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7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/besar-aliran-permukaan-erosi-tanah-dan-produksi-tanaman-semusim-akibat-pengolahan 1/12
KEQG[ GBM[GC PE[IULGGC" E[HQM ̂ GCGJ NGC P[HNULQM ̂ GCGIGC
QEIUQMI GLMKG^ PECDHBGJGC ̂ GCGJ LHCQE[VGQM NM BGJGC L[M^MQ
UB^MQHB NGE[GJ ̂ GCDLGPGC GM[ *N^G- QMCDLG[GL" PGNG ̂ GJUC LEEIPG^
*[uchff" Qhmbs Erhsmhc gcn Gccugb Arhp Prhnuatmhc nue th Ahcservgtmhc ^mbbgde mc Armtmagb
Bgcns gt Ubtmshbs hf Qmcdlgrgl Tgter Agtjajiect Greg" mc Fhurtj ]egrs-
Hbej ? Ohcm Glkgr/" Gprmsgb ngc Gsigr//
/- Prhdrgi Qtunm Gdrhelhtelchbhdm Fglubtgs Pertgcmgc Ucmversmtgs Gcngbgs
//- Prhdrgi Qtunm Mbiu ^gcgj Fglubtgs Pertgcmgc Ucmversmtgs Gcngbgs
GKQ^[GL # Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm gngbgj setmgp agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ygcd kertuougc uctul iecdurgcdm
kesgrcyg gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm ygcd terognm# Gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm tgcgj ierupglgc pecyekgk iecurucygtmcdlgt prhnultmfmtgs tgcgj ngc ngyg nulucd tgcgj uctul prhnulsm tgcgigc sertg lugbmtgs bmcdlucdgc jmnup#Pecebmtmgc
iecdecgm kesgr gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm tgcgj ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc seiusmi glmkgt pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm nm
bgjgc lrmtms Ubtmshb Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr Qmcdlgrgl" lgkupgtec shbhl" Quigterg Kgrgt tebgj nmbglsgcglgc pgng tgjuc
;07;# ^uougc Pecebmtmgc mcm gngbgj uctul iecdetgjum pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj" oecms tgcgigc ngc mcterglsm gctgrg
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc ygcd terognm nm bgjgc
lrmtms N^G Qmcdlgrgl# Pecebmtmgc mcm iecdducglgc rgcagcdgc petgl terkgdm *[P^-" necdgc agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj
sekgdgm petgl utgig ngc oecms tgcgigc sekgdgm gcgl petgl# Ngtg nmgcgbmsms seagrg stgtmstml" kmbg F jmtucd 3 F tgkeb
*kerkeng cygtg-" iglg nmbgcoutlgc necdgc uom bgcout Nucagc”s Cew Iubtmpbe [gcde ^est *NCI[^- pgng tgrgf cygtg
5%# Jgsmb pecebmtmgc iecucoullgc kgjwg tmngl gng mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp
gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm tgcgj ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc# Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc kerpecdgruj cygtg pgng
erhsm ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc" cgiuc tmngl pgng gbmrgc periulggc# Erhsm tgcgj terecngj terngpgt pgng agrg pecdhbgjgctgcgj necdgc iecdducglgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , pupul lgcngcd , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ngc
terngpgt pgng lenebgm uctul oecms tgcgigc# Prhnulsm tgcgigc tertmcddm terngpgt pgng agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj necdgc
iecdducglgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , pupul lgcngcd , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ngc terngpgt pgng
tgcgigc lgagcd tgcgj uctul oecms tgcgigc#
Lgtg lucam ? pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm" gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm" bgjgc lrmtms#
Gkstrgat
Ahcservgtmhc tmbbgde ms gcy tmbbgde ietjhn tjgt gmis th renuae tje gihuct hf ruchff gcn shmbs erhsmhc tjgt haaurs#
[uchff gcn shmbs erhsmhc ms g aguse hf neabmcmcd shmb prhnuatmvmty gcn agrrymcd agpgamty hf tje bgcn fhr arhp prhnuatmhc
gcn ecvmrhciectgb qugbmty# ^je [esegraj gkhut ruchff" shmb erhsmhc" gcn gccugbs arhp prhnuatmhc nue th ahcservgtmhc
tmbbgde mc armtmagb bgcn gt Ubtmshb hf Qmcdlgrgl wgter agtajiect greg" mc shbhl redecay" Test Quigtrg ahcnuaten mc
;07;# ^je purphse hf tjms stuny were th lchw effeat hf shmbs tmbbgde" arhp types gcn th lchw tje mctergatmhc keetwec
tje effeat hf shmbs tbbgde gcn arhp types hc ruchff" shmb erhsmhc" gcn arhp prhnuatmhc tjgt haaurs mc armtmagb bgcn hf
Qmcdlgrglwgter agatjiect greg# ^jms resegraj usen spbmt pbht nesmdc wmtj tmbbgde ietjhn usen gs tje igmc pbht gcn
types hf arhp usen gs sukpbht# Ngtg were gcgbyzen stgtmstmagbby" mf F ahuct3 F tgkbe *smdcmfmagctby nmfferect-" tjec
fhbbhwen ky g NCI[^ test gt 5% beveb# ^jeresubt sjhwen tjgt tjere wgs cht g regb mctergatmhc ketweec hf shmb tmbbgde
gcn arhp types hc ruchff" shmbs erhsmhc gcn arhp prhnuatmhcs# ^je shmbs tmbbgde gcn arhp typessmdcmfmagct effeat hc shmb
erhsmhc gcn arhp prhnuatmhc" kut cht fhr ruchff# Bhwest shmbs erhsmhc wgs fhucn mc tmbbgde ietjhn usen ahcvectmhcgb
tmbbgde , ajgbl , igcure , ahiphst gcn shykegc fhr tje arhps types# ^je jmdjest hf prhnuatmhc wgs fhucn mc tmbbgde
ietjhn usen ahcvectmhcgb tmbbgde , ajgbl , igcure , ahiphst gcn pegcut fhr tje arhps types#
Leywhrns ? ahcservgtmhc tmbbgde"ruc hff" shmb erhsmhc" armtmagb bgcn#
7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/besar-aliran-permukaan-erosi-tanah-dan-produksi-tanaman-semusim-akibat-pengolahan 2/12
PECNGJUBUGC
Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr *N^G- sugtu ngcgu
gngbgj sugtu wmbgygj nmselebmbmcd ngcgu ygcd
nmkgtgsm hbej pucdducd kulmt ygcd iecgipucd
gmr juogc ygcd ogtuj nm gtgscyg ngc
iecdgbmrlgccyg iebgbum sucdgm)sucdgm gtguiebgbum gbmrgc periulggc *ruc hff - sertg gbmrgc
kgwgj tgcgj iecuou ngcgu# Ngcgu Qmcdlgrgl
ygcd kerbhlgsm nm Prhvmcsm Quigterg Kgrgt mcm
ieimbmlm bugs N^G selmtgr 7;=#000 jg" nmigcg
selmtgr 1=#000 jg ngrm bugscyg ierupglgc bgjgc
lrmtms ygcd nmtuikujm gbgcd)gbgcd *Mipergtg
aybmcnrmab- *Hbneigc et gb #" 7=4=< amt Gdus et
gb#" ;00>-# Lusuig et gb# *7==0-" iecgikgjlgc
kgjwg selmtgr =0 % N^G ieipucygm
leimrmcdgc berecd kerlmsgr gctgrg ;6 % jmcddg
45%#Lgcgdgrmgc Grmpgc Leagigtgc Z Lhth
Qmcdlgrgl" Lgkupgtec Qhbhl ierupglgc sgbgj
sgtu ngrm selmgc kgcygl ngergj bgjgc lrmtms ygcd
