oorco flio,laoad otJ ca, o6Tno

EoJ 0]6lloj]@

GCoM, GiCo!l6IDo, OIJC#,O6IDo

.6;<rot o<n) olJc o, (o6rDo ? o$ co, o6rn o<trro g cl1 orcotc ocoolcot lcnmnacen)orJcdlro6rr)6)0)6xmc(oJ cr-lc<oemcor;erd. <oroai croolqoccl;acor1g. o$c6o6tnoo9l{DJaDro)Jo or,\c(f))o6rDooto)Hd

"ols}orlcmorlo r06rBc6r6. of)e]oto.)]Bc"sqJc€oo{ccorr06n)0,}9llu. o1)ocrDcoBcogj oocdcaJo ocolo€oceneloleo;<rnor;oaceniroronfr or.1cai,<oorlcrr'leilellocco'looocgqemoocrrilg o4;cm <rrore11-rccorcr.l;a;erri.

<arg<l;rril,o,co..uccrocorilrorpeiolcracr?od po criler"_rcd ml"lo,co5o^o. oggJololJeco9r())16)s roros'lmtnccncoro>l{ftH, ffDo(TDc(0e3ogiaQ)los csros'lffunccD(olo)'lo8

rDomroccni ol.\c,$(06rDr0ct.n msc(oro)6rrdai "6cmcerd

(srdojo]os rsrorc'locoo.

crucool(0).\o (r.lori)>o!, n.i1.t1<l^rcot;or1e;cnno rec.gjoua rrrl<ootrDlao;36rri.

raro<l.1oud o{)glorcUecogtai.od oclcorco olJc6co6rl)0]gpl "Ocm]oto6roroJol

cr)a;ei;rrn oi ron.la,sa, o aceni.

uoo'laDcco ecoqlcLoteaoccDocoro.l ete,srSocoell o4orrunavd trlldcgooleo;mroloo)toc(')co) ojJc6o6rn (traditional granrmar) crrlcoroeuBsa clco-t5or5o.rot1(vertr.rl l)Ch;rviour) cor;os crjlcoraear:od crgoremcm; ojocorcnccrjlg. cDco o0)6-6Bocn

o{)gJ(0)J(0,o0)Jo o"locol6e0)Jo oolgemOocrd crildcrroolaO;ccr)lcsA rOro<rfr OLlclo6lDcoud}olJcd'o6rn (descriptive grammar) toro'noE crjlcn5 rsraslcrunccn.ioacco)lo$(DjccrDod5f<01oerlcm2.

"gcrorceni cnco oloe)le

"gcm]ccocoer'l oro<rfi ojlcuco|

€oJ6,, o(o)oJo uocolcQ))o rrr'ltdomcojldo]CrD 6cOJo mtA3oooroicn; oL1s]al,

"grmrorccoioldoJo ofJco.)c6n; ojlcloemcono(oJ6,s (descriptivists) cn1et"_rci.

ecos:raoJos mrcmLlg]ocrS cooelol{ Gwojlocn oL'lojl<o 6n3g;agcoell co,rr8rcjl

<019] eiccoc 1o;ai1er;o;gp a;eLa (element) eanog ojlcooetcno er"_rdcfr .to|g<oilergos otcDJos:5ffuoogocco) otdco"la,oomclro'ri (taxonomy) rzceni oilorroemcoo o d m-lT.e, o1 2i1 5; gg d. 6BJo on1<o8 curloco c gco el csrd cDj ac cDot toac crll

m)ooccDJoro8,oooerno (inductive generalisation) m;L"looloslcsro..r .'l;cl'1nr,o-rmior;roroog lolo.iaflooccDlo..loJcrn orooroilet;gg aoJ oolccrll m-l"lcDcrro,

o'o1oof coraslmtcccncrn-fletcqoto'ldo6mo. cord<o.rcaaxfr colo')Jcruodmmotcooc()

,, r'r,'cniajlcotcrd ruJce(06r1)o - G]oJ oJololJo r..t0r.r (ilr

i,,.)rr)c(rl5clroS€ooem (deductivegeneralisation)oroileiofr "-r3ots;-jls14c(r),(,n){r

,', r,rulro-l"lqo ecogicolL(om(T)o oflcDc6rd ootcomiai]corcdacrolels cordtoolc o.a.l(r)t)

r, r r'r,rT)coJOS (transformati on al ists ) olergio.

odcDc cro) (06rDolos o{c6 <o6rnoltaDcoo6ongJos pggJ6 ggil a gi1 cr. r, r xi,, .,rx,l;cm<oilcfr o;mi rarocrlo;els ffDlcDcffo6oBg;ers oolgil4orollo8 ot5co,(06T1)o.

), il 1, r3Cos16rf)o ooCrrllotocor gol cril ernlcms cojo(oJoD oolc(ol olc a0) ojl el tlc ro

.rrr,rr,og€6rJo'l{ uocaotone'leorlo1o,o;cm;. 6J(01 ccogiecri (speaker) oflr.t,r,ji(oU@) miadag;ori. recovemot5<oro'i16oJgg scacrulcDacao aslotcomaci.

, rr'r &9]dl6lo! eru"rndaJ.nJoemocerd otoa)ccDJo ag]ggoj(a oloeolcrDo)),,,,,., ocnq;!eic€oJolcmlolgq GnolocrA oeloi. ecosicLolceoccnmtcadrn;, l',' r fo rm a n ce ) o.ro'ilcd m.lc.o"loSoro11mcn;m<o'14; gp o6J g€olo+il elJdlreco;oa,,',11 '1;6 eeosjsmiad (competence)or]eis aco5oroiloE oOHc ccosid,olo oJelj

, )()6moDg6IT; ojlcrorccruo. "Oe,]oE rcc"sJccnjl€Dla0)J6rBc6lcrDo(o)6sBocDacDc

,,,',rr)ffd *ro1eo3cm<oilm;gg 5lo; oolcoJecoejcmt"lralccroro (general linguisticr l r lo ry ) poloro'j1o1er4sl€oJaoao(ncocod oelcDcoo(o6rDoJos elo{uJo. o{c.o'r,,rr)6)ofiDco8 rec"saccru'lru'loco tro_roilcri1<r:1a<o1oo3cm eico; oc<o.l5a, roloog@,loi,,,t(oi<oloro (model) ooonaoc6rd. o;cru; cru;'ilg|4 oo:co,JceosicffD'l€Dccro)

'r'rlocd ccroslcrunccncocjletcerd pon(ooocol ac(DA6r roootolo'lgilao;onail., )ot€ol&. otSoraun"ltor (systematic)oceo) o$o6,@6rDcrjlcooesBUa oaconEcenj, ,,,rrcoier39g <rrLrril.o,mrco,<ore6BsE€d (acoustic signals) Grodmo oladcml',,,r,l)sl€ocflA aslcor;cmor;alocrD. GcosJcmjlan'lor;os oD:ccolocooldf, *l"jl,

l l, tc Hc. ogcmc<oE rec"siccru'leDlao); gg om;"utrrE rcrdoo.)6snofl) tolcolc<noroil

, I r,{lo;ffnJ .gcm;ags'l cfiocilcaocreo;eni. rec"v"_toco;3a, cav8oola, omcp$! r ),r)6)]6 .gcrnlotC)cend Gcog:tcloJGeOc@oocni o-Joao]CrD(Dlooceni pCg<ro1oel]

' rr,oi. e0.8j crDooucc0'ldoccDJo coccDlo opJggotolo oloao]CrD(o))cosl ocDqR

l,,D,ooJotcorJo;gg aslcrfld m:c.o"jojoro)lo<rf, ffutc(r)lcDonplocaQt oojgdoJo,

I l1' rlegJ6rBceco0ffd olo6ror0)cHc. ecoglctojceo)ccnoororgglcorJgg

"tocnororlcr5' ,,,nro)coo oucof)e_lcoJ6cBg;ers mlcco"lcnoacroJact(oo]erd "gcr6 o,onecjlccorerr,],r,r,11i. 6yo-.,"on;a,1oot3os G'toc'llolcao)6roiloE <grdorocoo olocn6sB(/a GoJceilo i3co91c

,', I r.r ol qol 6r G ro-ro s'l cnrn c cnroro-i etc oni cns c orot grrg a:i.

.: r,ru JffDl€0l, ecductotc{Dco)o

rec.,slc mtcD'l 63{oJ lBca%<o,cd o{)56BocD ffDjcao)oro)ac 6,3cm3 .41cmrolo r,r r)i,, )r)coJ 1.rudcoo. pali clluor:1aol€o6rDOoe,lo8 ec"sjctdum (s;r<'r,r lr,, rlrrisition) eioror crjldot"l'l€occDl(D6lol cro; mrlalccroroJ6neocrrl) ottJ. {.lr),1r

rr Ii)d o6J@)oo'0arced rcrgd*'lco)o (acquired), "6<orcerd

ffDor)s?o (int),tl(') ,r(D(lr,,)

66 oto racnvc<rocmjgoro: m:lelccrorcr]o [oJcco)c(/)cxJo oejo)cgorot(.d

co:<8roilolgcileoroi ecnsioeocm g.rroi}eccruercror crjl<do.rojleoccrd c.rccm mrcdora,rDa,'16, o$ce,Co6rn (un iversa I grammar ) toloc6rD6BBog 6o6rr3Grol6o(\r,cm<oceni pcoilercnco; GoJcoolsjl.

