Bg Dongvathoc 2

Cc ngnh Dy sng (Chordata)

1. c im c bn Dy sng (L phi trong) Khe mang ng thn kinh C ui sau hu mn c im ca V ming

th sinh2. Phn loi C bao (Tunicata) =

Sng ui (Urochordata) Khng s (Acrania) =

Sng u (Cephalochordata)

C s (Graniota) = C xng sng (Vertebrata)

C bao=Sng ui (Tunicata=Urochordata)

Da dng; bao m c cha phn ho thnh b& biu b

o = Tunixin. Xoang bao mang Dy sng & ng TK ch

c g/ u trng Trng thnh: Dng ti,

khng c quan vn chuyn, tun hon h, hch TK mt lng.

Sinh sn v tnh v hu tnh. Sng n l & tp on.

i din:C cung (Appendicularia); Hi tiu (Ascadia)

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u trng Hi tiu

Khng s=Sng u (Acrania=Cephalochordata)

Mang c im chung ca ngnh u cha phn ho r No b n gin; cha phn ho vi tu sng. Gic quan km pht trin; mt Hesse Dy sng + que nng . Thiu vy chn Khe mang-Xoang bao mang-l bng Tit c Tun hon kn; cha c tim n thn n tnh, 25-26 i ti sinh dc kn (v vo xoang bao mang),

th tinh ngoi i din: C lng tim (Amphioxus bellheri; Asymmetron

cultelus)

MyPic


Cu to c Lng tim

ng vt c xng sng (Vertebrata)

1.c im chung C th 3 phn: u, mnh, ui / (C) Da 2 lp B xng trong/ct sng nhiu t Phn u ng tiu ho gn thn / mang Cc h c quan phn ho Tuyn ni tit Hu ht phn tnh. Ch sinh sn hu tnh

2. c im cu to B xng v c quan vn chuyn H tiu ho H tun hon H h hp H thn kinh H bi tit-sinh dc

3. Phn loi: 2 tng lp Agnatha v Gnathostomata


B xng v c quan vn chuyn

Chia 3 phn: Xng u, ct sng, chi

1. Xng u: + S no: Cc tm xng b, khp cht; hp s+ S tng: Cc i cung ( hm, mng, mang)

2. Ct sng: Cc t sng, a sn.Thn t, cung TK, cung huyt (Din khp)Xng sn

3. Xng chi:Xng chi vy (chn, l)Xng chi chn (ai, chi chnh thc)

Xng chi chn


H tiu ho

Phn ho ng tiu ho:

Xoang ming Hu-thc qun-

(diu)-d dy Rut non (t trng,

hng & hi trng) Rut gi (manh

trng & kt trng) Trc trng, hu

mn Tuyn tiu ho:

Tuyn nc bt Tuyn gan Tuyn tu

H tun hon

Cu to tin b. Tun hon kn.

Tim Ngun gc: Phn phnh

gc ch M bng Tm tht, nh

H mch mu: ng mch Tnh mch Mao mch

H bch huyt: Tim, hch (tuyn) Mch bch huyt

Cc kiu s tun hon mu Tim 2 ngn, 1 vng T.H. Tim 3 ngn, 2 vng T.H. Tim 4 ngn, 2 vng T.H.


Cc dng cu trc tim C xng sng

H h hp

Mang: C, u trng lng c

Phi: V cn Da: Lng c


H hp ch


H thn kinh1. Thn kinh trung ng: No

b & tu sng; mng no tu 3 lp.

No b: No trc (2 bn cu, thu khu, no tht 1 & 2); no trung gian (mu no trn, di, no tht 3); no gia (thu th/c no sinh t-th); tiu no; hnh tu (no tht 4)

Tu sng: Cht xm, trng; phn phnh vai & hng.

2. Thn kinh ngoi bin: Cc dy TK no (10-12 i), tu (r lng: cm gic, rbng: v/; dy tu)

3. Thn kinh giao cm: 2 chui hch, si ni nhau & ni r TK tu.

H bi tit & Sinh dc

1. H bi tit Ngun gc l phi gia. 2

khi thn lng, 2 niu qun nm 2 bn ct sng.

