Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) - वन्य समाज एवं उपनिवेशवाद

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  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    1/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 75

    [k.MII es a g e thfodk vkS j vFkZ O;oLFkkvksa os Q ckjs es a v;;u djs a xsA ;gk ge bl c kr ij fopkj djs a xs fd vk/q fud fo'o es a ouokfl;ks a] pjokgk leq nk;ks a vkS j fdlkuks a dh fka nxh es a fd l rjg os Q cnyko vk, vkS j bu cnykoks a dks r; djus es a mUgks a us fdl rjg dk ;ks xnku fn;kAvk/q fud fo' o dk mn; oS Qls gq vk gS] bl ckr ij fopkj djrs gq , ge vdlj d kj[kkuks a vkS j 'kgjks a

    ij vkS j ckkk j dks vkiw frZ djus okys vkS |ks fxd vkS j f"k {ks=kks a ij gh ;ku ns rs gS a A ge ;g Hkw y tkrs gS a fd bu {ks = kks a os Q ckgj nwljh vFkZ O;oLFkk, Hkh gS a ] nw ljs yks x Hkh gS a tks jk"V os Q fy , ego j[krs gS a Avk/q fud n` f"V ls ns [kus ij ,s lk yxrk gS fd pjokgks a vkS j ouokfl;ks a ] ?kq ea rw fdlkuks a vkS j [kkus dh phks a

    chu dj xq kj djus okyks a dh fka nxh vrhr es a gh dgha vVd dj jg xbZ gSA ledky hu fo'o os Q mn; dk v;;u djrs gq , muosQ iz fr gekjk joS ;k oq QN ,s lk jgrk gS ekuks mudh fka nxh dk dks bZ ego gh u gksA [k.MI I osQ v;k;ks a esa bl ckr dks js [kka fdr fd;k x;k gS fd ges a mudh fka nx h os Q ckjs ea s tkuuk pkfg,_ ges a n s [kuk pkfg, fd os viuh nq fu;k dks oS Qls O;ofLFkr djrs gS a vkS j oS Ql s viuh jks kh&jks Vh pykrs gS a A ;s yks x Hkh iw jh rjg mlh nq fu;k dk fgLlk gS a ftles a ge vkt jg jgs gS a A os xq kjs gq , kekus os Q cps&[kq ps yks x ugha gS a Av;k; 4 es a vki ta xyks a dh lS j djs a xsA ;gk vki ns [ks a xs fd ta xyks a es a jgus okys fofo/ leq nk; ta xyks a dk

    fdl&fdl r jg bLrs eky djrs jgs gS a A ;gk vkidks irk pys xk fd mUuhloha lnh es a m|ks x vkS j 'kgjks a ] tgkkjkuh vkS j js yos os Q mn; o foLrkj ls ydM+ h vkS j vU; ou mRiknks a os Q fy, ta xyks a ij ncko fdruk c

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    2/22

    76 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    'kkfey ugha gks ikrkA v;k; 5 es a vkidks irk pys xk fd ta xyksa ij LFkkfir gks rs tk jgs fu;a=k.k] foLrkj vkS j pjkxkgks a os Q fleVrs tkus ls muos Q thou ij fdl rjg os Q vlj iM+ sA bl fgLls es a vkidks muos Q vkokxeu] vius leq nk; os Q lkFk muos Q la ca /ksa vkSj cnyrs ifjos 'k os Q vuq :i og [kq n dks oS Qls uk 'kq : ugha djsa xs rc rd bl ckr dks vPNh rjg ugha le> ik, xs fd vkt dh nq fu; k oS Qls cuh gSA lkFk gvkkq f udhdj.k dh leL;kvks a dks Hkh ge rc rd iwjh rjg ugha le> ik, xs tc rd fd ge mlls

    i;kZ o j.k ij iM+ jgs izHkkoks a ij fopkj ugha djsa xsA

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  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    3/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 77

    vius Low Qy vkSj ?kj esa pkjksa vks j ukj nkS M+ kdj mu lHkh oLrq vks a dksigpkusa tks taxy dh gSa&bl fdrkc dk dkxk] esk&oqQfLZk;k] njokks&f[kM+fd;k ] os ja x ftuls vkiosQ diM+s jaxs tkrs gS a ] elkys] vkidh VkWI + kQh os Q ls yksI + ks Qu jS ij] chfM+ ;ksa osQ rsa nw iks] xks an] 'kgn] dkW I + kQh] pk; vkS j jcM+A lkFk gh pkW dysV es a bLrseky gks us okyk rsy tks lky osQ chtksa lsfudyrk gS] [kky ls peM+k cukus es a bLrseky gks us okyk peZ 'kkskd (VS fuu) ;k nokvks a os Q :i esa b Lrs eky gksus okyh tM+h&cwfV;k bu lcdksHkh gesa ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,A v kS j gk ] ck l] tykou dh ydM+h] ?kkl] dPpk dks;yk] iS foa Qx esa mi;k sx gksus okyh oLrq , ] iQy&iwQy] i'kq &i{kh ,oa