GC"SiCCT'lcrtAOSos L",rojl"-oercnoceni Gcotuclolcaoccooae,',loE 6-x0l r3co,rl()Jos oJJc6coemoroilcti (6rdcoro@o mt"lmlaogocroco€ooao)cmcilerold rsrdolo,rr,ojlooo"lacol€ocmlg.g oelorJoneca6r'no. oge,lcer colo<ri recoslcmilre_u'lcor;r,1.,

o{c6(06rn ac CIJe ao)Jggl. ooocroco€o cocerd p.19 m:lan1asa t olJc6o6n )

orc6J56Bogao]o (grammatical sentences ) (-6not5c6o6rncuc6J5sBogao),,(ungrammatical sentences) co.rdojl<olgcrlcorcoS oo; rec.vor6 o,elcor;oaoirolrnol ecogiao)los c4cao6rDoo'i1m;a<ii a,p'looremo. p'lD aelci rEcosjccru'lnrrlacDJos noJ ectnoccrd.

1. psojgcoilas'lororo)co8 eaogoro.iloE cng oeccucerd. oocm ojc6,Jo ol,rl@cgogcaoemocn;ruol{ coolcotcenj. .gcmcoE,

2. osaorceni o,E'leiorolcoE corogoroioE psotgcnn'l cDH. o6cmloloe4ccnicua o$ca(o6rDotcooccoil c6ro orcaJo o<orgcerd" oocrDJ ocl(o)oH ofllorc goro'r1 eL; ge otceo;auE ca cd orol; oneccei corl g1 a3s1 (syao co co] 0)r, I

eocgolc6)Joco6rDaDJcolcel]o oloecDc(ncoilg. oo2 oeLcocgilad ojcd,,\r r

(2 ) mtj1acoJoelcoro)o(o)crotconj of)oDJ oJo6roto.)]o) eo6rB eJlo(o)el 0)t, I

acDcgl3cogiacD]os o$c6co6r'r-)oroflmleni. oolcocnidr'l .jocor]cmcfi lcoarrl€6)16:'6loJ ecoluao)los <rocmil<or"leor oL1 croa e_rcnorofloe a,1Dejlooc(]},ejafuJo ccrg rec"olcoloej olJc6,(o6rnojc6rJ56Bogo);o (Oro<orcorcd rarq

rec"siaotoeJ oJcaSeBBUa) (srdolJceo6rDojc6J5BBOgaoJo (taroorccorni oror

ec osj qo)l c s (0.) Hc(oro otc atreon <.t6 ) ro aaloE cord rorl oloo;a, "g;cm

ocen).(m;lcrflcdgld m)1sdcrdm5. 1957 o-r;oo 13).

o$c6r o6rDOJC O,;eAn<rE .OCTDJ olo ao)] cmrcoE Gracrloao orq<dm"l a1ojc u rr r

mJoJtsts ol cao geiloE orod Lnmto._r;"ds1 cor;gg ot ogoDJacLroro acDqrlletcao;cmcri ooo'l qoccot<olooloeot H. cocoe o6csJ6olcm otca5eonr rd

GCDC€O16.

3. <oemJcgolcor <oigcoieer]cm ellsJoojtsqo (orgso6619 (grgeflo('o),,od9JCmJ.

4. r6@e-rlocDcno <o'ilgoo)oei]cm oom;cgolcor oejglcml cJlsJooJBtso {rrro/rir

€rO9.

p.l, o6rr3Jolc o,;ecncrEeoJo cnd toooEdcD crdcrDo (r)jocerd. og;mi1 rnl

aola]o cucaJo (3)cd oerco;cgtolo'ilerer dloJ cructrrccofin ogc6(o6rDoro,r),.\

,,' ,r,r,rmi6,1Qo;fi0 cxjc6,o6mo - 6J<ol o]6llolJto r.r0or 67

' rrrriloaf, o€rso)o.)orrDcorcem;qqci. <aro<6roolgceoro'il5l6lsl o{)r$c)r)rr rtndr),url,,r',r,or'lcd 5'J(oJ aelo)cgo"rcaScoro'ioop fiDcoJJ(') Grddac@ocsc(). (0ld(0)l)(u(ril

, r(i),r ogSao6rDojcaJooaD] "jo(al]cmtcuE (oa<ojlenp orgdrrlanl'rts<D(sr,ril.rrrlrr

trrrt ture) orca,5(mlo1"-r)"e-rscn (syntactic structure) o0)crrfl6r,nclor rtrrrrrd

, r lol alJ &c6rD6rDooffD) ello;€oo. orc6,Jo (a )oi p.rc oc<oj'lto'l cD,\oruil,n,ror,r r r

,.rrr(,)gcfiD;ocong. <ao<d 6;eict aelco)ogolB6Bng;os c(oerloooo.n(0il.,t. ll(),.r rr:rcrDJ0S.

I t.\ c a, o6rDc oJJc 6,(06rD G{3o o

ruJcdr o6rDorc a;eor: crE oocm Joro ()J ccilcuE cdroor noJ G c otuc uoc cn5 6olr',r,ro)oE <orenp rec"vcoocDLorordorDcn (linguistic field work) oroilet;ers ccroeirajl

.rr,r;{rD poJcBccn(data)olo'noE oors;rmorcaoao)carl "6;cm

crrl<nocno uool<rorq;.

,,1 ;|o rocoJ gorcBcoorlo odcilaD 6JoJ crucmnua ocgtoocerd. ot5ca <oemoroi'lod

,rrloror(finite)aceo ocdcndsBod g"-rceorccrjlgl <urocricor<o'r (infinite)accor ccrorrorc

, I tXTBog orcaJ56BUA crDcqtod sldoccDco{o. c oJ cD H o$ce (o6TD(or6il cd poun

'. r ( I ) coJ 6rT3c6l(m "ow 08 orcarj 6imog cnlrd o"jlaoc cnJo lo-lolojl €oc cnJo

., ),,dl ee]o. oojoloooo] cril<o"lesi6rDo (Observation )'6cmroil erJoo{-(o caDc gorolr))rr6rrfl(d. gorcBcff)ocoemejloE nocklca]o ffDjlocoJocao oJc6,J6'0Bsa octco),r,),/Ao€oogtsJcDo)co6rnffd oloacDccDJo org. cnoildcro'lcorocco]orrec6)crnrr,r.oc o(o8co)olceoc, corgo.tdorocncBcduolBoolccorc caro"j;<dsmcoc Groca)

, rr,r.6J5gBScoilo8 guEogsco. pnJcBcff)o cugo(o olet]o.)co6r"D€g;lroE or5co,o,,r | )co{c6,o6r'oorc6J6BBgJo 6JsJ(o.)A'Cao'l(o'ldolo. 'o{c6o6rril6,(o)' (grammati-

. r I i t y )occug$acDlgg o{6o..locao crildcrtlJcDoocfinJoaccrnJ ocL(oca polos: r, r lc BC (Do C6TOCDJ CAO)C gJ OCQ)COC G5rDC oO(mJ (o,)"l OIOC Crrl CO COj;.

' o$c6 o6rrt6co' o{;cm<ti' uo(ol Q)cao' o$car o6mo o€)oD oc(o6rD CQ)los

, rr,rq'lmmcrnoroioS o6olo crll<ferncoilogs;.eocm;ocoilg. ntofiuoccno) cuJcd,,ri,rD(rulrtl)ccro)66Bcg Gro(o|o.)(oo cuc(o6rDo,gmlm)ol{ o)c(moJ6aolgtsl. croolcoc

,, r r,rD(Tri om cSJloE c(o)c(rD erl 6rT3 c eJ fiD (o.)Joarc6n3JocL(o)o c6rd66Bo cD (p)c(pt

"),i)oceg5rDoocrD]G6rBc? ecosjccerj(oJol66l3sa oolcc6)]ojcao) ajler (l)cco6fD<0,

' r.) (,) s rgros'lffuocrnoroiloE oc(oro c6roo@"1 6,coo c(n eserreloro]o.

