BGP Avançado

7/25/2019 BGP Avanado

1/152

Ikgonrc Akrtlcinc

Ijgok ^grcumc

Qjc nk Fgokjrc

Ksmcig ]upkrjcr nk Qknks

1578

ADUGvgognc


2/152


3/152

7

ADU Gvgognc

]u`rjc

ADU>Qkvjscnkmcomkjtcs...............................................................................................................;

]u`rjc ............................................................................................................................................................................. ;

Cafktjvcs ncs prctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc ........................................................................................................... 8

Njsmkroj`kotc ............................................................................................................................................................... 8

]j`pijmjngnk ................................................................................................................................................................... 8

Qcaustkz k kstgajijngnk ............................................................................................................................................. 8

Qpjng mcovkrdomjg ................................................................................................................................................... 4

Hikxjajijngnk ................................................................................................................................................................... 4

^jpcs nk gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc ..................................................................................................................... 4

Ksttjmc cu njo`jmc ...................................................................................................................................................

Mustc nk mc`uojmgc .............................................................................................................................................. 7>

Urctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc6 JDU k KDU ...............................................................................................................7;

ADU Acrnkr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci .......................................................................................................................... 74

Cs sjstk`gs gutoc`cs (G]) ................................................................................................................................. 7:

G skssc ADU ................................................................................................................................................................. 15

G `qujog nk kstgncs nc ADU .............................................................................................................................. 17

^jpcs nk `kosgdkos ADU ........................................................................................................................................ 1>


4/152

1

ADU Gvgognc

^jpcs nk `kosgdkos ADUCUKO .......................................................................................................................... 1;

^jpcs nk `kosgdkos ADUOC^JHJMG^JCO ...................................................................................................... 18

^jpcs nk `kosgdkos ADU6 BKKUGIJXK ............................................................................................................. 17

GtrjautcskUcitjmgsnkQctkg`kotc.............................................................................................>;

]u`rjc ........................................................................................................................................................................... >;

Ucitjmgs nk Qctkg`kotc .......................................................................................................................................... >

ADU Gvgognc


7/152

;

ADU Gvgognc

7

ADU> Qkvjsc nk mcomkjtcs

Cafktjvcs

Mcolkmkr gs mgrgmtkrstjmgs ncs prctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc2 Kstungr cs tjpcs nk prctcmcics nk

rctkg`kotc2 Kotkonkr g njhkrkog kotrk prctcmcics JDU k KDU2 Mcolkmkr c prctcmcic ADU2

Gprkonkr scark g mcohjdurgc asjmg nc prctcmcic ADU.

Mcomkjtcs

Cafktjvcs ncs prctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc2 ^jpcs nk gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc2 @trjmgs ncs

prctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc2 Urctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc JDU k KDU2 Urctcmcic ADU2 ^jpcs nk

`kosgdkos ADU2 Mcohjdurgc asjmg nc ADU.

]u`rjc

Cafktjvcs ncs prctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc.

^jpcs nk gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc.

@trjmgs.

Urctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc JDU k KDU.

ADU.

^jpcs nk `kosgdkos ADU.

Mcohjdurgc asjmg nc ADU.

G huoc nk rctkg`kotc k` rknks nk mc`putgncrks , sk` nvjng, mrtjmg pgrg g

mc`uojmgc kotrk rknks jotkrmcokmtgngs, pcjs cs rkqujsjtcs nk mcohjgajijngnk nk`gong` g

kxjstomjg nk rctgs gitkrogtjvgs, k c prcmkssc nk skikc ng `kilcr rctg pgrg c

komg`jolg`kotc nk pgmctks okmkssjtg skr hkjtc mc` agsk k` johcr`gks `ujtc vcitkjs k

njo`jmgs. Mc` c mrksmj`kotc k g gtugi nkpkonomjg ng jotkrokt, mg`jolcs gitkrogtjvcs nkmjrmujtcs, gitkrgks nk tcpcicdjg k g mcoskqukotk okmkssjngnk nk gngptgc nc rctkg`kotc

lcfk g rkdrg dkrgi k oc `gjs u`g kxmkc.


8/152

8

ADU Gvgognc

Cafktjvcs ncs prctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc

Ugrg pcnkr gtkonkr g kssks rkqujsjtcs, c rctkg`kotc prkmjsg mcoskdujr gtkonkr g u`

mcofuotc nk cafktjvcs.

Njsmkroj`kotc.

]j`pijmjngnk k agjxc cvkrlkgn.

Qcaustkz k kstgajijngnk.

Qpjng mcovkrdomjg.

Hikxjajijngnk.

Njsmkroj`kotc

Qkhkrksk mgpgmjngnk nc gidcrjt`c nk rctkg`kotc skikmjcogr g `kilcr rctg. Octk quk

`kilcr rctg u` mcomkjtc quk nkpkonk ngs trjmgs k gs pconkrgks utjijzgngs pgrg

hgzkr u` mimuic2 okssk mgsc, u` gidcrjt`c nk rctkg`kotc pcnk, pcr kxk`pic, hgzkr usc nku`g `trjmg nkrjvgng nk cutrgs mc`c c o`krc nk lcps k gtrgsc (nkigy), ngonc u` pksc

`gjcr gc nkigy oc mimuic. Mgng prctcmcic nk rctkg`kotc nkvk, ogturgi`kotk, nkhjojr k`

skus gidcrjt`cs nk mimuic u`g trjmg kstrjtg, sk` jotkrprktgks najgs.

]j`pijmjngnk

Cs gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc tg`a` sc prcfktgncs pgrg skr c `gjs sj`piks pcssvki. K`

cutrgs pgigvrgs, kssks gidcrjt`cs nkvk` chkrkmkr sugs huomjcogijngnks nk gokjrg khjmjkotk,

mc` u` `oj`c nk cvkrlkgn nk schtwgrk k utjijzgc ocs kqujpg`kotcs quk c

j`pik`kotg`. Khjmjomjg pgrtjmuigr`kotk j`pcrtgotk qugonc c schtwgrk quk j`pik`kotg c

gidcrjt`c nk rctkg`kotc nkvk rcngr k` mc`putgncrks mc` rkmurscs hsjmcs ij`jtgncs, mc`c

pcumg k`rjg k u`g pkqukog mgpgmjngnk nk prcmkssg`kotc.

Qcaustkz k kstgajijngnk

Gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc nkvk` kxkmutgr mcrrktg`kotk hgmk s `gjs vgrjgngs sjtugks

gnvkrsgs quk pcnk` cmcrrkr, mc`c qukng nk koigmks, hgilgs k` rctkgncrks cu

mcodkstjcog`kotcs og rknk, k g rkmupkrgc ng mcokmtjvjngnk nkvk gmcotkmkr sk`

jotkrvkoc gougi nc gn`jojstrgncr.

Ugrg mu`prjr kssk cafktjvc, cs gidcrjt`cs nkvk` skr rcaustcs. K` cutrgs pgigvrgs, kiks nkvk`

kxkmutgr mcrrktg`kotk hgmk g mjrmuostomjgs oc prkvjstgs cu gnvkrsgs, tgjs mc`c hgilgs nk

lgrnwgrk, mconjks nk mcodkstjcog`kotc, k gt `ks`c j`pik`kotgks jomcrrktgs. Mc`c cs

rctkgncrks kstc icmgijzgncs k` pcotcs nk fuoks nk rknks, kiks pcnk` mgusgr prcaik`gs

mcosjnkrvkjs qugonc hgilg`, k cs `kilcrks gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc sc gqukiks quk t`

supcrtgnc c tkstk nc tk`pc k sk prcvgnc kstvkjs `ks`c sca u`g vgrjkngnk nk mconjks nk

rknk. [` rctkgncr rcaustc mcstu`g rkgijzgr sku trgagilc nurgotk gocs sk` gprkskotgr hgilgs

nk schtwgrk cu lgrnwgrk quk kxjfg` sku nksijdg`kotc cu rkjomjc.


9/152

4

ADU Gvgognc

Qpjng mcovkrdomjg

Mcovkrdomjg c prcmkssc nk mcomcrnomjg, pcr tcncs cs rctkgncrks, nk qugjs sc gs rctgs

tj`gs. G mgng kvkotc nk qukng cu rktcroc nk u` mjrmujtc nk ngncs, nktkr`jogncs mg`jolcs

sk tcrog` jonjspcovkjs cu u` `kilcr mg`jolc gpgrkmk. Ugrg quk kssks mg`jolcs skfg`

chkrkmjncs cu rktjrgncs ngs tgakigs nk `kilcrks mg`jolcs pgrg g rknk, okmkssrjc quk cs

rctkgncrks trcquk` u`g srjk nk kosgdkos nk gtugijzgc nk rctkg`kotc. Kssgs

`kosgdkos pkr`kjg` g rknk, kstjùigonc u` ocvc mimuic ngs rctgs tj`gs k

kvkotugi`kotk ikvgonc tcncs cs rctkgncrks g mcomcrngrk` mc` kssgs rctgs. Gidcrjt`cs nk

rctkg`kotc quk nk`crg` pgrg rkpgssgr kssgs kosgdkos k pcrtgotc quk mcovkrdk`

ikotg`kotk pcnk` mgusgr iccps cu jonjspcojajijngnk og rknk. Ucr kssk ctjvc, acos

gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc mcovkrdk` rgpjng`kotk tcncs cs skus rctkgncrks pgrg gs ks`gs

johcr`gks nk rctkg`kotc gps u`g ungog og tcpcicdjg ng rknk.

HikxjajijngnkGidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc tgà` nkvk` skr hikxvkjs. K` cutrgs pgigvrgs, gidcrjt`cs nk

rctkg`kotc nkvk` sk gngptgr rpjng k mcrrktg`kotk s vgrjgngs mjrmuostomjgs ng rknk k

pcssujr kmgojs`cs quk pkr`jtg` quk c gn`jojstrgncr tkolg g sug c kmgojs`cs quk

pcssjajijtk` j`pik`kotgr nktkr`jogncs gfustks og ausmg ng ksmcilg nc mg`jolc tj`c. Ucr

kxk`pic, gssu`jonc quk u` skd`kotc nk rknk mgju, ujtcs gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc, gc

sgakr nkssk prcaik`g, vc rgpjng`kotk skikmjcogr c prxj`c kilcr mg`jolc pgrg tcngs gs

rctgs ocr`gi`kotk utjijzgonc gqukik skd`kotc, koqugotc cutrcs pkr`jtk` quk c

gn`jojstrgncr nkhjog qugotc tk`pc c gidcrjt`c nkvk kspkrgr quk c gotjdc mjrmujtc sk

rkstgakikg gotks nk nksmgrtic pgrg hgzkr usc nc ocvc `kilcr mg`jolc.

Gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc pcnk` skr prcdrg`gncs pgrg gngptgrk`sk g ùngogs ogigrdurg nk agong ng rknk, tg`golc ngs hjigs ncs rctkgncrks, gtrgscs ng rknk, cu cutrgs

vgrjvkjs, mc`c g pkogijzgc cu oc nk u` mg`jolc nkvjnc g qukngs hrkqukotks quk ghktk`

g njspcojajijngnk k kstgajijngnk ng rknk mc`c u` tcnc.

^jpcs nk gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc

Oc quk tgodk gc tjpc nk gidcrjt`c nk rctkg`kotc, kstks pcnk` skr migssjhjmgncs k`6

Ksttjmcs cu njo`jmcs.

Mg`jolc ojmc cu uitjmg`jolc.

Uigoc cu ljkrrqujmc.

Jotrgncòjc cu Jotkrncòjc.

Kstgnc nk koigmk cu vktcr njstomjg.


10/152

ADU Gvgognc

Gt rgsc cu nkigy

Kssg `trjmg sk rkhkrk gc pkrcnc nk tk`pc okmkssrjc pgrg `cvkr u` pgmctk ng crjdk` gt

c nkstjoc, cu skfg, g `ktgnk nc quk ocr`gi`kotk mcolkmjnc mc`c tk`pc nk pjod (Qcuon

^rjp ^j`k cu Q^^). C gtrgsc nkpkonk nk vrjcs hgtcrks, jomiujonc igrdurg nk agong nk mgngkoigmk k` tcngs gs rknks jotkr`knjrjgs, tg`golc ngs hjigs ngs pcrtgs nk sgng nk mgng

rctkgncr, g sjtugc nk usc k mcodkstjcog`kotc k` mgng u` nkssks koigmks, gi`, migrc, ng

njstomjg hsjmg kotrk g crjdk` k c nkstjoc.

Igrdurg nk agong

G igrdurg nk agong cu vgzc nk trhkdc nk u` koigmk rkhkrksk qugotjg nk ajts pcr skduonc

quk pcnk` skr trgospcrtgncs k` nktkr`jognc koigmk2 nkssg hcr`g, qugotc `gjcr g vgzc nc

koigmk, `gjcr g sug mgpgmjngnk nk usc. Ikvgonc jssc k` mcotg, prkhkrvki komg`jolgr c

trhkdc nk pgmctks pcr u`g jotkrhgmk ktlkrokt nk 7Daps k` vkz nk u`g mcokxc IUMN (Ijolg

Urjvgtjvg nk Mcùojmgc nk Ngncs) nk 1 @aps. Octk quk kssg `trjmg oc sk rkhkrk tgxg

nk utjijzgc nk mgng mg`jolc6 kssg `trjmg g vgrjvki mgrdg nc koigmk.

Mgrdg nc koigmk

G `trjmg nk mgrdg nc koigmk pcnk skr utjijzgng k` giduos gidcrjt`cs mc`c u`g hcr`g nk

rkgijzgr u` agigomkg`kotc ctj`jzgnc kotrk mjrmujtcs nk igrdurg nk agong njhkrkotks. K`

giduos mgscs, koigmks mc` agong `gjcr pcnk` kstgr mcodkstjcogncs, tcrogonc u` koigmk nk

agong kstrkjtg u`g rctg `kilcr.

G mgrdg nc koigmk pcnk sk rkhkrjr gc usc nk rkmurscs ng rknk mc`c u` tcnc, oc rkstrjtg gc

koigmk sc`kotk, pcnkonc gargodkr johcr`gks mc`c c usc nk hjigs jotkrogs nc rctkgncr,

qugotjngnk nk pgmctks nksmgrtgncs, mgpgmjngnk nk prcmkssg`kotc nc ocnc (MU[ k pgmctks

prcmkssgncs pcr skduonc). mcù` quk kssg `trjmg skfg mgimuigng nk vrjgs `gokjrgs,

nkpkonkonc nc hgarjmgotk nc kqujpg`kotc k nc gidcrjt`c g skr utjijzgnc.

Mustc nk mcùojmgc

Kssg u`g `trjmg quk pcssuj u` mcomkjtc njstjotc ngs `trjmgs tmojmgs vjstgs gt c

`c`kotc. G `trjmg mustc ocr`gi`kotk u` vgicr g skr kstjpuignc pkic prprjc

gn`jojstrgncr pgrg nksjdogr g prkhkromjg cu oc nc trhkdc skr komg`jolgnc pcr u` cu

cutrc koigmk nk ngncs cu jotkrhgmk, jonkpkonkotk nk cutrcs pgr`ktrcs mc`c gtrgsc, agong

pgssgotk cu mcodkstjcog`kotc nc mjrmujtc.

Kssg `trjmg tjpjmg`kotk mcolkmjng mc`c u`g `trjmg pcitjmg, k pkr`jtk gcs gidcrjt`cs

njo`jmcs gmgtgrk` u` mustc kxtkroc, prkhkrjnc pkic gn`jojstrgncr ng rknk, k quk kovcivk

prkhkromjgs ng prprjg gn`jojstrgc ng rknk. [` kxk`pic nk usc qugonc nktkr`jogng

k`prksg cu jostjtujc cptg pcr utjijzgr u` nktkr`jognc mjrmujtc agskgnc k` mrjtrjcs

hjogomkjrcs c `gjs agrgtc (mustc k` Q$), k` vkz nk cptgr pkic `kilcr mjrmujtc nk ngncs nc

pcotc nk vjstg tmojmc c `gjs rpjnc.

[` mgsc nk usc c prctcmcic KJDQU, prcprjktrjc ng Mjsmc.


17/152

7;

ADU Gvgognc

Urctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc6 JDU k KDU

Ucr quk prkmjsc nk u` JDU3

Ucr quk prkmjsc nk u` KDU3

Mc`pgrgonc gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc jotkrocs k kxtkrocs.

G huoc nk u` prctcmcic nk rctkg`kotc mcostrujr tgakigs nk rctkg`kotc mc`piktgs ocs

njvkrscs rctkgncrks nk u`g rknk. Kxjstk` ncjs tjpcs nk prctcmcics pgrg rkgijzgr kssg huoc6

JDU(JotkrjcrDgtkwgyUrctcmci)6 rctkg`kotc nkotrc nk u` sjstk`g gutoc`c (G])2

KDU(KxtkrjcrDgtkwgyUrctcmci)6 rctkg`kotc kotrk sjstk`gs gutoc`cs.