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    4/22

    78 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    ouksa osQ yq Ir gksus dks lkekU;r% ou&fouk'k dgrs gSa A ou&fouk'k dks bZ u;h leL;k ugha gSA oS ls rks ;g iz f;k dbZ lfn;ksa ls pyh vk jgh Fkh ys fdu vkS ifuosf'kd 'kklu os Q nkS jku blus dgha vf/d O;ofLFkr vkSj O;kid :i xz g.k dj fy;kA vkb,] Hkkjr es a ou&fouk'k osQ oq QN dkj.kks a ij xkS j djs a A

    1-1 kehu dh csgrjh lu~ 1600 es a fganq Lrku os Q oqQy Hkw&Hkkx os Q yxHkx NBs fgLls ij [ksrh gksrh FkhA vkt ;g v k dM+k ckA 1860 os Q ckn chluks a dh cgqr cM+h la[;k es a gR;k dh xb

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  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    5/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 79

    ksr d

    ijrh kehu ij dCkk djos Q mls [ks rh os Q ;ks X; cuk;k tk,] ;g fopkj lkjh nq fu;k osQ mifuos'kdks a os Q chp 'kq : ls gh yks dfiz ; jgk gSA ;gh og fopkj Fkk ftlus fot; dks U;k;ks fpr Bgjk;kA

    ves fjdh ys [kd fjpMZ gkfM x 1896 es a e;&ves fjdk os Q gkW UMw jkl os Q ckjs es a fy[krs gaS%^vkt blls ckA muos Q fglkc ls bl O;FkZ os Q fc;kck u ij [ks rh djos Q mlls jktLo vkS j f"k mRiknksa dks iS nk fd;k tk lo Qrk Fkk vkS j bl rjg jkT; dh vk; es a c

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    6/22

    80 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq #vkr rd baXySa M es a cyw r (vksd) os Q taxy yq Ir gks us yxs FksA bldh otg ls 'kkgh ukSlsuk osQ fy, ydM+ h dh vkiw frZ es a eq f'dy vk [kM+ h gq bZ A ekcw r vkSj fVdk ydM+ h dh fu;fer vkiwfrZ osQ fcuk va xs zkh tgkk Hkyk oS Qls cu ldrs Fks\ vkS j tgkkks a os Q fcuk 'kkgh lkk oS Qls cpkbZ vkSj cuk, j[kh tk ldrh Fkh\ 1820 osQ n'kd esa [kks th

    nLrs fga nqLrku dh ou&laink dk vUos "k.k djus os Q fy, Hks ts x,A ,d n'kd osQ Hkhrj cM+s iSekus ij isM+ dkVs tkus yxs vkSj Hkkjh ek=kk esa ydM+h dk fga nq Lrku ls fu;kZ r gksus yxkA

    1850 os Q n'kd es a js y ykbuksa os Q izlkj us ydM+h os Q fy, ,d ubZ rjg dh ekx iS nk dj nhA 'kkgh ls uk os Q vkokxeu vkSj vkS ifuos f'kd O;kikj os Q fy, js y ykbus a vfuok;Z Fkha A batuks a dks pykus osQ fy, b/u osQ rkSj ij vkS j js y d h iVfj;ks a dks tks M+ s j[kus osQ fy, ^Lyhijks a* os Q :i es a ydM+h dh Hkkjh k:jr FkhA ,d ehy yach js y dh iVjh osQ fy, 1760&2000 Lyhijks a dh vko';drk iM+ rh FkhA

    Hkkjr es a js y&ykbu ks a dk tky 1860 osQ n'kd ls rs kh ls iQS ykA 1890 rd yxHkx 25] 500 f d-eh- yach ykbus a fcNk;h tk pq dh Fkha A 1946 es a bu ykbuks a dh ya ckbZ 7]65]000 fd-eh- rd cs is M+ dkVuk 'kq : dj fn;kA js y ykbuks a osQ bnZ &fxnZ ta xy rs kh l s xk;c gksus yxsA

    fp=k 5 & jaxwu os Q ,d ydM+h xks nke esa ydM+h osQ 'kgrhj lgs trk gqvk gkFkh-vkSifuos f'kd nkS j es a vdlj gkfFk;ks a dk bLrs eky ta xyks a vkS j ydM+h osQ xks nkeks a es a Hkkjh&Hkjde ydM+h dks mBkus os Q fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA

    fp=k 4 & ckl osQ cs M+ s dklkykx unh esa cg dj tkrs gq,fp xk x ioZ rh; i ^ h-

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  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    7/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 81