6r(0] oJCaJo BCogjcO)'lOE o.)JSOO(oTo)JSO(0 LorOJe,eiOHs)cmJ o.0)m)(o)l

,,,,r),o6rBJoct(Do <sncil o{ca(osrDojca5ocoremcni <orldgJ ao8gilaoco0 "rp,1

,,,.,rrni G<oDccmlcrrnR orc6,Jo (3), (4) "gcrnl0ncorggi) "rrocotrduolrluor)rrri

I I ) orJcec06rDorceJooffnJ oto6roroco8 ol6,cm (4) <oroeanerrn(1))()(il(n),1

,il,r,rr3rBsc. p/]! o6rBJoJc6J5B'ri9Jo oEJaa)c${3cr:9r'cot1oE 1"-torccocU6Djut (o,)o{n0r0)

54-2004 6

68 olo rec.,gicqocanilcd)o, au'lG.pc(ro)ojJo t lcaocoot;o oe.lcorcgooflod

orqo)c6n;. o6crn1 I e,3 s1 (3 ) ot g oL1 ccu cDaoJ o (610 o(/)1 a,coo ccns"lcao)6oco{ffi )

rmnl<of l c corc <8 eo; ccn c <rd tor'J c o o c o) c aerl o c lcor o cr.r5 c a o errll a or crjl <d em colooccncoilo gcml oloJcml.

pl(oao)]o "loaromafi

rec "sj

aotoE' otJco,<oern1 a,<or' rrjl<aamcol€o]cD 6co.\otol'loE clcecoc ecoeja,cD]algg ov;loiloop o.ioileo.rso6cBeig .-rocodcrolocl;orccnceni. ogc€'(o6rT)orco5eongil<oE Grdoraolos orSco-rScmorojlcD](o)drlcrD olrrla e6BUa po H cmJ ojcm ccoEororocm r6rd 6 mo ao eng(olo'il 6c oJo orm cnr"l ercao cm]gg mnan'l 6]cccoc rec"vacn;o;ond. otoa0)o.dcs5rT3, of)oDcoE oloQoc6)0)corcco, 6 c toJ d6Bo g ocn cp$ ercoerl o eos;€ol olc rn; gg ol sleocerril<rfi .

5. ococrA "J6rmt<orcnconS, a5"domrn;o Gro<ollcdcoet oofiD. oOCmJ olo

ccu]cmJeicucrrr'i oleoerg.'a5"domcn]o GrocDJcojcoet (o)om' "6;rmcol'a,5"demcn;o ocoo(r)cdcoel aol

":ernn'lorcncenS' .g)cmJ ocng5jlOcoocoA crjlosjaalg. cco o:ca,5on-r1cn2<o'.rocm ocrrj'loE o,]s;<uroE <oro<6rn

o{c6uJ ccnocrucooo,'loE coro o.l;o oro; rac "va, cfi 6)o6rerorotcc)co{o. cro rol c

qo)d Grdcni"l "ds oc qo oloaD mi"_r"ds ac ool eoc omcoE a elccu;oocm;ffD0Oo.

6. o:]acr-reLl"Jcslg.

o{) ffn ol@ ffuJ o 6c 6rD) c(ru cUE (6.a d oane] ol <ocororl o8 o cnqtrf etcoerco,

7. "j3o,oLei1ooo;<ti8.

"-:Ja,orej1 loteotcmlolgpco)Golcoel ojcd,Jo (9)m3o rs'raojcruooto.ilocncord o6rBJ o{cagco)aJflI3c&co;

9. <ocaomcgcoer ocoero:aE oolooer;o 69ctl; o.loccuccilg.o)coe o6rcs)6o;CrD (1 0)go (l l )po otco,5eonvE Gmc6ol6.

1 0. ocAOd ogO.rJolocolJo, croto'l;cotcoat OC"etO:Od agOr;"locOrocrlg.

1 1 . ococ8 e,gol;otocorccr'l g. Grd(DJcolcoei ocoetotaE ago4.-tocorccilg.

eco; clcosoroilcDlGrEc6ccxlcm "61€Jc

ot5co_r5ccno.rlcuo"vecBogggileo;occosla,oo)cdclP]o c6.ruc(l)ojccncqojlo€oc9 gemOocrrll g. "grrr1o1aO1et;oporor o onrrl ei eJ c col oJ.! colJc cD cuJ oc er c oc R c ogcm toi 6 c co6rD & c oJ r r

ollcrooaceei]acucco8 rsrocll'lmo<n"locoo oacs]oocctd Gcogj€:ofl coeococor)cm d ccro sl cru nc cn.u o oc qoil (6acoror o oa9 (oJ crDctrrJ coto cQl gcrl torocorcod or,r

cr'l ot; or orre cm 3 rot o mt ecu o eri o, c orrrl aer; cm ci.m;accncdLnaltsg olc6,Jd6Bop ocmccoloerc6rDcCrr]gg a,slo.lceni rgc.sfi r

miallco.r;os oogcoJ tol6scDecctlo.

,., ,r:rocnja,'lcocd o{c6o5rDo - 6jol o]oJo{o (')l(.) (i{)

l.) rocooE ocoremo(r)odocfiD] [OA,Cerogs;orot (?t of)$DJoror,roro)r)f 'r,],,,r I cocojem(Ia ocarncoE o6cHod5J.

o0)crD:ojo6r0locerJo ecosi66)(r) fiuo6Drffrr)'lg[lsc<olocgo <0rco.\r> (.{r],'},c6croo?) olcmceni.

I I efll arilcm;cmotcE eeto o;s'lao;o

"6cm;"loerOrOcOE,|', g$lnillcm;cmotod eiolgtso o,;s'losr;o

o$Crnl coocrnqoO6ni.

llr rorg dl{olfl "-t;o.rcmOloen5

| ' cD crlorcm "JJodo{)(mJoto ao)J c(mcelo cruoc cncd rn (sy n o nymou s ) ocem]gg <rfr

"g; cni o cD

q$lacaocacgc.

) t.\ c 6, o 6m Lo-rc itOil e, UE

re c "gic

cru'l clt oocDcrud CD"l A, OC Oem e,'loE al sl "6) sc o{c6, o 6rD olc 6J

' :il r{nlo og)Bcordco;o ml"lo,c<otroccoiioeocgtsernoocrrilg. ojtrca,oerrild,o)eQidd

'ittlJ,oo]o4lej]6rBcacollaD(DlcoJcoel mtLlaco;rorcrido;o o0Jg€o;o2i1a3.or,,,,rrcc&Jo.

"g3o<oe,1er3o orca3eo:od ocnq:[eLcoocod o,SeoanJcm(i rec.slcr r r l r

jiil qgrrr r a;ooi oac onec ao,loaoc tsg em eioorr'l g. eBc or) (06rD ocol, B x 3

'U)l(0)a0)co6rD(rd "960r er""to5crd crroJ€ol .-rocorcod ae'lcor;o. "o<rncoE

g376l()87 .otco)ocoxrd <uroo4corcoer c6rolco.) oojoscrd .:oor;o orQ. aserc{rulo

",' r, rEmrl a;oos]to, oi aomoo] aS 5il CcncooJo o)6)crD cor6rDo. (sro Co.)ceo)ci o6rB c

",,)(0]0D (ruo6uJ

"6;1-ro'lororcd oJoo)cqa cno]ed ae101eni. orc&lu rarg avl

rrl,,lcrfl 1.-16"3oocDo nosccn] ooora]oooDJacloo. mr5.ds'l..ro<or (creativity)

',,,r,ni .-r;tdlao oJcd,J56l:} gSerreceocnE ecogioqo) m:.occorlao; cm<oi. p,lDr',r,.si sloJ ocdr Q)los o$ go

bc cDoc&GrDo a oJ o$c6r o6rnoro'noe o.D eil6r ocaD

',:rluoJo. crjlaoroc(r)l"dol<olacco m.l5"ds1":roor (rule-governed creativity)'r lr'rJgg rolco8gojo orgdorocad olcocnia,'laoJos aro(n66Bgceni ec^crc,, r,rrigo,ooto, au"occol4il5lggd. oooerc<Ec5co.rJosaoJo oooc6ruc<rEglocrpoo;o

'rl' rolcmro6rDlo,gteL]o p/rD O,iJd{Doceo ffDa"lojcno 636IDCo. C._tcclscoorrog, r1 rab@6mo0flei$aor;o rsrds'lcrunccDor"lasi6rDo porooororle-rccoi<o3cm; g2^r

""'lmmccnoror'l<oE ccncaej]corco8 oroJ ortrcaoemcooilrd ec.goeroQ no.,rrr,' l'.'D'laoJOS eroLgil4oroilalE o.[d{o.locao]o ,-i1er cocaog]erreccol<olceeronrror)r,rrli

11',r1)l6c6rnco. oo3 ecoucolellgp "ogc o$c6,o6rnolc6J56BgJo, {oDol0r)l{o)..,rr'rco"lgilaocoE (sromojc proJoro'io'laocod (generate) corg rec.lrcol6)s or\r),r),

70 O0O rec.rsicuocff\jt(d.)or ffp"kDccroorJo Ldeao)coorlo oelo)cgoloilo!

oemoroilcri osloremo. ocLtoo:log cnooJolJos o€lscD oilcuoleo;olccDJo arutl

Q0)6rDo. "e.rscncoilo.ro6rDo (structura I description ) "6cmo,;oAcene;cgoolaollmr<d ooenir:o roro<8rno

"gcrnlo-rocor cruo6Dcrut€o;cm <oraog<d<oro'r (abstrat l)

6uBgcaD orJc6,tocrn6rum.u (grammatical relation) ao:g;os ogo.lcrD,ocol{u(systematisation) ocerd. cruJog,ooorlo (explicit) coJorco'oo (formal) otJocqr)

crjlcoroesBqaoocani "ogc olcaJ6sBgJosaolo o€lscD crjlo-ro'lao]otccd L.lcoiorlO)]gg cirJcs, co6rno6ro) ocL(DGa Ldg cD6ro$c 8, o6rDo ( ge nerative gra m m,t | )

"gcm; ojlgiloocmcorJ. orcorJosscDcorlruoemorojlcri ojloikp o.rcroe6Bg;Grr'l

crLc a,5 ean cd oJJo ca o$oJc mJ o H sko]cm c er;o <ola orqJ€6; sJ co o€ls (nao)c 6n lJ

gg oo, e,loE rct? (d a 5reol orc cE "el s cnccnl otoem <oT o'ilcri cn-lcu.lleoemo.

