:;;1J.,i' J ~ 1UJ.I~.IJL L!r-1'J ~ ~ C~~~.:;;7~.IJ' .Ii~ I.)! Vb--- ~, vJ­.IJ' 'v!J~OJvA '£.~ ~UJ 1U}'J Lf C)JIiJ~ ~; I.)!.

L V' -13Cf JIj' .:;;7SC)' f ~{ JIP .IJ'f 1J, ~ ~ C)' L!r-1'J

.e.L!JJ ~ ( o-"J~J~, 1.;:.,,0; L'J Li v!.I~.IJJ'I'~,L ~; oju,/. LY/ LjYo J,.t.. ~ ':;;~'J.I -4" SU;--

,; r"~ ~ j;~ J.llf .:«-~f ?JJ L)! ,.1911~.:« .::..,;j'-"Jr:J ..t.'I 0'.1 v.! J.llf .:;;1LLJ;'~,~, ~; oju,/. -r' J"13~1l1.)!JJ1~j'-"J 2... ~, '1.::,,-0; ~ .IJ' lf~ .:;;1 L ~u,/.

~ Ul.v .J.1i ~ ~, ,j..IC ....;/ -:,J ~J',['1i JIP ( ~,~ J.}lv' ~ ~~ S..:)? J ~ 0''' .IJ'~ ( ujl/ L ~JPi

91

,nl7 Y j Yo ~" ~I '- tiL L I:P'JPzLU';I £.?-, tf ..::.r.~= OJ

-7 IS'"='-}JL U,.,. ~ IS'C)I"=,,I~!~I J);"I L JJL C)I,.A."I;~ /i ,1'';~;C,:._f ,,=,,1,1'~

t#

,1't!;llJJ (j If L .::/;o)tb./. L,: Lf J' ,,~IJ" vI _.;

,,!j./.If ~yil IS'C)I;rk"t!"k#'12V c!~1 ~I v! .,:..1,,11 IS'if--~ ~ IJ.'J If':? '- ~IJ" rC)I"JI 7"

..f.~J J'I " ~JPz 8J ,1'';~I I,,{ I,,{ rvI1.::/;o)U,./.J"'I,c),; runLL.k OJ ...f ~ ~ f v.! .::/; '- ,.lI)' /"."JI .,:.;-'~"C)ylJ L ~JPz L U';I 2... L ~ vI -v./ v.!v! (I' rC)I,1'';J~rC)IJ',f'oJ'::*}""';) IS'l,)JA~ "JIUJ"I~j

v! ,1820-T c:c: ~ l/;(I." 1.::/." ~"j L C)II)) 7s,"JI (~I1.::/;L,: Lf8}~1.....;)IS'~I IS'..P. vI L y ;,,/LvI".;, .

:,1'';~8''?'-'::J vI _.~, ~ ,,!j./.I o"I~j" ~/i u:'?·JlPf Yo v!,-}~ "JI '(7"& ..jyl ..P. ~IS'J/!? *) j,: r o"I~j fi -J7" If OJ 7o}JGJ IS'C)I'- .::/; o"~ "JIJL~,:"=,,I} ..:JI"

(4)-JL~,:"yfI)!/IIJJILU';I *}t!(;J}J' r.,:..1,fl,#1 ($~L.::/;o)U,./. ~C)I,1'';J~ r C)IJ',f' ~J ~y I uV L ft I (lSi ~)..lA.h;

"JI '(L~J 8J~jv! .:;..%f,: Jlj; ,-)J.A..W c).rf''- '::J IS'.,:..1,fl,#1uV C)IiJ5 ":"J~ I)!,1857 I)!/IIJJI~.I-J ,:"Ii~ (/,,,j aJ~j"IJIr lS}JGJ~ 1,)J).liW LI{ ';-, Lifo IS' ';-J fr r .::/; L

92

r(IIs:drJ....; J'. ~Y J..:;.,-"$ PoL ,.hL .::..~2.... V' -ifL~ .nl~.!t ~I r.Po4~J,~ f uJ.h;~j LIf:J4:-J ;1..­,f- I.i / cJI'- -?JJ LJ1 J'.i~JJA JJI'L cJ1J l:P L ..:;.,-"$2....,. -~I'~I LJ1 ~J fr d.-I cJr-JJL ~J JJI.;:.,;$ -: -t £! ~..:;.,-"$J'-~'::"JJ/ ,f- ~ JJIL ,_/;J!j./. ,f- ~I J l:f"1 J'.uj~