Og `gjcrjg ngs rknks, c prctcmcic JDU (Jotkrjcr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci) utjijzgnc pgrg trgoshkrjr

johcr`gks ncs prkhjxcs ng johrgkstruturg nc agmbacok6 jotkrhgmks ncs rctkgncrks k

mjrmujtcs nk ngncs, k chkrkmk gs skdujotks mgrgmtkrstjmgs6

Ukr`jtk c ksmgicog`kotc nc J]U (Jotkrokt ]krvjmk Urcvjnkr) k` o`krc nk sjtks k nk

kqujpg`kotcs k koigmks jotkrocs2

K` dkrgi, utjijzgnc pgrg j`pik`kotgr u`g ljkrgrqujg nkotrc ng rknk ng jostjtujc,

skpgrgonc c agmbacok ng rknk nk cutrcs nc`ojc nk rctkg`kotc, mc`c rknks

rkdjcogjs k nk mijkotks2

Ij`jtg c ksmcpc nk hgilgs g mgng u` ncs nc`ojcs nk rctkg`kotc kxjstkotks, hgzkonc

mc`c quk u`g jostgajijngnk k` u`g rkdjc ng rknk oc nkskstgajijzk cutrgs rkdjks2

Ukr`jtk trgtgr hgilgs og johrgkstruturg usgonc u` rctkg`kotc njo`jmc mc` rpjng

mcovkrdomjg, gi` nk pkr`jtjr c usc ng mgrgmtkrstjmg nk rpjng mcovkrdomjg pgrg

Hjdurg 7.> Ljkrgrqujg nk Urctcmcics nk Qctg`kotc.


18/152

78

ADU Gvgognc

ksmcilkr rgpjng`kotk mjrmujtcs gitkrogtjvcs oc mgsc nk qukngs ncs mjrmujtcs

prkhkrkomjgjs.

[` KDU (Kxtkrjcr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci) pkr`jtk c ksmgicog`kotc nk drgonks rknks. Kik pkr`jtk

j`pik`kotgr u`g pcitjmg nk rctkg`kotc mc` vjstgs g6

Mcotrcigr g gimgogajijngnk nk prkhjxcs2

[ojhjmgr crdgojzgks njhkrkotks2

Mcokmtgr `itjpics JDUs.

Kotrk gs prjomjpgjs mgrgmtkrstjmgs ncs prctcmcics KDU kstg g nk quk kiks skfg` `gjs vcitgncs

g pcitjmgs nk rctkg`kotc k oc g mrjtrjcs tmojmcs, garjonc `c nk mgrgmtkrstjmgs mc`c

rpjng mcovkrdomjg k` nktrj`kotc nk mrjtrjcs mc`c kstgajijngnk.

C qugnrc g skdujr rksu`k gs prjomjpgjs njhkrkogs kotrk cs gidcrjt`cs nk rctkg`kotc

jotkrocs (Jotkrjcr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci) k gidcrjt`cs kxtkrocs (Kxtkrjcr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci).

JDU KDU

Nksmcakrtg gutc`tjmg nk vjzjolgog Okmkssjtg mcohjdurgr pkkrs

Cs rcutkrs dkrgi`kotk sc mcohjvkjs,

nkotrc nc `ks`c nc`ojc nk rctkg`kotc

(G])

C rctkg`kotc pgrg hcrg ncs ij`jtks ng

rknk, gn`jojstrgnc pcr cutrgs kqujpks

Urkhjxcs trcmgncs vgik` pgrg tcncs cs

rcutkrs JDU

Ukr`jtk g mcohjdurgc nk ij`jtks

gn`jojstrgtjvcs

Mgrrkdg konkrkcs ng johrgkstruturg Mgrrkdg prkhjxcs ncs mijkotks

J]Us tkonk` g `gotkr pcumgs rctgs oc JDU

vjsgonc khjmjomjg k ksmgigajijngnk

J]Us usg` pgrg `gotkr g tgakig mc`piktg

nk rctgs ng jotkrokt

JDUs sc hcrtk`kotk agskgncs og

tcpcicdjg hsjmg ng rknk

KDUs sc jonkpkonkotks ng tcpcicdjg nk

rknk nc J]U

[sgncs prjomjpgi`kotk pgrg rkscivkr

prcaik`gs tmojmcs

[sgncs pgrg rkscivkr prcaik`gs

gn`jojstrgtjvcs (pcitjmg nk jotkrmcokxc)

Kxk`pics nk Urctcmcics nc tjpc JDU (jotkrjcr dgtkwgy prctcmci)6

QJU (Qcutjod Johcr`gtjco Urctcmci)2

JDQU (Jotkrjcr Dgtkwgy Qcutjod Urctcmci)2

KJDQU (Kolgomkn JDQU)2

C]UH (Cpko ]lcrtkst Ugtl Hjrst)2

J]J] (Jotkr`knjgtk ]ystk`tcJotkr`knjgtk ]ystk`)2

^gakig 7.7 Mc`pgrgc JDU k KDU.


19/152

74

ADU Gvgognc

Kxk`pics nk prctcmcics nc tjpc KDU (kxtkrjcr dgtkwgy prctcmci)6

KDU (Kxtkrjcr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci)2

ADU (Acrnkr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci).

Cs prctcmcics QJU, QJUv1, JDQU, KJDQU sc prctcmcics nc tjpc vktcr njstomjg. [sg`

gidcrjt`cs pcr vktcr njstomjg cs qugjs nk`gong` quk mgng rctkgncr kovjk tcng cu pgrtk ng

sug tgakig nk rctgs, `gs sc`kotk pgrg cs rctkgncrks vjzjolcs.

Cs prctcmcics C]UH k J]J] sc nc tjpc kstgnc nk koigmk k jouong` tcncs cs ocncs ng rknk

mc` johcr`gc nk rctkg`kotc, `gs sc`kotk g pgrtk ngs sugs tgakigs quk nksmrkvk` skus

prprjcs koigmks.

C prctcmcic ADU> utjijzg u`g vgrjgc nc gidcrjt`c Akii`goHcrn, mcolkmjnc mc`c Xktcr

nk Mg`jolcs (pgtl vkmtcr). Kssk tjpc nk gidcrjt`c kovjg gtugijzgks ngs rctgs pgrg cs

vjzjolcs prkvjg`kotk mcohjdurgncs k caknkmkonc g u`g pcitjmg prnkhjojng, skonc sj`jigrk` giduos pcotcs mc` c gidcrjt`c vktcr njstomjg

ADU Acrnkr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci

Mcomkjtcs asjmcs

Cs sjstk`gs gutoc`cs (G])

G skssc ADU

G @qujog nk Kstgncs nc ADU

^jpcs nk `kosgdkos ADU

jADU k kADU

Qctkg`kotc Kxpimjtc vkrsus Qctg Nkhguit

Mcohjdurgc asjmg ADU6 mc`goncs

Kxk`pic nk mcohjdurgc ADU

G jotkrokt utjijzg u` `cnkic njstrjaunc nk rctkg`kotc, skonc njvjnjng k` njstjotcs

ncòjcs nk rctkg`kotc mcolkmjncs mc`c sjstk`gs gutoc`cs (G] Gutcoc`cus ]ystk`).

Kssg njvjsc k` ncòjcs jscig c rctkg`kotc jotkroc g mgng jostjtujc nkotrc ngs sugs

uojngnks gutoc`gs, nj`joujonc g mc`pikxjngnk ng jotkrokt dicagi.

C prctcmcic ADU (Acrnkr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci) kst gtugi`kotk og vkrsc >, k nkhjojnc oc QHM

>147. Kik agsjmg`kotk u` prctcmcic nc tjpc vktcr nk mg`jolcs (pgtl vkmtcr) k pcssuj

vrjgs huomjcogijngnks nc Akii`goHcrn, gs `ks`gs utjijzgngss pkic gidcrjt`c nk vktcr

njstomjg (njstgomk vkmtcr), s quk k` vkz nk mcotgajijzgr rctkgncrks jotkr`knjrjcs kotrk g

crjdk` k c nkstjoc, kik ikvg k` mcosjnkrgc c o`krc nk sjstk`gs gutoc`cs

jotkr`knjrjcs.

Ugrg trgagilgr nk u`g hcr`g khjmjkotk njgotk ng mc`pikxjngnk ng jotkrokt, c ADU tgà`

mcotg mc` u`g srjk nk gtrjautcs quk sc utjijzgncs pgrg hgzkr usc ncs `kilcrks mg`jolcs,

nk gmcrnc mc` gs pcitjmgs nk trhkdc nk mgng sjstk`g gutoc`c.


20/152

7. C MJNQ

tg`a` prcpcrmjcog u` tcnc pgrg rknuzjr c tg`golc ngs tgakigs nk rctkg`kotc gtrgvs

ng gdrkdgc nk rctgs (cu supkrokts).

G pgrtjr ng jotrcnuc nc mcomkjtc nk rctkg`kotc oc rkstrjtc s gotjdgs migssks G, A k M

(MJNQ), mc`u` rkhkrjrsk gdcrg gc mcofuotc rknk k `smgrg sj`piks`kotk mc`c prkhjxc

nk rknk, mc`c, pcr kxk`pic, c prkhjxc 7:1.78, quk sk rkhkrk rknk 7:1.78 ajts 7 quk mc`pk` g `smgrg gdcrg sc rkhkrkomjgncs njrktg`kotk oc prkhjxc.

G sjotgxk utjijzgng pkic MJNQ prcmkssg cs prkhjxcs mc`c u` konkrkc JU skdujnc nk u`g

`smgrg nk ajts rknk/`smgrg (cs ajts ng smgrg sc prcmkssgncs ng ksqukrng pgrg g

njrkjtg) pgrg nkhjojr mgng rknk. [` prkhjxc pcnk rkprkskotgr u`g rknk, u`g suarknk, u`g

supkrrknk cu g rctg pgrg u` lcst ojmc. Ucr kxk`pic, mcosjnkrgoncsk c prkhjxc

7:1.78 konkrkcs JU vijncs pcr rknk (rknks nk 7:1.78


21/152

7:

ADU Gvgognc

Cs sjstk`gs gutoc`cs (G])

C mcomkjtc nk G].

Catkonc u` G]O Gutcoc`cus ]ystk` Ouàkr.

G]78ajts k G]=1ajts.

[` sjstk`g gutoc`c cu G] (Gutcoc`cus ]ystk`) u` mcofuotc nk rknks sca g `ks`g

pcitjmg nk rctkg`kotc, quk usg u` ojmc prctcmcic nk rctkg`kotc k dkrgi`kotk kstc sca

mcotrcik nk u` `ks`c ncoc, mc` u` mcotrcik gn`jojstrgtjvc k u`g dkromjg mkotrgijzgncs.

[` sjstk`g gutoc`c u`g rknk mcotrcigng pcr u`g kotjngnk ojmg nk gn`jojstrgc

tmojmg. ]jstk`gs gutoc`cs ADU sc usgncs pgrg njvjnjr rknks kxtkrogs dicagjs k`

ncòjcs nk rctkg`kotc jonjvjnugjs, conk pcitjmgs nk rctkg`kotc icmgjs sc gpijmgngs.

Nkssg hcr`g, g crdgojzgc sj`pijhjmg g gn`jojstrgc nc ncòjc nk rctkg`kotc

jotkrog`kotk k g sug rkigc mc` cutrcs sjstk`gs gutoc`cs.

G agsk nk huomjcog`kotc nc prctcmcic ADU sc cs ]jstk`gs Gutoc`cs (G]). Gpksgr nk

mcomkjtugi`kotk u` sjstk`g gutoc`c kstgr rkigmjcognc g u` ncòjc nk rctkg`kotc, og

prtjmg okmkssrjc vgijngr g kxjstomjg nkssk ncòjc nk rctkg`kotc fuotc g u` QJQ

(Qkdjcogi Johcr`gtjco Qkdjstry) cu kqujvgikotk oc sku pgs (kxk`pic6 Qkdjstrc.ar, IGMOJM,

GQJO, QJUK ktm.). Gtrgvs nk u` prcmkssc nk scijmjtgc hcr`gi g kssgs kotjngnks nk rkdjstrc,

mgng sjstk`g gutoc`c mcokmtgnc jotkrokt rkmkak u` jnkotjhjmgr, u` o`krc nk G]

(Gutcoc`cus ]ystk` Ouàkr cu G]O), quk jnkotjhjmg gqukik ncòjc nk rctkg`kotc mc`c

u` kotrk tcncs cs sjstk`gs gutoc`cs kxjstkotks oc ùonc.

Jojmjgi`kotk, c o`krc nk sjstk`g gutoc`c hcj mcomkajnc pgrg skr u` o`krc nk 78 ajts,

quk pkr`jtjg u`g vgrjgc kotrk 5 k 8;;=; o`krcs nk G] ojmcs. Kotrktgotc, gps c

mrksmj`kotc ng jotkrokt oc smuic 17, kssk o`krc sk nk`costrcu pkqukoc pgrg gmc`cngr

tcngs gs ocvgs jostjtujks quk gnkrjrg` jotkrokt, pgssgonc g skr gu`kotgnc pgrg =1 ajts,

cu > cmtktcs (G]>). Nkssg hcr`g, lcfk pcssu`cs o`krcs nk G] nk 78ajts (gotjdcs) k cs

ocvcs G] nk =1ajts quk kxpgonjrg` c o`krc nk G]Os kotrk 5 k >1:>:841:;.

Nkotrc nc kspgc nk G]O, cs o`krcs nk 8>;71 g 8;;=> sc rkskrvgncs pgrg usc prjvgnc, cu

skfg, pcnk` skr utjijzgncs jotkrog`kotk nkotrc nk mgng jostjtujc sk` okmkssjtgr nk prvjg

gutcrjzgc, k oc nkvk` skr njvuidgncs pgrg g jotkrokt. Cs o`krcs 1=>;8, 8;;=; k

>1:>:841:; sc rkskrvgncs pkic JGOG pgrg mgscs kspkmjgjs.

Ugrg `gjs johcr`gks, vjnk QHMs 7:=5, >


22/152

15

ADU Gvgognc

G skssc ADU

[sg MU pcrtg 74:.

Kstgakikmj`kotc ng mcokxc MU kotrk cs rctkgncrks.

Kovjc ng tgakig nk rctgs mc`piktg s u`g vkz.

Gtugijzgc pgrmjgi ng tgakig (jomrk`kotgi).

@kosgdkos nk bkkpgijvk pgrg gotkr g skssc gakrtg.

C gidcrjt`c ADU oc pcssuj okolu`g hcr`g nk nksmcakrtg gutc`tjmg nk vjzjolgog, skonc

okmkssrjc mcohjdurgr gougi`kotk mgng u` ncs vjzjolcs mc` cs qugjs mgng rctkgncr nkvktrcmgr johcr`gks nk rctkg`kotc, skfg` kigs nkotrc nc ks`c sjstk`g gutoc`c (jADU) cu

pgrg cutrcs sjstk`gs gutoc`cs (kADU).

Ugrg rkgijzgr kssg trcmg nk johcr`gks nk rctkg`kotc, c prctcmcic ADU kstgakikmk u`g

skssc MU mc` mgng u` ncs rctkgncrks quk hcrg` mcohjdurgncs pgrg skrk` skus vjzjolcs,

mcolkmjncs mc`c pkkrs ADU. Kssg skssc ^MU rkgijzgng gtrgvs nc usc nk u`g pcrtg ^MU

kspkmjgi`kotk rkskrvgng pgrg c prctcmcic, g pcrtg 74:/tmp. Mgng u` ncs rctkgncrks quk

hcrg` mcohjdurgncs pgrg kstgakikmkr u`g skssc ADU tk` c konkrkc JU cu JUv8 nc sku pkkr,

k g`acs sj`uitgokg`kotk tkotg` kovjg` scijmjtgc nk mcokxc g pcrtg ^MU 74: nk sku

vjzjolc.

[`g vkz kstgakikmjng g skssc gtrgvs ng pcrtg 74:/tmp kotrk ncjs pgrmkjrcs (pkkrs), mgng

u` ncs rctkgncrks jojmjg u` prcmkssc nk okdcmjgc nk pgr`ktrcs nc prctcmcic ADU k k`

skduonc pgssc kovjg pgrg c cutrc tcngs gs johcr`gks nk rctkg`kotc quk pcssuj k` sug

tgakig, skonc g pgrtjr nkssk c`kotc sc`kotk trcmgngs johcr`gks quk tkolg` ungnc,

cu skfg, jomrk`kotgonc cu rktjrgonc rctgs ng tgakig jojmjgi`kotk trgos`jtjng.

Cavjg`kotk quk sk okolu`g rknk ocvg hcr jostgigng cu rktjrgng ng rknk, okolu`g

johcr`gc nk rctkg`kotc skr pgssgng okssg skssc ADU, pcnkonc jomiusjvk hjmgr nurgotk

lcrgs, njgs cu sk`gogs sk` okolu`g gitkrgc.