18. ocacol (ocsJo rso'loo;cm;.

19. ej]olcl)o]€olgg (org o'lold€ococtd "-t]s;gg ojcor o,;s1eo;cm; "6mt1

crca5ean uE ccnc €oJ6,. oGrBJ o.lce,JccBp;o GJ gc cnc S o$'nton colo'rcm e'|fl | )

ocerrj. "tceg, oeneloQeo]o oprs(r)coroacor Grds'lcuncoo ncfDcofi\

p.u orm5 cl;<ol olJce o6rno col6rrs:oojl crro o otgilotcoo'l(orc) cocrno. (Dco',

1o'1co; cnco.lacruooril<o (noun phrase) lolcotco-tam:o"rilor (verb phrasr')<o'r;s eun'l ccu orJ c6 (06rD cruoold tn G'6t: cd (gram mati ca I catego ries ),

<argeu5 co)ad GrgalJ c to c@ro)c s Jo cru6 d oo gal cored a d o corotcs; o2 gg6DlCr\rJo CorCoerqcDlqJq o$c6 o6rTr6umDeo:ua (gramamtica I re I at ions ).

crgo rJ, (6rgo{c(o)o, adoo or]seunlQ) ojJc6,(o6rDcu<doesBuA (gramm, r

tica I fu nction ) "gtmno crjk8o.rojleocnd 4elco;cmollet3osconerd ptn\m:ccu1eo;a,.

eigccnc g<ooiloE <n-loccnoccol orc6,J6-6BUEdd 6-Jco c'rodLnog ggqorore,'loE, c'roci' ocn cp31 elc aocoE recnsjacd av1 or;oaaloE rcroooroorl

o o cengceni "gcm] acerrilcocod or3co, oemoro'jlcri ap'lqo6mo. (ord o(f r r

cojcoe, oco orco,5oroiloi eicrrjl<oE a,3s;<ooE <oro<Eroo4cOj5cff)oJ6n{ |

6rJ(rDo(o)66t3o(r)oqo)crDlo. oOoOrOr'lo'laOJoDojoqo eiO.rgilg<ororl o6c6lhtjcrro'lacor;o cor5'IDo. p<ollocngco o4oeo oJc6J66Bog pcno (type) oil(rlg;a cerrll aoc cDJo d,stl ol 6rDo. (Dcogod,c sJ€oJCm o.tco5ean <r3 o&, cbt r,l

prcr; oorgiloLcaocor;cmro'rcer6.

20. cmrcood .j;rnjcora,o ojcollco]cm;.

21 . co,crooraE pcrr) m5a,;giloE c..rco;o.

22. cmrcarca .r]cnialao otccoiaolcrnlg.

23. cacrootctE pcml m5o,;g[o8 c"-rca,3crrflg.

, , r:rocn5a,',lcored olJc6r(o6mo - 6l(0l o)olojlo (.)a(, / I

paD oJc6J5aBoE (20)po (21)go cmo'ko"lo,roem (affirmativc) on,rr,.1

6oBplo (22)go (2 3 )go crilccsi@ (negative ) oJcaJ6cBgJocerd" .4;crDorod

(20 )m;o (2 2 )mJo, (2 1 ) cnlo (2 3 )m;o ro'roo'l er;gg Gruo\Docoro olgl.rx;4:'l

-',r'laor'lceooneor;eni. ortrca,coor cruocudoeanog crJldo-t"jl4oflcn;cuo.lr,:

Gol cruoojd(,)ooro)(6ro.)ooT) goJ(ruoordcD (su b-cate gor ies )esrigc(at o ik:

s'l caoerrel oroJo. ffi)ocud cD6sB gJos mr.o or<6oroilr<u (co-occu rren<'c' )

orojlrd -ils ololalcotl (restriction )ag;6rrecarco. <orool "tgeneleercorril

cooerrslo-to3o.

'l rsroolaA cdcoJ6mJ(m).o€)oDcecOaa,lel;o.

", cotcd oroo-locD p6ml(rD].

"4;cmcaciloo3scRc. Gnocco<rfi 'co-rc<i' o,6ooccor;o'(6roorod' a,<6oroc

orloc eo Rcool oo1 gl gg cr;l ercriloS { GroocD'16 cocco)ctnJofl . orgti rnlao4co,r5ccnoro'icri ojl"-to"lolocotlcoror'l<o;cm orcal6sng;os ortrcaosrrll6(0.), o{3o{cm clc(l)J(o.)

"gcrrfl crocorg[n-lgg <ancllcrr;o <orgor(roSoccoi

cuoccu;cmolcerd.

'rr org oooilor"rj'larroE "goofl mlc.ocnolco)]os retaoIo)co.rceni. oOCmJ ojoa0)lGcDlcsJo.

"$ crtl €6; oil mi a'l c ca) doc<d m5 c o, c4 c ern'l

"d s o.

oocml oro ao)JGrDjcelo, orc 6jcd lnoi "sicoJ

o ocaot 6J 5] ojgo(o crdcDd m

ean g;eneccorl oro;cmorcotl ec6rncocgc.

r u5,'dS1 "lO

(0)Ao)]o loJtsm ArOJlo

ec ogj oDlos cru5"d s1 ",r

<o<or 6co6lDo cril acu<oleon gc ccu acd coeun gJ ol Gao c

,,1,:l .Otqmog m)c(I)j6,6glenecaejl<o,o'r"ltE€oco oO)cDJ crulailg[l4cgc. "06FilI )'r )oercsJ5gBcrfio orc6J66Bog(mB co5coE cacraoL',l ooolo)c(6ro ocnsJcn^l

'r,r,1 orca5ecnpJo cl6ca!"loolcocoa "t]cnocoraorormo (recursivity) ero,ceni

' r,,qjcoi€d ovlcor;oacm; ocernlcocod to.lco g oioao)Jcm olc 6Jo o<rfl corc.o,;o.

'rt pcmoer poilosorro (grg d,o](oto) oolc€ooalo6oTo ocnJoqjJarop et"to;";a,cetconi cruocojl4 ei<o; o,croloro'Jlercfl cor;srd4oeoccff)c6rDo drJcorg6)ort|rr

o'slororif oclo)o ooLgil4too;olcm c"--tslcor;golc€oJcrn eiOI rD.oo\r,\

oroilood o€loco6rBccoJ ololo ocLCDo o(r)qllp-rceer'lco) oile.Xcmlml,n)(o)r)(t))

G'rg odoJd€oco'Iod.......

72 0)o recduc@cmito)o: (ntGDcftDcrrlo tojccoc('ollo oer())cp{orofloC

o{)crr'ldsBom crrldorolco<or mlerrs;corcaJcrn orc6<\66Bud oepcocen)acerrr'l ao;cm<iir ggnc oLm)or; or or;os oo:gil g<oror'loE ailcroil 4co6 recno.r

Gaojelo 6)l5)C) oJc6,J6sB g]os su6auco) acoerncni "-to

ccuc mc oil g;GHc. oojc(o))

crileoraeur:g;enecdolfin cu5ormrnood€om;m)S<ooccoi orco,Seanu0 genecaefl

o0)sldolcm co] torla,lccDao)cerrl rec"sia0ter;errecoJrntd. poro<o<oloiloE Jnon"JtG6OJCTD(OCCOOOS eiO; O{C6O6[T)o rsCoM GCotuaoccpjlOrO"lOCCnlgts OICATJ6BBO0)

go;<oror1o1eo;cm; (generate), <lornlo4sJeolcml (ennumarate), ojlo.lo'laolcml(describe), cril<Sorojlco;cm] (define) o{)o(rDco€o .roaorcod aelor;o. ranro;

oecfl]'3)(o.)offD o{ce(o6rDo ojcca5coEgcacn (sentence production) <oro'nocrfl

mirucooog tortolJ;ro orcaJLoisffcn (sentence generation) ornloctlcnr'lauccoro oct<olaconi. 6-J@l ecosiecnlo cluoc{orcojlm;alscolo8 o{cdro5rDocrr'l"d"ia,sco "jceiloo;cm;. <srd(o)caD(i orJc6@6rDo rec"Uo,ocrpccorc GnoRJ

e,1oE cgcocrorcojlocrpcorc a,s'loilocn og(o)o orgmi.joocaolor;gg ffD'k]l)ccut

og. recnsla,cfi c(uoco)corJo, cgroc<orcoilcd ecduacrr]ocojcaE a,elaor;cml "O(m

crmS<o3<o;ccu;os <sros'lcnr-occnorojlo8 o{ceo6rDo Gcolua-clcrocroc (speakqr-

h ea rer) oiloofl rec.sr c eoro c cn orafloo! m:'lnoccrol oc ojl ol coemo.