Thn-ng thn-niu qun-xoang niu sinh dc (huyt)

3 giai on pht trin: Tin thn (Phi V c xng sng); trung thn (C, lng th, phi Vc mng i); hu thn (Vc mng i)

2. H sinh dc c: 2 tinh hon-ng dn-ti

cha-l SD Ci: 2 non so-phu-ng

dn-t cung-l SD


Thn ca ng vt c xng sng

Sinh sn v pht trin phi

Hnh thc sinh sn Non sinh: trng, th tinh

trong hoc ngoi Non thai sinh: Trng c

p trong t cung, khng nhcht dinh dng t m, con non t ph v trng.

Thai sinh: Phi gn vo tcung nh nhau thai, con thc th.

S pht trin phi, thai Phi v ho lm vo (c,

lng th) Phi v ho di nhp (B st,

chim) Th:TB ngoi b ch li nht

ca a phi, tch ra-xp li to l phi trong


Phn loi1. Tng lp khng hm (Agnatha): Khng hm, mang ngun gc l phi

trong, 4 lp-phn ln tuyt dit Lp Gip vy (Pteraspidomorphi): Thn ph gip, b xng sn Lp Gip u (Cephalaspidomorpha): Nh trn Lp Bm (Petromyzones): Thn ph gip, khng hm, phu

ming, 7 i ti mang, n tnh. Sng bin v nc ngt Lp Myxin (Myxini): Thn khng ph gip, khng hm, khng phu

ming, 8-15 i ti mang, lng tnh. Sng bin.2. Tng lp c hm (Gnathostomata): C hm, mang ngun gc l phi

ngoi. 7 lp. Lp C gip c hm (Aphetohyoidei). tuyt dit. Lp C sn (Chondrichthyes): Vy tm hoc vy lng, sn, bin Lp C xng (Oisteichthyes): Vy lng hoc vy xng. Lp Lng c (Amphibia): nc v cn Lp B st (Reptilia): Thch nghi hon ton vi /s cn Lp Chim (Aves): Thch nghi vi /s bay Lp Th (Mammalia): T chc c th hon chnh, cn-nc th

sinh

B xng g


Xng chi 5 ngn in hnh ca VCXS cn

S cc kiu h tun hon ca V c xng sng

C th

Mang

ThtNh

MM

TM C th

Phi

TriPhi

Phi

C th

TriPhi


S phi v ho

Lin lp c (Pisces)

1. Hnh dng-cu to ngoi2. B xng-H c3. H thn kinh-Gic quan4. H tiu ho: 5. H h hp: 6. H tun hon:7. H niu-sinh dc8. Phn loi:

Lp c sn (Chondrichthyes) Lp c xng (Osteichthyes)

9. C Vit Nam


Hnh dng, cu to ngoi

a dng, in hnh c tng gia-vn ng tch cc

Khe mang: 5-7 i (c sn), 1 (c xng)

Vy l (lng-ui-hu mn), vy chn (ngc- bng)

Da: Biu b (TB tuyn) B (TB lin kt, sc t) Vy

H c B xng

B xng: Trc chnh Chi vy V/ trong nc

H c Tit c Phn ha C quan in


Thn kinh-Gic quan Thn kinh

No b No trc cha phn 2 bn cu Nc c mng & cht TK C phi, vy tay, nhiu vy:

phn chia Gic quan

Th gic km H c quan ng bn

H tiu ha

phn ha Rng Khng tuyn nc bt Thiu li Van xon


H hp

Mang Mang Mang na

Bng hi M l

H tun hon

Tim 2 ngn H mch

Nn M Bu ch M H gnh gan, thn


C Sn (Chondrichthyes) c im: Vy tm (trn), khe mang thng trc tip, b xng = sn,

khng bng hi, huyt gc vy bng, vy ui d v, bn cu no trc, trng c v sng hoc con

Phn loi: Phn lp mang tm (Elasmobranchia) i din C nhm, c mp, c ui. Phn lp c ton u (Holocephali) i din C Khi me

C xng (Osteichthyes)1. c im:

Vy lng hay vy xng, xng np mang, vy ui thng ng v; C bng bi hay phi, B xng bng xng Th tinh ngoi, trng nh.