Hjdurg 7.; Kxk`pic nk rknk mc` ]jstk`gs Gutoc`cs.


23/152

17

ADU Gvgognc

Kotrktgotc, nkvk`cs ikàrgr quk g skssc ^MU k` sj pcssuj u` tj`kcut gsscmjgnc gc

prctcmcic MU prxj`c g > joutcs, nkpkonkonc ng j`pik`kotgc MU utjijzgng k quk

oc hjogi nkssk tj`kcut g skssc komkrrgng. Ugrg quk jssc oc cmcrrg, c prctcmcic ADU tk`

gsscmjgnc g mgng skssc u` pgmctk kspkmjgi`kotk kovjgnc mc` c cafktjvc nk `gotkr g skssc

gtjvg k kvkotugi`kotk njgdocstjmgr g `crtk nk u` pkkr ADU. Kssk pgmctk mcolkmjnc mc`c

bkkpgijvk, k pcr nkhguit kovjgnc g mgng 75 skduoncs, pcnkonc skr gitkrgnc pkic

gn`jojstrgncr, nksnk quk k` mcù` gmcrnc mc` c sku pgr ADU.

G `qujog nk kstgncs nc ADU

Cs kstgncs nc ADU (Jnik, Mcookmt, Gmtjvk, Cpko]kot, CpkoMcohjr` k Kstgaijslkn).

OIQJ6 Oktwcrb Igykr Qkgmlgajijty Johcr`gtjco.

G mgpgajijty Qcutkr Qkhrksl.

G kxtkosc @uitjprctcmci ADU (@UADU).

C Urctcmcic ADU pcssuj u`g `qujog nk kstgncs quk nk`costrg tcnc c sku huomjcog`kotc.

Kssk huomjcog`kotc pcnk skr rksu`jnc oc ksquk`g ng hjdurg g skdujr6

Ugrg mgng skssc pgrgpgr (pkkrtcpkkr), g j`pik`kotgc ADU got` u`g vgrjvki nk

kstgnc quk jonjmg k` qugi ncs kstgncs nksmrjtcs pkig `qujog nk kstgncs g skssc ADU skkomcotrg. Mgak gc prctcmcic ADU nkhjojr tcngs gs kosgdkos quk nkvk` skr jotkrmgàjgngs

pgrg quk cmcrrg u`g trcmg nk kstgnc nkotrc ng `qujog.

C prj`kjrc kstgnc c Jnik, k okssk kstgnc c ADU jojmjgijzg tcngs gs sugs vgrjvkjs jotkrogs

ng skssc, k tcncs cs rkmurscs mc`c `k`rjg okmkssrjcs pgrg c pkkr, gi` nk mcotrcigr gs

johcr`gks okmkssrjgs mcokxc MU. Okssk pcotc, sc rkmusgngs qugiqukr cutrg mcokxc

ADU njstjotg nc vjzjolc quk sk kspkrg ogqukik jostgotk, sjùitgokg`kotk jojmjgonc u`

pknjnc nk mcokxc ^MU mc` kssk `ks c pkkr usgonc g pcrtg 74:. Kssk c `c`kotc conk

Hjdurg 7.8 @qujog nk kstgncs nc prctcmcic.


24/152

11

ADU Gvgognc

sc kovjgncs pgmctks ]ZO/]ZO+GMB nk gàcs cs igncs, vjsgonc kstgakikmkr u`g mcokxc

^MU kotrk cs pgrks. Kssg mcokxc pcnkr skr rkmusgng pcr vrjcs `ctjvcs, mc`c6

[` ncs pgrks kspkrg u`g mcokxc gutkotjmgng mc` @N; koqugotc c cutrc oc2

Urcaik`gs nk pkkrs mcohjdurgncs krrcokg`kotk k` gàcs cs igncs (krrc nc

gn`jojstrgncr)2

Hgitg nk mcokmtjvjngnk kotrk cs ncjs vjzjolcs (oc pcssvki rkgijzgr u` pjod kotrk

kiks)2

Mcodkstjcog`kotc ng rknk2

Csmjigc k` mjrmujtcs cu jotkrhgmks ncs rctkgncrks.

Koqugotc g mcokmtjvjngnk kotrk cs ncjs vjzjolcs oc kstjvkr ocr`gijzgng k gàgs gs

mcohjdurgks gn`jojstrgtjvgs nk gutkotjmgc, jnkotjhjmgc k mrjptcdrghjg mcrrktgs, g

`qujog nk kstgnc hjmgr vgrjgonc kotrk Jnik k Mcookmt, jonjmgonc quk kst skonc tkotgnc

`gjs u`g vkz c kstgakikmj`kotc ng mcokxc MU (Mcookmt) k, qugonc kssk hcr rkmusgnc cu

oc tjvkr okolu`g rkspcstg, g `qujog nk kstgncs skr ocvg`kotk rkjojmjgng pgrg cutrg

tkotgtjvg (Jnik).

[`g vkz quk g mcokxc ^MU tkolg sjnc kstgakikmjng kotrk cs ncjs pgrks, g `qujog nk kstgnc

pgssg pgrg c kstgnc Mcookmt k ijakrg g sug utjijzgc pkic prctcmcic ADU quk hgr usc nkssg

Mcokxc ^MU g pgrtjr nk gdcrg.

[`g vkz quk c tlrkkwgy lgonslgbk nc MU hcj mc`piktgnc, g qujog nk kstgncs pgssg

pgrg c kstgnc Cpko ]kot. Kssk kstgnc prkssupk quk f kxjstg u`g mc uojmgc njrktg

kotrk cs prcmksscs ADU nk gàcs cs vjzjolcs, pkr`jtjonc quk sk jojmjk g okdcmjgc nk

vrjcs pgr`ktrcs nc ADU.

Okssk kstgnc, c prcmkssc ADU kovjg u`g `kosgdk` nk CUKO k gdugrng u`g nk rktcroc nc

sku pkkr. Kotrk cs pgr`ktrcs okdcmjgncs okssk c`kotc kstc gs vkrsks nc prctcmcic

ADU, c G]O quk jnkotjhjmg mgng pkkr, pgr`ktrcs nk tk`pcrjzgncrks mc`c lcintj`k k cutrcs

pgr`ktrcs cpmjcogjs mc`c QcutkQkhrksl k Kxtkosks @UADU cu @uitjprctcmci ADU, mc`c

gs hgìjgs nk konkrkcs quk skrc supcrtgncs ([ojmgst JUv>, [ojmgst JUv8, @uitjmgst JUv>,

@uitjmgst JUv8, @UI], XUOv> ktm.).

Octk quk gs GHJ cu Gnnrkss Hg`jiy Jnkotjhjkr sc u`g mgrgmtkrstjmg nc @UADU,

mcolkmjnc mc`c @uitjprctcmci ADU, k quk c ADU vkrsc > sc`kotk prkv c supcrtk gc

prctcmcic JUv>, oc skonc carjdgtrjg g j`pik`kotgc nkssg kxtkosc nc prctcmcic.

Kotrktgotc, g gjcrjg ncs kqujpg`kotcs lcfk j`pik`kotg gs kxtkosks nc @UADU .

[`g vkz quk cs pgr`ktrcs scijmjtgncs og kosgdk` nk CUKO skfg` mcohjr`gncs, g`qujog nk kstgnc pgssg gdcrg pgrg c kstgnc Cpko Mcohjr`, jonjmgonc quk tcncs cs

pgr`ktrcs ADU nk gàcs cs pkkrs komcotrg`sk gfustgncs k gàcs cs igncs kstc nk

gmcrnc pgrg trcmgr johcr`gks nk rctkg`kotc mcohcr`k gmcrngnc. Ucr kxk`pic, sk skrc

trcmgngs tgakigs JUv8 cu sc`kotk JUv>. Okssk c`kotc, kosgdkos nk BKKUGIJXK sc

trcmgngs k c ocvc kstgnc Kstgaijslkn mcohjdurgnc.


25/152

1=

ADU Gvgognc

Oc kstgnc Kstgaijslkn, cs rctkgncrks pcnk` rkmkakr k kovjgr kosgdkos BKKUGIJXK,

[UNG^K k OC^JHJMG^JCO nk/pgrg sku pgr. [`g vkz okssk kstgnc, jojmjgsk c prcmkssc nk

kovjc nk kosgdkos nk [UNG^K nk rctgs. Gs kosgdkos nk [UNG^K sc gs rkspcosvkjs pcr

pcpuigr gs tgakigs ADU nk gàcs cs pkkrs k nk `gotkr gs johcr`gks nk rctkg`kotc

gtugijzgngs oc mgsc nk qukngs cu nk gitkrgks ogs pcitjmgs nk rctkg`kotc nk gàcs cs

G]Os. Nurgotk c huomjcog`kotc nc ADU, pcnk` skr rkmkajngs gtugijzgks ([UNG^K]) nk

ìtjpics pkkrs, ak` mc`c pcnk` skr kovjgncs goomjcs nk OIQJ (Oktwcrb Igykr

Qkgmlgajijty Johcr`gtjco).

C kstgnc Kstgaijslkn u` kstgnc njtc kstvki, g pgrtjr nc qugi cs rctkgncrks sc`kotk

sgjrc k` mgsc nk krrc cu rkjomjc scijmjtgnc pkic gn`jojstrgncr ng rknk. Okssk mgsc, mc`c

`cstrgnc og `qujog nk kstgncs, g ojmg pcssjajijngnk pgrg sgng nkssk kstgnc pgrg crktcroc gc kstgnc jojmjgi Jnik k g rkgijzgc nk tcnc c rkjomjc nc prcmkssc. Wuk hjquk migrc

quk okssk mgsc lgvkr u`g nkskstgajijzgc nk tcnc c rctkg`kotc ADU ng jostjtujc, k g

rktjrgng ng HJA/QJA nk tcngs gs rctgs gprkonjngs vjg ADU. @ks`c k` u` mgsc nk scijmjtgc

nk rkjomjc nk skssc mcotrcignc nk gn`jojstrgncr ng rknk, c tk`pc nk jostgajijngnk oc

`kilcr mgsc oc johkrjcr g ; `joutcs, hrkqukotk`kotk mlkdgonc g 757; `joutcs, gt g

kstgajijzgc mc`piktg nc prctcmcic. Kssk u` ncs `ctjvcs pkic qugi c rkjomjc nk skssks

ADU nkvk skr sk`prk kvjtgnc.

K` prjompjc, c ADU `got` sug prprjg tgakig `kstrk nk rctkg`kotc jonkpkonkotk ng QJA

jotkrog nc rctkgncr (quk mcoscijng tcncs cs prctcmcics nk rctkg`kotc k` gtjvjngnk oc

kqujpg`kotc). Kssg tgakig ADU jonkpkonkotk nkoc`jogng IcmQJA (Icmgi Qcutjod

Johcr`gtjco Agsk.

Ugrg mgng vjzjolc mcohjdurgnc pkic gn`jojstrgncr ng rknk oc ADU nc rctkgncr, c prcmkssc

ADU gotkr k` k`rjg u`g tgakig ADU mcotkonc cs prkhjxcs rkmkajncs ngqukik vjzjolc k

cutrg mcotkonc cs prkhjxcs kovjgncs pgrg gqukik vjzjolc. Cu skfg, mrjgnc pgrg mgng pkkr

ADU u`g kstruturg GnfQJAJo (Gnfgmkot Qcutjod Johcr`gtjco Agsk Jomc`jod) mcotkonc OIQJ

rkmkajnc nc vjzjolc k u`g GnfQJACut (Cutdcjod) pgrg cs OIQJ g skrk` kovjgncs pgrg c

vjzjolc. C mcotknc nkssgs kstruturgs pcnk skr mcosuitgnc vjg mc`goncs og mcoscik nc

rctkgncr (pcr kxk`pic6 slcw jp adp okjdacur x.x.x.x gnvkrtjskn cu slcw jp adp okj x.x.x.x

rkmkjvkn).

G mgpgajijty QcutkrQkhrksl utjijzgng pgrg kvjtgr quk skfg okmkssrjc rkjojmjgr g skssc ADU

oc mgsc nk gitkrgks og mcohjdurgc ngs pcitjmgs nk rctkg`kotc ADU, vjsgonc gssj``kilcrgr g kstgajijngnk ng rknk k `joj`jzgr qukngs nksokmkssrjgs. Wugonc okdcmjgng kotrk

cs pkkrs ADU, pkr`jtk g u` ncs vjzjolcs scijmjtgr c rkkovjc nk tcngs gs johcr`gks nk

rctkg`kotc (OIQJ6 Oktwcrb Igykr Qkgmlgajijty Johcr`gtjco) sk` tkr nk rkjojmjgr g qujog

nk kstgncs nc ADU pgrg rkmkakr ocvg`kotk tcngs gs johcr`gks nk [UNG^K nc sku pkkr. G

Mgpgajijty rcutkrrkhrksl nkhjojng og QHM 1:7< k pcnk skr gtjvgng pcr giduos hgarjmgotks

sca g miusuig schtrkmcohjdurgtjco.

OIQJ ogng gjs nc quk g johcr`gc nc prkhjxc (rknk/`smgrg) kovjgnc ogs kosgdkos

nk [UNG^K nk u` pkkr g cutrc.


26/152

1>

ADU Gvgognc

^jpcs nk `kosgdkos ADU

CUKO

OC^JHJMG^JCO

BKKUGIJXK

[UNG^K

QC[^KQKHQK]L

G kxtkosc @UADU (@uitjprcmci ADU)

Gs `kosgdkos nc prctcmcic ADU pcssuk` u` mgakgilc mc` c skdujotk hcr`gtc6

@grbkr6 mg`pcs mc` 78 cmtktcs quk nkvk skr mc`piktg`kotk prkkomljnc mc` uos2

Ikodlt6 1 cmtktcs jonjmgonc c mc`prj`kotc ng `kosgdk`, jomiujonc cs cmtktcs oc

mgakgilc.

^ypk6 jonjmg c mnjdc nc tjpc tgi mc`c jonjmgnc g skdujr6

76 CUKO

16 [UNG^K

=6 OC^JHJMG^JCO

>6 BKKUGIJXK

;6 QC[^KQKHQK]L

Hjdurg 7.4 Hcr`gtc nc mgakgilc ng `kosgdk` nc prctcmcic ADU.


27/152

1;ADU Gvgognc

^jpcs nk `kosgdkos ADU-CUKO

Xkrsc6u` mg`pc nk 7 aytk quk jonjmg c o`krc nk vkrsc nc ADU skonc usgnc og crjdk`.

C `gjs gitc vgicr nk vkrsc quk g`acs cs rctkgncrks okdcmjgonc supcrtg` skr utjijzgnc. G

`gjcrjg ngs j`pik`kotgks gtugjs ADU usg` g vkrsc gtugi6 ADU>2

@ku]jstk`gGutoc`c6u` mg`pc nk 1 aytks quk jonjmg c o`krc G] nc crjdjogncr. [`

pgrmkjrc (pkkr) ADU usg kssgs johcr`gks pgrg nktkr`jogr sk g skssc ADU KADU cu JADU,

k vgj komkrrgr g skssc ADU sk oc hcr c o`krc nc G] kspkrgnc2

Lcin^j`k6u` mg`pc nk 1 aytks quk jonjmg c o`krc nk skduoncs prcpcstcs pkic

crjdjogncr pgrg c tk`pc nk kspkrg ng skssc ADU. c pkrcnc nk tk`pc quk pcnk nkmcrrkr

gt c rkmkptcr rkmkakr u`g `kosgdk` nk Bkkpgijvk cu Gtugijzgc ([pngtk) nc crjdjogncr.

C rkmkptcr ng `kosgdk` CUKO mgimuig c vgicr nk kspkrg nc tk`pcrjzgncr g usgr gc

mc`pgrgr c mg`pc Lcin ^j`k kspkmjhjmgng og `kosgdk` gakrtg k sku vgicr nk

tk`pcrjzgncr nk kspkrg mcohjdurgnc2 k gmkjtg c vgicr `kocr cu rkfkjtg g ijdgc. C tk`pc nk

kspkrg nkvk skr 5 cu gc `kocs, = skduoncs. C tk`pc nk kspkrg pgnrc nk 7 aytks quk jonjmg c JN nc rctkgncr nk crjdk`. C jnkotjhjmgncr

ADU u` konkrkc JU gtrjaunc g u` rctkgncr ADU k nktkr`jognc oc jomjc nc prcmkssc nk

rctkg`kotc ADU. C ADU Qcutkr JN ksmciljnc ng `ks`g `gokjrg mc`c c C]UH Qcutkr JN ksmciljnc. C ADU Qcutkr JN pcnk skr mcohjdurgnc kstgtjmg`kotk pgrg suastjtujr g skikc

gutc`tjmg2

CptUgrg`Iko(Mc`prj`kotcncspgr`ktrcscpmjcogjs)6u` mg`pc nk 7 aytk quk

jonjmg c mc`prj`kotc tctgi k` cmtktcs nc mg`pc suaskqukotk, mc` cs pgr`ktrcs cpmjcogjs.