oolcoleCog/c ffulaDcffDo - mJcaD"l6r@6lDo

o.Scaoemcorolcri mr;o,;a<olDccol orJoJauoegJ6rBco$rDo, ee'leD;cmlo)

orcd<o4ala,vE oj5a<oracoll ojlqoB"l@,o'l€occDJo 6elao)6rDo ogocrDc6ldo cruloJl

gil4locgc. ntol cccsiaocfl rec"vcoileeernccn<ao'ilen$ oc<o5eoolceni oltrca,

roernoae,'lo8 o<oJ o6c4;o,3gflco;2os ecotucdscnfiDcodrnJooro'r tooilrrjltl'lo,o'lao;rm mlce,o8gfa, cnrk:lccroro (hypothesis) (DocrDao)c5rD<o5. 1"lc<ur5a19j

"63OOra1eL;OOC@l eCdUAOJOS olJCeO6IDOCACoro)(o)Jo o$cmco8 o{JO(o)cOl

BCo9iQ)JOSACDJo c)$06O6mrOrOjlCnS'lmrnCCnOCGd,5rT3COJACACD 6^JOI OorCol tSCotUC

cnrlr:lcctnoorodsn gotorolem<o'ro'r1oE s.rlcor'lcooeneo)l6nd. p<ololrooocolmilaoccrororo'ilcd o.r3aorocco 6Joo er6,ejJ66Bglcrd. Gncx auc<llJoc€ocmJBo

l.to.rdoolrnc<roos4oor;o cnr'laocaor<oro-ilcn;enecoflolcersmo.

eicmcoolccojl nroJ oolccolJ ec"vccrocm5gol m-r:loccroromilcd ojlojl<D recnslc

or5c 6, (o6rD 6sB gJo s c colc cn5 o'l o,uE cnl d om col ao J

cu c cDlo Gntot 6 c o o;sqlGco)c <rlJro ccnsl ooors; aerc cnJ tol 6,JoD acrE cnesBqE rnldcoooloe, sotc orlo a,dlQo6rT)o. c6)coedo0)Jcm ocrdcnasBsd g.rceorc<rll{ pai mrc<.u1eoccll;cm<orcen),

(<oo) ero-lcro;rEc"sjccrD'laDccroo eccogjcgcocrD (language utterances)oonogm::crfla (ejl.-r5)orn" (phonetic transcription) orcoiai o{Jc(')ro,J mJcrflo,ffuc6o56Bgcen5 rsc"sncoj1e.r;tsg orceJ6"sng;occol 6umrogsl<oolcol;cmororm)

,,r.,rcoania,ilao)oE oljca)o6mo - 6Jol oloro{o (rac) 73

,nldemcoileo;o. <urorocaoci dlol oolcolcrucrila,cnt'lralccroro (g,crl'r,rl lrlrorrclirtlrt'ory) orgoll.da,oleole.(rcq) otco5cdroo oolgilotcooccnlo),0,1ctt) r)rrtr){r)))

' )roto) a(o] <on<dLncocmi6ormr'laoccroro (general semantic theory) nrootrorrol,,r ll.,r'U.e,. (P) .eLscncoilclo6rDo o0)crD crgcrooxoroiloop cn:rcco-to cr'lrdortr,ujl,rx,U

,, r, ('oJo crildol"jloer]acor;o odgJe. (p.lD) o.fl on<u recoscorJca, c06lr )(,m t gJ)6)"

,,,.r,'rcrr'l<65rDQo)o cuJc6o6rrcrrlcotooung;eis m)trecolml6omcruo,616qlqii,rrrjilrodoo'laecnszaoE, omrg5<d rec"sjouA ogcrri1ocot1e4tsts crjlaoroeung;orcrrt)lotri

( ) r.\(oJcfiuo "ocrrfl

or oojgil0roo;4.

oarrgcococqQt, ao) oorco]rao"srccocmilro cnr'laDccroroloE€o(o6fDo corr'|ll

,r))los ffucdorernoa'lacelelasfin (universal features) 6cBogdgilollBg oroo)'r,rrriGDQo)C6C6rO)ACrO.r'lCOOCcCl"lO'lAOemo. GIOo)CeOXi o{')HC CCoMe(dOO]o eilCul, r r, ocQCD oJJc6(oSrnormSol;<oa,g;os oloff)o. olc(oc&$cogao jleL octaosanE()roro6r-ril4c6rrilor; m:curlesrla. "Ogc rec"uo<rdao;o oolco)lcol 6Dlco)dr

,rr)!o o{](o)cff)lo oDrcDloJlalcclco;"rear:<rd, orc65op156'rco]"leun<rE, <or96n1o,

r,r,1oJ6BBUE oo(rDloJoaoJ(rnroflOi ":AOo ACGOo rao"vcJaOSo ao)LncGeOcoJACaO)

, ) r.\c& o6rD6-68 g;enec oi o1 oo;4, <aro oLcJcd cril.do'l "d

s ocor 6-JoJ ol olo Grd [o olc,)r.\olm)c'loilao;eneccoieleo;a (roro<occoni -ila 1*tco;SaoDlecolo]Bg o{c6,,,rr,mcrilcood6Bglo, oleroers6,6sBg)o, (uoor6o6uBglo actcolo;6Trecorlo) "6cnirrl.d.or6"si"l€oJ(mJ. oogcco] orororo-jlo8 ..loerororcoE cruc<dolelecolacrE]ele*r

r,rr)66Bop ono.r<0rc1g|ao;cmai or5cao6rnolol (form of grammar)<oroilcd erucur

,rr,olcQD oilel rruladocrjlaortcrorcemc"-rcurlagJos cruoocaocorocosoorceni.

o;CrDco(Dceot oorc<o; recnsrccrocmSlrormr'lalccrororoJld <onoiloQ el;ols;, rlsl4;errecaJaD o$o6,o6rneonog cn5ccofla,o'lceoene

"-t;o<oretor;eni. csrococ

rrrroi o.rlojlcr o{c6@6rD6€Bd;loE fflcrd cco)c@J(Dccocjlcorc<oroo'rcrd o'r'looeronrr,,

r ruror; a,cerrildoccD;gg slJo<opr. ec"vocotgglacDJgo caolelacao oolcolJ, rrrrnoEgoroileto, ecorucoltcrlLncncorc'ilar;aJgg orJosccnteon<rdeoolsu(o6yn

',, ooil or5ca, o6TDd6B glo o$oJc cru6BB gc coi olao;o. cm(o)Jo6,corri or5ro1,riirorecngcor m-iaDccroroa3g;os caros'lcmoccn<oono8 roraococdo;oD orJc.o,o,,rr)6cBgJ6rIBc6Co; (sneiSeiloE oorcco]oroao no] o$c6o6lnmialcaor<oo'ilerof,

r.,,eo3 5i1 cnl ggilo8 <o corc oc oeil ao o$c6 o6rD6sB gJ 6rec6co. @ GIrBc or:ol c cot

,,1061010) crjlec<n<orojlerlgg cu5oa@emeungilo8 cnlcm;ocl.tolco palol(ooaco)/) ) | oocroro sldJ rns<orolJ6rcol;@1. cuJco, oen-l cnr'leuccro G6B gJos ororu o aft|

, r(D)JJco)c .g3a,cslcnrncmo;gg or5orScn5or o{c6,(o6lDd6Bg2ers aoruroorot;ni,'r,.r ofl(0c>o'r0rtlslgi1er3gpd.6)coe a;cr1ao;cm olcm; ot5rortrdrol orcdtnaottE

,rr,roeniSj cuJc6o6ll66Bog mJccocoloooacd cnr-oc-il6ocolJcm(o)or,rr). (ano)

,, r r or GCoMQQ)JOS OJJC6 CO6'rnOJ5n3C€OCml(o.)6lfl) rAr OOrOrl elJ gpl lo l1)rlrrU)1 )r /)l

74 A+A e,c.stcoocm5gcno' minuccroot;o tcrco)c.,ol]o uaaacucg<ororlod

6orJo (practical) mtcco<oilo, (mechanical) ot]acaor oe<doesBsA Grornolccorgoil.ria <o omacrd co esnsa (d i scove ry p rocedu res ) (<sD ) rs&cdro o orcDlod

crjl <E cr: crol ao o H s J cm o 6rrs J cr{ c a, o am ean g! oE cn g c <or <ri o6 <m3 cril cro_L cojl oei rr

cDJ<o.lolcm .to1c";ccnac<E<no (decision procedure). (g) oi1oJ1<l<o-lo<o.roilet3ggl

cxJccso6rT)60Bogc())lo, oLlot'l<"u r?cogleplos olJg6o6rT56Bogco]o 6.J(oJ oolco),lracoslc uoccrJ6olm-iaucoo-rroroilercrpor;o crjlro"lar,si6m crjlccDqo;ocao ojloslcorcroller<ril

moLecorco.toiloqco;;o oros'lmmccocoro'jlco8 ojle-rcor'losorolccDJ(o)elcrn ageScril<deiDcoracdcno (evaluation procedure). poj aJ€rD:o co.)coe od,cs;<ororlolao2mrror;Golco er ojo43 ocorrfl ooc ot;an<orcerd.