2. Phn loi: Phn lp c vy tia (Actinopterygii):

a s c hin i, ui ng v, vy lng-xng, tm tia gn trc tip vo ai (khng tm gc), vch mang tiu gim, bng bi mt lng.

Gm 5 tng b: Vy tia c, c vy ngn, lng sn, lng xng v c xng.

Tng b c xng (Teleostei) chim 9/10 s loi bit (khong gn 20 ngn loi), gm 40 b. Cc b chnh: Chp, Trch, Nheo, Chnh, Vc.

Phn lp vy gc tht (Sarcopterygii): Vy cosmin, vy lng 2 thu tch ri hoc 1 thu gn vy ui, c gc vy chn

pht trin, bng hi bng-phi. Gm 2 tng b: Vy tay v c phi. i din: C vy tay (Latimeria chalumnae); c phi M (Lepidosiren paradora), c

phi chu Phi-3 loi (Protopterus), c phi chu c (Neoceratodus forstei)

Ch s phn loi b c chp


B C Trch (Clupeiformes) C nh (L

B c nheo (Siluriformes) Thn thiu vy, u dp lng bng, ming rng, hm nhiu rng nh Nhiu i ru. Vy ngc thng c gai cng-tuyn c gc. Nhiu ging c vy m; c quan h hp ph 31 h (2 h sng bin), phn b rng Vit Nam: 10 h, 87 loi. Lng, Chin, Tra, Du (2,5m)

B C Vc (Perciformes) Vy lc, vy u c tia cng, vy lng 2 phn (trc-tia cng,

sau-tia mm). Vy bng di hoc trc vy ngc. 20 phn b, 134 h phn b rng (mn, ngt) Vit Nam: Nc ngt 16 h,69 loi; nc mn 76 h 961 loi.

Cc h ln: Bng, M, R bin, Nc, Hng..


B C Chnh (Anguilliformes) Mnh trn, di; u hnh chp. Da trn hoc vy rt nh Vy mm-khng gai; thiu vy bng; vy lng & hu mn di-

lin vy ui 2 phn b, 23 h. Phn b rng bin n-nhit i Vit Nam: 4 loi c chnh, nhiu loi nh Da, Nhch, Lu...

C Vit Nam

1. Khu h c bin: 1994 loi (185 h, 30 b). B c vc: 961 loi Tr lng 6.942.300 tn/nm; kh nng khai thc 1.363.700 tn/nm

(nm 1989 t 661.365 tn; trong thi gian 1990-1994 khai thc c 3.731.260 tn)

2. Khu h c nc ngt: 544 loi v phn loi (57 h, 18 b)-c 97 loi c kinh t. B c chp:

276 loi v phn loi, Nheo:87, Vc: 77, Trch:22 v Bn:22. Din tch c th nui:1.379.038 ha (1996). Trong g/ 1990-1995 t

1.784.898 tn (bnh qun 356.980 tn/nm) 151 loi c cnh- c nui 118 loi3. 27 loi c bin, 57 loi c nc ngt c tn trong sch .4. C bt vt sng t 600 triu con nay khong 200 triu con.


Lp lng c (Amphibia)

V c xng cn u tin. Chi 5 ngn, tai gia, phi / Trung thn, trng pht trin trong nc, bin nhit

1. Hnh dng-cu to ngoi 2. B xng: S-Ct sng-Chi3. H c4. Thn kinh-Gic quan5. H tiu ho: 6. H h hp7. H tun hon:8. H niu-Sinh dc:9. Phn loi

Phn loi lng c1. B c ui (Caudata=Urodela): Thn di, ui pht trin, chi chn cng

c, nc.Th tinh trong, t trng-chm sc, mt s con (bn cn). 358 loi/9 h/3phn b.

i din: Sa ging Mu Sn (Tylototriton asperrimus), c cc Tam o (Paramesotriton deloustali)