-L"'/ ,f- J.J,Jdos:U ,,-,j2....L Lb:!"" ; ~~ f~v' L":;"-"$ ~ \

J1r? -:f cJli r ~IJJ Jii'! iP -IJ]J jj~ l..li';!J cJI~Jj L'rISl,rJ'';! ~JjLj;fJ_;r ~J/ J'.'::"JylJJIA&t'Yl'_:,r f~Jj L if.f (Alienation Act)dI';:'J.I J'. ,1901J'. "'r'f"~ J ~V' (5)-y!Jo...v.~"LJ:.j d!j" UJ.?LLJ JJIUJJr..ri'V

-(g r ~ b';I.J.LWJJIJYltJbr I:f J;I /.'=1b'~2....L~; J

~J V' ~I J UJ;fA JJIUJJIP.'"jJ'.U~ J.;:.,;$ O~./.

..J.I' _:,Po 'IYlI~ .:i~~ ~Ji JJI .Iv? J'. dV'JPi ~ f ,f *- JJIV' IJJ-ti~Lf ~1Y,f-r J;~I J'.~~ .J.'tiJA" J}U"~fV'if LYlv!IJL UJJIP.'"j-:JJ r":;"-"$2....L LeI / ~I J ~L ;£J J!j./. /o;fJl;J ScJIL ..:;.,-"$(6) -L )Jl;J L .;:.,;$ Yo

J! SJf./oJ{ ScJI~Jj L if.fl) IhfJ~I f~~J ttJJ..)" 2.....JJ! OJOJj ~ SV' j JYl ~ ~ ,f- 'Jj J'. -:JJL cJI}i'lJ'I L.::..I._.w J cJILYl Lf r-? f OJIJl;JJ cJI.;:.,;$ eJ~ L V'L ..:;.,-"$'I JYllJ'f 2.... L cJIJ'. J~JJ 'I Jjl; '- ~UJ ~I(7) -L Lf JJ ._;)r.; i...L cJIJJILf .:;..G"tJ, ..J} '- cJIJIJ:.~

_if; J'.Jif ~'f~V'L U~I ~Jj L JJ..) (lSiV' IJJ

93

L L/I~ vV' r~ v!L)/; ,Jjl;£)ri ~I J el'v!c:P'~-.If ,j./,)~O'JL/('nl15)I,;,1/.1,II/.'15)~ L .::/'p 15)U,/.2...

-p.rL))I,.) :;i~.~ iflu L/ V~,pl L~ 2...L,j./,)~1)1

U .:...: )JIV!,t" ifl JcJl~ C.lf :;i~~ r~ )JI j)pt ,.,II)creJ(I) rJ cJ,c..,,)JI '4:..21-) J!;1,;,1/.1-:'-':;>J Jdo ,Iv? J.If~!t~I v!/ J~ 20v!J' VI L ,j./,)~.s:1-;1;/ J! J~j.If;;i 2'400 ,If JvI v!/ J~ 30 'I)~ ,It" ;;i 300 uf.lf o.,f '.Y Y ~.

C.lf )1" r~ }t 1000 u! .If~ _3'500v!/ J~ 50 )JI'!J!-.If(j' eJ~j'- cJ.!jU,II)15)~ 2... L.)I hI ~ v! ,j./,)~~'T-C! If-i:.. 1-.If !....,:..I)~Ir;-Jv!L)j~ ';-, f L)J;lJ'-.d cJl(8) .