[` vgicr nk zkrc jonjmg quk oc l pgr`ktrcs cpmjcogjs2

Hjdurg 7.< @kosgdk` ADUCpko.


28/152

18

ADU Gvgognc

Ugr`ktrcscpmjcogjs6u` mg`pc nk mc`prj`kotc vgrjvki quk mcot` u`g ijstg nk

pgr`ktrcs cpmjcogjs. Mgng pgr`ktrc kspkmjhjmgnc pcr u` mg`pc nk 7 aytk nk tjpc, u`

mg`pc nk mc`prj`kotc nk 7 aytk, k u` mg`pc nk vgicr nk mc`prj`kotc vgrjvki quk

mcot` c prprjc vgicr nk pgr`ktrc. Kssk mg`pc usgnc pgrg gouomjgr c supcrtk pgrg

rkmurscs cpmjcogjs, mc`c pcr kxk`pic6 kxtkosks nk `uitjprctcmcics, rctg nk gtugijzgc ktm.

^jpcs nk `kosgdkos ADU-OC^JHJMG^JCO

G `kosgdk` nk OC^JHJMG^JCO kovjgng qugonc u`g mconjc nk krrc nktkmtgng. G

mcokxc ADU hkmlgng j`knjgtg`kotk gps c kovjc nkssg `kosgdk`.

[`g vkz quk okmkssrjc kovjgr u`g `kosgdk` nk octjhjmgc mc` c krrc rkdjstrgnc pkic

prctcmcic, kxjstk u`g tgakig quk rktrgtg kssks mnjdcs nk krrc6

Hjdurg 7.: kxk`pic nk `kosgdk` CUKO mgpturgng.

Hjdurg 7.75 kosgdk` ADUOctjhjmgtjco.


29/152

14

ADU Gvgognc

Mnjdcnk

Krrc

Oc`ksj`aijmcngrkhkromjg

7 @kssgdk Lkgnkr Krrcr ]kmtjco

1 CUKO @kssgdk Krrcr

= [UNG^K @kssgdk Krrcr

> Lcin ^j`kr Kxpjrkn

; Hjojtk ]tgtk @gmljok Krrcr

8 Mkgsk

Cs mnjdcs nk suakrrcs nkhjojncs pgrg mgng u` ncs tjpcs nk `kosgdkos sc cs skdujotks6

^jpcnk

`kosgdk`

Mnjdcnksuakrrc

@kssgdk Lkgnkr 76 Mcookmtjco Oct ]yomlrcojzkn.

16 Agn @kssgdk Ikodtl.

=6 Agn @kssgdk ^ypk.

CUKO @kssgdk 76 [osuppcrtkn Xkrsjco Ou`akr.

16 Agn Ukkr G].

=6 Agn ADU Jnkotjhjkr.

>6 [osuppcrtkn Cptjcogi Ugrg`ktkr.;6 Nkprkmgtkn

86 [ogmmkptgaik Lcin ^j`k.

[UNG^K @kssgdk 76 @gihcr`kn Gttrjautk Ijst.

16 [orkmcdojzkn Tkiibocwo Gttrjautk.

=6 @jssjod Tkiibocwo Gttrjautk.

>6 Gttrjautk Higds Krrcr.

;6 Gttrjautk Ikodtl Krrcr.

86 Jovgijn CQJDJO Gttrjautk.

46 Nkprkmgtkn.


30/152

1 cu JUv8).

G kxtkosc @U-ADU (@uit jprc tcmc i ADU)

Wugonc u`g kosgdk` nk CUKO kovjgng kotrk vjzjolcs ADU, vrjgs mgrgmtkrstjmgs

cpmjcogjs (mgpgajijtjks) sc njvuidgngs pcr mgng u` ncs pkkrs og hcr`g mc`c c

Gn`jojstrgncr nk Qknks mcohjdurcu c rkhkrjnc rctkgncr ADU. Wugonc g`acs cs pgrks ng

skssc ADU t` supcrtk qukig mgpgmjngnk, kig pcnk skr gtjvgng. Gidu`gs nkssgs pcssvkjs

mgpgmjngnks sc c ADU @uitjprctcmcic (@UADU), c rcutkrrkhrksl, c cutacuon rcutk hjitkrjod

(CQH) k cutrcs.

Wugonc g`acs cs vjzjolcs mcomcrng` k` utjijzgr g kxtkosc uitjprctcmcic (@UADU), kiks

prkmjsg` jnkotjhjmgr qugi c GHJ (Gnnrkss Hg`jiy Jnkotjhjkr) k c ]GHJ (]uaskqukot Gnnrkss

Hg`jiy Jnkotjhjkr) quk mgng u` supcrtg k kst mcohjdurgnc pgrg trcmgr johcr`gks. C usc k

mcnjhjmgc nktgilgncs ncs mg`pcs GHJ6 Gnnrkss Hg`jiy Jnkotjhjkr (78 ajt) k ]GHJ6

]uaskqukot Gnnrkss Hg`jiy Jnkotjhjkr (< ajt) sc nkhjojncs og QHM 1 jpcs nk gtrjautcs nc mg`pc gtrjautcs nc gspgtl.

@gjs johcr`gks pcnk` skr catjngs og QHM 1:7.


33/152

=7

ADU Gvgognc

GHJ6Gnnrkss Hg`jiy Jnkotjhjkr (78 ajt).

Qks.6 Qkskrvkn (< ajt) hjkin. Nkvkmcotkr c vgicr 5 k skr jdocrgnc pkic

rkmkakncr

]GHJ6 ]uaskqukot Gnnrkss Hg`jiy

Jnkotjhjkr

C rctkg`kotc ADUJUv8 k c rctkg`kotc @UI] (@uitjprctcmci Igaki ]wjtmljod) sc

agsjmg`kotk rkgijzgncs utjijzgoncsk gs kxtkosks @UADU. C mg`pc 9GHJ" pcssuj sc`kotk

u`g vgrjgc nk vgicrks pcssvki gt c `c`kotc (7 k 1)6

7 JUv>2

1 JUv8.

Koqugotc c mg`pc 9]GHJ? pcssuj cutrcs vgicrks pcssvkjs6

7 [ojmgst2

1 @uitjmgst2

=6 [ojmgst gon `uitjmgst2

> @UI] Igaki2

71 uojmgst2

GHJ07, ]GHJ01, JUv> uitjmgst2

GHJ07, ]GHJ071 uojmgst2

GHJ07, ]GHJ071:, I=XUO JUv> uitjmgst2

GHJ01, ]GHJ07, JUv8 uojmgst2

GHJ01, ]GHJ01, JUv8 uitjmgst2

GHJ01;, ]GHJ08;, ADUXUI]/ADUI1XUO2

GHJ01, ]GHJ071


34/152

=1

ADU Gvgognc

GHJ01, ]GHJ071:, I=XUO JUv8 `uitjmgst2

GHJ07, ]GHJ07=1, Q^Mcostrgjo2

GHJ07, ]GHJ07==, Hicwspkm2

GHJ07, ]GHJ07=>, Hicwspkm2

GHJ0=, ]GHJ0712

GHJ01, ]GHJ0;, OD@XUO JUv82

GHJ07, ]GHJ088, @N^]GHJ2

GHJ07, ]GHJ0>, igakikn JUv>2

GHJ01, ]GHJ0>, igakikn JUv8 (8UK).

jADU k kADU

jADU

kADU

Huii`ksl

Qcutkr Qkhikmtcr (QQ)

C prctcmcic ADU pcnk skr utjijzgnc nk nugs hcr`gs, jotkrog`kotk gc sjstk`g gutoc`c

vjsgonc trgospcrtgr cs prkhjxcs jotkrocs ng rknk (kxk`pic6 prkhjxcs nk mijkotks) k

kxtkrog`kotk, kotrk cs njhkrkotks sjstk`gs gutoc`cs, mc`c u`g hcr`g nk njvuidgr cs

prkhjxcs nc prprjc G] gcs skus prcvkncrks k pgrmkjrcs, gi` nk gprkonkr cs prkhjxcs k rctgs

crjdjogncs og jotkrokt.

Jotkrog`kotk gc G] (jADU)2

Kotrk G]Os njstjotcs (kADU).

K`acrg c prctcmcic ADU oc prcmkssc nk kstgakikmj`kotc nk u`g skssc, mc`pcrtg`kotc ng

`qujog nk kstgncs k trcmgs nk `kosgdkos skfg` kxgtg`kotk jdugjs, kxjstk u`

mc`pcrtg`kotc njhkrkomjgnc qugonc c pkkr ADU pkrtkomk gc `ks`c sjstk`g gutoc`c cu g

u` G] njstjotc ngqukik quk scijmjtg c kstgakikmj`kotc ng skssc. Kssg sjtugc jnkotjhjmgng

oc `c`kotc ng trcmg nk `kosgdkos jojmjgi nc ADU (`kosgdk` nk CUKO), conk mgng u` ncs

pkkrs jnkotjhjmg g qugi sjstk`g gutoc`c pkrtkomk`.


35/152

==

ADU Gvgognc

[`g vkz jnkotjhjmgnc sk g skssc ADU sk rkhkrk g u` pkkr kxtkroc, mufc G]O ncs ncjs pkkrs

njstjotc, c mc`pcrtg`kotc nc ADU skduk ng hcr`g kspkrgng6 mgng u` ncs pkkrs kovjg tcng g

johcr`gc quk mc`pk g sug tgakig ADU pgrg c pkkr kxtkroc (kADU), ikvgonc k` mcotg

sc`kotk gs pcitjmgs (hjitrcs) nk sgng mcohjdurgngs prkvjg`kotk pgrg gqukik G]O.

F k` u`g skssc ADU jotkrog (jADU), conk cs rctkgncrks kstc mcokmtgncs mc`pgrtjilgonc

gidu` prctcmcic JDU (QJU, C]UH, J]J]...), c prctcmcic prcmurg joj`jzgr cs goomjcs kotrk cs

rcutkrs jADU. Kssg ctj`jzgc pgrtk nc prjompjc nk quk u` rctkgncr jotkroc nc ADU

rkspcosvki pcr mc`pgrtjilgr gs johcr`gks nk rctkg`kotc (OIQJ) quk kik dkrgr mc` tcncs

cs cutrcs rctkgncrks quk hgig` ADU nkotrc nc ks`c G]O. Jssc agsjmg`kotk sjdojhjmg quk

u` prkhjxc rkmkajnc pcr u` rctkgncr jotkroc (jADU) oc prkmjsg skr rkpgssgnc pgrg cutrcspkkrs jotkrocs, mgakonc gc crjdjogncr ngqukik prkhjxc rkpgssgr kssg johcr`gc njrktg`kotk

pgrg tcncs cs cutrcs pgrks jotkrocs (pkkrs jADU).

Ugrg quk jssc skfg pcssvki, okmkssrjc quk tcncs cs rctkgncrks quk hgig`

ADU jotkrog`kotk gc sjstk`g gutoc`c (pkkrs jADU) tkolg` u`g

mcokxc njrktg kotrk sj. Kssk u` pcotc j`prksmjonvki pgrg quk c ADU

huomjcok mcrrktg`kotk. Kssk tjpc nk grqujtkturg oc ADU mcolkmjng mc`c

huii ksl.

Ocr`gi`kotk cs rctkgncrks ADU jotkrocs gc G] nkvk` pcssujr

gimgogajijngnk vjg gidu` gidcrjt`c JDU, mc`pgrtjilgonc c `ks`c

prcmkssc C]UH cu J]J] nk hcr`g g prcvkr kssg mcokmtjvjngnk jotkrog,

`ks`c quk jonjrktg, kotrk tcncs cs rctkgncrks jADU nc G]O, pgrg g pgrtjr

ng mrjgr u`g mcokxc ^MU k g skssc ADU nk tcncs pgrg tcncs, mrjgoncsk

gssj` g rknk ADU huii `ksl.

Hjdurg 7.78 Ukkrjod jADU k kADU.

Huii ksl6 u`g

mcokxc mc`piktg,

conk tcncs cs

rctkgncrks jADU

pcssuk` u`g

skssc ADU njrktg

pgrg tcncs cs

cutrcs, k jssc

ksskomjgi k` u`

g`ajkotk jADU.


36/152

=>

ADU Gvgognc

Kotrktgotc, nkvksk octgr quk g kotrgng nk mgng ocvc rctkgncr jADU okssk mkorjc

sjdojhjmgr g rkmcohjdurgc nk tcncs cs cutrcs rctkgncrks nk hcr`g g mrjgr u`g ocvg skssc

jADU. Kssk mkorjc gmkjtvki gt u` o`krc nk u`g cu nugs nkzkogs nk rctkgncrks, skoncokmkssrjg g mrjgc nk O7 ocvgs skssks ADU pgrg mgng ocvc pkkr ADU g skr joskrjnc og

rknk. [`g hcr`g nk hgmjijtgr kssk mrksmj`kotc, joj`jzgonc c o`krc nk skssks ADU g

skrk` mrjgngs, c usc nk u`g kstrgtdjg mlg`gng nk rcutkrrkhikmtcr.

G nkhjojc nk u` rcutkrrkhikmtcr rkgijzgng pkig QHM >>;8 k sku cafktjvc kxgtg`kotk

gu`kotgr g ksmgigajijngnk nk drgonks agmbacoks gtrgvs ng joskrc nc mcomkjtc nk rcutkr

rkhikmtcr k rcutkrrkhikmtcr mijkot, k g prcpcstg agstgotk sj`piks6 rkpgssgr gs johcr`gks

rkmkajngs ncs pkkrs jADU pgrg cs cutrcs pkkrs jADU.

[` nktkr`jognc rctkgncr ng rknk kikjtc pkic gn`jojstrgncr ng rknk pgrg skr c rkhiktcr nk

rctgs. Jssc sjdojhjmg quk og rkgijngnk u` nktkr`jognc rctkgncr jotkroc (jADU) tkr u` pgpki

sk`kilgotk gc nk u` rctkgncr kADU6 rkpijmgr tcngs gs OIQJs (`kosgdkos nk [UNG^K) quk kikrkmkak pgrg tcncs cs cutrcs vjzjolcs, tcrogonc nksokmkssrjc quk u` `ks`c rctkgncr tkolg

O7 skssks ADU pgrg tcncs cs cutrcs rctkgncrks ADU jotkrocs. K` u`g rknk mc` u` QQ, mgng

rctkgncr jADU sc`kotk prkmjsg pcssujr u`g ojmg skssc jADU mc` c sku QQ.

Kssg gacrngdk` nk QQ (QcutkrQkhikmtcr) pcssuj g vgotgdk` nk hgmjijtgr g mcohjdurgc ng

rknk pkic gn`jojstrgncr, `gs tk` mc`c nksvgotgdk` c mgsc conk c QQ vkolg g schrkr

gidu`g hgilg. Okssk mgsc, tcng g rknk jADU nkjxgr nk huomjcogr, mgusgonc u`g jostgajijngnk

jonkskfgng. [` mcotcroc pgrg kssg sjtugc c usc nk `gjs nk u` QQ, `gs kssg gacrngdk`

tk` sugs prprjgs mc`pijmgks nc pcotc nk vjstg nk skdurgog, mc`pikxjngnk k kstgajijngnk

pgrg g rknk. [`g acg rkmc`kongc sc`kotk hgzkr usc nk u` QQ (Qcutkr Qkhikmtcr jADU)

qugonc c o`krc nk pkkrs ADU jotkrocs mlkdgr prxj`c cu uitrgpgssgr =5 jADU rcutkrs.

Mgsc mcotrrjc, u`g gacrngdk` agskgng k` huii`ksl gjs rkmc`kongng, pkig sj`pijmjngnkk kstgajijngnk.

Hjdurg 7.74 Qctkgncrks ADU hcr`gonc u`g rknk huii ksl.


37/152

=;

ADU Gvgognc

Qctkg`kotc Kxpimjtc vkrsus Qctg Nkhguit

Huii Qcutjod.

Nkhguit Hrkk Vcok (NHO).

Qctkg`kotc Larjnc.

Wugonc sk nkhjok mc`c skr c rctkg`kotc jADU k kADU ng jostjtujc, g prj`kjrg pkrduotg g

skr rkspconjng rkhkrksk mgpgmjngnk ncs kqujpg`kotcs kovcivjncs, f quk kxjstk u`g

rkigc njrktg kotrk c lgrnwgrk nc rctkgncr (`k`rjg ^MG@) k g qugotjngnk nk rctgs quk

pcnk` skr jostgigngs og HJA (Hcrwgrnjod Johcr`gtjco Agsk), k g qugotjngnk nk rctgs k

skssks ADU quk pcnk` skr `gojpuigngs pkic kqujpg`kotc, njrktg`kotk rkigmjcognc mc` g

MU[, `k`rjg QG@ k ]jstk`g Cpkrgmjcogi nc kqujpg`kotc.