    f;kdyki ksr [k

    ^eqYrku vkSj lq Ddw j os Q chp ba Ml oSyh js yos uke ls yxHkx 300 ehy ya ch ,d ubZ ykbu cuk;h tkuh FkhA 2000 Lyhij iz fr ehy dh nj ls] blos Q fy, 10 I + kqQV 10 bap 5 ba p (;k 3-5 ?ku I + kq QV iz fr bdkbZ ) os Q 600] 000 Lyhij dh

    k:jr gks xh ;k fd 2]00]000 D;wfcd I + kQhV ls ij ydM+h dhA bu ba tuks a dks b /u os Q fy, ydM+ h pkfg,A nks uks a rjI + kQ iz frfnu ,d V s u o ,d eu iz fr V s u&ehy

    osQ fglkc ls lkykuk 2] 19] 000 eu dh k:jr gks xhA blos Q vykok b Vksa os Q fy, Hkh Hkkjh ek=kk es a b/u dh k:jr gksxhA Lyhij eq [; :i ls fla / osQ taxyks a lsvk;k djsaxsA ;g b/u] fla/ vkSj iatkc osQ >k(Tamarisk) vkSj

    >kaM(Jhand) os Q ta xyks a ls yk;k tkuk FkkA nw ljh u;h ykbu ukW nZ uZ LVs V jsyos] ykgkS j ls eq Yrku rd FkhA vk dM+ ks a os Q fglkc ls blos Q fuekZ .k os Q fy, 22]00]000 Lyhij dh k:jr gksxhA*

    bZ -ih-LVsfcaa x] n I +kQkWjs LV~l vkWI +kQ baf M;k] HkkxII (1923)A

    ,d ehy ya ch js y dh iVjh os Q fy, 1]760 ls 2]000 rd Lyhij dh k:jr FkhA ;fn 3 ehVj ya ch cM+ h

    ykbu dh iVjh fcNkus os Q fy, ,d vkS lr dn osQ isM+ ls 3&5 Lyhij cu ldrs gS a rks fglkc yxk dj ns [ksa fd ,d ehy yach iVjh fcNkus os Q fy, fdrus isM+ dkVus gksa xs\

    fp=k 7 & y _ s ys tkrk gqvk Vd-yV~Bs dkVus os Q fy, fdlh {ks =k dk pq uko djus os Q ckn ou foHkkx lcls igys pkS M+h lM+dks a dk fuekZ .k djrk gS ftlls Vdks a dk izos 'k la Hko gks los QA ta xy os Q mu jkLrks a ls bldh rq yuk djs a ftuls gks dj yksx b/u dh ydM+h ;k nwljs y?kq ou&mRikn bd _ k djus osQ fy, tk;k djrs Fks A ,s ls vusd Vd ydM+h ls Hkjs gq , ta xyksa ls cM+ s 'kgjks a dks tkrs Fks A

    fp=k 6 & b/u dh ydM+ h bd _ k dj ?kj dks ykSVrh vkSjrs a-

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  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    8/22

    82 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    1-3 ckxku ;wjksi esa pk;] dkW I + kQh vkS j jcM+ dh c

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    9/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 83

    fiNys [ka M esa geus ns[kk fd tgkk vkS j jsy dh iVfj;k fcNkus os Q fy, vaxz s kks a dks taxyks a dh k:jr FkhA vaxz s kks a dks bl ckr dh fpark Fkh fd LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk ta xyksa dk mi;ks x o O;kikfj;ks a }kjk isM+ksa dh va/k/qa / dVkbZ ls ta xy u"V gks tk, xsA blfy, mUgks aus Mk;fVp cS z afMl ukeoQ teZ u fo'ks"kK dks bl fo"k; ij e'kfojs os Q fy, cq yk;k vkS j mls ns'k dk igyk ou egkfuns'kd fu;qDr fd;k x;kA

    cSz a fMl us eglwl fd;k fd yks xks a dks la j{k.k foKku es a iz f'kf{kr djuk vkS j taxyks a os Q izca ku osQ fy, ,d O;ofLFkr ra =k fodflr djuk gks xkAblosQ fy, dkuw uh eakw jh dh k:jr iM+ s xhA ou laink os Q mi;ks x la cakh fu;e r; djus iM+s a xsA is M+ksa dh dVkbZ vkSj i'kq vks a dks pjkus tSlh xfrfofk;ksa ij ikca nh yxk d j gh taxyks a dks ydM+h mRiknu osQ fy, vkjf{kr fd;k tk losQxkA bl ra=k dh voekuuk djos Q is M+ dkVus okys