, ;'rcomiajlcorcrd ojjc6r(o5rDo - 6'iol olororJo otl<.t /!t

roonBsa o{)6gBocn aElojceo'l o]p Q{oro)oo crjldcosol€ocfi)cor),r o0),ili ,r,')',il}1,'ll

,oroccoorded aelootoiogcrDoJoooD. p(onoE crilcm;o oil(;jlqt)0r1){\rl r.'Ur,t.\

,rflt?emqoo oclroracenj. cwotcD croa(Dogcroro ocr6cnaccotlo;rnil.l).rr,1',1, ,,r'1,1

rlc.siccrD:leDccrooro"flcri <orao"ilelQ <aroslmmccnorriltoE Coqil€oods)cr't) c)r,\1).r),(0r,rr)

r,oRplDc(9)1tsg 5'nj$\rJo crikdem(9l'loocod g"ja<o1aolcm<d "6mr (un)r':ll"li),r)),'

,nrocr<orrolkilooccrd lcoolgaf eiqlcocrJa,lcorcord. o-rScaoerrild,col. (0t,'!{,) l.\,

l0ro6uJccDo, m)accncdmo o'l;soar:'l orJce(o6lnoloocqot "E$orlo (rrll()r/lrill,to.rrl)ccDo{ocq0) "jler c6DUoq0)56Bog ouJo{6(o)Dccojl co'r9CrL1.'daro'lo6rctt,J rntorrtll

,,,rloroemocdcneor:sa€d av'lcorscrrrlgcgc "slmi oorcoffr5o'l d]6rl:il.{x,)1)r,nrl

,l)6))fiD).

ouleDccroorlo oinDoil@]o

€cosucsoccr6lo)ura.uojl (linguistic method) co)Jo l3cosr'ccrocm5gormrln-ucaor

(linguistic theory)o.r;o oTm'lo8 cord<or1<o'141 acemccd ooJcoffrSal gcrcofl,or,l,l

,rntd grocmcorocani. oerrd ec"sjasAod o"lc<or;crcoi 6ruo<rraocooceloo,lnrl,tn c

"vc cro c mJ gcor oJaD coiloa0)(mcoE, eio; (uo(o ql (I)e(oDaroff) Grd Ln olc o€

r g fi )o

orcei'loqo mloerumrjlgilscorocgo ecosjcolLcDLncnroro'i1cn;<ora;cm olcnicol;o.l.o,sA

,o, oene oroccrE cru"oc colloo;cm octd cneuaoE "gcm

cord (s|od mo. ol e6,9j, ec os1 c

roccnigeormjlr:.uccroo coercncffoco6rDo(o cruoeurrut'l2ilsccorotogo occnojla rgc"lr

,n"sA€d oojccolorcao O'l9eil6o€lse56Bglos ojoff)o rolocmcorcen)r c6roo))o

c)ljc6o6rD(ol"-rooro)ggileoltsq cril6GBso6BBgJos <sroslauoccn(ot(')'loE elgccnc5

oroll<o8 <oene;o o6rreca0)'l o,cemc od o9l cqo) Grteo) c erd. "g;cmco8

.ers cnc orc rl"l

,oqa6d 1"-rc<o'r14,141o Grdcool€oaocdad, G'n(i crucqtgilg. oenelo a;5i1,ooertd<orojlqo)d cnjloocooro<oror

"ira-|)<ojlqo)c€o'l "-13<o;oel'leogao)JfiD on8lac6lnlg

orcoejlcorai. oercnccrol(06T DorJca(06rD m-ialccroccrolocrDoroilcn;a;ml crSca,ro

r;rnaro'r1erQ coJolcrDrecojoo'o)dg'l "rolgl o]can occDJgts 6,c(oJacaD LCrooI

oacoDJo cro co ol oooE rec"src oocmj Lroro rDs coro.)l aQi 31 6; ( tcnl craerud('ilera!'"goqgco)ad pod e-ilocnilgp'ld;mi' (1957), c.ocooSn"€'gl cacnuroSorir,:c.d i<nocgilooo8 crularita'loj"sjoa' (1954)

"gcm"l gcnmn6€Bop oocrDlo,roctlr;

,ocorfl). mr'Iallcaororciaoem<oroilercrp .-t;coc<ntofloocnJmlA(o)ocao .r€o(0)'ler,or;r

" rScoc cnaloelc mccul, ocl14coL1 g.

ole"ld6rnoaDJo cruco pJojlo

o3e-r5crl16emCor6,(oto,d$ ojosrolo)cHc. 6loJ oorcCo)]cc"vccocm)1ri:r0 Dlr.u I r

,rororoloq Groslcruoccn(oroilOE .lel olJc6,(o6m6BBgJSrBcalcmrorl'or,rr) ,rrl'r.\(])'ld6mqoocojuo.locco;1 olo'la. oi er orJc6 coeme6BUa o$ffD {Dl <rn | 06)!. r,1r,r,l

Qolc<oroo \- [*l*r*rJ -> croo]

o{c6{o6rDo/ | l-+o<orf

crgo"flosiaroemo ,

"jolcgacoo i

oSerScrildemcoro ,

eoJocoo,o - F;;;l-> ogc6co6rDo

OojCadro)o \-l

olJcaoerno {-+o$c6o6lT)o'/

O{C6C06-IDol

O.uCAr<O6tDo2

o ot c o.l J

e c osi c oo c mi lror mr'l al c crot oror'l ercrd cl5 c a o om cntr c cor"l a o or I

(justification of grammar) acdcneer:ogggil otgoroccoreio ._tocorccn;end. otc6,qr,acm;erd, oc<Ecoecr:cgorJoce,6l5 Grool oDJo$€{oo{o crDcc6ro-i16roJ;o Lotccaoocrilaor;occcor tor"lo;.

"43sr<oreoilet;o corooroiler;gg.Csaongl (intuition) cor;o",

oros'lcmcccnorojletccor'lolooo;rd "gcm;m;coo. p49 o:m5<ol:,<o.rorceni ootrnlr

croco6rno(0 "etscncotcrdagiloE (structuralists) crjlcm;o codo.rloloo;cmci. otcro

cru o5 otcn1 a,oE (trad i ti o n a l i sts ) od cr.r;ce, oem cnlccorla,od{DoacoJ 1._r (d cnotc

oojlcolcrrng. <orecBUA a<oEgpeo;cmo(o..)cro]o "_rcei "4;cm agccoiro;cmot<0ad,

(TD o (0 er cD c ('0 o ded p,1' o3 v go1 gc aoi <oJcm;. ot cargi, or9 oL'l oda oemocd ur

eang;o;oo1o1€occDJgg crool@Jos po8oeisaccor rarg6loocoroilcri toao.r5c1co.norolerop ccolac6rn;gqcil. .oco"lcn5, arotonJ, cergc"-ti, c"ocoo{, lto"loEeudu)or;sounlcor Cruoocj(Dc('o6coJ6,s ojolluoaeanuE <orgcr.i'l"do,oemacrEocnldorrQe)ocoa) ercaoc.oer'l ocgolaccolo]cmJ. onotoloS roocm o{)Rcojolo og€rcr.:l(.olcaO)doc(?Hcco,lo;cm;. <s.roojl"dao6rrracdcnesBsd€d oadmoL"lotcrootsoccorl6uo\rJOJdrI4caro;ei<orcni "oco"lcni, cogc.ri o-r]sean'icototd o:oeromcgccrdgoloOerudcrilcri cro<?ro<lt'lotctoo 6Jglorcdoc(ncol'ielgcm tororelgo.rccotacer-r5. mlcol.l

o'ro"r1to8 oDocoercDcou&o(oeico corgo.fl"daoerrrac<icno crLt-rcrccru1.-toc6mac.oarl

o c orri l oo-iJ o cm e,1o8 a 3 s1 €m ojo a) org oLl "da <o1 42 o, c eiril eoJ cm o'l o8 .-r ro c m ir r r

ogsJd,aoc6rl;oneceotci. &co6rro etcro 1"tudcnoro.r'lcrl canloE a,;s;o.rro8 prinor

76 000 ecno:c<rocm5lroro: mrlaoccrorcu]o LoJcaoc(')orlo oerao)cgoro.iloil

o{cato6rDoooil a;o ccDoc<oro olo6roro ol3olcruna gcn;cruol{ ofl omn gilo4sJ€oJe

"OCmd Gato.r og; glgoaccrDJag. Gn(o;oarc6rreJtolocrD lolcaoocno$roo{o ('o€(')olJacccl o]ajrrildemooro "ocmd mgocorcogcrflog m;ccoro..fla,caoaco8gcrilacoc (Rrgaa) ao; ojl"uogorsdcDac6rl;.