Gtugi`kotk, g tgakig ADU JUv> mc`pcstg pcr gprcxj`gng`kotk 855 `ji kotrgngs ojmgs

quk nkvk` skr jostgigngs og HJA nc kqujpg`kotc pgrg quk kstk pcssg rkgijzgr

komg`jolg`kotc mc` vkicmjngnk nk rctkg`kotc pcr lgrnwgrk (wjrkspkkn).

Ocr`gi`kotk, kqujpg`kotcs mc` supcrtk k` lgrnwgrk g `gjs nk ;71b rctgs sk koqugnrg`

k` u`g hgjxg nk rctkgncrks mcolkmjncs mc`c `njcs cu nk drgonk pcrtk. Mc`c sk jssc oc

agstgssk, g tgakig ADU uojmgst JUv> gpkogs u`g ngs tgakigs quk pcnk` skr `gotjngs pkigs

kxtkosks @UADU (@uitjprctcmci ADU), k nkvk` mc`pgrtjilgr g `ks`g ^MG@ mc` cutrgs

kotrgngs, mc`c g tgakig @uitjmgst JUv>, @UI], [ojmgst JUv8 ktm. Kotrk gs hgìjgs nk

konkrkg`kotc (GHJ) kxjstkotks oc @UADU, c mgsc `gjs mcù` k` u` rctkgncr nk u`g

k`prksg cu nk u` prcvkncr nk skrvjc coijok (C]Us) g kxjstomjg nk ncjs drupcs òj`cs6

ADU JUv> [ojmgst2

ADU JUv8 [ojmgst.

Hjdurg 7.7< Mrksmj`kotc ng tgakig ADUv> kotrk 7::5 k 1578.


38/152

=8

ADU Gvgognc

Kotrktgotc, g mcohjdurgc nk rctkgncrks vjrtugjs mcùos k` ngtgmkotkrs gu`kotg` g

okmkssjngnk nk HJAs `gjcrks pgrg pcnkr `gotkr g vkicmjngnk nk komg`jolg`kotc nk

mg`gng = pcr lgrnwgrk (rctkg`kotc). Kssk hgtc sk gdrgvg gjong `gjs sk mcosjnkrgr`cs c

prctcmcic JUv8. C mgsc gquj quk, mc`c hgig`cs nk mgpgmjngnk nk lgrnwgrk, sk` scàrg nk

nvjng hgig`cs nk qugotjngnks nk ajts prcmkssgncs, k quk okssk mgsc prkmjsg`cs ikàrgr

quk u` konkrkc JUv> mc`pcstc pcr =1 ajts, koqugotc u` konkrkc JUv8 tk` 71< ajts, cu

skfg, qugtrc vkzks `gjcr quk sku gotkmksscr.

Jssc qukr njzkr quk u`g kotrgng og tgakig ADU k` JUv8 mcosc`k c kqujvgikotk k` `k`rjg

^MG@ nk qugtrc kotrgngs JUv>3 G rkspcstg sj`! Cu skfg, mcosjnkrgonc u` lgrnwgrk quk

pcssuj u`g `k`rjg ^MG@ mgpgz nk supcrtgr ;71 `ji rctgs JUv>, sk kssk lgrnwgrk hcr

mc`pgrtjilgnc mc` JUv8, jssc sjdojhjmg quk kik supcrtgr6

Cu ;71b rctgs uojmgst JUv>2

Cu 71 & =1b rctgs uojmgst JUv8.

Octk quk pgrg mgng ocvg huomjcogijngnk nkskfgng, mc`c @UI], @uitjmgst JUv> k @uitjmgst

JUv8, kssgs `ks`gs ;71b kotrgngs tkrc nk skr rkgnkqugngs pgrg supcrtgr kssgs ocvgs

tgakigs.

Mcosjnkrgoncsk gjong quk, skduonc c quk rkdjstrgnc ljstcrjmg`kotk oc mrksmj`kotc ngs

tgakigs JUv> k JUv8, kstj`gsk pcr vcitg nk 75% gc goc c mrksmj`kotc gtugi ng tgakig nk rctgs

JUv>. ]k tk`cs gdcrg u`g tgakig ADUv> mc`piktg mc` 855 `ji prkhjxcs gtjvcs k u`g tgakig

ADUv8 nk =5 `ji kotrgngs, k quk c kqujpg`kotc k` qukstc mc`pgrtjilg g `ks`g ^MG@

pgrg komg`jolgr JUv> k JUv8, tkrg`cs nk gnqujrjr lcfk u` kqujpg`kotc mgpgz nk `gouskgrpkic `kocs 4;5 `ji rctgs (855b + ( > * =5b)) sj`piks`kotk pgrg pcnkr`cs utjijzic kstk

goc. ]k tjvkr`cs nk pigokfgr u` mrksmj`kotc nk pkic `kocs 75% gc goc, 7 `jilc nk rctgs

pcnkrjg ocs `gotkr6


39/152

=4

ADU Gvgognc

[` sjstk`g gutoc`c quk tk` tcncs cs skus prjomjpgjs rctkgncrks rkmkakonc nk skus

prcvkncrks g tgakig AUD mc`piktg (huiircutjod)sgak c mg`jolc pgrg tcngs gs rknks ng

jotkrokt k oc hgz skotjnc quk kik tg`a` tkolg u`g rctg Nkhguit f quk c mcomkjtc nk

rctkg`kotc nkhguit (pcr hgitg nk johcr`gc) oc hgz skotjnc pgrg u` rctkgncr quk tk` g

johcr`gc nk tcngs gs rctgs ng jotkrokt, gs `ks`gs johcr`gks nk skus prcvkncrks k ncs

prcvkncrks ncs skus prcvkncrks (^JKQ1 k ^JKQ7). C oc`k quk sk n pgrg u`g rknk quk oc

pcssuj g rctg nkhguit ocs skus rctkgncrks prjomjpgjs (Mcrk Qcutkrs) NHV (Nkhguit Hrkk Vcok).

Nkhguit Hrkk Vcok (NHV)6

Gitg scarkmgrdg, mc`pikxc, gitc mustc, gitg drgouigrjngnk.

C rctkg`kotc huiircutjod tk` mc`c mcotrgpcotc u` rctkg`kotc sj`pijhjmgnc, dkrgi`kotk

utjijzgnc k` k`prksgs quk pcssuk` sc`kotk u` prcvkncr nk gmkssc jotkrokt, c

rctkg`kotc pkig rctg Nkhguit. C rctkg`kotc pkig rctg nkhguit (5.5.5.5/5) tk` mc`c vgotgdk`

oc okmkssjtgr nk kotrgngs og HJA cu ^MG@, f quk kik sc`kotk pcssuj u`g johcr`gcrkdjstrgng oc lgrnwgrk6 Komg`jolk tunc pkig jotkrhgmk nkhguit. G nksvgotgdk` nc

rctkg`kotc nkhguit kxgtg`kotk g hgitg nk johcr`gc nk rctkg`kotc, quk j`pknk quk

skfg` usgncs rkmurscs mc`c agigomkg`kotc nk trhkdc kotrk itjpigs sgngs pcr

prcvkncrks nk gmkssc njstjotcs.

Qctkg`kotc Nkhguit6

]j`piks, agrgtc (prcmkssg`kotc, k`rjg, agong)2

Agjxg drgouigrjngnk (fcdc nk `trjmgs).

[`g sciuc jotkr`knjrjg kovcivk scijmjtgr pgrg c sku prcvkncr nk gmkssc (J]U) oc mcotrgtc

ADU hjr`gnc kotrk gs jostjtujks quk kssk kovjk pgrg c sku G]O, c quk mlg`gnc nk

rctkg`kotc pgrmjgi, cu skfg, quk kik kovjk u` suamcofuotc ng tgakig ADU mc`piktg,

ocr`gi`kotk u`g hrgc mcotkonc gs rknks gjs prxj`gs dkcdrghjmg`kotk nc mijkotk k quk

kssk tkolg gjcr prcagajijngnk nk tkr trhkdc nkstjognc g kigs.

[` kxk`pic nk u`g tgakig pgrmjgi hcrokmjng pcr prcvkncrks argsjikjrcs pcnk skr mc`pcstg

pcr kxk`pic pcr6

Urkhjxcs ADU nk mijkotks nc prprjc prcvkncr (J]U)2

Urkhjxcs ADU nk rknks gprkonjngs pkics Ucotcs nk rcmg nk rhkdc Argsjikjrcs (vjnk

lttp6//jx.ar)2

Urkhjxcs nk drgonks prcvkncrks mc` prkskog oc Argsji (K`argtki, Cj, kikhcojmg,

Xjvc, Migrc ktm.)2

Kssgs johcr`gks pgrmjgjs quk rknuzk` gs supcstgs 855 ji rctgs pgrg u` mcofuotc kocr2

pcr kxk`pic, 755 ji rctgs, prkmjsg` skr mc`pik`kotgngs mc` g rctg nkhguit pgrg u` ncs

prcvkncrks nk gmkssc quk c mijkotk tk` mcotrgtgnc, sca pkog nk oc tkr gimgogajijngnk pgrg

c rkstgotk ng jotkrokt.

C rctkg`kotc larjnc hgz skotjnc pkig prcagajijngnk quk gidu` usurjc rksjnkotk oc Argsji

tkonk g gmkssgr mcotkncs k` iodug pcrtuduksg k k`prksgs argsjikjrgs, cu skfg, kik tkonk g


40/152

=5

ADU Gvgognc

Icmgi, cu sk tcncs cs rctkgncrks oc G]Icmgi rcngrk` ADU, g sjomrcojzgc pcnk skr

nksgajijtgng mc` c mc`gonc6

oc syomlrcojzgtjco

Cutrg hcr`g nk jotkrgc kotrk ADU k cutrcs prctcmcics JDU g pcssjaijngnk nk jotkrmg`ajgr

johcr`gks kotrk cs prctcmcics gtrgvs nc mc`gonc rknjstrjautk. Ucr kxk`pic, sk

jovcmgng g rknjstrjaujc ngs rctgs ksttjmgs (rknjstrjautk stgtjm) nkotrc ng skssc nk

mcohjdurgc nc ADU (Qcutkr adp), tcngs gs rctgs ksttjmgs kxjstkotks okssk rctkgncr gdcrg

skrc rkpgssgngs pgrg tcncs cs pkkrs ADU.

rcutkr adp

rknjstrjautk Rmcookmtkn | stgtjm | csph | rjpP {mconjc}

Mcohjdurgc ng hjitrgdk` nk rctgs pkic vjzjolc

Ugrg rkstrjodjr g johcr`gc nk rctkg`kotc quk u` rctkgncr gouomjg cu gprkonk, pcnk`cs

hjitrgr gtugijzgks nk rctkg`kotc ADU pgrg k nk u` vjzjolc pgrtjmuigr. Cs `kmgojs`cs nk

hjitrgdk` skrc kilcr gacrngncs og prxj`g skssc.

okjdlacr {konkrkc-JU | oc`k-nk-drupc-nc-pgr} njstrjautk-ijst ijstg-

nk-gmkssc {jo | cut | wkjdlt pksc}

okjdlacr {konkrkc-JU | oc`k-nk-drupc-nc-pgr} hjitkr-ijst ijstg-nk-

gmkssc {jo | cut | wkjdlt pksc}

okjdlacr {konkrkc-JU | oc`k-nk-drupc-nc-pgr} rcutk-`gp gpg-nk-

gmkssc {jo | cut | wkjdlt pksc}

Ugrg g mcohjdurgc ng hjitrgdk` nk mg`jolcs pkic vjzjolc, g hjitrgdk` pcnk skr hkjtg agskgng

ocs mg`jolcs nc G] cu mc` g nkhjojc nk u`g ijstg nk gmkssc ADU.

jp gs-pgtl gmmkss-ijst o`krc-ng-ijstg-nk-gmkssc {pkr`jt | nkoy}

kxprkssc-rkduigr-gs

Gs kxprkssks rkduigrks sc skquomjgs nk mgrgmtkrks kspkmjgjs quk pcnk` skr usgncs pgrg

pksqujsgr k komcotrgr pgnrks nk mgrgmtkrks. [`g kxprkssc rkduigr u` pgnrc pgrg

mc`pgrgc nk u`g mgnkjg nk kotrgng. [`g kxprkssc rkduigr pcnk skr u` pgnrc nk

mgrgmtkrk ojmc cu u` pgnrc mc` vrjcs mgrgmtkrks. G mcrrkspconomjg nk u`g skquomjg

nk mgrgmtkrks pgrg c pgnrc kspkmjhjmgnc mlg`gnc nk "pgnrc nk mcrrkspconomjg", k pcnk

rksuitgr k` sumkssc cu hgilg. G mcostruc nk kxprkssks rkduigrks oc `ajtc ncs

rctkgncrks kovcivk c usc nk mgrgmtkrks kspkmjgjs6


43/152

>7ADU Gvgognc

Mgrgmtkrk [sc

_ Jomjc ng mgnkjrg nk mgrgmtkrks (strjod)

$ Hj` nc strjod

RP Xgrjgc nk mgrgmtkrks

[sgnc pgrg kspkmjhjmgr g vgrjgc, pcr kxk`pic R5:P

() Gdrupg`kotc icmgi

Wugiqukr mgrgmtkrk ojmc

* Vkrc cu `gjs jostomjgs

+ [`g cu `gjs jostomjgs

S Xrduig, gark cu hkmlg mcimlktk cu pgrotksks, jomjc cu hj` nk strjod cu

kspgc

Kxk`pics nk kxprkssks rkduigrks usugjs k sku sjdojhjmgnc6

.*Wugiqukr mcjsg

_$Qctkgncrks icmgi`kotk crjdjogncs

_755S Gprkonjnc nc G] 755

S755$Crjdjognc oc G] 755

S755S

Wugiqukr jostomjg nk G] 755

_R5:P$G] njrktg`kotk mcokmtgnc (jojmjgnc k tkr`jognc oc `ks`c G]O)

Kxk`pic nk mcohjdurgc

G skdujr, kst kxk`pijhjmgng g mcohjdurgc nc G]755. Kssk G] pcssuj trs rctkgncrks6

QcutkrSG, QcutkrSA k QcutkrSM, skonc mgng u` nkiks rkspcosvki pcr u` aicmc JUv>

(155.75.5.5/78, 155.15.5.5/78 k 155.=5.5.5/78).

G mcohjdurgc kxk`pic kstgakikmk u`g skssc jADU huii`ksl kotrk cs rctkgncrks G, A k M,

utjijzgonc mc`c konkrkc nk mcokxc ^MU cs konkrkcs ng Iccpagmb5 nk mgng u` ncs

rctkgncrks. Okssk mgsc, pgrtksk nc prjompjc nk quk c gidcrjt`cs JDU (kxk`pic6 C]UH) fkstc mcrrktg`kotk mcohjdurgncs, k cs konkrkcs nk johrgkstruturg (jotkrhgmks) f sc

mcolkmjncs vjg JDU pcr tcncs cs rctkgncrks.


44/152

>1

ADU Gvgognc

Mc`c mcohjdurgr jADU og rknk nksmrjtg og hjdurg cstrgng gotkrjcr.

QcutkrSG6

Jotkrhgmk Iccpagmb5

jp gnnrkss 155.75.1;>.1;>/=1

rcutkr adp 755

oktwcrb 155.75.5.5 `gsb 1;;.1;;.5.5

okjdlacr 155.15.1;>.1;> rk`ctk-gs 755

okjdlacr 155.15.1;>.1;> nksmrjptjco jADU mc` QcutkrSA

okjdlacr 155.15.1;>.1;> upngtk-scurmk iccpagmb5

okjdlacr 155.=5.1;>.1;> rk`ctk-gs 755okjdlacr 155.=5.1;>.1;> nksmrjptjco jADU mc` QcutkrSM

okjdlacr 155.=5.1;>.1;> upngtk-scurmk iccpagmb5

jp rcutk 155.75.5.5/78 Ouii5

QcutkrSA6

Jotkrhgmk Iccpagmb5

jp gnnrkss 155.15.1;>.1;>/=1

rcutkr adp 755

oktwcrb 155.15.5.5 `gsb 1;;.1;;.5.5


okjdlacr 155.75.1;>.1;> nksmrjptjco jADU mc` QcutkrSGokjdlacr 155.75.1;>.1;> upngtk-scurmk iccpagmb5

okjdlacr 155.=5.1;>.1;> rk`ctk-gs 755

okjdlacr 155.=5.1;>.1;> nksmrjptjco jADU mc` QcutkrSM

okjdlacr 155.=5.1;>.1;> upngtk-scurmk iccpagmb5

jp rcutk 155.15.5.5/78 Ouii5

Hjdurg 7.7: Kxk`pics nk rknk nc G]755.