    2 O;kolkf;d okfudh dh 'kq#vkr

    fp=k 9 & bVyh fLFkr VLduh esa iksiyj osQ ta xy dk ,d O;ofLFkr xfy;kjk-iks iyj os Q ta xy eq [;r% ydM+h os Q fy, ego j[krs gS a A ikks a ] iQyks a ;k nw ljs mRiknks a os Q fy, ;s mi;ks xh ugha gS aA ,d leku yackbZ okys vkSj lh/ es a yxs bu isM+ks a dks ns [ksa A ;gh og ekWMy gS ftls ^oS Kkfud* okfudh us izks Rlkfgr fd;kA

    f;kdyki ;fn 1862 esa Hkkjr ljdkj dh ckxMksj vkios Q gkFk esa gksrh vkSj vki ij brus O ;kid iS ekus ij jsyks a osQ fy, Lyhij vkS j b ku vkiw f rZ dh fkEes okjh gksrh rksvki blos Q fy, dkSu&dkSu ls dne mBkrs\

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  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    10/22

    84 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    u;k 'kCn oS Kkfud okfudh % ou foHkkx }k M+ ks a dh dVkbZ ftlesa iq jkus isM+ dkV dj m txg u, is M+ yxk, tkrs gS a A

    fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks l kk dk Hkkxh cuuk gks xkA bl rjg cS za fMl us 1864 esa Hkkjrh; ou ls ok d h LFkkiuk dh vkSj 1865 osQ Hkkjrh; ou vfkfu;e dks lw=kc djus es a l g;ks x fn;kA bEihfj;y I + kQkW jsLV fjlpZ baLVhV~ ;w V dh LFkkiuk 1906 esa nsgjk nw u es a gq bZ A ;gk ftl ifr dh f'k{kk nh tkrh Fkh mls ^oSKkfud okfud h* (lkba fVfI + kQd I + kQkWjs LV h) dgk x;kA ys fdu vkt ikfjfLFkfrdh fo'ks"kKksa lfgr ;knkrj yks x ekurs gS a fd ;g ifr drbZ oS Kkfud ugha gSA

    oS Kkfud okfudh osQ uke ij fofo/ iz tkfr okys iz kfrd ouksa dks dkV Mkyk x;kA budh txg lh/h ia fDr esa ,d gh fdLe os Q is M+ yxk fn, x,A bls ckxku d gk tkrk gSA ou foHkkx osQ vf/dkfj;ksa us taxyks a dk los Z {k.k fd;k] fo fHkUu fdLe os Q is M+ks a okys {ks =k dh uki&tks [k dh vkSj ou&iz ca /u os Q f y, ;kstuk, cuk;ha A mUgks as us ;g Hkh r; fd;k fd

    ckxku dk fdruk {ks =k izfro"kZ dkVk tk,xkA dVkbZ os Q ckn [kkyh kehu ij iqu% is M+ yxk, tk us Fks rkfd oq QN gh o"kks esa ;g {ks=k iqu% dVkbZ os Q fy, rS;kj gks tk,A

    1865 es a ou vf/fu;e os Q ykxw gksus osQ ckn bles a nks ckj la 'kksku fd, x, & igys 1878 esa vkS j fiQj 1927 esa A 1878 okys vf/fu;e esa taxyks a dks rhu Jsf.k;ks a es a ckVk x;k % vkjf{kr] lq jf{kr o xz keh.kA lclsvPNs ta xyksa dks ^vkjf{kr ou* dgk x;kA xk o okys bu taxyksa ls vius mi;ksx os Q fy, oq QN Hkh ugha ys ldrs FksA os ?kj cukus ;k bZ a/u os Q fy,

    os Qoy lq jf{kr ;k xz keh.k ouks a ls gh ydM+ h ys ldrs FksA

    2-1 yksxksa dk thou dSls izHkkfor gq vk\ ,d vPNk taxy oS Qlk gksuk pkfg, blosQ ckjs es a ouikyksa vkSj xz keh.kksa os Q fopkj cgqr vyx FksA tgk ,d rjiQ xzkeh.k viuh vyx&vyx k:jrksa ]

    fp=k 10 & dkxM+k dk ,d nsonkj ckxku] 1933-bafM;u I +kQkjs LV fjdkWMZ l~ ] Hkkx XV ls A

    fp=k 11 & fn bEihf j;y I +kQkW js LV Low Qy ns gjknwu] Hk-fczfV'k lkezkT; es a [kq y k igyk okfudh Low QyA ksr% bafM;u I + kQkW js LVj] [k.M XXXI -