kergng nm N^G Qmcdlgrgl# Bgjgc lrmtms ygcd
nmtuikujm gbgcd)gbgcd nm Lgcgdgrmgc Grmpgc
Lgkupgtec Qhbhl pecyekgrgccyg aulup bugs"
nmigcg selmtgr 15 % ngrm >#>60 jg thtgb bugs
wmbgygjcyg# Lgcgdgrmgc Grmpgc terbetgl nm
ngergj kgygcdgc juogc" necdgc aurgj juogc
ygcd tmngl ngpgt nmprenmlsm *Elsphs Tgbm
Cgdgrm Grmpgc" ;00=< amt Qermhstg" ;077-#Perigsgbgjgc ngbgi peigcfggtgc bgjgc ygcd
nmtuikujm hbej gbgcd)gbgcd uctul pertgcmgc
gngbgj prhnultmvmtgscyg ygcd recngj" ngc
ieimbmlm smfgt fmsml sertg lmimg ygcd kurul
Perigsgbgjgc bgmc ygcd terngpgt pgng N^G
mcm gngbgj hrnh tgcgjcyg " nmigcg hrnh tgcgj
pgng N^G mcm terigsul ngbgi hrnh Ubtmshb#Iecurut Ubtmshb ierupglgc sgbgj sgtu tgcgj
imcergb igsgi necdgc prhnultmvmtgs tgcgj ygcd
recngj" cgiuc ieipucygm phtecsm ygcd kesgr
ngbgi perbugsgc gregb pertgcmgc *Jglmi et gb#"7=:6-# Ubtmshb nmamrmlgc hbej gngcyg gluiubgsm
bmgt pgng jhrmzhc kgwgj periulggc *Jhrmzhc
Grdmbml- ygcd iecyekgklgc kerlurgcdcyg ngyg
resgp gmr sejmcddg ngpgt iecmcdlgtlgc gbmrgc
periulggc ngc erhsm tgcgj#
Erhsm ierupglgc sgbgj sgtu lecngbg fmsml
pgng tgcgj Ubtmshb ngc sgcdgt ierudmlgc lgrecg
ngpgt iecdurgcdm lesukurgc tgcgj# Jgb mcm
nmsekgklgc lgrecg lesukurgc tgcgj Ubtmshb
sermcd lgbm jgcyg nmtectulgc hbej lgcnucdgc
kgjgc hrdgcml pgng bgpmsgc gtgs *thp shmb -# Kmbg
bgpmsgc mcm tererhsm iglg tgcgj iecognm imslmc
kgjgc hrdgcml ngc jgrg#
Erhsm gngbgj jmbgcdcyg gtgu terlmlmscyg
tgcgj gtgu kgdmgc)kgdmgc tgcgj ngrm sugtu
teipgt ygcd nmgcdlut hbej gmr gtgu gcdmc le
teipgt bgmc# Qengcdlgc Gbmrgc periulggc
ierupglgc kgdmgc ngrm juogc ygcd tmngl
tergkshrksm hbej tgcgj ngc tmngl iecddecgcd nm
periulgc tgcgj" tetgpm kerdergl le teipgt ygcdrecngj# ^gcgj tererhsm gngbgj tgcgj ygcd
terjgcyut hbej gbmrgc periulggc" sejmcddg
jukucdgc gctgrg gbmrgc periulggc kerkgcnmcd
burus necdgc erhsm# Erhsm ngc gbmrgc periulggc
gngbgj pecyekgk lerusglgc bgjgc sejmcddg
bgjgc lrmtms iecognm seiglmc bugs
pecyekgrgccyg#
Uctul iecmcdlgt prhnultmvmtgs tgcgj
Ubtmshb ygcd nmtuikujm gbgcd)gbgcd tersekut"
gdgr iecognm bgjgc pertgcmgc ygcd prhnultmf ngc
kersmfgt bestgrm" iglg perbu nmbglulgc perkgmlgcsmfgt smfgt ) tgcgj necdgc agrg pecdhbgj tgcgj
lhcservgsm ngc pecdgturgc phbg tgcgi ygcd
sesugm necdgc lhcnmsm ngergj seteipgt#
Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm *ahcservgtmhc
tmbbgde- ygcd nmbglulgc kertuougc uctul
iecdurgcdm kesgrcyg erhsm" gbmrgc periulggc"
ngc ngpgt ieipertgjgclgc gtgu iecmcdlgtlgc
prhnulsm tgcgigc#
Pecebmtmgc terngjubu ygcd nmbglulggc hbej
[usigc et gb # *;00=- ngc Putrg *;077-"
iebgphrlgc kgjwg agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1*lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,
pupul lgcngcd- sgcdgt efeltmf ngbgi
iecdjgikgt bgou erhsm tgcgj nmkgcnmcdlgc
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd
nmkglgr- ngc P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg
gbgcdgbgcd# Kertmtml thbgl ngrm urgmgc nm gtgs"
iglg pecubms tebgj iebglulgc pecebmtmgc necdgc
ounub ‒ Kesgr Gbmrgc Periulggc" Erhsm ^gcgj
ngc Prhnulsm ^gcgigc Qeiusmi Glmkgt
Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj Lhcservgsm nm Bgjgc Lrmtms
Ubtmshb Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr *N^G-
Qmcdlgrgl" Pgng ^gjuc Leeipgt’#
Gngpuc tuougc ngrm pecebmtmgc mcm gngbgj
uctul ? 7- iecdetgjum pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc
tgcgj lhcservgsm terjgngp kesgrcyg gbmrgc
periulggc ngc erhsm ygcd terognm nm bgjgc lrmtms
Grmpgc" N^G Qmcdlggrgl" ;- iecdetgjum
pecdgruj oecms tgcgigc ygcd nmkunmngyglgc
terjgngp kesgrcyg gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm
ygcd terognm nm bgjgc lrmtms Grmpgc" N^G
Qmcdlggrgl" sertg 1- uctul iecdetgjum pecdgrujmcterglsm gctgrg agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms
tgcgigc ygcd nmkunmngyglgc terjgngp kesgrcyg
7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/besar-aliran-permukaan-erosi-tanah-dan-produksi-tanaman-semusim-akibat-pengolahan 3/12
gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm ygcd terognm nm bgjgc
lrmtms Grmpgc" N^G Qmcdlgrgl#
IE^HNE PECEBM^MGC
Pecebmtmgc mcm tebgj nmbglsgcglgc pgng
Bgjgc lrmtms Ubtmshb ygcd nmtuikujm gbgcd)gbgcd
nm Ohrhcd Ngtg ^gipucml" Lgcgdgrmgc Grmpgc"
Leagigtgc Z Lhth Qmcdlgrgl" Lgkupgtec
Qhbhl" Prhvmcsm Quigterg Kgrgt" nmiubgm ngrm
kubgc Igret sgipgm necdgc Qepteiker ;07;#
Iethng ygcd nmducglgc ngbgi pecebmtmgc
mcm gngbgj [gcagcdgc Petgl ^erkgdm *[P^-#
Petgl utgig ternmrm gtgs tmdg igagi agrg
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj" P7 *gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr ,
tgcgj nmhbgj seagrg lhcvesmhcgb-" P; * tgcgj
nmhbgj seagrg lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd
nmognmlgc iubsg" ngc P1 *tgcgj nmhbgj seagrglhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,
pupul lgcngcd-# Gcgl petgl ternmrm gtgs oecms
tgcgigc seiusmi" ^7 *ogducd-" ^; *lenebgm-
ngc ^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-#
Petgl utgig nmkugt necdgc ulurgc ;"5 i x
7: i ngc ieikgdmcyg iecognm 1 gcgl petgl
necdgc tmdg lgbm ubgcdgc# Ahcthj tgcgj gwgb
ierupglgc ngtg gljmr pecebmtmgc sekebuicyg
*Putrg" ;077-" ahcthj tgcgj gljmr nmgikmb
setebgj 1 kubgc tgcgj nmperbglulgc# Ahcthj
tgcgj nmgikmb pgng bgpmsgc *lengbgigc- 0 ‑ ;0
ai" pgng setmgp petgl perahkggc uctul
nmgcgbmsms smfgt)smfgt tgcgjcyg# Pecyubgigc" peiupulgc" ngc peimbmjgrggc tgcgigc
nmbglulgc sebgig perahkggc kerbgcdsucd#
Pgrgieter ygcd nmgigtm ternmrm ngrm 7-
gcgbmsms smfgt fmsmlg tgcgj" iebmputm kergt vhbuie
*KV-" thtgb rugcd phrm *^[P-" ngc kgjgc hrdgcml
*KH- tgcgj# KV ngc ^[P tgcgj nmtetgplgc
necdgc iethne [mcd# Pecdulurgc KH tgcgj
necdgc iethng Tgblbey ngc Kbgal" ngc ;-
pecdgigtgc aurgj juogc" gbmrgc periulggc"
erhsm tgcgj" ngc prhnulsm tgcgigc nm bgpgcdgc#