45/152

>=

ADU Gvgognc

QcutkrSM6

Jotkrhgmk Iccpagmb5

jp gnnrkss 155.=5.1;>.1;>/=1rcutkr adp 755

oktwcrb 155.=5.5.5 `gsb 1;;.1;;.5.5


okjdlacr 155.75.1;>.1;> nksmrjptjco jADU mc` QcutkrSG



okjdlacr 155.15.1;>.1;> nksmrjptjco jADU mc` QcutkrSA


jp rcutk 155.=5.5.5/78 Ouii5

Ugr`ktrcsgnjmjcogjs

[pngtkscurmk6 qugonc utjijzgnc, c okjdlacr upngtkscurmk iccpagmb 5 hcrg quk c pknjnc

nk mcokxc ^MU, c JUScrjdk` utjijzgnc pgrg g skssc ^MU kspkmjhjmgnc mc`c skonc c JU ng

iccpagmb 5 k` vkz nc JU ng jotkrhgmk hsjmg nk sgng (kxk`pic6 ktl5).

Mc`c

gs

rctgs

sc

gouomjgngs

vjg

ADU

]k hcrk` rkmkajngs nk u` vjzjolc k rkpgssgngs2

Xjg mc`gonc oktwcrb2

Xjg su`grjzgc nk rctgs (gdrkdgc)2

Xjg rknjstrjaujc nk cutrc prctcmcic.

C mc`gonc oktwcrb rkspcosvki pkig njvuidgc nk u` prkhjxc oc ADU, kotrktgotc, g rctg

sc`kotk skr rkgi`kotk njvuidgng sk lcuvkr u`g rctg kxgtg`kotk jdugi (JU/`gsb) oc JDU.

oktwcrb 155.75.5.5 gsb 1;;.1;;.5.5 Rrcutk-`gp 9mjnrSicmgi?P

Gi` nc oktwcrb, nkvksk gnjmjcogr u`g rctg pgrg c aicmc k` qukstc, nkstjognc g O[II5,

quk g hcr`g nk sk jofktgr kstgtjmg`kotk u`g rctg kstvki oc ADU6

jp rcutk 155.75.5.5/78 Ouii5 Rpksc-gn`P

Gtrgvs nc mc`gonc gddrkdgtk tg`a` pcnk`cs dkrgr u`g rctg ADU agskgng ogs rctgs nc

JDU cu ADU. G miusuig su``grycoiy suprj`k nc ADU gs rctgs quk crjdjogrg` g rctg

su`grjzgng6

gddrkdgtk-gnnrkss 155.75.5.5 1;;.1;;.5.5 Rsu``gry-coiyP

Gtrgvs nc mc`gonc rknjstrjautk, pcnk`cs jofktgr rctgs njog`jmg`kotk oc ADU nk

qugiqukr cutrc prctcmcic. Jofkc nk rctgs nc JDU oc ADU pkrjdcsg oc skotjnc nk quk pcnk

lgvkr jostgajijngnks k/cu csmjigks oc JDU, quk pcnkrc pkogijzgr kssgs rctgs mc`

ng`pkojod ocs G]O vjzjolcs.

rknjstrjautk mcookmtkn


46/152

>>

ADU Gvgognc

Hjdurg 7.15 Qknjstrjaujc nk rctgs.


47/152

>;

ADU Gvgognc

1

Gtrjautcs k Ucitjmgs nk Qctkg`kotc

Cafktjvcs

Mcolkmkr cs gtrjautcs ADU2 Kstungr gs Ucitjmgs nk Qctkg`kotc k sugs gpijmgks2 Nksmrkvkr

c gidcrjt`c nk skikc nk mg`jolcs nc ADU2 Kotkonkr cs `kmgojs`cs nk mcotrcik nk trhkdc

nk u` G]2 Mcolkmkr c mcomkjtc nk Kodkolgrjg nk ^rhkdc.

Mcomkjtcs

Gtrjautcs ADU2 Ucitjmgs nk Qctkg`kotc2 Gidcrjt`c nk skikc nk mg`jolcs nc ADU2

Mcotrcigonc c trhkdc nk kotrgng nc G]2 Kodkolgrjg nk trhkdc mc` mc`uojngnks ADU.

]u`rjc

Gtrjautcs ADU.

Ucitjmgs nk Qctkg`kotc.

Ijstgs nk njstrjaujc (njstrjautkijst).

Ijstgs nk prkhjxcs (prkhjxijst).

Hjitrcs nk mg`jolc (hjitkrijst).

@gpgs nk rctgs (rcutk`gp).

Gidcrjt`c nk skikc nk mg`jolcs nc ADU.

Mcotrcigonc c trhkdc nk kotrgng nc G].

[sc nk prkhjxcs ADU `gjs kspkmhjmcs k rctgs gdrkdgngs pgrg agigomkg`kotc nk trhkdc.

Kxpicrgonc c usc nk mc`uojngnks.

Gtrjautcs ADU

@trjmgs nc ADU pgrg c prcmkssc nk tc`gng nk nkmjsc

Mcomkjtc nk Qctg (QHM >147 ADU>)

Mcofuotc nk nkstjocs x gtrjautcs nk mg`jolc

Mcofuotc nk nkstjocs 0? G]s

Urkhjxcs JU oc mg`pc OIQJ `kosgdk` [pngtk

Gtrjautcs nk Mg`jolc (Ugtl Gtrjautks)


48/152

>8

ADU Gvgognc

C mc`pcrtg`kotc nc gidcrjt`c ADU nktkr`jognc pcr u` mcofuotc nk gtrjautcs,

jonjvjnugi`kotk gsscmjgncs g mgng prkhjxc nk rknk. Kssks gtrjautcs t` c cafktjvc nk prcvkr

u`g qugijhjmgc pgrg mgng u` ncs mg`jolcs kxjstkotks og tgakig nk rctgs (pgtl) nk hcr`g g

prcvkr gjcr drgouigrjngnk nk suasnjcs pgrg c gidcrjt`c nk ksmcilg nc kilcr mg`jolc nc

ADC. K` su`g, cs gtrjautcs sc trjmgs utjijzgngs pkic gidcrjt`c ADU oc sku prcmkssc nk

tc`gng nk nkmjsc.

Ugrg sk mc`prkkonkr g jnkjg pcr trs ncs gtrjautcs ncs mg`jolcs, sk`prk tji rkik`argr c

mcomkjtc nk Qctg, mcohcr`k nkhjojnc pkig QHM >147, quk kspkmjhjmg c prctcmcic ADU>6

Qctg u`g uojngnk nk johcr`gc quk pgrkjg u` mcofuotc nk nkstjocs mc` cs gtrjautcs nk

mg`jolc ngqukiks nkstjocs. C mcofuotc nk nkstjocs sc sjstk`gs gutoc`cs mufc konkrkc JU

kstc mcotjncs k` u` prkhjxc JU mgrrkdgnc oc mg`pc nk johcr`gc nk gimgogajijngnk

(OIQJ) ng kosgdk` nk [UNG^K. C pgtl cu mg`jolc g johcr`gc rkpcrtgng oc mg`pc

gtrjautc nk mg`jolc ng ks`g kosgdk` ADU.

K` cutrgs pgigvrgs, c prctcmcic ADU mgrrkdg oc mgakgilc gsscmjgnc g mgng prkhjxcgouomjgnc u` mg`pc mcolkmjnc pkic oc`k nk Gtrjautcs nc Mg`jolc (pgtl gtrjautks). Kssg

johcr`gc trgospcrtgng nkotrc nk mgng `kosgdk` nk [UNG^K trcmgng pgrg gouomjgr cu

gitkrgr mgng rctg kotrk cs pkkrs ADU.

Cs gtrjautcs ADU pcnk` skr migssjhjmgncs k` qugtrc drgonks mgtkdcrjgs, quk sk rkhkrk` k`

drgonk pgrtk g mc`c nkvk skr rkgijzgng g j`pik`kotgc nkssks gtrjautcs ocs rctkgncrks6 sk

kiks sc nk j`pik`kotgc carjdgtrjg cu cpmjcogi k sk u` gtrjautc rkmkajnc mc` u`g rctg

nkvk cu oc skr rkpgssgnc pgrg cs sku vjzjolcs. Gs mgtkdcrjgs pgrg migssjhjmgr cs gtrjautcs

ncs mg`jolcs (pgtl gtrjautks) sc6

Tkiibocwo gongtcry.

Tkiibocwo njsmrktjcogry.

Cptjcogi trgosjtjvk.

Cptjcogi ocotrgosjtjvk.

^cngs gs j`pik`kotgks ADU nkvk` carjdgtcrjg`kotk rkmcolkmkr k trgtgr cs gtrjautcs

wkiibocwo. Giduos nkssks gtrjautcs sc carjdgtrjcs k nkvk` hgzkr pgrtk nk tcngs gs

`kosgdkos nk [UNG^K quk jomiuk` u` OIQJ. Cutrcs gtrjautcs pcnk` skr njsmrjmjcorjcs, k

kstgr cu oc kstgr jomiuscs ogs kosgdkos nk [UNG^K.

[` pcotc j`pcrtgotk oc trgtg`kotc ncs gtrjautcs wkiibocwo quk qugonc u` pkkr ADU

rkmkak u` gtrjautc nkssk tjpc kik nkvk rkpgssgr kssg johcr`gc g tcncs cs skus cutrcs

pkkrs ADU.

K` gnjc gcs gtrjautcs wkiibocwo, u` pgtl qugiqukr pcnk gjong mcotkr u` cu gjs

gtrjautcs njtcs cpmjcogjs. Cs gtrjautcs cpmjcogjs pcnk` cu oc kstgrk` j`pik`kotgncs oc

ADU k g trgosjtjvjngnk rkhkrksk gc mc`pcrtg`kotc k` rkigc rktrgos`jssc nk

nktkr`jognc gtrjautc cpmjcogi pgrg gs cutrgs skssks ADU qugonc kik oc rkmcolkmjnc pcr

gqukik rctkgncr.


49/152

>4

ADU Gvgognc

Cs skdujotks gtrjautcs sc cs gtugi`kotk nkhjojncs og QHM >1476

CQJDJO

G]SUG^L

OK\^SLCU

@[I^JSK\J^SNJ]M

ICMGISUQKH

G^C@JMSGDDQKDG^K

GDDQKDG^CQ

MC@@[OJ^Z

Kssks gtrjautcs ADU sc usgncs pgrg nksmrkvkr mgrgmtkrstjmgs nk u` mg`jolc (pgtl) k sc

kstruturgncs ocs skdujotks tjpcs, mcohcr`k cs drgonks drupcs nk migssjhjmgc `komjcogncs

gotkrjcr`kotk6

Gtrjautcs

Tkii

Bocwo6nkvk` skr rkmcolkmjncs pcr tcngs gs j`pik`kotgks ADU.

@gongtcry6sc ak` mcolkmjncs k nkvk` kstgr prkskotks k` tcngs gs `kosgdkos

ADU.

G]

Ugtl6 nkhjok g ijstg nk prkhjxcs ncs G]Os pkics qugjs u`g rctg pgsscu. C

prkhjxc nc G] icmgi gnjmjcognc pcr u` ADU crjdjogncr qugonc gouomjg u`

prkhjxc pgrg u` pgr KADU. ]c usgncs og skikc nk rctgs (pgtl) mc`

prkhkromjg skonc ngng gc `kocr mg`jolc2

Okxt

Lcp6konkrkc JU g skr usgnc pgrg gimgogr c rctkgncr ADU. Ugrg KADU,

okxt lcp c konkrkc JU ng mcokxc kotrk cs pgrks. Ugrg JADU, c okxt lcp ikvg

gc sjstk`g gutoc`c icmgi.

Crjdjo6jonjmg mc`c c ADU gprkonku u`g pgrtjmuigr rctg6

Jotkrogi (j)6 gprkonku scark g rctg vjg prctcmcic nk

rctkg`kotc jotkrjcr (JDU)2

Kxtkrogi(k)6gprkonku scark g rctg vjg Kxtkrogi ADU2

Jomc`piktk (3)6 g crjdk` ng rctg nksmcolkmjng k hcj

gprkonjng nk gidu`g cutrg hcr`g.

Njsmrktjcogry6sc gtrjautcs ak` mcolkmjncs quk pcnk` kstgr prkskotks ogs

`kosgdkos ADU.

IcmgiUrkhkrkomk6rkprkskotg c drgu nk prkhkromjg nc cpkrgncr ng rknk (oc

G] jotkjrc) k` rkigc g u`g rctg.

Gtc`jm

Gddrkdgtk6qugonc u` gouomjgncr ADU gdrkdg vrjgs rctgs pgrg hjos

nk gouomjgr pgrg u` pgrtjmuigr pgr c G]UG^L ng rctg gdrkdgng, ocr`gi`kotk

jomiuj u` mcofuotc G] (G]]K^) hcr`gnc pkics G] quk jotkdrg` c gdrkdgnc. ]k

c gn`jojstrgncr ng rknk kxmiuj gidu` G] nc gdrkdgnc, qugonc kstk hcr

gouomjgnc nkvk jomiujr c gtrjautc Gtc`jm Gddrkdgtk. Gssj`, cs ADUs pgrks quk

rkmkakrk` sgakrc quk c gdrkdgnc oc c `ks`c crjdjogi`kotk nkhjojnc.


50/152

>:

ADU Gvgognc

G jnkjg asjmg nkssg kodkolgrjg nk trhkdc JU mcotrcigr tgotc c trhkdc nk kotrgng qugotc

nk sgng nc sjstk`g gutoc`c, k jssc sk n agsjmg`kotk gtrgvs ng `gojpuigc ncs

njhkrkotks gtrjautcs prcpcrmjcogncs pkic prctcmcic ADU.

C mcotrcik ncs gtrjautcs ADU pgrg mgng prkhjxc (rctg JUv> cu JUv8) rkgijzgnc gtrgvs nk

hjitrcs nk kotrgng k sgng nc ]jstk`g Gutoc`c. Gtrgvs nkssks hjitrcs quk sc

j`pik`kotgngs gs pcitjmgs nk rctkg`kotc nk mgng u`g ngs jostjtujks cu sjstk`gs

gutoc`cs, mcohcr`k cs mrjtrjcs kstgakikmjncs pcr mgng u`g nk sugs dkromjgs.

G hjdurg g skdujr nk`costrg mc`c kssks hjitrcs pcnk` skr j`pik`kotgncs. Ugrg jssc,

nkvk`cs rkikàrgr quk c prctcmcic ADU> utjijzgsk nc trgospcrtk ^MU, k quk g mcùojmgc

^MU u`g mcùojmgc k` gàcs cs skotjncs (huiinupikx), cu skfg, kxjstk` prkhjxcs nk

rknk quk sc gouomjgncs nc G]755 pgrg c G]155, ng `ks`g hcr`g quk kxjstk cutrc hiuxc nk

prkhjxcs nk rknk quk sc gouomjgncs nc G]155 pgrg c G]755.

Gc mcotrcik ng vjsc ncs prkhjxcs k gtrjautcs quk skrc kovjgncs cu rkmkajncs k` mgngskssc ADU nsk c oc`k nk mcotrcik nk goomjcs. ]c kssks mcotrciks quk rksuitg` k` u`

trhkdc `gjcr cu `kocr.

C prctcmcic ADU> prcv `kmgojs`cs quk pcssjajijtg` g skikc nk prkhjxcs quk skrc

gouomjgncs nk u` G] pgrg cutrc. Gtrgvs ng hjitrgdk` ng tgakig ADU (QJA ADU), sc

skikmjcogngs gtrgvs nk u` hjitrc gs rctgs quk skrc kovjgngs pgrg c auhhkr nk sgng, cu skfg,

cs goomjcs rkgijzgncs pkic rctkgncr (cutacuon hjitkr). Ugrg gs rctgs rkmkajngs tgà`

kxjstk u` hjitrc og skssc ADU nk kotrgng nc rctkgncr (joacuon hjitkr), quk njhkrkomjg kotrk

gs rctgs quk sc rkmkajngs pkic vjzjolc ADU (rkmkjvknrcutks) ngs quk skrc skikmjcogngs

pkigs pcitjmgs ng k`prksg pgrg rkgi`kotk skrk` utjijzgngs nkotrc nc G] (gmmkptknrcutks).

G njhkrkog huong`kotgi kotrk gs rctgs rkmkajngs (rkmkjvknrcutks) k gs rctgs gmkjtgs

(gmmkptknrcutks) quk kigs mc`pk` u`g tgakig nk rctgs gotkrjcr cu pcstkrjcr kxkmuc

nc hjitrc nk kotrgng (joacuon hjitkr) nc ADU.

C `c`kotc ng gpijmgc nkssk hjitrc k` mgng u`g ngs `kosgdkos nk [UNG^K rkmkajng pkic

vjzjolc ADU kspkmjgi`kotk j`pcrtgotk6 okssk jostgotk cs gtrjautcs nc ADU rkigmjcogncs g

mgng u` ncs OIQJ pcnk` skr `cnjhjmgncs (kxk`pic6 gitkrgr g ICMGISUQKHKQKOMK) cu

Hjdurg 1.7 Hjitrcs nk kotrgng k sgng nc G] `gojpuig` c trhkdc JUv>/JUv8.