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  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    11/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 85

    tSls b /u] pkjs o ikks a dh iw frZ os Q fy, ou es a fofHkUu iz tkfr;ks a dk es y pkgrs Fks] ogha ou&foHkkx dks ,sls is M+ ks a dh k:jr Fkh tks tgkkksa vkSj js yos osQ fy, bekjrh ydM+h eq gS ;k djk losa Q] ,slh ydfM+;k tks l[r] ya ch vkS j lh/h gks aA blfy, lk xkS u vkS j lky tS lh iz tkfr;ks a dks iz ks Rlkfgr fd;k x;k vkS j nw ljh fdLesa dkV Mkyh xbA

    oU; bykdks a es a yks x da n&e w y&iQy] iks vkfn ou&mRiknks a dk fofHkUu k:jrks a os Q fy, mi;ks x djrs gS a A iQy vkS j da n vR;a r iks "kd [kk| gS a ] fo'ks "kdj ekW ulw u os Q nkS jku tc I + kQly dV dj ?kj u vk;h gksA nokvks a os Q fy, tM+ h&cw fV;ks a dk bLrs eky gks rk gS] ydM+ h dk iz ;ks x gy tS ls [ks rh os Q

    vkS kkj cukus es a fd;k tkrk gS] ck l ls cs grjhu ckM+ s a cuk;h tk ldrh gS a vkS j bldk mi;ks x Nrjh rFkk Vks djh cukus os Q fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSAlw [ks gq , oq QEgM+ s os Q [kks y dk iz ;ks x ikuh dh cks ry os Q :i es a fd;k tk ldrk gSA ta xyks a es a yxHkx lc oq QN miyC/ gS & ikks a dks tks M+&tks M+ dj ^[kkvks&iQs a dks* fdLe os Q iky vkS j nks us cuk, tk ldrs gS a ] fl;knh (Bauhiria vahili ) dh yrkvks a ls jLlh cuk;h tk ldrh gS] ls ew j (lw rh js 'ke) dh dk Vs nkj Nky ij lfCk;k Nhyh tk ldrh gS a ] egq , os Q is M+ ls[kkuk idkus vkS j jks 'kuh os Q fy, rs y fudkyk tk ldrk gSA

    fp=k 12 & taxyksa ls egq vk ( Madhu ca Indica ) chuuk-xko okys mtkyk gksus os Q igys gh mBdjtehu ij fxjs gq , egq vk osQ iw Qyks a dks chuus os Q fy, taxy pys tkrsA egq vk osQ isM+ cs'kdherh gS a A eg q vk os Q iw Qy [kk, Hkh tk ldrs gS a vkS j budk bLrseky 'kjkc cukus osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS A blos Q chtks a ls rs y Hkh cuk;k tkrk gS A

    fp=k 13 & lw [krs gq , rs anw &iks-ta xyksa es a jgus okys cgq r lkjs yks xksa osQ fy, rsa nw os Q ikksa dh fch vk; dk ,d izeq [k lk/u gS A izR;s d ca My es a yxHkx 50 iks gks rs gS a A ,d O;fDr dfBu ifjJe djos Q ,d fnu es a ;knk ls ;knk 100 ca My bdV~Bk dj ldrk gS A cPps ] efgyk, vkS j o` gh eq [;r% iks bd _ s djrs gS aA

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  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    12/22

    86 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    ou vf/fu;e os Q pyrs ns'k Hkj es a xk o okyksa dh eq f'dys a c

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    13/22

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    14/22

    88 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    yxHkx iw jh rjg yq Ir gks xb A vxz s kks a dh ukj es a cM+ s tkuoj ta xyh] ccZ j

    vkS j vkfn lekt os Q iz rhd&fp FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd [krjukd tkuojks a dks ekj dj os fgUnq L rku dks lH; cuk, xsA ck?k] Hks fM+ ;s vkS j nw ljs cM+ s tkuojks a os Q f'kdkj ij ;g dg dj buke fn, x, fd buls fdlkuks a dks [krjk gSA 1875 ls 1925 os Q chp buke os Q ykyp es a 80]000 ls ;knk ck?k] 1]50]000 rs anq , vkSj 2]00]000 HksfM+;s ekj fxjk, x,A khjs&/hjs ck?k os Q f'kdkj dks ,d [ksy dh VkWI + kQh os Q :i esa ns [kk tkus yxkA vosQys tkW tZ ;wy uked va xz sk vI + kQlj us 400 ck?kks a dks ekjk FkkA izkjaHk es a ta xy os Q oq QN bykos Q f'kdkj os Q fy, gh vkjf{kr FksA dkI + kQh le; ckn i;kZoj.kfonks a vkS j laj{k.kokfn;ks as us vkokk mBkbZ fd tkuojksa dh bu lkjh

    iz tkfr;ksa dh lqj{kk gksuh pkfg, u fd budks ekjk tkuk pkfg,A

    2-4 u, O;kikj] u, jkskxkj vkS j ubZ ls ok, taxyks a ij ou foHkkx dk fu;a=k.k LFkkfir gks tkus ls yksxks a dks dbZ rjg os Q uq dlku gq ,] ysfdu oqQN yks xks a dks O;kikj os Q u, voljks a dk ykHk Hkh feykA dbZ leqnk; vius ija ijkxr is 'ks NksM+ dj ou&mRiknksa dk