2. B khng chn (Apoda=Gymnophiona): Thn di hnh giun, khng chi v ui, cn dy sng.Th tinh trong, chm sc trng; mt s con. 163 loi/5 h.

i din: Ichthyophis bannanicus3. B khng ui (Anura=Salientia): Thn ngn-rng, thiu ui, chi sau

pht trin. Mang v khe mang tiu bin g/ trng thnh. Th tinh ngoi, u trng nc. 3494 loi/20 h (Vit Nam:141 loi/7 h).

i din: Cc nh (Bufo melanosticus), Nhi bn nh (Hyla simplex), Chu chuc (Rana guentheri), Hiu hiu (R. johnsi), Ngo (R. limnocharis), ch ng (R. rugulosa), Nhi bu vn (Microhyla pulchra)


Tiu ha - H hp

H tiu ha Li chnh thc. Rng ng hnh-c thay. Rut phn ho r. Tuyn gan & tu

H h hp Mang (3 i cung) Phi n gin Da

Thn kinh-Gic quan

Thn kinh: No b c vm no c, no

trc phn 2 bn cu. Tu sng c 2 phn phnh r. H Thn kinh giao cm pht

trin mnh Gic quan

Th gic: Mi mt c tuyn cht nhy.

Thnh gic: Tai gia. ng bn


H bi tit-Sinh dc v sinh sn pht trin

H bi tit-Sinh dc Trung thn ng Volph (dn tinh), dn trng

Mulle Sinh sn-pht trin

Th tinh trong, ngoi u trng pht trin trong nc. u trng sinh (Ambystom

tigrinum)

Hnh dng-Cu to ngoi

Dng in hnh: C cc Phn ho tu li sng Da: Biu b c tng sng

ngoi. B ging c, mao mch

pht trin. Tuyn da: n bo v a

bo


B xng-H c

B xng S: Dp-rng, 2 li cu

chm, xng tai, cung mang tiu gim

Ct sng: C-mnh-chu-ui. Xng m c, thiu xng sn

Chi: Dng 5 ngn in hnh, ai vai t do, ai hng khp t chu

H c Nhm thp ging c Nhm cao phn ho-c chi

pht trin

H tun hon

Tim 3 ngn 2 cung M. S phn phi mu t tim


Lp B st (Reptilia)1. Hnh thi-cu to ngoi.2. B xng. 3. H c.4. H thn kinh-Gic quan.5. H tiu ho. 6. H h hp. 7. H tun hon. 8. H Niu-Sinh dc.9. Sinh sn-Pht trin. 10. Phn loi

B u m=Chu u (Rhyncocephalia)

B c vy (Squamata) B ra (Testudinata) B C su (Crocodylia)

Hnh thi, cu to ngoi

1. Hnh thi Dng in hnhu, c r4 chi khoui di

Bin i2. V da

Biu b pht trin Tng sng ngoi=vy

lun thay. B nhiu TB sc t. Tuyn da tiu gim


B xng-H c

B xng S rng, 1 li cu chm, h

thi dng. Ct sng 5 phn, ngc 5 t

mang sn Xng m c. Thm xng n, gian n, xng hng gn xng ngi. rn 2 ai tiu gim.

H c Phn ho mnh C gian sn C di da

Thn kinh-Gic quan

1. Thn kinh B/C no pht trin Vm no mi 12 i dy TK no

2. Gic quan Mt 2 m, c m 3. C quan Jacopson (v+khu gic)


Tiu ha

Rng t-ng hnh, c thay phn ho (mc c). Thc qun di-np gp. Rut phn ho; manh trng. Tuyn nc bt / Tuyn nc c.

Tun hon

Tim 3 ngn Vch ngn tm tht ht 3 gc ng mch Thiu tnh mch da Phn phi mu


H hp Phi

Ph qun phn nhnh Ph nang

Kh qun bit lp C h hp

Bi tit-Sinh dc

Hu thn ng dn Bng i Huyt.

c c c quan giao cu. Ci: Phu ng dn (Tit lng trng) T cung (v) 2 l thng vo huyt


Sinh sn-Pht trin

Th tinh trong Trng c v bo v Mng phi.