Ngtg jgsmb pecebmtmgc nmgcgbmsms necdgc GCHVGiecdducglgc prhdrgi Qtgtmstml :#0" ngc gpgkmbg
kerkeng cygtg iglg nmuom bgcout necdgc uom
NCI[^ *Nucagc”s Cew Iubtmpbe [gcde ^est-
pgng tgrgf 5 %#
JGQMB NGC PEIKGJGQGC
Gcgbmsms Qgipeb ^gcgj GwgbGcgbmsms sgipeb tgcgj gwgb ierupglgc ngtg
jgsmb gljmr ngrm pecebmtmgc sekebuicyg*Pecebmtmgc ^gjuc MM- ygcd iebmputm pecdgruj
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp
smfgt fmsmlg tgcgj ngc pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc
tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc
periulggc" erhsm tgcgj sertg prhnulsm tgcgigc"ygcd sebgcoutcyg jgsmb gcgbmsms tgcgj gwgb
tersekut ngpgt nmbmjgt nm ^gkeb 7 ngc ;#
^gkeb 7# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp smfgt fmsmlg tgcgj jgsmb pecebmtmgc
tgjuc MM
Perbglugc KH *%- KV *d(ai - ^[P *%-
Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P-
P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-
P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd-
P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd-
7"70
7"10
;"05
7"70
0"=4
0"=:
54"7:
60":0
6;"51
Oecms ^gcgigc *^-
^7 *ogducd-
^; *lenebgm-
^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-
7">1
7">:
7"54
7"0=
7"07
0"=5
5:"05
5:"46
61"47Quiker ? Putrg" ;077#
^gkeb 7 nm gtgs ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg
lgcnucdgc kgjgc hrdgcml *KH- tgcgj jgsmb
pecebmtmgc tgjuc MM terigsul ngbgi lrmtermg
sgcdgt recngj uctul seiug perbglugc
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc ygcd
nmkermlgc" leaugbm pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1
*lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,
pupul lgcngcd-" terigsul ngbgi lrmtermg
recngj# Lgcnucdgc KH tertmcddm terngpgt pgng
perbglugc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 ygmtu sekesgr
7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…
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;"05 % ngc oecms tgcgigc ^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-
sekesgr 7"54 %# Qengcdlgc kergt vhbuie *KV-
ngc thtgb rugcd phrm *^[P- tgcgj uctul seiug
perbglugc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc
terigsul ngbgi lrmtermg sengcd *BP^" 7=4=-#
[ecngjcyg lgcnucdgc KH ngbgi tgcgj ngpgt
nmsekgklgc hbej kekergpg fglthr" sgbgj sgtu pecyekgkcyg gngbgj erhsm tgcgj# Prgsetyh ngc
Qurmgnmlgrtg *;006-" iecoebgslgc kgjwg erhsm
ierupglgc sgbgj sgtu lecngbg fmsml pgng Ubtmshb
ngc sgcdgt ierudmlgc lgrecg ngpgt iecdurgcdm
lesukurgc tgcgj# Jgb mcm lgrecg lesukurgc
Ubtmshb sermcd lgbm jgcyg nmtectulgc hbej
lgcnucdgc KH pgng bgpmsgc gtgs tgcgjcyg" kmbg
bgpmsgc mcm tererhsm iglg tgcgj iecognm imslmc kgjgc hrdgcml ngc jgrg#
^gkeb ;# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc" erhsm tgcgj ngc
prhnulsm tgcgigc jgsmb pecebmtmgc tgjuc MM
PerbglugcErhsm tgcgj*d(petgl-
Gbmrgc periulggc
*ib(petgl-
Prhnulsm tgcgigc
*[p-
Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P-
P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-
P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd-
P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)
gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd-
7:">0
7:"10
:"14
1#165
;#::0
;#5>5
77#:11
71#:00
1>#;66
Oecms ^gcgigc *^-
^7 *ogducd-
^; *lenebgm-
^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-
70"47
77"14
;1"00
1#067
;#:60
;#:4>
7;#=11
7>#764
1;#:00Quiker ? Putrg" ;077#
Ngrm ^gkeb ; nm gtgs ngpgt nmbmjgt kgjwg
gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm terecngj terngpgt
pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur
, lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd-# Mcmiecucoullgc kgjwg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 bekmj
efeltmf ngbgi iecuruclgc bgou erhsm tgcgj ngc
gbmrgc periulggc nmkgcnmcdlgc pecdhbgjgc
tgcgj P7 *Lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-
ngc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; *Lhcvesmhcgb , Iubsg
gbgcd)gbgcd-# Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc pecdhbgjgc
tgcgj P1 igipu iecyuikgcdlgc kgjgc
hrdgcml ygcd kesgr lengbgi tgcgj" ygcd sgcdgt
kerpergc kesgr ngbgi iecdjgikgt terognmcyg
erhsm ngc gbmrgc periulggc# Qebgmc mtu kgjgc
hrdgcml ngpgt ieiperkgmlm smfgt fmsml tgcgj ngc
iecyenmglgc ucsur jgrg ngbgi tgcgj ygcd
sgcdgt nmkutujlgc hbej tgcgigc uctul tuikuj
ngc kerprhnulsm necdgc kgml#
^gkeb ; oudg ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg erhsm
tgcgj terecngj terngpgt pgng oecms tgcgigc ^7
*ogducd-" ygmtu sekesgr 70"47 d(petgl" Cgiuc
gbmrgc periulggc terecngj terngpgt pgng oecms
tgcgigc ^; *lenebgm-" sekesgr ;#:60 ib(petgl#
Qengcdlgc uctul prhnulsm" jgsmb tertmcddm
terngpgt pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 *1>#;66
rupmgj- ngc oecms tgcgigc ^1 *1;#:00 rupmgj-#
Iecurut Grsygn *;000-" pecdgruj tgcgigc
terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm ngpgt
nmkgdm ngbgi bmig kgdmgc" ygmtu ? g- mctersepsm
juogc hbej tgoul tgcgigc" k- iecdurgcdm
leaepgtgc gbmrgc periulggc ngc lelugtgc
perusgl gmr" a- pecdgruj glgr ngc ledmgtgc)
ledmgtgc kmhbhdm ygcd kerjukucdgc necdgc pertuikujgc vedetgsm" n- pecdgrujcyg terjgngp
stgkmbmtgs strultur ngc phrhsmtgs tgcgj" ngc e-
trgcspmrgsm ygcd iecdglmkgtlgc lgcnucdgc gmr
kerlurgcd
Gcgbmsms Qgipeb ^gcgj Gljmr
Gcgbmsms Qmfgt Fmsmlg ^gcgj nm Bgkhrgthrmui
Kgjgc Hrdgcml *KH- ̂ gcgj
Jgsmb gcgbmsms iecucoullgc kgjwg terngpgt
mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms
tgcgigc terjgngp lgcnucdgc KH tgcgj#
Pecdgruj mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc
oecms tgcgigc terjgngp lgcnucdgc KH tgcgj
nmsgomlgc pgng ^gkeb 1#
7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…
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^gkeb 1# Pecdgruj mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp kgjgc hrdgcml