    O;kikj djus yxsA egk fganq Lrku gh ugha cfYd nq fu;k Hkj esa oq QN ,s lk

    fp=k 18 & usiky esa f'kdkj osQ ckn ykWMZ jhfMa x-I +kQksVks esa e`r ck?kksa dh fxurh d jsa A fczfV'k vkS ifuos f'kd vI +kQlj vkS j jktk tc f'kdkj osQ fy, tkrs rc muosQ lkFk ukSdjksa dh ,diwjh I +kQkSt gksrh FkhA xko o Q'ky f'kdgkdk yxkrs Fks vkS j lkgc dkscl xksyh Hkj pykuk gks rk Fkk A

    ks r x

    cS xk e; Hkkjr d k ,d ou leq nk; gSA 1892 es a tc mudh ?kqearw [ks rh ij jks d yxk nh x;h rc mU au ljdkj dks ;g ; kfpdk nh%^gj jks k ge I + kQkd k djrs gS a ] D;ksa fd gekjs ikl [k

    dk vukt ugha gSA gekjs ikl flI + kZ Q ,d gh nkS yr gSvkS j og gS gekj h oq QYgkM+hA gekjs ik

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    15/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 89

    ksr ?k

    iq rq ek;ks esa jcM+ dh fudklh nq fu;k Hkj esa ] ckxkuksa esa dke dh fLFkfr;k Hk;kog Fkha A ,seskkW u os Q iq Vq ek;ks {ks=k esa ^is :fo;u jcM+

    daiuh* (fcz fV'k o is :fo;u lk>s esa ) }kjk jcM+ dh

    fudklh gq bZ rks rks l dgs tkus okys LFkkuh; ba fM;uks a dh cs xkj ij fuHkZ j FkhA 1900&1912 os Q chp iq Vq ek;ks es a 4] 000 Vu jcM+ dk mRiknu gqvk vkS j blh nkS jku

    ba fM;u vkcknh es a ;a =k.kk] jks xks a vkS j iyk;u os Q pyrs30] 000 dh fxjkoV vk;hA jcM+ oaQiuh os Q ,d

    os ruHkksxh us o.kZu fd;k gS fd jcM+ dk laxzg oSQls fd;k tkrk FkkA eS us tj us lS dM+ ksa ba fM;uksa dks LVs'ku ij mifLFkr gks us dk funs Z'k fn;k% mlus viuh dkckZ bu vkS j N q jk idM+ k vkS j bu cscl ba fM;uks a dk dRysvke 'kq : dj fn;kA Fkks M+ h gh ns j esa cPpks a ] efgykvks a vkS j iq #"kksa dh 150 yk'kks a ls kehu

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    16/22

    90 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    fga nq Lrku vkS j nqfu;k Hkj esa oU; leq nk;ks a us vius ij Fkks is x, cnykoksa osQ f[kykI + kQ cxkor dhA la Fkky ijxuk es a lh/w vkS j dkuw ] NksVk ukxiqj es a fcjlk eqa Mk vkS j vka /z iz ns'k esa vYyw jh lhrkjke jktw dks yksdxhrks a vkS j dFkkvksa es a va xzs kks a os Q f[kykI + kQ mHkjs vka nksyuksa os Q uk;d os Q :i es a vkt Hkh ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA vc ge cLrj fj;klr esa 1910 es a gq , ,s ls gh

    ,d fonz ks g dk foLrkj ls v;;u djs a xsA

    3-1 cLrj osQ yksx cLrj Nkhlxekn igkfM+ ;k

    b an zk o r h e g k j k " V

    HkksikyiVue chtki q j

    x k s n k o j

    h

    v k a / z i z n s' k

    r y i s :

    c S yk M h yk i g k f M +; k

    nkrsokM+k

    cLrj txnyiqj

    l c

    d k x s j

    oqQdkukj e k y k x s j

    d k s y k c

    dks aVk

    d k s V j h

    lhek, jkT; ftyk rglhy eq [;ky; ftyk rglhy unh lM+d js yos ykbu vkjf{kr ou

    fdyks ehVj

    pjek e g k u n h

    varkx

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    17/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 91

    ksr p

    ls Fkks M+ h ydM+ h ysuk pkgrs gS a rks blos Q cnys es a os ,d Nks Vk 'kqYd vnk djrs gS a ftls ns olkjh] nka M+ ;k eku dgk tkrk gSA oqQN xk o vius taxyks a dh fgi+ Qkkr os Q fy, pkS dhnkj j[krs gSa ftUgsa os ru os Q :i esa gj ?kj lsFkks M+ k&FkksM+k vukt fn;k tkrk gSA gj o"kZ ,d cM+ h lHkk dk vk;ks tu gks rk gS tgk ,d ijxus (xkoks a dk lew g) os Q xkoks a osQ eq f[k;k tq Vrs gSa vkS j

    ta xy lfgr reke nw ljs vge eq ks a ij ppkZ djrs gS a A

    3-2 yksxks a os Q Hk; vkS ifuos f'kd ljdkj us 1905 es a tc ta xy os Q nks&frgkbZ fgLls dksvkjf{kr djus] ?kq ea rw [ks rh dks jks dus vkS j f'kdkj o oU;&mRiknks a osQ laxz g ij ikca nh yxkus tS ls izLrko j [ks rks cLrj osQ yks x cgqr ijs'kku gks x,Aoq QN xkoks a dks vkjf{kr ouksa esa bl 'krZ ij jgus fn;k x;k fd osou&foHkkx os Q fy, is M+ ks a dh dVkbZ vkS j