'- uf J~~v!L~';-,'v! -r'fYcJi.;,i -vd'-J-' v! *,1860 ,IJ'-<:- uf VI" ( '-5,11) t1'(*,1906) J)lj f L ~ C/..Jl)1JL" u f~ cJ~)J L 0::/.) )JI ,j./,)~-" ~I JI.~ 4 'T- C.lf~ L)L ,I~ 'T- (jl)!.12...L cJlo::/.) ,I4:.. ~J (t r-:I L tt~

-JvJI2...L

~':t.!'- ..:.fU,1 I~p! u ;1,.;L -:J)L()(/ )JI ~ JL ,j2J~u.:...:l)!.' -4:.. 1-/ J' ,,~~JJ_&j J f! v! ..,:..)~J~v! *,1872n:-- -ifJr ,;l7) I:- 21.--LL)~ ';-, LL),)I ~ ,IU1.A°,- ,,;,i f 49 )JI ,f 15;JLJ/f I:)'fi~ v! ';0 L..,:..p!v!-r'fy rI(9)"'"iSJ'-J j~ fL)Ji 16~ LVI i~r;:JJ~Jj ~ -if~J 1)1fJ'j~ LJ.f'T-·~ ))1~ J~~Vl ~,Jr0...JI~ v! *,191915Jljr4v!15v"'-~ ~ .J./I/(?J;:J )~ L~ L ':-J ~ fk.)~ V. L)J~,f Jf! "L)JVtI.l u~.IJll:)'fiu;..v!vI i J.If ~;

94

-::"UVIJr _;/,:,!.I.~t J'J..6 VI -V1I,j.J ~ ...£jv:.1 L .::;_!.I.'JIJ-Y J'o J'VI 4!V'~I If 1(:)", L~ ~.J~..t. '1,j.J....(,>.-'f- ~ r,tJ".JL 2... L ;( 14 (.fk--!.I.~7 .JJI'_;tJV L IJJJ'

t~.Ij /.: dVJPi IIJJ~ .::;_~J J'1:1- s:v? ..:1ftJ V'U jfcJI .JJI'( 'f-.J ~ Atil rcJI J'.£.;£ -:ft ~ ~ L.JJJ Jlk.I _I~

vI LJyl ~' s:LJIl.J,f. "' vI lJ£ujf ''(JIl':'JIJj I-'IJyl J'~v:.Jj~1 '-p

;..-;f ;..-;f !.I. ,;." L .:k~I ,f..rs:-:j -f1 :V1..:1ftJ JJJ'vIf ...£ IJk 'f-.J LJIl....(,> !.I. rUV' .JJI.J~J.JrL ~; cP'JPi JI2... L.:;,o; .JJIIJJ)J '-.J Jilb./. fsJIl~.J~ ~ !.I. J~JJ',1940(.fk--O'J 2!I !.I.V~ ~lr- ~lr- L VI 4! JIlJ! t/, (i )1)1 '"

2...VI -1/JIl~t If c(.::;_J..61 cJI .r.JJIl.JJ .:::;u, .I; VI viiLVI 2... L vI! ~ JIl~ .JJIr:Po L IJ? JJft ~; Jilb./.

-L~ JIl.JIJ.tfJ'::;_(lSi J~fi ~I IJ f~ ~ .=--1.1J/.JJI IJ~'.,!..~ rJ. LttJJ'JVt Jr 'lJ£i (.fk--f! -:~J (il J/JJ/ .I} ~ 1 ~JPi 'L IJr JJIl J.l-I !.I. ~JPi .JJI'4J:,r't

cJI -: ...flYl-: -:f.rcJI .JJI~ b:y~r~ LI(- J',-.t'~2...L :",-ib./.

f 'f- !.I. (.fl " rvI I.lA-'f- ~.J~ ~ .a!i. -f1.::;_ .J;~ J}'~;;'2... LJ'~IP J'vI '~ Jfty".::;_~ IJk ftl-:v Jilb./..1'-J JJljf .::;_I

-L~J) --?/ vI f~ ';IJ (il rl,.JC J'cJVJPi -: j IJIlJljf J~1 J~~I ,J. 'LJIl ~ ( !.I. '-;~ L vl.f cf. J~JPi 1J!7

. -~ JIl~.J .::;_uk LJIl ;£.1 .IIj./.