B u m = Chy u (Rhyncocephalia)

Nguyn thu Dng ging thn ln. i din Hatteria=Nhng Tn ty lan

(Sphenodon punctatum)


B c vy (Squamata)

Vy sng trng hoc con. i din:

Tc k (Gekke gekko), Thch sng (Hemidactylus

frenatus), Thn ln bng (Mabya

multifasciata), Rn nc (Natrix piscator), Cp nong (B.fasciatus), Cp nia (B. candidus), H cha (N. hannah)

B ra (Testudinata)

Chuyn ho: Gip xng Ct sng thn bt ng Thiu rng-m sng.

i din: i mi (Eretmochelys imbricata) Ba ba trn (Trionyx sinensis), Ra vng (Testudo elongata)


B C su (Crocodylia)

Thn di, ui kho, mm di, chn ngn.

Tim 4 ngn Phi ln. i din: C su ng Nai (Crocodylus

porosus) C su Xim (C.siamensis)

Lp chim (Aves)

1. Hnh thi-cu to ngoi2. B xng3. H c4. H thn kinh-Gic quan5. H tiu ho6. H h hp7. H tun hon8. H Niu-Sinh dc9. Sinh sn-Pht trin10. Phn loi

Lin b chim chy=khng li hi (Gradientes=Ornithurae)

Lin b chim bi (Natates) Lin b chim bay=Chim c

li hi (Volantes=Cariatae)


Hnh thi-Cu to ngoi

in hnh: Thn ngn, u nh, c di. Chi trccnh Chi sau thn Tuyn da tiu gim-cn tuyn

phao cu. Sn phm sng: Lng v, m

sng, vy V da: Mng, kh Biu b mng Tng sng ngoi. B c khe h thng vi ti kh.

B lng: Cu to Phn b Chc nng

B xng-H c S: Hm trn gn chtRng tiu gim 1 li cu chm

Ct sng 4 phnC linh hot (13-14). Ngc 7 t gn cht nhau, mang

sn-m c ln, x.li hi. Chu (13-14) gn tht lng & 1 s t ui B chu. ui 5-6 t.

Chi: X b, n kho, chc x.n. B chu=3 x.ai gn nhau. Chi bin i

H c: Phn ho mnhC ngc-c di n; c i. H c bm da, c c


Thn kinh-Gic quan

Thn kinh B/C no & tiu no ln. V no un khc Thu gia tiu no

Gic quan Mt ln, th trng rng. Tai ngoi. Khu gic km

H tiu ha

C quan tiu ha Khoang ming hp Li sng nhn Thc qun di-diu. C rut bt, Rut thng ngn

Tuyn tiu ha Tuyn nc bt. Tuyn gan Tuyn ty


H h hp

Phi Ph qun Ph nang

H ti kh (9 ti) H hp kp

H tun hon

Tim 4 ngn 2 vng tun hon Cung ng mch phi Hng cu nhiu, t a


H bi tit-sinh dc-Sinh sn pht trin

Bi tit Hu thn ng dn-huyt.

Sinh dc Thiu c quan giao cu. Ci: Cn bung trng tri.

o Phuo ng dn (Tit lng trng)o T cung (v)o Huyt

Sinh sn-pht trin Th tinh trong, Phn ct trong ng dn, Hnh thnh mng phi.

Lin b chim chy =Khng li hi (Gradientes=Ornithurae)

Mt kh nng bay Cnh khng pht trin Xng n nh Khng li hi Chi sau kho-t ngn. i din: iu Phi (Struthio

camelus) iu M (Rhea) iu c

(Casuarius vDromiceius)

Kiwi


Lin b chim bi (Natates)

Xng khng rng Thn lng rng-ph kn thn, Chi trc dng mi cho Chi sau c mng bi C xng li hi. i din: Chim ct (Spheniscus)

Lin b chim bay (Volantes)hay Chim c li hi (Cariatae)

Cu to lin quan n h/ bay Nhiu loi-khong 35 b. i din: B g (Galliformes) B ngng (Anseriformes) B s (Passeriformes)


Lp Th (Mammalia)

1. Hnh thi cu to ngoi.2. B xng:3. Thn kinh-Gic quan4. H hp5. H tiu ho6. H tun hon7. H Niu-Sinh dc8. Sinh sn- pht trin9. Phn loi:

Th nguyn Th ti Th nhau

Hnh thi-Cu to ngoi

Hnh thi Thn di 4 chi 5 ngn cao ui nh. Cch i.