52/152

;5

ADU Gvgognc

nktkr`jogng rctg pcnk skr skikmjcogng mc`c oc gnkqugng pgrg nktkr`jognc mg`jolc

(kxk`pic6 hjitrc agskgnc k` G]SUG^L).

Gs pcitjmgs nk rctkg`kotc, cu skfg, cs hjitrcs nk kotrgng k sgng, sc ocr`gi`kotk

j`pik`kotgncs gtrgvs nk `kmgojs`cs mcolkmjncs mc`c6

Ijstgs nk njstrjaujc (njstrjautkijst).

Ijstgs nk prkhjxcs (prkhjxijst).

Hjitrcs nk mg`jolc (hjitkrijst).

@gpgs nk rctgs (rcutk`gp).

Ijstg nk njstrjaujc (njstrjautk-ijst)

Hgz usc nk GMI (Gmmkss Mcotrci Ijst).

@ks`c `kmgojs`c utjijzgnc pgrg hjitrcs nk pgmctks.

Cs hjitrcs nk prkhjxcs, mcolkmjncs k` j`pik`kotgks mc`c g nc JC] nc hgarjmgotk Mjsmc, sc

rkgijzgncs gtrgvs pcr ijstgs nk njstrjaujc (njstrjautkijst). Hjitrcs agskgncs k` prkhjxcs

sc u`g kstruturg pgrg j`pik`kotgks nk pcitjmgs nk rctkg`kotc sj`piks, k hgzk` usc ncs

`ks`cs `kmgojs`cs utjijzgncs pgrg g rkgijzgc nk hjitrcs nk pgmctks ogs jotkrhgmks ncs

kqujpg`kotcs (kxk`pic6 GMIIjstgs nk Mcotrcik nk Gmkssc), mc` c cafktjvc asjmc nk kovjgr

cu rkmkakr johcr`gks nk rctkg`kotc hjitrgonc u` konkrkc nk prkhjxc cu rgodk nk

prkhjxcs.

C cafktjvc gquj sc`kotk pkr`jtjr cu okdgr nktkr`jogncs prkhjxcs, sk` g jotkoc nk

`gojpuigr cutrcs gtrjautcs rkigtjvcs qukik(s) prkhjxc(s).

Ocr`gi`kotk kssk `kmgojs`c u`g hcr`g sj`piks nk u` mijkotk rkgijzgr c goomjc nk skus

pcumcs aicmcs JU pgrg skus prcvkncrks nk gmkssc, `gs oc tk` `ujtg utjijngnk k`

prcvkncrks nk gmkssc.

Oc kxk`pic g skdujr tk`cs u`g ijstg nk njstrjaujc utjijzgng k` mcofuotc mc` u`g ijstg nk

gmkssc, mc` c cafktjvc nk gouomjgr sc`kotk c aicmc JUv> 155.75.5.5/78 pgrg c pkkr kADU

75.7.7.7. Octksk quk okssk mgsc prkmjsc quk g rknk 155.75.5.5/78 kxjstg og tgakig ADU (QJA

k HJA), pgrg quk kik pcssg skr kovjgnc pgrg c vjzjolc ADU 75.7.7.7, k quk kssg johcr`gc nk

rctkg`kotc skfg trgos`jtjng pgrg c vjzjolc sk` schrkr gitkrgc k` okolu` nk skus

gtrjautcs ADU (kxk`pic6 okxtlcp, @KN). G gmmkssijst sk komgrrkdg nk oc pkr`jtjr quk

okolu`g cutrg johcr`gc ng QJA (Qcutkr Johcr`gtjco Agsk) nc rctkgncr k` qukstc skfg

trgos`jtjng pgrg c vjzjolc 75.7.7.7.

rcutkr adp 755okjdlacr 75.7.7.7 rk`ctk-gs =55

okjdlacr 75.7.7.7 njstrjautk-ijst 7 cut

gmmkss-ijst 7 pkr`jt 155.75.5.5 5.5.1;;.1;;


53/152

;7ADU Gvgognc

Ijstg nk prkhjxcs (prkhjx-ijst)

Huomjcog`kotc sj`jigr skikc pcr ijstgs nk gmkssc.

@kmgojs`c `gjs khjmjkotk nk hjitrgdk`.

Hjitrgdk` jotujtjvg pgrg u`g skquomjg nk prkhjxcs cu rgodknk prkhjxcs.

Gs ijstgs nk prkhjxcs sc u` `kmgojs`c `gjs khjmjkotk pgrg hjitrgdk` nk prkhjxcs, pcr kigs

pkr`jtjrk` `gojpuigr `gjs hgmji`kotk gs njhkrkotks `smgrgs nk rknk k rgodk nk prkhjxcs.

Kssg g prjomjpgi njhkrkog kotrk gs ijstgs nk prkhjxcs k gs ijstgs nk njstrjaujc rkgijzgngs

gtrgvs nk GMIs, `gs skus cafktjvcs sc sj`jigrks. Lcfk k` njg gs ijstgs nk prkhjxcs sc gs

`gjs utjijzgngs pgrg hjitrcs nk rctgs, koqugotc gs ijstgs nk gmkssc sc `gjs utjijzgngs pgrg

hjitrcs nk pgmctks.

Oc kxk`pic g skdujr, utjijzgng u`g hjitkrijst pgrg mcotrcigr g sgng ncs prkhjxcs gouomjgncs

pgrg c rctkgncr 75.7.7.7. Okssg ijstg nk prkhjxcs sc skikmjcogncs og QJA nc rctkgncr k`

qukstc tcncs cs prkhjxcs nc aicmc 155.75.5.5/78 mc` `smgrgs kotrk /1> gt /78. Gs ijstgs

nk prkhjxcs pkr`jtk` skikks nc prkhjxc kxgtc, `kocr cu jdugi (ik), cu nk `smgrg `gjcr cu

jdugi (dk) qukig skikmjcogng.

rcutkr adp 755

okjdlacr 75.7.7.7 rk`ctk-gs =55

okjdlacr 75.7.7.7 prkhjx-ijst hjitrc-nk-sgjng cut

!

jp prkhjx-ijst hjitrc-nk-sgjng pkr`jt 155.75.5.5/78 ik 1>

C usc nk ijstgs nk prkhjxcs agstgotk mc`u`, k rkmc`kongnc mc`c u` `kmgojs`c nk

prctkc gc rkmkaj`kotc nk prkhjxcs jovijncs nk nktkr`jognc vjzjolc. Kssk tpjmc skr

gacrngnc `gjs gnjgotk.

Ijstgs nk mg`jolcs (hjitkr-ijst)

Hjitrcs agskgncs oc gtrjautc G] Ugtl.

]kikc nc gspgtl agskgnc pcr kxprkssks rkduigrks (Kxk`pic6 _7:78$).

Gs ijstgs nk hjitrgdk`, ijstgs nk mg`jolc cu hjitrcs nk mg`jolc sc u` `kmgojs`c jdugi`kotk

sj`piks pgrg skikmjcogr gs rctgs g skrk` gouomjgngs cu rkmkajngs, tkoncsk mc`c mrjtrjc

agsk gs jnkotjhjmgks ncs sjstk`gs gutoc`cs.

G pgrtjr nc gtrjautc G]UG^L, pcnk`cs rkgijzgr skikks `gjs kigacrgngs, mc`c pcr

kxk`pic6

]kikmjcogr tcncs cs prkhjxcs quk mc`pk` g rknk ng QOU. Cu skfg, tcncs cs prkhjxcs

quk sc crjdjogncs oc G]7:78 (G]QOU), k jssc pcnk skr rkgijzgnc gtrgvs ng skikc

pcr u`g kxprkssc rkduigr nc gtrjautc G]UG^L quk komcotrgsk og tgakig ADU. [`

kxk`pic nkssg KQ (Kxprkssc Qkduigr) g skikc (S7:78$), quk rkprkskotg cs

prkhjxcs tkr`jogncs cu crjdjogncs oc G]7:782


54/152

;1ADU Gvgognc

Cu `ks`c tcngs gs rctgs quk sc gouomjgngs pkig QOU gcs skus prcvkncrks, mijkotks

cu pgrmkjrcs, cu skfg, rctgs quk pgssg` pkic G]7:78, ocr`gi`kotk rkprkskotgngs

pkig kxprkssc rkduigr

( S7:78S). Kssgs skikks sc rkgijzgngs gtrgvs nk kxprkssks

rkduigrks, mc`c vjstc og skssc gotkrjcr.

Oc kxk`pic g skdujr, c vjzjolc 75.7.7.7 rkmkakr sc`kotk c goomjc ncs aicmcs JU crjdjogncs

oc G]755, cu skfg, sc`kotk c aicmc 155.75.5.5/78, quk c aicmc dkrgnc nkotrc nc prprjc

G]. Okolu`g cutrg johcr`gc nk rctkg`kotc skr rkpgssgng okssg skssc ADU2 c hjitrcG]

sgng j`pknk qugiqukr cutrc goomjc quk oc skfg nc prprjc G]755 gtrgvs nc hjitrc

j`pik`kotgnc pkig kxprkssgc rkduigr $, quk rkprkskotg u` mcofuotc mc`pcstc nk u` gs

pgtl vgzjc, cu skfg, quk oc pcssuj okolu` o`krc nk G] kotrk sku jomjc, rkprkskotgnc pkic

sjàcic _, k sku hj`, rkprkskotgnc pkic sàcic $.

rcutkr adp 755

oktwcrb 155.75.5.5/78

okjdlacr 75.7.7.7 rk`ctk-gs =55

okjdlacr 75.7.7.7 hjitkr-ijst hjitrc-G]-sgjng cutokjdlacr 75.7.7.7 hjitkr-ijst hjitrc-G]-kotrgng jo

!

jp gs-pgtl hjitrc-G]-sgjng pkr`jt $

jp gs-pgtl hjitrc-G]-kotrgng pkr`jt S7:78$

jp gs-pgtl hjitrc-G]-kotrgng pkr`jt S7:78SR5-:P*$

Kssk `ks`c vjzjolc tgà` tk` u` hjitrc nk kotrgng gsscmjgnc g kik, c hjitrcG]kotrgng,

quk ij`jtg c gmkjtk nk rctgs g6

$6gqukigs jojmjgngs k tkr`jogngs oc prprjc G]7552

S7:78$6gqukigs crjdjogngs oc sjstk`g gutoc`c ng QOU (S7:78$)2

S7:78SR5:P*$6KQ quk skikmjcog rctgs ng prprjg QOU (G]7:78) k skus vjzjolcs. G

kxprkssc jonjmg quk c goomjc skikmjcognc pgssg pkig QOU (G]7:78) skdujonc nk R5

:P*, quk jonjmg u` o`krc nk G]O qugiqukr cu nk okolu` G]O. C sàcic * sk

rkhkrk gc mcofuotc nk 5O vgrjgks, c quk j`pijmg tgà` k` u` mcofuotc ouic.

@gpgs nk Qctgs (rcutk-`gp)

Ukr`jtk g j`pik`kotgc nk mrjtrjcs mc`pikxcs nk skikc nk rctgs.

Urcv u` `kmgojs`c nk `gojpuigc nk gtrjautcs jonjvjnugi`kotk pgrg mgng prkhjxc.

J`pik`kotg mrjtrjc nk skikc mconjmjcogi nc tjpc JH^LKOKI]K.

Cs `gpgs nk rctgs sc u`g ngs hcr`gs `gjs vkrstkjs pgrg g mcohjdurgc nk u`g pcitjmg nk

rctkg`kotc, skonc utjijzgnc qugsk mc`c u` pgnrc pgrg vrjcs ]jstk`gs Cpkrgmjcogjs nk

rctkgncrks (MjsmcJC], Wugddg, Xygttg, Arcmgnk ktm.).

C `kmgojs`c prcvjnc pkics `gpgs nk rctgs pkr`jtk prcdrg`gr kxprkssks mconjmjcogjs nc

tjpc JH^LKOKI]K, skikmjcogonc jonjvjnugi`kotk mgng u`g ngs rctgs rkmkajngs cu kovjgngs

k` mgng skssc ADU. [`g vkz quk g rctg skikmjcogng pkig kxprkssc, pcssvki rkgijzgr

gitkrgks ocs njvkrscs gtrjautcs ngqukig rctg, mc`c gtrjaujr u` vgicr nk prkhkromjg icmgi


55/152

;=

ADU Gvgognc

(ICMGISUQKH), gmkjtgr cu okdgr nktkr`jognc prkhjxc k hgzkr usc nk `kmgojs`cs pgrg

mcotrcik nk pcitjmg nk rctkg`kotc gjong `gjs mc`pikxcs, mc`c c usc nk mcùojngnks ADU.

C `kmgojs`c pgrg jovcmgr u` rcutk`gp agsjmg`kotk c `ks`c utjijzgnc pgrgj`pik`kotgr tcncs cs cutrcs `kmgojs`cs nk pcitjmgs vjstcs gotkrjcr`kotk. Jojmjgi`kotk

nkhjoksk u` oc`k pgrg u` nktkr`jognc `gpg nk rctgs, k kssk tk` u`g skquomjg nk

mconjks ou`krgngs quk nkhjok` g crnk` quk gqukik rcutk`gp vgj prcmkssgr mgng u`g

ncs prkhjxcs gogijsgncs, pkr`jtjonc (pkr`jt) cu okdgonc (nkoy) nktkr`jogng rctg.

Og mcohjdurgc nc pkkr ADU sk nkhjok sk c `gpg nk rctgs mrjgnc skr gpijmgnc og ijstg nk

rctgs quk skr kovjgng (okjdlacr cut) cu rkmkajng (okjdlacr jo) pkic pkkr ADU, mcohcr`k

sjotgxk vjstc oc mgptuic gotkrjcr. Mgak ikàrgr quk gs skikks ngs rctgs sc rkgijzgngs

gtrgvs ng miusuig `gtml k cs gtrjautcs mcohjdurgncs gtrgvs ng miusuig skt.

Og ijstgdk` g skdujr kst nk`costrgng u`g pcitjmg nk rctkg`kotc u` pcumc `gjs mc`pikxg

utjijzgonc `gpgs nk rctgs k usc nk mcùojngnks ADU. Kssg pcitjmg trgnuz c nkskfc ncgn`jojstrgncr nc ]jstk`g Gutoc`c nk utjijzgr tcncs cs goomjcs quk kik rkmkak g pgrtjr nk

u` U^^ (Ucotc nk ^rcmg nk ^rhkdc) pgrg mcotrcigr sk kik vgj cu oc utjijzgr kssk mg`jolc

kosjognc pkic sku vjzjolc pgrg kotrkdgr c sku trhkdc JUv>/JUv8. ]ku nkskfc pcnk skr

kxprkssgnc nkssg hcr`g6

Oc gmkjtk rkmkakr g rctgnkhguitpcr kssg vjzjolgog2

Oc gmkjtk prkhjxcsJUv> k JUv8 mcolkmjng`kotk jovijncs2

]k pgrg mlkdgr g gidu`g rknk gtrgvs nkssk vjzjolc hcr okmkssrjc pgssgr pkig rknkng

QOU(G]7:78), kotc c mg`jolc pgrg kssg rknk gtrgvs nkssk vjzjolc skr

mcosjnkrgnc nk agjxgprjcrjngnk. Jnkotjhjquk kssk mg`jolc mc` g mcùojngnk

14786=5 k johcr`k kssg `grmgc qugonc hcr rkpgssgr kssgs johcr`gks pgrg cs skusvjzjolcs jADU2

]k c nkstjoc gprkonjnc pcr kssk vjzjolc hcr pgrg u`g rctgcrjdjogngogCJ

(G]


56/152

;>

ADU Gvgognc

>5. KI]K JH (gs-pgtl gtkonkr kxprkssc rkduigr crjdk`-gs


57/152

;;

ADU Gvgognc

jp prkhjx-ijst phx-ADU-ACD[] skq 1; pkr`jt 1>5.5.5.5/> dk ;

jpv8 prkhjx-ijst phx-ADU-ACD[] skq ; pkr`jt 66/< dk :

jpv8 prkhjx-ijst phx-ADU-ACD[] skq 75 pkr`jt 15576166/>< dk >:

jpv8 prkhjx-ijst phx-ADU-ACD[] skq 7; pkr`jt 155767566/1< dk 1:

jpv8 prkhjx-ijst phx-ADU-ACD[] skq 15 pkr`jt 15576na; pkr`jt hh5566/< dk :

Cutrcs rctkgncrks, mc`c Fuojpkr k MjsmcJC]\Q, pcssuk` `kmgojs`cs sj`jigrks gc `gpgs nk

rctgs pgrg `gojpuigc nk prkhjxcs. Oc FuoC] kxjstk c pcijmycptjcos k pcijmystgtk`kot. Oc

mgsc kspkmhjmc nc Mjsmc JC]\Q, kssk `kmgojs`c hjmcu `gjs jotujtjvc k `gjs prxj`c g u`

pskuncmnjdc, kvciunc og hcr`g nk nkjxic `gjs sj`piks k jotkijdvki. C kxk`pic g skdujr`cstrg gs nkhjojks nk u`g pcitjmg oc JC]\Q, mcolkmjng mc`c rcutkpcijmy.

rcutk-pcijmy U^^-jo

jh nkstjogtjco jo phxSQC^GSNKHG[I^ tlko

nrcp

konjh

jh nkstjogtjco jo phxSADUSACD[] tlko

nrcp

konjh

jh (gs-pgtl pgssks-tlrcudl '7:78' ) tlko

skt icmgi-prkhkrkomk


58/152

;8

ADU Gvgognc

Gidcrj t`c nk skikc nk mg`jolcs nc ADU

Ksmcilk u` ojmc mg`jolc kotrk cs prkhjxcs rkmkajncs

C `kilcr mg`jolc agskgnc ocs gtrjautcs ngs rctgs

Urkhjxc tk` quk kstgr og tgakig nc JDU, pcr mgusg nc OK\^SLCU

Gidcrjt`c nktgilgnc nk skikc nk mg`jolcs (vkr tkxtc)

C gidcrjt`c nk skikc nk mg`jolcs u` pcotc j`pcrtgotk oc ADU, f quk ocr`gi`kotk c

gidcrjt`c nkvk ksmcilkr u` ojmc mg`jolc kotrk cs vrjcs prkhjxcs rkmkajncs ncs njvkrscs

pkkrs ADU.