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    18/22

    92 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    ksr N

    cLrj esa jgus okys cq kq xZ bl yM+ kbZ os Q ckjs esa ] ftls mUgks aus vius ekrk&firk ls lquk Fkk] crkrs gSa %

    dudkiky os Q iks fn;keh xa xk dks muos Q firk iksfn;keh rksos Qyh us crk;k fd%

    ^va xz skkas us vkdj kehu ysuh 'kq : dj nhA jktk dks vklikl D;k gks jgk gS bldh ijokg u Fkh] blfy,

    kehu yh tk jgh gS] ;g ns [k mlos Q leFkZ dks a us yks xks a dks bdV~ Bk fd;kA yM+ kbZ 'kq : gq bZ A mlos Q dV~ Vj leFkZ d ekjs x, vkS j ckfd;ks a ij dks M+ ksa ls ekj iM+hA esjs firk] iks fn;keh rks os Qyh dks Hkh dks M+ks a ls ihVk x;kA ys fdu og Hkkxus es a dke;kc gq, vkS j cp fudysA ;g vka nks yu vaxzs kks a ls Nq Vdkjk ikus os Q fy, FkkA va xz sk mudks ?kks M+ ksa ls ck / dj ?klhVk djrs FksA gjs d xko ls nks&pkj yksx txnyiqj x, && fpniky os Q xkxhZ ns ok vkS j fe[kks yk] ekdh&fejkl os Q nks y vkS j vcjkca q nh] ckys jkl dk oknkika nq ] ikys e dk ma xk vkS j nw ljs hA gj ijx uk ls yksx vyukj rjk bZ bdV~Bk gq,A ,d >Vos Q esa iYkVu us lcdks ?ks j fy;kA xa qMk /wj mM+ ldrs Fks blfy , mM+ fudysA ysfdu rhj&deku okys vc D;k djsa \ jkr es a yM+kbZ gks us yxhA yksx >kfM+ ;ksa esa fNi dj i sV os Q cy HkkxsA I + kQkSt dh iyVu Hkh HkkxhA tks yksx fkank cps fdlh rjg vius xk o&?kj igq psA* k s r

    ls fu;a=k.k ikus es a rhu eghus (I + kQjojh&ebZ ) yx x,A fiQj Hkh os xaq Mk kwj dks dHkh ugha idM+ + + losQA fonz ks fg;ksa dh lcls cM+h thr ;g jgh fd vkj{k.k dk dke oq QN le; os Q fy, LFkfxr dj fn;k x;k vkS j vkjf{kr {ks=k dks Hkh 1910 ls igys dh ;ks tuk ls yxHkx vk/k dj fn;k x;kA

    cLrj os Q taxyks a v kS j yks xks a dh dgkuh ;gha [kRe ugha gks rhA vkkknh os Q ckn Hkh yksxksa dks ta xyksa ls ckgj j[kus vkS j ta xyksa dks vkS |ks fxd mi;ksx os Q fy, vkjf{ kr j[kus dh uhfr dk;e jghA 1970 os Q n'kd esa ] fo'o cSa oQ us Lrko j [kk fd dkxk m|ks x dks yqxnh miyC/ djkus osQ fy, 4]600 gsDVs ;j ko` Qfrd lky ouks a dh txg nsonkj os Q is M+ yxk, tk, A ys fdu] LFkkuh; i;kZoj.kfonks a os Q fojks/ os Q iQyLo:i bl ifj;kstuk dks jksd fn;k x;kA

    vkb,] vc ,f'k;k os Q ,d vkSj fgLls & ba Mks usf'k;k & dh rjiQ pys aA kjk ns[ks a fd blh oDr ogk D;k oq QN gks jgk FkkA

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  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    19/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 93

    tkok dks vktdy baMksusf'k;k os Q pkoy&mRiknd }hi osQ :i es a tkuk tkrk gSA ysfdu ,d kekus esa s ;g {ks =k vf/dka'kr% oukPNkfnr FkkAbaMks usf'k;k ,d Mp mifuos 'k Fkk vkSj tSlk fd ge ns[ks axs] Hkkjr o baMks usf'k;k os Q ou dkuw uks a es a dbZ lekurk, Fkha A baMks us f'k;k esa tkok gh og {ks =k gS tgk Mpks a us ou&ca /u dh 'kq #vkr dh FkhA va xz skksa dh rjg osHkh tgkk cukus osQ fy, tkok ls ydM+ h gkfly djuk pkgrs FksAlu~ 1600 es a tkok dh vuq ekfur vkcknh 34 yk[k FkhA gkyk fd mitk eS nkuks a es a