tgcgj#
Perbglugc
Oecms ^gcgigc *^-
Ogducd
*^7-
Lenebgm
*^;-
Lgagcd ^gcgj
*^1-
Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P- Kgjgc Hrdgcml *%-
P7 *Lhcvesmhcgb , Gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr - 1"16 G
g
1">4 G
a
1"61 G
k
P; *Lhcvesmhcgb , Iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- >"71 G
g
>"7> G
k
1"67 K
k
P1 *Lhcvesmhcgb , Lgpur , Lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,
Pupul lgcngcd-
>"7; K
g
>"=1 G
g
5"0; G
gLetergcdgc ? Juruf leamb nmkgag vertmlgb" uctul ieikgcnmcdlgc gctgrg perbglugc P pgng ^ ygcd sgig# Qengcdlgc
juruf kesgr nmkgag jhrmzhctgb" uctul ieikgcnmcdlgc ^ pgng perbglugc P ygcd sgig#
^gkeb 1 nm gtgs iecoebgslgc kgjwg terngpgt
mcterglsm terjgngp KH tgcgj" kmbg pecdhbgjgc
tgcgj *P7" P; ngc P1- nmlhikmcgsmlgc necdgc
pecgcgigc oecms tgcgigc lenebgm *^;- ngc
lgagcd tgcgj *^1-# Ogrgl tgcgi ygcd rgpgt ngc
kgtgcd tgcgigc ygcd tmngl terbgbu tmcddm pgng
oecms tgcgigc ^; ngc ^1 glgc ieipecdgrujm
lergpgtgc glgr ngc bugs pecutupgc tgcgj" ygcd
sebgcoutcyg ngpgt iecaedgj lejmbgcdgc kgjgc
hrdgcml tgcgj glmkgt terkgwg hbej erhsm tgcgjngc gbmrgc periulggc# _mbmwu *;00;-"
iecoebgslgc kgjwg efeltmfmtgs tutupgc bgjgc
ngbgi iecdurgcdm erhsm ngc gbmrgc periulggc
terdgctucd pgng letmcddmgc" ouibgj tutupgc
bgjgc" lergpgtgc pecutupgc tgcgj ngc lergpgtgc
glgr# ^gcgigc ygcd ieimbmlm kgtgcd pecnel
glgc bekmj kgml ngbgi iecaedgj erhsm ngc
gbmrgc periulggc" lgrecg ngpgt iecdurgcdm
leaepgtgc gbmrgc periulggc ngc iecaedgj
terlhcsectrgsmcyg gbmrgc periulggc#
Pgng ^gkeb 1 nm gtgs oudg terbmjgt kgjwgtmngl terngpgt mcterglsm terjgngp kgjgc hrdgcml
tgcgj" omlg oecms tgcgigc *^7" ^; ngc ^1-
nmlhikmcgsmlgc necdgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7
*lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-" Cgiuc
mcterglsm kgru terkectul gpgkmbg oecms tgcgigc
*^7" ^; ngc ^1- nmlhikmcgsmlgc necdgc
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg- ngc
P1 *Lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd
, pupul lgcngcd-# Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc pgng
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; ngc P1" prhses terognmcyg
pecdjgcaurgc kutmrgc tgcgj sekgdgm glmkgt
pulubgc ecerdm lmcetml kutmrgc gmr juogc seagrg
bgcdsucd leperiulggc tgcgj ngpgt
nmimcmigbmsmr iebgbum pecutupgc bgjgc kmbg
nmkgcnmcdlgc necdgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7"
sejmcddg jmbgcdcyg KH tgcgj glmkgt terkgwg
hbej erhsm ngc gbmrgc periulggc ngpgt nmaedgj#Pgng ^gkeb 1 oudg ngpgt nmbmjgt kgjwg
mcterglsm perbglugc terkgml terngpgt pgng
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 ygcd nmlhikmcgsmlgc
necdgc pecgcgigc oecms tgcgigc ^1# Jgb mcm
nmsekgklgc mcterglsm gctgrg lenug lhikmcgsm
perbglugc tersekut iecdjgsmblgc lgcnucdgc KH
tgcgj tertmcddm ngc kerkeng cygtg ngrm
lhikmcgsm perbglugc bgmccyg# KH tgcgj ygcd
tmcddm ngpgt nmigcfggtlgc uctul iecmcdlgtlgc
prhnultmvmtgs Ubtmshb ygcd ieimbmlm kgcygl
perigsgbgjgc sepertm lesukurgc tgcgj ygcdrecngj" smfgt fmsmlg tgcgj ygcd oebel sertg
tgcgjcyg ygcd pelg terjgngp erhsm# Jgb mcm
sepertm ygcd nmoebgslgc hbej Prgsetyh ngc
Qurmgnmlgrtg *;006-" kgjwg pecmcdlgtgc
prhnultmvmtgs tgcgj Ubtmshb ngpgt nmbglulgc
iebgbum perkgmlgc tgcgj *giebmhrgsm-"
peiupulgc ngc peikermgc kgjgc hrdgcml#
Kergt Vhbuie *KV- ̂ gcgj
Jgsmb gcgbmsms iecucoullgc kgjwg
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc sertg
mcterglsm gctgrg lenug perbglugc tmngl
kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp kergt vhbuie tgcgj#
Uctul iebmjgt pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc
oecms tgcgigc terjgngp kergt vhbuie tgcgj
ngpgt nmbmjgt pgng ^gkeb >#
7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…
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^gkeb ># Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp kergt vhbuie tgcgj#
Perbglugc KV *d(ai -
Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P-
P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- 7"71 g
P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- 7"04 gP1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- 7"07 g
Oecms ^gcgigc *^-
^7 *Ogducd- 7"06 g
^; *Lenebgm- 7"0> g
^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- 7"77 gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg
iecurut uom bgcout NCI[^ pgng tgrgf 5 %#
^gkeb > nm gtgs ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj tmngl kerpecdgruj cygtgterjgngp KV tgcgj# Pecebmtmgc sekebuicyg oudg
iecucoullgc jgb ygcd serupg *Putrg" ;077-# Jgb
mcm nmnudg nmsekgklgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj seagrg
lhcvesmhcgb ygcd nmbglulgc pgng seiug petgl
perahkggc terbgbu seipurcg" sejmcddg
iecdglmkgtlgc lepgngtgc tgcgj iecognm
kerlurgcd ngc tgcgj iecognm deikur# Iecurut
Noucmwgtm *7==:< amt Dhcddh et gb#" ;005-
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj iecyekgklgc recngjcyg KV"
lgrecg iecmcdlgtcyg nmstrmkusm rugcd phrm#
^mngl gngcyg pecdgruj ygcd smdcmfmlgc ngrm
igsmcd)igsmcd agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj *P7" P;
ngc P1- terjgngp KV tgcgj" terutgig
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; ngc P1 nmnudg oudg
nmsekgklgc lgrecg KH tgcgj ygcd nmjgsmblgc
ngrm igsmcd)igsmcd agrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj
igsmj terdhbhcd recngj" sejmcddg kebui aulup
efeltmf ngbgi ieiperkgmlm smfgt fmsml tgcgj
ngergj pecebmtmgc" sepertm KV tgcgj ygcd tmcddm
ngc sekgdgmcyg#
Iecurut Qgrmef *7=:=-" peikermgc KHlengbgi tgcgj glgc iecamptglgc rhcddg)rhcddg
gtgu phrm)phrm ygcd bekmj kgcygl sejmcddg tgcgj
tersekut deikur" seiglmc tmcddm kgjgc hrdgcml
sugtu tgcgj iglg KV seiglmc leamb# Kualigc