"go1o8o,3s1 or]erScrjldamaloro'rl ei op cm s'l mro c rn cor (o)r 6aB o g dol crl gj <ora cr'l c or ene <o3 eni. oS erl cnl d em cor

ooaoS rsrggJooro) .rsl aco rec"sjddd oorc(o)l recosiccru'lGDccro)oroilercrQ oradlrnrnccnoro'flerJ6rBceco{an o{c6o6rn66BeJeis n{-to$o aslaor;cm1o.r eJo9|leracene]ojtolaootcmolceni. oJJc6,O6r13OAn<r6 cru;ot36o)oc@) cn'lo;oegBsiesaodocggJcrnJc6rec, rrjl6r$"dsacq0) ogoiaDnagmsmroloo;cm;cdrec oo(mlccncoeilcoromo p<fi m.lccr-flcooorrec;. cnolJd{o)6'.)c cac.vocn;renjldolcrn o{c6r(06rn6'sr3g]cojasj]4 egeo6rDo. oenecoorcor'l coreneati ofl$orlo mtog(simple) ocao olJc6@6rDo o{Jo6)ffD; <or1o;ocrrilao;acorcerfi. aptScnlraemcorooe,cerd accoc crJca,o6mo4o

"63<OrgOilOE mlsl<democqotoleo;rm;oorr6 orJor

mrn'l<o'rocoor'l oioqocaa ap'lcoerno. 6JCoJ o$c6o6Tno ffuogocG6rDc "gcni <or1o;

occrjl cooenEai (srg ogceo6rDo coa0)cocdoccDl(o)a]Cm oolc(o)J ecnuccrocmllormj l alc cror coojl oof, cor; o ojl cn a ern o.r'l c o) a0) oc ao e coru cal o s o ocroro o.rdl e"rJ ggcrutrccoroto'locrlcorlo ootgil4orojlerconi. ar;o]oooro-i1oE mtc<6o:eloa,.|6) {3co8jcaiicoroeanog cl;onaleocorrll€ocmlga asloj'locd crjltdcrorromoceni crucogSo(simplicity) oocrno.,]oecone]cqoolco]cmci. aJoerolor oc<Ecneong2._rccoccn'lo,l

als;t0rc8 o-rm5or;<ora,uE orlooroJo@rgorre;cr<olaocorcmorcen) cl.delocoJo. ogJo,coseongiloerRco ooHc olJc6co6rDd6Bg)o 6ic(ocorcoero)co6rn(rDJ orcJcoJa,.

"Os,1(o8 oct(o,.,o crta)o6BBglos "offi", m"lgo <o;seon1 fiucogJocoro, ocernl

€olffD sucocc06lD q)cco6rDaogcodo oemceilergsJ€oco{crDo.)cerd_ c.ncoof ,

-octo"lm5, cotcoo;enlmtorrS, ocd5fleor <o]secr:1cor (rr)o(odcDccoDaocoHco ffDcogJoro'o,Hgil crilojlcooro<omiloS nu3'ilgi'l9ilgloeneoJ1<oE a,3s1 <aroc<oraolcn{ crosl(Tu-occDojoolJo ojl<roocLqacaO) (/)cologisrno p6rBcecr.xd orJco(rfi€'lao)los (oeJCDc

croo6rD mr'ialccroorojlen! <argon<Erecolcoto)csJd'3s'locerd. oelcnccro(o6rD orJc6,oam<oro'ileiad

".l5oeiJd, <anoner€ .ejsaasBua, <croojq0tcelccoccrrrle.qo;gg crlloot

aesF.UE, GrdojaQ)los (ruiecojo or]secnlcolgg oco5e6Bsa mrJa"td"eror]o ojlsoooJJOc a0

"-rd g oo)ad c)le eoJ6rl3c€olcm)6rd. ojo6,9j GrO Oiaolos oom)Grccroio,

o-xro.tcooreloo'ilocDccol oJo-ioJJ@ "6cm <olo-ilcdlercord plo.rootJo oJoarnorJcl!fti.

orcocrda,laoDlos olcrnl catcoJ5oBUa

mrlrz:ccrorcor-icnaotcenj crocm5lrol.tocnoror]ercra ol(oaoco) el6fuJo. 6JO)

oorcol;cn-i1r:lccror.iar-lcoflQO;os "-r]cus;"-ls'l{ eio'oroj1<r-l5ocdcm accor5o,c,crdptoEecmjlql'l€occnoflcn] aelco.r;ocor;o cor6rDo. poro<oorofkog ccncoo;cmrcu0

,,,,, rcocrriajlaO)od ogc6,o5mo - 6J(ol olojoj](o r.tlr.t / |

i,, t(r)c moceolo DlcrD) oocru€DccRtto, lolorc or)6cB gcerd rec"s:c gocm) lrorroroi l| r,1

,,rr.rcco.flg]tsqel(o)fin] 6c6rDco" crugco)"IacD ccduag]os o.tdcn"laoemo croco$1<ot"l

,rr,orcQoil cnrcurlaoccr;cm oro<oroilprJgg @6ni6ocgoL1u:'laod 6ro6lTiorooo)){0)

,,,,1('o o)cco(DoJec"ucuocmSgor (Comparative Linguistics) mjlalcaoroanor roro<oll

i ' r')oJcorococcojl aemaerceoco. o6nacacorord mrooorcnco.oarecoslguoctrrilrol

r',lructural Linguistics) cn:'lalccroroclocrD. oJcrDcoocoro ooflu€Dccroila, 1.loto, { ) DoffnJ ojlgf ceoene<il Gff)co onrcoffrieJl airiooralol gil4 odmcoo<o6rD lo JtB

'r),o) ojJc&o6rDm:'lalccror (Transformational Cenerative Theory)ororocpcen),,,rtrJoon"loEa!'loQ

"-to"la,vemcicroco; ornr-lo1 (empiricism)cojlo8 aficml o.tle'lcnr

1rr1)ooil coo(o)lorcBcl(occDorrooflooi (Rationalism)et]crrrlcor o"flcroro,gcorri,,r,, rcofi15o''l <olocuololgilgrd. ccu;arrnlcucr:oroilocrp rsras'lcru-occDoroil<oE ocn;"v"1

'rrrucrulercp ffDoogecorccBog roros;<oroo1<orJcrccDlo cn<or;oLv1 ecolucp6to)cmo

,,::).$rctorcQo9oo (Linguistic performance) .ocrnloLoeor co<6<tillo1{ ocnJoejJ

,rrtnqtrlocr! omcm crJlo;ruscn:lr:l'loogf,$fi uoloel;orcrn;oceni erorcoar5ar'l

1,roo11gcfi. Gcoeicuocmittooo.or omJosi5ocn<gcm5gororo'r1ot{ col tortr-lccn crocerl

, r lr r0eil6oc6rD6rneiocrd G)dco<Tr5o,l onnleo;cmo'llo Grdo;oecene;orocmtcucord.

tor(r)cmoccDlo o]Crnl cercBJ6BBgcerd olcomial pcmaoil4td. eicni,

, r,olojctf, olcrjled ao) rec"srcolcrlao)co of)oTi)JoloccuJccruc(d "4;crocord m;or5

, 1r,))lo8 Grdoro)Jgg torociloi? oend: ogaor:ocncorcorri (0oc6ro(oooc@ci1oi roroorcn;

,, r r. ; c a;cm<d ? oScrd' "63o

cl gc o o.r'l <oorofl picerd <arooLqa oocfr g "-rc

corc all eer;,'rrrri? prrl olcrDJ cqrcBJ6cr3glos ojlqor:ocqo goror<ooceni corcnccroroemmr'lrrrr;oo)ojJo <o'ro<ollero$ "j5co]s'lm]gpilo8

poJoror'lrolacD]crD ccoejcor(.(/)lo(r) orGD

rri,o,p;o. 6-3co; BcogjaoQ rec.vceerorccnm:lal'loaor oocmSlro-r"lcorocco,il ollsod,r' r rD o 5)d gc ff)l (o)6JCm GrdortcDm cD Oc6 cnesBUa"€d mrSedo oc ccl acol (6rd gsrB

,,,rcr1",rcs'l) o)cococ€occD;o on<oilera! anoslcrunccnorofloE p<o;oro'r1o1cot;cm

r r.lo.oroomcnlcoraegnsA cridcocrolcerciDJo 6rdcom5ajlqoaE rec.srccocmSgorcoro'ilcfr

,,,,r;ioor;cm;. ptoro,l<oo ol;ca,<oemrnlcoraosBgA g.-rccorccd\] orJoocofinorcoJ, rr rrr3, croctl ocLo)o g<o;oro'i1o1oo;cm, ooonir:eicotooJo <oTotdrnel<oro'lqo)Jo or.jolr, r nl (or oc ce;'l eru cnr:l 91 eol cm o d cn c cro o 6rrl Lor B cD 6 orJ c 6 (o 6m 6sn

r lr,rnsformational Cenerative Crammars) g;erreccerccDJo Glooroeo)Hco 6lrol

",,tcco)lecosjcuocmilorm:lalccror (Ceneral Linguistic Theory) o'rojlercn "t1,u,r,r5lelerc<ouool acD]osiJecosioa)crD 1",roi1recmr<oloilelop <onreleto'v6nr6orlog-t

r'lrdo-rljloerccnloalcm m)crEoret,D6,l6, orJc6(06ID (Universal (,r;rnrrn,rr)

,,).)r(Tn o5xrDat)caor'la acror5oooiod o;oro cno8occrrlo crDcutd6)Jm)J. r.:i)orur)

.,,, rrn51oloror'leiel crL'l6o-ro<oocor acgecnoSodoco€o o.rgcooloorro5 6)rr),rrtii,ir,l' " rd cr^ui16i1366'r creaecrrqceni.