95

I.Wurgaft, P. 7

106-V JI962.J.t1D'{ ..:.-DlP:-:.JoC'/ 2

100 -V :/I~I 3

4. Bearce, P. 137

~1997.J.t1iJ \5).d'1:-!~..j,~ji;: ~ 2...L~ 5

6. Hutchins, P.187

8. Dewey, Clive: Anglo_Indian Attitudes. Cambridge, 1993,P. 5

39-V:..J~ 9

96

"..:-~v' v! if.lJ )i~,J} .n' -:f ,~,....~,~ (uzj J1J~ii£ -=- -::J,J if. 7 ...Jti>,JJj v! L)",j .n' L);J v! k=Jro V1J.IJ;J Lt' f)J -8.;:L";;.IJ'~~) J; f £.IJ' u.;~~ .IJ';./. J Lt' v.P/ £'.; v! (jL~' IL);J (j_;/) 8Jf 7l5)J _.j =,J L);J ~~I,-:,,"..;;i ~ -ILJ JAv! L~rIr J J.;:; ,J(j' .IJ'~~ ~~,Jif. 7) .IJ'~Y?vv!)'.IJ' ,-:,,"..;;i0v' flJ;t U:"..:-~v'rJ; 0k=J'..z,v -7 r -=-~ H71( JP(~tYoL L)yl, -=--::J

-7", (btv' .I'AJ.I'Jji JJ' L L)yl, ji I(J,?--' 1.1) " ..:-1J~ii~,L L)f. ~ ~ ')}J

.:A -=- (j'".If Ii';;8Jfl('~ Ivl?' v' v! L);J .IJ'L)",j (I

'-/ JJ -7 ..:-0. Jd y~2...L (j' 1.1) r~72... v' -u.; 4i~'j L)H L ..:-1J~ii-=- -::J,J if.'(y j L)i1j".If " L L)_')'

r~~)'~, '~/. r ..:-Inji~'.l~,~,-I J1":-/ -=- L)J.I;J ..:-1'J.I-~a.rJi ~/.r..:-1jJ~J'~'.IJ'/"

..::/,' -=- L)J)J'L'.)/..IJ'vd{ '{;,J...J/ ,; L L)iY J1J~iibt ,;-' ~.IJ L L)J)J' ~ 2...L L~ (I ",.If J1jIL)H .J. '0~7.IJ'(,j, ~.I,! v! if. ..f:£.L~~L..aiL( v' -I(;.itu:j (J1~"v' .IJ'-V do JjL rJ; '":;'.I,!f'J1 = _..;:.rv' -J1('i'.);./.,J

97

"~'f- J' .f1) ~"U.f11) ,fl~'f-J' .f1J;SJ!'fi fl/&~L~ f .::.dJ))JI ,-)IJI JlPJjL 1J) )JI ~ V' L ~t -I)V:~)iJlP ~'.f1d jti )JI J~J i)i '.f1J; (II); &J'f-f -~J)F ) ~

.:)7 J ~ ~ fl/~)r-?Iz,VI o: ~ JjL J~;-.f1JJ'ifIJJ -V,t...J~ J -'1.:::;_ U~ (V jJIe~'y r,j;J (# )JI JJ'if )JI

J J~J} Sr,jlLV,_),f )hP'~";; ~)i ,-/(r j~J~i}...k ~

-J.f1 cflt J;JI;iJL ,.;4!JI J ~I ~,,)} uk--~1.f1,.JI; r )JJ j~J~i} ~ f~v! 1J) )JI;I;(; L ,-:,7 -:,,)} tJJ )JI ~Ir- 'J(rJ J.1r' ./'£..f1,:;~tL ,-:,7 YofL~ &J -: ~i..JIo r,j!7 Yov! ufo r,jl -'f-)0'J~";; ~ ,jL ..::.r~~ wf,yL r,jl -L ;~.:::;_~";;~ )JIL)JI '-)JI L )JJ J~J~i} t/-P.L l!J,;i fJJ -I) t))hP' 11jJf r,j_i..

-t::....) . '-L ..::...LIJ), L.7. ..

..::...)~IUJ)J' )JI ..::...~IJ)JlP u!7JI v! )JJ J~~i} ~ ~

)JI UtY' ~' &J-'f-C))1.$1r..::...~~,flifl ..JIo I)n t/- r:lL~ .:::;_d~_I~jJI J>J 'J~/(1'':;-1 )JI 'f-if.~.JiIJ}':::;_ )~I LJjJI ~I IJ} &Jv!J':;-fi.vI -'f- f.f11.7..:::;_,-:;,,)i d"j rV',,)}-V,t._i;! .:::;_un(I.: "':-"'"-: ;f~I r .c;-) 'v~'r,j~; Sv' -'f- if.)LJ )JIun(I.: I)r UJJI ~ f 'f-,:r 0' ~I .:::;_J vI t/- r r,jl