ngc Krgny *7=:;< amt [efbmgty et gb#" ;00=-
iecgikgjlgc kgjwg pecgikgjgc kgjgc
hrdgcml lengbgi tgcgj ngpgt iecuruclgc KV"lgrecg kgjgc hrdgcml iergcdsgcd drgcubgsm
sejmcddg iecmikublgc lhcnmsm bepgs ngc
sgrgcd#
^gkeb > oudg iecucoullgc kgjwg oecms
tgcgigc *^- tmngl kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp
KV tgcgj# Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc nguc gtgu kgdmgc
tukuj tgcgigc ygcd ogtuj leperiulggc tgcgj
ieikutujlgc prhses ygcd bgig uctul iebgpul
ngc iecognm suiker KH tgcgj" sejmcddg
pergcgc KH ngbgi ieiperkgmlm smfgt fmsmlg
tgcgj kebui efeltmf# Qepertm ygcd nmoebgslgc
hbej Gcnershc ngc Mcdrgi *7==1< amt Gprmsgb
;00>-" kgjwg pebgpulgc kgjgc hrdgcml
ieierbulgc wgltu ygcd aulup uctul ieikec)
tul lhbhmn hrdgcml tgcgj# Bgig wgltu pebgpu)
lgc kgjgc hrdgcml tersekut terdgctucd ngrm
lhiphsmsm kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd nmkermlgc#
Qebgmc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj" kgjgc hrdgcml
tgcgj" tgcgigc gtgu vedetgsm" jgb bgmc ygcd turut
ieipecdgrujm KV tgcgj iecurut Jgrmnogog
*7=:0-" gngbgj telstur tgcgj# ^gcgj necdgctelstur bmgt bekmj submt uctul nmhbgj lgrecg
kersmfgt becdlet ngc lgngr gmrcyg bekmj kgcygl#
^mcddmcyg lgcnucdgc bmgt pgng tgcgj iecdglm)
kgtlgc glgr tgcgigc submt ieceikus tgcgj ngc
kerleikgcd#
^htgb [ugcd Phrm *^[P- ̂ gcgj
Jgsmb gcgbmsms iecucoullgc kgjwg
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc sertg
mcterglsm gctgrg lenug perbglugc tmngl
kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp kergt thtgb rugcd
phrm tgcgj# Uctul iebmjgt pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc
tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp thtgb rugcd
phrm tgcgj ngpgt nmbmjgt pgng ^gkeb 5#
7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…
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^gkeb 5# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp thtgb rugcd phrm tgcgj
Perbglugc ^[P *%-
Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P-
P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- 56"7: g
P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- 5:">= g
P1 *lhcvesmhgcb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- 60"6> g
Oecms ^gcgigc *^-
^7 *Ogducd- 5:"=: g
^; *Lenebgm- 5=">6 g
^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- 56":6 gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg
iecurut uom bgcout NCI[^ pgng tgrgf 5 %#
^gkeb 5 ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg pecdhbg)
jgc tgcgj kebui kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp
^[P tgcgj# Pecdgruj ygcd tmngl cygtg terjgngp
^[P tgcgj nmnudg nmsekgklgc terognmcyg
pecmcdlgtgc phrhsmtgs tgcgj glmkgt pecdhbgjgc
tgcgj seagrg lhcvesmhcgb ygcd nmbglulgc pgng
seiug petgl perahkggc# Qepertm pecngpgt
Uthih *7==5-" ygcd iecygtglgc kgjwg pecdh)
bgjgc tgcgj ngpgt ieiperkgmlm ledeikurgc ngc
iecmcdlgtlgc phrhsmtgs tgcgj#
^[P tgcgj jgsmb pecebmtmgc tmngl kerkeng
cygtg" jgb mcm sekgcnmcd necdgc KV ^gcgj jgsmb
pecebmtmgc *^gkeb >- ygcd tmngl kerkeng cygtg#
Mcm nmlgrecglgc cmbgm ^[P tgcgj sebgbu kerlhbergsm cedgtmf necdgc cmbgm KV tgcgj# Ognm
gpgkmbg cmbgm KV tgcgj iecmcdlgt iglg ^[P
tgcgj glgc iecognm recngj" kedmtupuc sekgbml)
cyg# Qepertm ygcd nmoebgslgc hbej Qhepgrnm
*7=:1< amt [efbmgty et gb#" ;00=- kgjwg seiglmc
tmcddm ^[P iglg KV seiglmc recngj#
Uctul iecuruclgc cmbgm KV tgcgj ygcd
kergrtm glgc iecmcdlgtlgc cmbgm ^[P tgcgj
iglg pecgikgjgc KH lengbgi tgcgj ierupg)
lgc sgbgj sgtu bgcdlgj ygcd tepgt" lgrecg
iecurut Kgsyrg *;000- kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd
terngpgt nmgctgrg pgrtmleb tgcgj setebgj
iecdgbgim perhikgllgc hbej imlrhhrdgcmsie
tgcgj glgc ieikectul rhcddg gtgu phrm tgcgj"
sejmcddg iecmcdlgtlgc ^[P tgcgj ngc iecu)
ruclgc KV tgcgj ngc lelergsgc tgcgj#
Oecms tgcgigc ieiperbmjgtlgc pecdgruj
ygcd tmngl cygtg terjgngp ^[P tgcgj *^gkeb 5-#
Jgb mcm nmnudg nmsekgklgc smstei perglgrgc
ygcd nmjgsmblgc hbej dubig tgcgigc turut
ieipecdgrujm ^[P tgcgj" glmkgt tmngl nmbglu)
lgccyg pecymgcdgc pgng sggt tgcgigc tebgj keruiur , ; kubgc sgipgm necdgc sebesgm pgcec#
Iecurut Grsygn *;000-" smstei perglgrgc tgcg)
igc ngc ledmgtgc)ledmgtgc kmhbhdm ygcd kerju)
kucdgc necdgc pertuikujgc vedetgsm" kerpe)
cdgruj terjgngp stgkmbmtgs strultur ngc phrhsmtgs
tgcgj" ngc trgcspmrgsm ygcd iecdglmkgtlgc
lgcnucdgc gmr tgcgj kerlurgcd#
#
Pecdgigtgc Aurgj Juogc" Gbmrgc Periulggc" Erhsm tgcgj ngc Prhnulsm ^gcgigc nm
Bgpgcdgc
Aurgj Juogc
Qgbgj sgtu fglthr mlbmi ygcd pgbmcd
kerpecdgruj terjgngp leognmgc erhsm ngc gbmrgc
periulggc gngbgj aurgj juogc# Juogc iecye)
kgklgc erhsm tgcgj iebgbum nug agrg" ygmtu
pebepgsgc kutmrgc tgcgj hbej pulubgc gmr juogc
pgng periulggc tgcgj ngc lhctrmkusm aurgj
juogc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc# Ouibgj aurgj
juogc sebgig 1 kubgc pecebmtmgc nmtgipmblgc
pgng Dgikgr 7#
7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…
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Dgikgr 7# Ouibgj aurgj juogc sebgig 1 kubgc pecebmtmgc *Oucm)Gdustus ;07;-#
Pgng Dgikgr 7 nm gtgs ngpgt nmbmjgt kgjwg
aurgj juogc nm bhlgsm pecebmtmgc kerlmsgr gctgrg16"1; ‑ 761"74 ii# Ouibgj aurgj juogc
tertmcddm terngpgt pgng kubgc Oubm *761" 74 ii-
ngc terecngj pgng kubgc Gdustus *16"1; ii-#
Iecurut Grsygn *;000-" kesgrcyg aurgj juogc
gngbgj tmcddm gmr ygcd ogtuj pgng sugtu gregb
tertectu ygcd nmcygtglgc ngbgi bmter persgtugc
bugs gtgu seagrg uiui nmcygtglgc ngbgi
imbmieter *ii- tmcddm gmr# Aurgj juogc ygcd
tmcddm ngbgi wgltu ygcd bgig ngpgt
iecmikublgc ouibgj tgcgj ygcd tererhsm kesgr
ngc ouibgj juogc ygcd recngj ngbgi wgltu
ygcd pecnel iecmikublgc erhsm ygcd leamb#[usigc *7=:=< amt Qermhstg" ;077-"
iecdeiulglgc kgjwg pecdgruj ouibgj ngc
mctecsmtgs juogc terjgngp erhsm kerkeng)keng#