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    20/22

    94 Hkkjr vkS j ledkyhu fo'o

    ksr t rS ;kj djus os Q fy, Je dh vko';drk FkhA Mpks a us igys rks ta xyks a es a [ks rh dh kehuks a ij yxku yxk fn;k vkS j ckn es a oq QN xk oks a dks bl 'krZ ij blls eq Dr dj fn;k fd os lkew fgd :i ls is M+ dkVus vkS j ydM+ h s

    tks rqEgs a crkuk gSA gekjs css M+ s u"V gks pqos Q gSa ] gekj

    O;kikj eq j>k pqdk gS] gekjk ukS dk;u u"V gks us oky gS& mkjh rkdrksa ls ge cs iukg nkS yr ns dj tgkk dks cukus osQ fy, ydM+ h vkSj nw ljh lkexz h [kjhn gSa vkSj tkok es a ge lkefjd o O;kikfjd la xfBr nyks a dks] ftudh tMa + s bl /jrh es a / lh gS] Nks M+ rs gS aA gk ] tkok os Q ta xyks a es a ,d lEekutud ukS lsuk o fuekZ .k dks cgq r gh de le; es a la Hko djus os Q fy, i;kZ Ir ydM+ h gS] lkFk gh ftruh k:jr gks O;kikfjd tgkkksa dks cukus osQ fy, Hkh && ckotw n tkok osQ taxy mruh gh rs kh ls mxrs ftruh rs kh ls mU gs a dkVk tkrk gSA mfpr iz ca /u vkS j

    vPNh ns[k&js [k o s Q lkFk ;s ks r dHkh Hkh [kR gks a xsA* MoZQ okWu gksks uM kW iZ _ is ywlks] fjp I +kQkW js LV~l] iqihiq y] 1992 es a m` r A

    fp=k 22 &ba Mks us f'k;k os Q ;knkrj ta xy lqek=kk] dkfyeka rku o if'pe bfj;ku es a fLFkr gSa A tkok gh og txg gS tgk Mpks a us viuh oS Kkfud okfudh* dh 'kq #vkr dh F;g }hi tks vc pkoy mRiknu osQ fy, e'kgw j gS] dHkh lkxkS u os Q taxyksa ls

  • 8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (4) -

    21/22 oU;&lekt vkS j mifuos 'kokn 95

    4-4 ;q vkS j ou&fouk'k igys vkS j nw ljs fo'o;q dk ta xyks a ij xgjk vlj iM+ kA Hkkjr es a reke pkyw dk;Z;ks tukvks a dks LFkfxr djos Q ou foHkkx us va xz s kks a dh ta xh k:jrks a dks iw jk djus os Q fy, cs rgk'kk is M+ dkVsA tkok ij tkikfu;ks a os Q dCks ls Bhd igys Mpks a us ^HkLe&dj&Hkkxks uhfr*(Scorched EarthPolicy) viuk;h ftlos Q rgr vkjk&e'khuks a vkS j lkxkS u os Q fo'kky yV~ Ba ks a osQ dj budh j{kk dhA oq QN xk o rks ou&j{kd ks a ij fuHkZ j jgus os Q ctk; vius ta xyks a dh pkS dlh vki djrs jgs gS a & bles a gj ifjokj ckjh&ckjh ls viuk ;ks xnku ns rk gSA LFkkuh; ou&leq nk; vkS j i ;kZ oj.kfon~ vc ou&iz ca /u os Q oS dfYid rjhdks a os Q ckjs es a lks pus yxs gS a A

    fp=k 23 & bafM;u E;wfu'kUl cksMZ] lwys iSxksM+tgkkksa esa yknus dks rS;kj okWj fVEcj Lyhij] 1917igys vkSj nwljs fo'o;q esa fe=k jk"V 'kk;n bruk liQyrs ;fn os vius mifuos'kksa dh la inkvksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa dk ,s lk nksgu djus esa l{ke u gks rsA nksuksa fo'o;q ksa dk fganqLrku] baMksuf'k;k o nwljh txgks a os Q ouksa ij fouk'kdkjh izHkko iM+kA dk;Z;ks stukvksa dks LFkfxr dj fn;k x;k vkSj ou foHk kx us ;q dh k:jrks a dks iw jk djus osQ fy, tedj o`{k dkVsA

    fp=k 24 & Mp vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ v/hu js ecSax esa y _ ks a dk xksnke-

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    22/22