-L~w~v!-V'J~)i) ~ I.::)JJ )JIL~VJ~I r b)j)JI t}~)Y.: 'vd{ 'r:) -V,t O'Jt.f J) .I}LL).::./$L r,jl

...J) tJ/ JJ-L~~ v! .::)~S~J J...J} I(I' ~)j LUJ)J' ,.?L ,...1.: tA' -L~~ v! j~J" .I}~ I("~)j L ,...1.: tA' ~I)j

98

L .::./; y- -'7- Jl7 IUYij L ('1 .::./;Lf J~' le'.JjL~; -~L~J1-!:f-'L ~I/ d~ .JJ' .1''; 'JJ ~ U~...;JI,;­

L "':"~v.. UJ)J' ~ -'7- r~11;:..Y~~J~ J r.,.~S('11(';'fi-'7- jf ~- ~ U.?; ~ LJ1 LI;: e~l) J'IIJ} .::./; fi ,.;!.Jj.JJ'L/.Ji '~Y ~'f(J ~Jj" uYij L~ d'Y-i".J~ jy;ie.;:L ~ 1.v.1J.J".J~ J'lj Vlr '.lin f '7- _':;Jif.. -'7- ~.J ~ Lf ~

-'7- ~.J~ 1J:rJ1v.. ('1 .JJ' uP. uY u '7- tJ, v.:' Y- !;'.JJ.JJ' ....fi~ .JJJj1J~ii~ 2.... t,y L .:.~v' I~ L d' .JJ' ~)J' L .::./; -'7- ~o.JJJ~ u;Jr d' ('1"t~f~,f- f~~.::.:;.;J ~ &, eJ f I

1)~~ .JJ' ~.J'J' L I.f' ..::,..r'~.Jf '7- 'J1-: ";:'1( v' -~ ?-.J (Jjd' ('1f~'~;£ ~ J; .JJ'.:i~ ~ '",:,,;.,../J} LJ1?-.J" tI.f' -~ L~J1o.J~~ ",:,,'Ji ",:"J'.JJ' )?'",:,,;"") 'J~v.. u~ S--byL ('I-'7-,f J1/"J .JJ'.:.f v.. uP. uiJJ d'~ Jj .JJ' o.JJJ2_ L &, :#f~-'7- c:!J ('1 .JJ' Jl,..J--, ',Jib -::,"UC" .JJ' ..::,..r'~.J'7-o='~S..::,..r'~.J'))J -~ c:!J .JJ' L'J Lfey 1..::,..r'~.J'JJ "::'>;J ('1"::'>;J I UJ)J' J'1.JL v' -L~1~J.JJ' JJ(~ if I ~I,;- ('1fi f~ .J~JI v.. Lf ~ c/.JJ' L~J ,;£ I ('11.)'i=: '7- ~ b: JJ

-'7- jJ1S..::di,;v.JJ'j,P' -":'J;f ~)J' L I.f' .JJ'~~.J ~/....fi f~S~Ij ,;'.J'J .-3 'j!&, 'o.J'.;:!.!'v..~}lrA i v(~de .::./~

-'7- r~ J1r vl?' ~Ji'J'~,....f ~ f'7- 1]1.1 d~ .JJ'Jt'i v.. uH....f"::;J V' v..vlr

99

u~..; S.I~.I~~ ~ -{ ~ ~V~ I.::.-vt.. ,.:!.Ij L J..; .f .t'i~I.t'iJ)J, J"?' .IJ' if"4- v!Vlr -:::;J V' ; \,I,(~-'"((t v!L~I.::.-vt..

-IA L~~.v .::.-~~L LJ~"; I.::.-vt..v!UH .IJI f- r~21.-- L -:::;J .ff- r~8.1 ;'1.1 U' ~ 2... L UH v! .::.-Vt..cJI'cJly~Ji v! ~J.Af S~VI -L~S~J.Af 2...L ~~'LJ;:,/'

-IA~ ~ L.t'i LJ.I~I IJ:l4- .IJI..:::z;~ '.),Ij}

-f- .I~JJ Vlr l.;Incl o;;::_ if..f f- Jt.. '::'-.I~eJ 0:.