Ouibgj juogc ygcd kesgr kebui tectu
iecmikublgc erhsm kmbg mctecsmtgs recngj#
Neimlmgc pubg mctecsmtgs juogc ygcd tmcddm
kebui tectu iecmikublgc erhsm kmbg ouibgj
juogc senmlmt lgrecg tmngl terngpgt aulup gmr
uctul iecdjgcyutlgc tgcgj# Qekgbmlcyg kmbg
ouibgj juogc kgcygl ngc mctecsmtgscyg tmcddm
glgc iecmikublgc erhsm ygcd jekgt##Gbm rgc Periulggc
Jgsmb gcgbmsms ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc tmngl
kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp gbmrgc periulgc"
neimlmgc oudg necdgc mcterglsm gctgrg lenug
perbglugc tmngl kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp
gbmrgc periulggc# Uctul iebmjgt pecdgruj
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp
gbmrgc periulggc ngpgt nmbmjgt pgng ^gkeb 6#
^gkeb 6# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc#
Perbglugc Gbmrgc Periulggc *ib(petgl-
Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P-
P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- >#;=> g
P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- 1#=41 gP1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- 1#=:6 g
Oecms ^gcgigc *^-
^7 *Ogducd- >#0:4 g
^; *Lenebgm- 1#=== g
^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- 1#=:6 gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg
iecurut uom bgcout NCI[^ pgng tgrgf 5 %#
Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj kebui kerpecdgruj cygtg
terjgngp kesgrcyg gbmrgc periulggc ygcd terognm*^gkeb 6-# Pecdgruj ygcd tmngl cygtg nmnudg
nmsekgklgc perbglugc ygcd nmkermlgc kebui
aulup efeltmf ngbgi iecdjgikgt bgou gbmrgc
periulggc" terutgig pgng perbglugc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg
gbgcd)gbgcd- ngc pecdhbggc tgcgj P1
=>"=6 ii
761"74 ii
16"1; ii
0
;5
50
45
700
7;5
750
745
Oucm Oubm Gdustus
A u r g j J
u o g c * i i -
Kubgc Pecdgigtgc
Ouibgj Aurgj Juogc
7/23/2019 Besar Aliran Permukaan, Erosi Tanah dan Produksi Tanaman Semusim Akibat Pengolahan Tanah Konservasi di Lah…
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*lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,
pupul lgcngcd-" ygcd igcg pergcgc iubsg
gbgcd)gbgcd ngc lhiphs , pupul lgcngcd
kebui cygtg iecuruclgc gbmrgc periulggc#
Iecurut [gajigc et gb# *;00>-" pecdducggc
iubsg nmperiulggc tgcgj ngpgt iebmcnucdmcyg
ngrm ecerdm jeipgsgc kutmr)kutmr juogc"iecdurgcdm terognmcyg pecyuikgtgc phrm"
sejmcddg iecmcdlgtlgc vhbuie gmr ygcd
termcfmbtrgsm ygcd oudg iecdurgcdm ngyg gcdlut
gbmrgc periulggc# Putrg *;077-" iecgikgjlgc
kgjwg peikermgc pupul lgcngcd ngc lhiphs
ngpgt iecmcdlgtlgc gltmvmtgs imlrhhrdgcmsie"
ieigctgplgc strultur tgcgj" iecmcdlgtlgc
mcfmbtrgsm" sejmcddg iecdurgcdm gbmrgc
periulggc#
Iecurut _mbmwu *;00;-" Pecdgruj oecms
tgcgigc terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc mgbgjtgcgigc ngpgt iecdurgcdm ecerdm gbmrgc"
iecmcdlgtlgc lelgsgrgc tgcgj sejmcddg
iecdurgcdm leaepgtgc gbmrgc periulggc ngc
sebgcoutcyg ieihthcd leigipugc gbmrgc
periulggc uctul iebepgs ngc iecdgcdlut
pgrtmleb senmiec# Perglgrgc tgcgigc
iecmcdlgtlgc lelugtgc tgcgj" drgcubgrmtgs ngc
phrhsmtgs# Cgiuc jgsmb gcgbmsms iecucoullgc
kgjwg oecms tgcgigc *^- kebui cygtg
ieiperleamb gbmrgc periulggc# Jgb mcm nmnudg
nmlgrecglgc gbmrgc periulggc terognm seagrg
iergtg pgng setmgp petgl perahkggc erhsm nmljususcyg nmgwgb tgcgi# Qepertm ygcd
nmoebgslgc hbej [usigc et gb # *;00=-" kgjwg
gbmrgc periulggc kesgr pgng seiug perbglugc
sggt tgcgj kebui tertutup hbej tgcgigc# Cgiuc
semrmcd necdgc iglmc kesgrcyg tgcgigc ngc
seiglmc bugs tgoul tgcgigc iglg gbmrgc
periulggc oudg seiglmc leamb#
Pecutup lgchpm hbej tgcgigc ngpgt
ieikermlgc leseipgtgc terognmcyg pecdugpgc
bgcdsucd ngrm nengucgc ngc ngjgc" ngc
leiunmgc iecgcdlgp kutmr juogc *mctersepsm-"sejmcddg iecdurgcdm gbmrgc periulggc ngc
erhsm iecognm leamb# Perbmcnucdgc ygcd aulup
terjgngp gbmrgc periulggc pgbmcd senmlmt 40%
bgjgc jgrus tertutup tgcgigc *_mbmwu" ;00;-#
#
Erhsm ̂ gcgj
Jgsmb gcgbmsms ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc
kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp erhsm tgcgj" Cgiuc
mcterglsm gctgrg lenug perbglugc tmngl
kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp erhsm tgcgj# Uctul
iebmjgt pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms
tgcgigc terjgngp erhsm tgcgj ngpgt nmbmjgt pgng
^gkeb 4#
^gkeb 4# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp erhsm tgcgj
Perbglugc Erhsm tgcgj *d(petgl-
Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P-
P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- 11"56 g
P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- ;1":= k
P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- ;7"64 k
Oecms ^gcgigc *^-
^7 *Ogducd- ;5"=: gk^; *Lenebgm- ;1"7= k
^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- ;="=> gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg
iecurut uom bgcout NCI[^ pgng tgrgf 5 %#
^gkeb 4 nm gtgs iecucoullgc kgjwg
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj necdgc P; *lhcvesmhcgb ,
iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- ngc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1
*lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ,
pupul lgcngcd- ngpgt iecurucgc erhsm tgcgj
bekmj recngj nmkgcnmcdgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7*lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr-# Jgb mcm
nmsekgklgc kgjwg pecdducggc iubsg gbgcd)
gbgcd pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P; ngc pupul
lgcngcd ngc lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd pgng
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 bekmj efeltmf ngbgi
iecelgc erhsm tgcgj# Iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd
kerpergc ngbgi iebmcnucdm periulggc tgcgj