C gidcrjt`c nk `kilcr mg`jolc nc ADU nkmjnk agskgnc ocs vrjcs gtrjautcs ngs rctgs qugi c

`kilcr mg`jolc pgrg jostgigr g tgakig nk JU Qcutjod k usic oc komg`jolg`kotc nk trhkdc.

C prj`kjrc pgssc nc gidcrjt`c jdocrgr cs prkhjxcs mufc dgtkwgy komcotrgsk jogimgovki

pgrg gqukik nktkr`jognc nkstjoc. K` su`g, oc pcssvki rkscivkr c mg`pc OK\^SLCU,

pcr gqukik JU oc mcostgr og tgakig JDU nc rctkgncr, cu pcr cutrc `ctjvc (kxk`pic6

sjomrcojzgc jADU). ]kduk c gidcrjt`c gjs nktgilgnc ncs pgsscs utjijzgncs og skikc nk

mg`jolcs oc ADU6

7.

Okxtlcp6 sk c prxj`c lcp kst jogmkssvki, nksmgrtk c prkhjxc.

1. Tkjdlt6 mcosjnkrg prj`kjrc cs pkscs gn`jojstrgtjvcs.

=. IcmgiSUrkh6 sk cs rctkgncrks t` c `ks`c pksc, mcosjnkrk g rctg mc` `gjcr prkhkromjg

icmgi.>. Crjdjognc Icmgi`kotk6 sk cs rctkgncrks tjvkrk` g `ks`g prkhkromjg icmgi, prkhjrg c

mg`jolc quk hcj crjdjognc icmgi`kotk pcr `kjc nk u` suamc`gonc ADU oktwcrb cu

gddrkdgtkcu pcr `kjc nk rknjstrjaujc nk u` JDU.

;. Gspgtl6 sk okolu`g rctg hcr crjdjogng, prkhkrk c mg`jolc nc G] `kocr.

8. Crjdk`6 sk tcncs cs mg`jolcs sc nc `ks`c tg`golc nk G]UG^L, prkhjrg c mnjdc nk

crjdk` `kocr. C JDU `gjs agjxc quk c KDU (Kxtkrjcr Dgtkwgy Urctcmci) k c KDU `gjs

agjxc quk JOMC@UIK^K.

4. @KN6 sk cs mnjdcs nk crjdk` sc cs `ks`cs k tcncs cs mg`jolcs sc nc `ks`c sjstk`g

gutoc`c, prkhjrg c mg`jolc mc` g `kocr trjmg @KN.


59/152

;4

ADU Gvgognc

71.

Urkhjrg g rctg mc` c `kocr konkrkc JU pgrg c JN nc rctkgncr ADU.

7=.

[sgnc pgrg skikmjcogr g `kilcr rctg rkpgssgng pcr `gjs nk u` prctcmcic.

G kodkolgrjg nk trhkdc ADU kst agskgng oc gidcrjt`c nk skikc nk mg`jolcs. ^cngs gshcr`gs nk `gojpuigc nk trhkdc sc rkgijzgngs gtrgvs nk `gojpuigc ncs gtrjautcs

nkssks prkhjxcs.

Mcotrcigonc c ^rhkdc nk kotrgng nc G]

G]Ugtl Urkpkon.

Ugrg `gojpuigr c ncwoicgn pgrg cs prkhjxcs nc `ku prprjc G], pcssc hgmji`kotk gouomjgr

prkhjxcs `gjs cu `kocs kspkmhjmcs. @gs mc`c G] nk trosjtc, oc tkolc mc`c pknjr gcs

`kus mijkotks quk `cnjhjquk` skus goomjcs mgsc ku qukjrg usgr u` ijob kspkmhjmc.

C G]UG^L Urkpkon gnjmjcog o`krcs kxtrgs nk G] oc G]SUG^L ngs rctgs gouomjgngs pgrgu` nktkr`jognc vjzjolc.

Kxk`pic 7 Joskrjonc Urkpkons nc @K[ G] og sgng.

Mcohjdurgc nc rctkgncr K76

mcohjdurk tkr`jogi

rcutkr adp 8;555

oc syomlrcojzgtjco

adp icd-okjdlacr-mlgodks

oktwcrb 75.4.7.5 gsb 1;;.1;;.1;;.5

okjdlacr 75.5.7.1 rk`ctk-gs 8>


60/152

; 75.5.7.7 5 755 5 8;555 j

* 75.5.7.; 5 5 8;555 8;555 8;555 8;555j

Kxk`pic 1 Joskrjonc Urkpkons nc G] QK@C^C og kotrgng.

Mcohjdurgc nc rctkgncr Q76

mcohjdurk tkr`jogi

rcutkr adp 8> 75.5.7.7 5 755 5 8;555 8;555 8;555 j


61/152

;:

ADU Gvgognc

@gojpuigonc G]-Ugtls nk kotrgng

Joskrjr sku G]O u`g cu `gjs vkzks

Mcotcrogr g mc`pgrgc nc tg`golc ncs G]Ugtl k cs pcssvkjs pgsscs suaskqukotks

nkhjojonc c gtrjautc Icmgi Urkhkrkomk oc mcstu`g skr c kjc gjs gnkqugnc nk johiukomjgr

c prcmkssc nk skikc nk rctgs.

Ucr kxk`pic, u`g rctg mc` nczk G]s oc mg`jolc skr prkhkrjng g u`g mc` u` ojmc G] oc

mg`jolc, sk c Icmgi Urkhkrkomk hcr `gjcr, gs hjmg njhmji j`gdjogr u`g sjtugc og qugi u`

mg`jolc quk tc drgonk gjong prkhkrvki gc cutrc.

[`g gitkrogtjvg `gojpuigr c `cnc quk c rctkgncr gvgijg c mg`jolc nk G]s cu `gojpuigr c

prprjc G]Ugtl. Giduos hgarjmgotks usg` c pgr`ktrc wkjdlt, nkhjojnc pgrg mgng G], k

mgimuig` c vgicr tctgi nc wkjdlt pgrg mgng rctg.

C `cnc `gjs mc`u` nk hgzkr jssc joskrjr (prkpkonjod) c sku prprjc o`krc nk G] oc

hjogi nc mg`jolc u`g cu `gjs vkzks. C mg`jolc kotc gouomjgnc gcs pgrks ADU kxtkrocs

gssj` `cnjhjmgnc, c quk pcnk oc skr nkskfvki, nk `cnc quk kssg tmojmg `gjs gprcprjgng

pgrg rknks nk usurjcs hjogjs `uitjlc`kn, k oc pgrg prcvkncrks.

C kxk`pic 7 `cstrg `gpg nk rctgs quk `cnjhjmg c G]Ugtl k` vkz nc Icmgi Urkhkrkomk. C

mc`gonc rcutk gp jspajo pkr`jt 75 hgz c prkpkon pgrg cs mg`jolcs quk mcrrkspconk`

ijstg nk gmkssc > nc G]Ugtl, pcrquk kiks mcot` G] =55


62/152

85

ADU Gvgognc

Kxk`pic 76 Urkpkonjod c G]Ugtl.

!

jp gs-pgtl gmmkss-ijst > pkr`jt S=55

skt gs-pgtl prkpkon 855;; 855;; 855;;

j

rcutk-`gp jspa-jo pkr`jt 15

Mc`c rksuitgnc nkssgs gojpuigks nc G]Ugtl, gjs trhkdc hiujr pkic J]U A, pcrquk c

mg`jolc pcr J]U G gdcrg `gjs icodc. Ugrg giduos nkstjocs, kotrktgotc, c mg`jolc `gjs

icodc pkic J]U G pcnk gjong skr `gjs murtc, cu cs mg`jolcs pcr G k A pcnk` tkr c `ks`c

mc`prj`kotc, nk `cnc quk c ADU tkr nk gpijmgr gs rkdrgs nk nksk`pgtk pgrg skikmjcogr g

`kilcr rctg.

C kxk`pic 1 `cstrg c rksuitgnc pgrg u`g rctg pkic G] =55


63/152

87

ADU Gvgognc

Ugrg kssk Kstunc nk Mgsc skr usgng g rknk ng hjdurg 1.>.

Ugrg `kilcr mc`prkkosc nkstk kstunc, rkprcnuzj`cs g skdujr gs mcohjdurgks nk mgng u`

ncs rctkgncrks nkssg rknk.

g) Mcohjdurgc asjmg nc rctkgncr Q^G.

jp suaokt-zkrc

jotkrhgmk Iccpagmb5jp gnnrkss 741.78.1.1;> 1;;.1;;.1;;.1;;

jotkrhgmk Ktlkrokt5

jp gnnrkss 741.78.115.7 1;;.1;;.1;;.5

jotkrhgmk Ktlkrokt7

jp gnnrkss 741.78.7.7 1;;.1;;.1;;.5

jotkrhgmk ]krjgi5

jp gnnrkss 741.78.15.1 1;;.1;;.1;;.5

rcutkr csph 75

pgssjvk-jotkrhgmk ]krjgi5

oktwcrb 741.78.5.5 5.5.1;;.1;; grkg 5

rcutkr adp =

oc syomlrcojzgtjco

oktwcrb 741.78.7.5 gsb 1;;.1;;.1;;.5

oktwcrb 741.78.75.5 gsb 1;;.1;;.1;;.5

oktwcrb 741.78.8;.5 gsb 1;;.1;;.1;;.7:1

oktwcrb 741.78.115.5 gsb 1;;.1;;.1;;.5

okjdlacr 741.78.7.1 rk`ctk-gs =

okjdlacr 741.78.7.1 upngtk-scurmk Iccpagmb5

okjdlacr 741.78.15.7 rk`ctk-gs 7

Hjdurg 1.> @gojpuigonc G]Ugtl.


64/152

81

ADU Gvgognc

okjdlacr 741.78.15.7 hjitkr-ijst 75 cut

oc gutc-su``gry

jp migssikss

jp gs-pgtl gmmkss-ijst 75 pkr`jt _$

a) Mcohjdurgc asjmg nc rctkgncr Q^H.

jp suaokt-zkrc

jotkrhgmk Ktlkrokt5/5

jp gnnrkss 741.78.75.7 1;;.1;;.1;;.5

jotkrhgmk Ktlkrokt 7/5

jp gnnrkss 741.78.8;.7 1;;.1;;.1;;.7:1


jp gnnrkss 741.78.7.1 1;;.1;;.1;;.5

jotkrhgmk ]krjgi1/7

jp gnnrkss 7:1.8 rk`ctk-gs =

okjdlacr 741.78.1.1;> okxt-lcp-skih

okjdlacr 7:1.8


65/152

8=ADU Gvgognc

n) Mcohjdurgc asjmg nc rctkgncr Q^N.

jp suaokt-zkrc


jp gnnrkss 7:1.8


66/152

8>

ADU Gvgognc

*? 5.5.5.5 5 =148< j

* j741.78.115.5/1> 741.78.1.1;> 5 755 5 j

*? 741.78.7.7 15 =148< j

*? 7:1.8


67/152

8;

ADU Gvgognc

[sc nk prkhjxcs ADU `gjs kspkmhjmcs k rctgs gdrkdgngs pgrgagigomkg`kotc nk trhkdc

Goomjc nk rctgs gjs kspkmhjmgs

Goomjcs oc gutcrjzgncs nk cutrcs G]

Wugonc c prkpkonjod nc mg`jolc k g nkhjojc nk mcùojngnks pgrg gs rctgs nk sgng oc

sc suhjmjkotks pgrg hgzkr c agigomkg`kotc nc trhkdc nk kotrgng, l u` itj`c rkmursc6

gouomjgr rctgs `gjs kspkmhjmgs. Jssc vgj jomlgr g tgakig nk rctgs dicagi, nk hcr`g quk c

goomjc nk rctgs `gjs kspkmhjmgs nkvkrjg skr hkjtc sc`kotk qugonc gasciutg`kotk

okmkssrjc.

Ucrquk u`g rctg `gjs kspkmhjmg sk`prk tk` prkmknomjg scark u`g rctg `kocs kspkmhjmg,

kssg tmojmg sk`prk huomjcog, f quk kssgs rctgs `gjs kspkmhjmgs sc gmkjtgs pkic sku

prcvkncr (J]U) k u` o`krc rgzcvki nk sugs rknks upstrkg` (trosjtc k pkkrs).

Mcosjnkrgonc g hjdurg 1.;, sk cs rctkgncrks nc J]U G mcosjstkotk`kotk usgrk` u`g Qcutkr

JN `kocr (mufc nkhguit c `gjcr konkrkc JU ngs jotkrhgmks nc rctkgncr) nc quk gqukigs nc

J]U A, pcssvki quk qugsk tcnc c trhkdc vkolg pkic J]U G.

Cs G]Ugtl t` tcncs nc `ks`c tg`golc, k gs rkdrgs nk nksk`pgtk nc ADU hgvcrkmk` g

rctg nc vjzjolc mc` g `kocr Qcutkr JN. Urkpkonjod c mg`jolc oc vgj gfungr6 tcnc c trhkdc

kotc vk` pkic J]U A. ]k ok` c J]U G k ok` c J]U A pkr`jtk` prkpkonjod skiktjvc usgonc

mcùojngnks, c agigomkg`kotc nk trhkdc skr pcssvki sc`kotk gtrgvs nc goomjc nk rctgs

`gjs kspkmhjmgs.

Ucr kxk`pic, sk c sku aicmc nk konkrkcs hcr 115.=4.5.5/15 (kqujvgik g 78 rknks migssk M6

115.=4.5.5/1> g 115.=4.7;.5/1>), vcm pcnkrjg gouomjgr 115.=4.5.5/17 pgrg c J]U G k

115.=4.

Goomjcs `gjs kspkmhjmcs sc tkjs tgà` qugonc cutrc G] gouomjg skus aicmcs nk

konkrkcs (goomjcs oc gutcrjzgncs), skfg pcr kodgoc cu g sku pknjnc (kàcrg oc `gjs

okmkssrjc), k vcm oc qukr gdugrngr quk cs goomjcs skfg` mcrrjdjncs.

Hjdurg 1.; @uitjlc`jod pgrg J]Us sk`kilgotks.


68/152

88

ADU Gvgognc

g 115.=4.4.5/1> vk` pkic J]U G, k tcnc c trhkdc pgrg gs rknks migssk M 115.=4. g

115.=4.7;.5/1> vk` pkic J]U A.

G skdujr g mcohjdurgc nkssk kxk`pic nk goomjc nk rctgs `gjs kspkmhjmgs.

!

rcutkr adp 855;;

oktwcrb 115.=4.5.5 gsb 1;;.1;;.1>5.5

oktwcrb 115.=4.5.5 gsb 1;;.1;;.1>5544

okjdlacr 7:1.5.1;>.74 nksmrjptjco ADU skssjco tc J]U G

okjdlacr 7:1.5.1;>.74 prkhjx-ijst jspg-`s cut

okjdlacr 17:.1.7:.7 rk`ctk-gs ;5588

okjdlacr 17:.1.7:.7 nksmrjptjco ADU skssjco tc J]U A

okjdlacr 17:.1.7:.7 prkhjx-ijst jspa-`s cut

!jp rcutk 115.=4.5.5 1;;.1;;.1>5.5 Ouii5

jp rcutk 115.=4.5.5 1;;.1;;.1>


69/152

84

ADU Gvgogn

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