V da Dy, 2 lp M di da xp (m di da) Tuyn da (b/m hi).

Sn phm sng Vut Mng Guc Lng mao


B xng-H c1. B xng S2 li cu chmxng rng khp hp s, xng xon mix.mng nh

Ct sng 5 phnc (7)ngc (13)/sn (8/5), tht lng (6-7)chu (4)ui

Chiai vai gim-cn x.b (x. n). c trng: Ca, gt & x. u gi

2. H c Phn ho mnhC honhC bm da

H thn kinh-Gic quan

Thn kinh No trc: V no/ Th chai. Bn cu tiu no/ Cu Varon

Gic quan y Kh hon thin


H tun hon-H hp

Tun hon Tim 4 ngn Cung ch M tri M di n & cnh

tri xut pht ring bit.

Hng cu khng nhn. H hp Phi C h hp

o Gian sno C honh

H tiu ha

Khoang trc ming. Rng phn ho, c trng loi. D dy n/kp. Tuyn nc bt, gan, tu


H bi tit-Sinh dc-Sinh sn

H bi tit Thn 2 lp (V-tu).

H sinh dc Cc kiu t cung: Kp, phn

nhnh, 2 sng, n. Sinh sn-pht trin

Th tinh trong Nhau thai

Phn lp Th nguyn=Th huyt (Prototheria)1. c im:

Thiu mi, c m sng, c huyt No b km pht trin Thn nhit thp trng ln-giu non hong

2. Phn b: Chu c v cc o ln cn3. i din:Th m vt (Ornithorhynchus anaticus)


Phn lp Th thp=Th ti (Metatheria)

1. c im Khng c nhau, con non rt nh-yu C 2 xng ti gn khp hng No b nguyn thu-thiu th chai Ch rng trc hm c thay Thn nhit khng n nh

2. Phn bChu c, Nam & Trung M

3. Phn loi: 1 b vi 3 phn b Nhiu rng ca-i din: Ch si ti

(Thylacinus) Hai rng ca-i din: Sc ti (Petaurus), Gu

ti (Phascolarus cinereus), Chut ti=Knguru (Macropus)

Phn lp Th cao=Th nhau (Eutheria=Placentalia)1. c im

T chc cao-hon chnh No b c vm no mi; th chai Thn nhit cao, n nh Rng c thay. Phi pht trin trong c th m, nhau thai

2. Phn b: Mi sinh cnh3. Phn loi: 18 b

n su b (Insectivora). Nguyn thu. i din: i (Tupaia glis), chut chi (Talpa leucura)

Gm nhm (Rodentia). Nhiu loi nht, 1/3 th hin i. i din: Sc, on (Atherurus macrourus), Di mc (Rhizomys pruinosus), Chut (Rattus)

n tht (Fissipeda). Rng nanh ln, nhn; rng hm c g sc; vut ln. i din: Cy (Viverridae), Mo (Felidae), Ch(Canidae), Gu (Ursidae)

Ngn chn (Artiodactyla). Guc, ngn 3=4. 3 phn b.(Khng nhai li, Nhai li & Chn c chai).

Phn b nhai li (Ruminantia):3 h: Sng c (Hu), Nai cao c& Sng rng (B). i din: Hu , mang, b tt...


Cng thc rng (Nha thc) I = Rng ca C = Rng nanh Pm = Rng hm nh (Rng trc hm) M = Rng hmCng thc rng:

T s=1/2 s rng hm trnMu s=1/2 s rng hm di

Ln:

. . .

. . .I C Pm MI C Pm M

3 . 1 . 4 . 33 . 1 . 4 . 3

Tim th


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Bg Dongvathoc 2