ngrm pulubgc bgcdsucd kutmrgc juogc sejmcddgiecdurgcdm terognmcyg erhsm# Qebgmc mtu
peigcfggtgc iubsg nm bgjgc pertgcmgc oudg
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ngpgt kerigcfgt uctul iecelgc pertuikujgc
dubig# Iecurut Quwgrnoh *7=:7< amt Qukgdyhch
et gb #" ;001-" iubsg ngpgt nmigcfggtlgc uctul
iebmcnucdm periulggc tgcgj ngrm pulubgc
bgcdsucd kutmrgc gmr juogc sejmcddg iecdurgcdm
terognmcyg erhsm peraml * spbgsj erhsmhc-" sebgmc
mtu oudg iecdurgcdm bgou ngc vhbuie gbmrgc periulggc#
Kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd kergsgb ngrm pupul
lgcngcd ngc lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd pgng
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 ngpgt ieiperkgmlm smfgt
fmsml tgcgj" ygmtu iecuruclgc lepgngtgc tgcgj"
iecmcdlgtlgc phrhsmtgs tgcgj" sejmcddg
mcfmbtrgsm iecmcdlgt sertg gbmrgc periulggc ngc
erhsm tgcgj ngpgt nmlurgcdm# Qebgmc mtu iecurut
[gajigc et gb # *;00>-" kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd
igsmj kerkectul pgngt *pupul lgcngcd-"
kerkectul sergsgj" sepertm nguc" rgctmcd ngcsekgdgmcyg ygcd kebui jgcaur glgc igipu
iecutupm periulggc tgcgj" sejmcddg ngpgt
iebmcnucdm tgcgj ngrm lelugtgc perusgl kutmr)
kutmr juogc ygcd ogtuj #
Oecms tgcgigc iecucoullgc pecdgruj ygcd
kerkeng cygtg terjgngp erhsm tgcgj *^gkeb 4-#
Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc tgcgigc ngpgt iebgwgc
fglthr)fglthr erhsm sepertm juogc" thphdrgfm" ngc
lgrgltermstml tgcgj# Iecurut Gsngl *7==5-"
pecdgruj tgcgigc terjgngp erhsm gngbgj 7-
iebmcnucdm periulggc tgcgj ngrm tuikulgc gmr
juogc" ;- iecuruclgc leaepgtgc ngc vhbuie gmr
bgrmgc" 1- iecgjgc pgrtmleb)pgrtmleb tgcgj pgngteipgtcyg iebgbum smstei perglgrgc ngc sergsgj
ygcd nmjgsmblgc" ngc >- ieipertgjgclgc
leigctgpgc lgpgsmtgs tgcgj ngbgi iecyergp
gmr#
^gkeb 4 nm gtgs ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg
tgcgigc lenebgm *^;- bekmj efeltmf ngbgi
iecelgc bgou erhsm tgcgj nmkgcnmcdlgc tgcgigc
ogducd *^7- ngc lgagcd tgcgj *^1-# Jgb mcm
nmnudg nmsekgklgc ogrgl tgcgi lenebgm ygcd
bekmj rgpgt nmkgcnmcdlgc tgcgigc ogducd ngc
lgagcd tgcgj# Iecurut _mbmwu *;00;-" lergpgtgctgcgigc ieipecdgrujm bugsgc bgjgc ygcd
tertutup tgcgigc" seiglmc rgpgt tgcgigc ygcd
gng nmperiulggc bgjgc iglg seiglmc leamb
ecerdm lmcetml juogc ygcd sgipgm le tgcgj ngc
seiglmc leamb leiucdlmcgc terognmcyg erhsm#
Jgsmb Prhnulsm ̂ gcgigc
Jgsmb gcgbmsms iecucoullgc kgjwg
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc kerpe)
cdgruj cygtg terjgngp jgsmb prhnulsm tgcgigc" Cgiuc mcterglsm gctgr lenug perbglugc tmngl
kerpecdgruj cygtg terjgngp jgsmb prhnulsm
tgcgigc#Uctul iebmjgt pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc
tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp prhnulsmtgcgigc nmsgomlgc pgng ^gkeb :#
^gkeb :# Pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc terjgngp prhnulsm tgcgigc setebgj
nmlhcversmlgc le rupmgj *[p-
PerbglugcPrhnulsm ^gcgigc
*rupmgj(petgl-
Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj *P-
P7 *lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgcd nmkglgr- >4#706 k
P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)gbgcd- >6#04; k
P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- 4=#7=> g
Oecms ^gcgigc *^-
^7 *Ogducd- 5=#777 k
^; *Lenebgm- ;5#577 a
^1 *Lgagcd tgcgj- :4#450 gLetergcdgc ? Gcdlg)gcdlg pgng lhbhi ygcd sgig ygcd nmmlutm hbej juruf leamb ygcd sgig gngbgj kerkeng tmngl cygtg
iecurut uom bgcout NCI[^ pgng tgrgf 5 %#
Pgng ^gkeb : nm gtgs" jgsmb prhnulsm
tgcgigc nmlhcversmlgc le rupmgj *[p-
kerngsgrlgc jgrdg pgsgr uctul igsmcd)igsmcdtgcgigc pgng sggt pgcec" kertuougc uctul
iecygiglgc ucmt sgtugccyg" sejmcddg
ieiungjlgc ngbgi gcgbmsms stgtmstmlcyg#
Pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur ,
lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd-ieiperbmjgtlgc jgsmb prhnulsm tgcgigc
tertmcddm *^gkeb 77- ngc kerkeng cygtg kmbg
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nmkgcnmcdlgc necdgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P7
*lhcvesmhcgb , gbgcd)gbgd nmkglgr- ngc pecdh)
bgjgc tgcgj P; *lhcvesmhcgb , iubsg gbgcd)
gbgcd-# Jgb mcm nmsekgklgc pgng pecdhbgjgc
tgcgj P1" peikermgc pupul lgcngcd ngc
lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd ygcd nmbglulgc
ieikermlgc suikgcdgc kgjgc hrdgcml ygcd kesgr lengbgi tgcgj" sejmcddg ngpgt iecmcd)
lgtlgc lesukurgc tgcgj# ^gcgj ygcd sukur
ierupglgc ienmg tuikuj ygcd kgml kgdm
tgcgigc" sejmcddg pertuikujgc tgcgigc ngpgt
hptmigb ngc ngpgt kerprhnulsm necdgc kgml#
Iecurut Uthih *7==5-" kgjgc hrdgcml
igipu ieiperkgmlm smfgt fmsml tgcgj"
iecmcdlgtlgc lgpgsmtgs tulgr lgtmhc"
iecgikgj leigipugc tgcgj iecgjgc gmr" ngc
iecmcdlgtlgc kmhbhdm tgcgj" pgng kekergpg
tgcgj igsgi kgjgc hrdgcml ngpgtiecmcdlgtlgc pJ tgcgj *iecetrgblgc Gb necdgc
ieikectul Gb Hrdgcml-# Kgjgc hrdgcml oudg
ngpgt iecmcdlgtlgc letersenmggc jgrg ngbgi
tgcgj iebgbum ljebgt#
^gkeb 77 oudg ieiperbmjgtlgc kgjwg oecms
tgcgigc lgagcd tgcgj *^1- ieiperbm)jgtlgc
jgsmb prhnulsm tgcgigc ygcd tertmcddm ngc
kerkeng cygtg kmbg nmkgcnmcdlgc necdgc jgsmb
prhnulsm tgcgigc pgng tgcgigc ogducd *^7-ngc lenebgm *^;-# ^mcddmcyg jgsmb prhnulsm
tgcgigc pgng tgcgigc lgagcd tgcgj nmnudg
nmsekgklgc hbej fglthr bmcdlucdgc ngc lhcnmsm
bgjgc ygcd iecnulucd ngc sesugm uctul
pertuikujgc lgagcd tgcgj# Iecurut [uligcg
*7==:-" tgcgigc lgagcd tgcgj ahahl nmtgcgim nm
ngtgrgc recngj ygcd kerletmcddmgc nm kgwgj
500 ieter nmgtgs periulggc bgut *npb-# Mlbmi
ygcd nmkutujlgc lgagcd tgcgj gngbgj kersuju
tmcddm *pgcgs- gctgrg ;:h A ‑ 1;h A" senmlmt
beikgk *[J 65 ‑ 45%-" aurgj juogc :00 ‑ 7#100 ii(tgjuc" teipgt terkulg *iecngpgt
smcgr igtgjgrm pecuj-" ngc iusmi lermcd#
LEQMIPUBGC NGC QG[GC
Ngrm jgsmb pecebmtmgc ygcd nmbglulgc"
nmngpgtlgc kekergpg lesmipubgc" ygmtu ?
7# Mcterglsm gctgrg pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms
tgcgigc jgcyg terognm pgng kgjgc hrdgcml
tgcgj# Mcterglsm perbglugc terkgml
nmperbmjgtlgc pgng pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1*lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur , lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd
, pupul lgcngcd- ygcd nmlhikmcgsmlgc
necdgc oecms tgcgigc ^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-"
ygcd iecdgsmblgc lgcnucdgc kgjgc hrdgcml
tertmcddm sekesgr 5"0; %#
;# ^mngl gng pecdgruj pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc
oecms tgcgigc terjgngp kergt vhbuie *KV-tgcgj" thtgb rugcd phrm *^[P- tgcgj ngc
gbmrgc periulggc# Cmbgm KV" ^[P ngc gbmrgc
periulggc tgcgj aecnerucd jgipmr sgig#
Cgiuc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj ngc oecms tgcgigc kerpecdgruj terjgngp erhsm tgcgj ngc
prhnulsm tgcgigc#
1# Erhsm tgcgj terecngj terngpgt pgng
pecdhbgjgc tgcgj P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur ,
lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- ygmtu
sekesgr ;7"64 d(petgl ngc oecms tgcgigc ^;
*lenebgm- sekesgr ;1"7= d(petgl#
># Pecdhbggc tgcgj P1 *lhcvesmhcgb , lgpur ,lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd , pupul lgcngcd- ngc
oecms tgcgigc ^1 *lgagcd tgcgj-
iecucoullgc prhnulsm tgcgigc tertmcddm"
ygmtu sekesgr 4=#7=> rupmgj ngc :4#450
rupmgj#
Uctul iecdurgcdm kesgrcyg gbmrgc periulggc ngc erhsm tgcgj" sertg iecmcdlgtlgc
prhnultmvmtgs tgcgigc" nmsgrgclgc uctul
iebglulgc pecdhbgjgc tgcgj lhcservgsm ygmtu
necdgc peikermgc kgjgc hrdgcml kerupg pupul lgcngcd ngc lhiphs gbgcd)gbgcd#
NGF^G[ PUQ^GLG
Gdus F#" I# V# Chhrnwmol" ngc Q# [gjgyu
*Enmthr-# ;00># Ngipgl Jmnrhbhdms
Jutgc" Gdrhfhrestrm" ngc Pertgcmgc Bgjgc
Lermcd sekgdgm Ngsgr Peikermgc Mikgbgc
lepgng Pecdjgsmb Ogsg Bmcdlucdgc nm
Mcnhcesmg# Prhsmnmcd Bhlglgryg nm
Pgngcd(Qmcdlgrgl" Quigterg Kgrgt#
MA[GF)QEG" Khdhr# Jgbgigc 704 ‑ 7;5#
Gprmsgb# ;00># Ihneb [elbgigsm Bgjgc Gbgcd)
gbgcd ngbgi Iecmcdlgtlgc Prhnultmvmtgs
Bgjgc nm Ngergj ^rgcsimdrgsm Pgcngc
Tgcdm" Pergcgp" [mgu# Qtmdig Vhbuie
ZMM Ch# 1# Jgbgigc 105)170#
Grsygn" Q# ;000# Lhcservgsm ^gcgj ngc Gmr#
MPK Press# Khdhr# ;=0 jgbgigc#
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Gsngl" A# 7==5# Jmnrhbhdm ngc Pecdebhbggc
Ngergj Gbmrgc Qucdgm# Dgnogj Igng
Ucmversmty Press# ]hdyglgrtg# Jgbgigc
;0> ‑ >40#
Kgsyrg" K# Q# ;000# Pecdgruj agrg
Pecdebhbggc Bgjgc terjgngp PerukgjgcQmfgt)smfgt ^gcgj Hxmshb ngc Jgsmb Lenebgm
nm NGQ Qmcdlgrgl # Qtmdig Vhbuie VMMM
Ch# 1" Oubm)Qepteiker ;000#
Dhcddh" K# I#" K# Jerigwgc" ngc N#
Gcddrgecm# ;005# Pecdgruj Oecms
^gcgigc Pecutup ngc Pecdhbgjgc ^gcgj
terjgngp Qmfgt Fmsmlg ^gcgj Pgng Bgjgc
Gbgcd)gbgcd# Ourcgb Mbiu)Mbiu Pertgcmgc
Mcnhcesmg" Vhbuie 4" Ch 7# Jgbgigc >>)
50#
Jglmi" C#" I# ]# Cyglpg" G# I# Bukms" Q# D#
Cudrhjh" I# G# Nmjg" D# K# Jhcd" ngc J#
J# Kgmbey# 7=:6# Ngsgr)Ngsgr Mbiu
^gcgj# Ucmversmtgs Bgipucd# >::
jgbgigc#
Jgcgfmgj" L# G# ;005# Ngsgr)Ngsgr Mbiu
^gcgj# Oglgrtg# [gog Drgfmcnh Persgng#
160 jgbgigc#
Jgrmnogog" H# 7=:0# Pecdgctgr Fmsmlg ^gcgj#Mcstmtut Pecnmnmlgc Bgtmjgc ngc
Pecyubujgc Pertgcmgc# MPK# Khdhr# 40
jgbgigc#
Prgsetyh" K# J ngc N# G# Qurmgnmlgrtg# ;006#
Lgrgltermstml" Phtecsm" ngc ^elchbhdm
Pecdebhbggc ^gcgj Ubtmshb uctul
Pecdeikgcdgc Pertgcmgc Bgjgc Lermcd
nm Mcnhcesmg# Ourcgb Bmtkgcd Pertgcmgc ;5
*;-# Jgbgigc 1=)>4#
[gajigc" G#" Ngrmgj" G#" ngc Jusec" E# ;00>#
Hbgj ^gcgj Lhcservgsm# Jbi 7:=);70
ngbgi Lhcservgsm ^gcgj pgng Bgjgc
Lermcd Kerberecd# Pusgt Pecebmtmgc ngc
Pecdeikgcdgc ^gcgj ngc Gdrhlbmigt#
Kgngc Bmtkgcd pertgcmgc" Nepgrteiec
Pertgcmgc
[efbmgty" ]# Fgrcm" ngc Q# Qmctg# ;00=# Pecdgruj
Beduimchse Ahver Arhp *BAA- tejgngp
Qmfgt Fmsml Ubtmshb kelgs Gbgcd)gbgcd ngc
Jgsmb Ogducd# Ourcgb Gdrhchim Vhb#71#
Ch# ;# Jgbgigc 57)56#
[uligcg" [# 7==:# Lgagcd ^gcgj# Lgcmsmsus#
]hdyglgrtg# 44 jgbgigc#
[usigc" K#" Gprmsgb" I# Lgsmi" M# Nwmpg" ngc[efnmcgb# ;00=# Ihneb Usgjg ^gcm
Lhcservgsm Mctedrgsm nm Bgjgc Igromcgb
ngbgi Iecmcdlgtlgc Letgjgcgc Pgcdgc
Lebugrdg Petgcm Imslmc nm Ngergj
Penesggc nm Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr
Qmcdlgrgl # Bgphrgc Pecebmtmgc# Beikgdg
Pecebmtmgc Ucmversmtgs Gcngbgs# Pgngcd
Qgrmef" E# Q# 7=:=# Fmsmlg)Lmimg ^gcgj
Pertgcmgc# Pustglg Kugcg# Kgcnucd# ;;0
jgbgigc
Qermhstg" G# ;077# Pecdgruj Agrg Peikulggc
Bgjgc Gbgcd)gbgcd terjgngp Kesgrcyg
Ucsur Jgrg ygcd terkgwg hbej Erhsm
^gcgj ngc Prhnulsm ^gcgigc nm Bgjgc
Lrmtms Ngergj ^gcdlgpgc Gmr Qmcdlgrgl#
Qlrmpsm# Fglubtgs Pertgcmgc Ucmversmtgs
Gcngbgs# Pgngcd#
Qukgdyhch" L#" Q# Igrwgcth" ngc U# Lurcmg#
;001# ^elcml Lhcservgsm ^gcgj seagrgVedetgtmf# Kgbgm Pecebmtmgc ^gcgj# Khdhr
Qukgcnm" I# Ngjbgc ngc G# [mfmc# 7==># Jgsmb
ngc Qtrgtedm Pecebmtmgc Ogducd" Qhrdui
ngc ^ermdu ngbgi Pecagpgmgc ngc
Pebestgrmgc Qwgseikgng Pgcdgc#
Pecebebmtgc ^gcgigc Pgcdgc MMM# Jgbgigc
;:6 ‑ 106#
Uthih" I# 7==5# Lelergsgc ^gcgj ngc
Qergpgc Jgrg ^gcgigc Ogducd PgngHbgj ^gcgj Lhcservgsm Ogcdlg Pgcogcd #
Ourcgb ^gcgj ^rhp# 7# Jgbgigc 7 ‑ 4#
_mbmwu" ]# ;00;# Pecdgruj Kekergpg Igagi
^gcgigc terjgngp Gbmrgc Periulggc ngc
Erhsm# ^esms# Prhdrgi Pgsag Qgrogcg
Ucmversmtgs Nmphcedhrh# Qeigrgcd#