78 oio ecducc/ocmi[cpo: aulepcfio)otlo [olceoc@ol]o oelao)cg(uroilo0

ouc off$a,'l (o)lo s rru"l rrlcooreunoE : org orlde o oI or] o o€ d g (o)l o

oo-tcoa$ajlor;os roelmccnDocrDLolecna cn:latccrorcoofloo! orgojl<Eracoro

1 95 TeLceni; mno$cdgAd mitsdc'-rdmi "6cm a5to'r'lcojleJlos. oorco{rrjoitor; o s mjlo c aol roro'rl nj (gn cQ no oJJ o <.ro1

"stJ cn c o3 o o, g s1 crfl <d c e oo'1 4 "-r

o1 "d

o coan:sA clacolr"lao1g codcncoolcoemotcooroflocnco; 1"lcocerrila, occo5orolorro<oldflgcfi 1 965 toE 6rdcoania,lqo;os'orgm5ei"-rddmi ac"-d r:1 o'jlcorcil

ocnd mictlccicrd' .0).m ffDltolffu'laDoccor g.omnoroilel;osorcerd. ml<or5<oro'i1o8

ao; oolco;ojloo$ recovcdem octdcoooro'l mrlar-lccro"la,o1oo;cm cscejlcorcenJoooloc6,co6rDccr$o<orm;o, rEc"sice"lejasjemeang;eis cruc<6clelcDo,'l6(o)oao)

cm oi orcr:5oo.fl 6, o o RanJo lot tolJJtol, ei o cn1 otc o5 ro tolcrcrn o o) cm; oJ gAoolcoada,l orad ojl corccn:toloc6rDo oroo eol 5lo gil og s) <or0) rollo poil er; oscorceni. 1 965 -m; ccoosiolBq odff)cmDo5rD o.tSca,oom<oro'ileicr!'-ro11oro

oorcorrrSo,'lcoraf m:c1ace5<orollet]enecao) (grgcJoo)oao)JaD6cBgJos o"ro'l1nlo

olorm orcerd. poroc>' oocrueoccro"la,cor;el' (Theoret i ca I Wa r )cr:ogcm cril aqcD'lcE ac6mcercrr (crucco,roila)

":acoreilol;ral(Terminological War)eangcoflOC(((')o A,C6IDJarrol@]Dl6rd. o€)olDloCdros, o)l(o)fl) oocnrrZlocrOr'lal toloj6rn(oe glcrrecdo;Cm ojl e95T o cm ojloc cruorojlocrf, ojlo:ku ecol56Bo gd$ .rul

"r1 deocod oorcncco)(o6rD orJco,cocrn cn:'lalcaorcooilocrp <ooslrunccnoroJloE tordcl

o-t o1 g[ ao o g S Gra cnJ c erc o 1ol<ofl cerc o miru: c cror cre B esB<ra, a gfleorol;o

ororgileroror;o cnoro)Jos <olc<orila,oilcoc(n(o)tcro) cn-uccr.l'lcno;<rdooerceni orla,mi4 <orocn;oemcn cn:"lrucco'l5sBUA, orlcDcffoco6rD o-ro"l<ro"lercno mnar'I4 -iladcrur<urlcroroccoi gg.|jlgjlggc<orc.l;cnocoil.daoo146orc rargor jlet cn:lelrcaor

oilcuo"sd66BUA "6crr,loroorgS*l=f ojo6rorrrlcojgca,enelcoilo'lao;cm;.

c(/ocfiDffuta,('a

(orJmccroo6rD otSca,oemoloiloo! crLg<6gcono8 g.jcuccnoc(alo olon] B@c

cruml1o gcsm;eneccorcfr '

rorgo5cooroi 1957 o;cloE 1965 o.looorJtsB eceto€Jgo. 1965od<or9 der":d6 mi coc o.oe.fl er; gp 1"t c ac erd16r ac<ol5 e (Sta n d a rd Th eo ry ) cot;os

o$orau.ocd cno. 1 9 6 5 cnJccro o8io Lojscr) e, otc osoLl ot coo'ro'jl oi aur: etc cor"l g*rrx

roocdro ol'lorcro (Cenerative Semantics) oro-i1m; ooaioloD o;cr0ro'r;oeioL;,r

ecellocaeln rooaljlcri cruocol'ld onolrleo)6sBgJo 6ldcocn5a,lcolJos ffD'lcDcoo)

erer:otoilcri orcm orla,cmrolJo Grodmo{coJJccDo ololo€tscn cooloolc cucd,.log s cD ao)l os rao s'l m-nc cn anoil co8 c olem el acrn ercjco ffri ei cor aE cnl eu cn"u cn oqlr

oc gil oerl cn j coro d ro oer s cn col cod crrlcm; (01 ol o€t s mo ao g <02 roro'r1 o1 ao J a, o ao m )

r;rrcomio,'lorod o$c6@6rDo - 610l ololo{o c)t(.) 70

r,rerm:eoc aor'16 crr"l er orc scerd' 1":e cn a cd t.n o.t.l ric <o <oofl oa! oU o | 0U (( r.

d ejcoffdd)l (a)Jos (oo$D <rol"u5cococcor colc<rdcrcr;9o8, gcoio al5 0),r)6) 0 o) !J,

" jcsa criS

"n'lo8cac<d, c g c<d d ercccelc "-d o;semr'l ccu o.r oc cojl <o;cm; 92 <oiar< rfl

Lojolor oiaorceoc/4. 'l5eo}s1oofl <sros'lcrunccn"ssaoro'iloop ffDJGcCUo, ot\c,o,roc;rncD'icoroesBgJos ffDrecorol;o LolccrDccoaJuoo')aolo o;sean'lco a,co5eongilroE()arcoffr56;lao;o Lorsmecdmorco'lag;o orSro-r5m)olcriler.rcs;agcani m:l"l.n,

rol 4cil ( parilocr! "n

etoc d1 "61e3;<irr3a

giloE o "Jcocr66,'l

oo-r cnc oor co'l o, gil od

('r(sroreroacoJ cnScno-la,voroilelo! ccnrocojccojlcgceor<o'rscojcoer co)ccm)cm)).o I GGrg/, o{i)!PJ nl (o)J6, g)os (6roBJ or6);rofl onoE a;<ol] 4;cordcm Lors cD 6, cd I noJcGo Groc(o, co.rcororo'jlo8 o6rBconreloilcccDcos a3oO2a,3<oro'i1 or"ls;cm o,cdo t

oor cani e,erre c;. rec cloro'jlcd old c<oro€ocud 1"-rc cuccn5o moEa'lqod ".o

eroroi'l oE

.osoE gc aorol eJJ os ao)J gg ms <oro.l eolos rsraoJ m)o eo1 caed aco5 onv6oacoerrg<oro1l€o;a,clll6rreccol. "ge,leilo poflcrilos rec.uccrocmi1<or<oroin'l

orgo<o L(ocruJco)acaD ao; m:'lalccrorcreeo or"l6rDJa,15;"a olocm olcrlro;'

"nloEcoccjlocfl 'acoaoL;c6(06rDo' (Case Crammar) poo;crE a,coaJlno

dr g)o sG orc sr]o croco.) ffu(oro or;0aoae)c g qlcrn p.lD cnrlrll.lc clorceBo 1 9 6 B or:rr

ror oQ'oacJ mj c"nc<d oo dmj' "gcm 1"-rmiaooco) celolff)toro'r1 et;os orcenl

.n'loEeoc<d <rooLoolgil4ni. <araaflcnscfoofuo oletLolcolcrojo "n'loEcocd <arord

-r o1 "d

a o'l 4 oL <or o1 gil oo; a cor; o2 orre c cofl .

odc ocf$d,'l coad mtlmcooccc6gBod

"-t ro'l.d a o em orc nl o, g;er s

"-t; <ol'l o olca aJ ol dsr3 gs o s o oL gil 4 <o'roi oil

mr-lercooo-toocqo liler jlgo ocgear:uAdd odcocnia,l olqDcocao'I. "61o,'ler;o

crc6;ogr5olacD3os 1.:cLnala mJjcsoro(ofo)dgl roncq.ooroilcd o<org3o ffDocroc)

orleneccoig. 1 97 O,lc,E oorcorr5a,'l 1.:mila.u"lao1g'clloc<6dm5 eicenE ccnco'l

mooetc(ru otucrd' "ocm Getorff)o Lote cn a cd rnclcr:1 avdeo;gq odco crria,l()Jos (rod(o)ocor ao;.lSlcorccolo;cm2. 1 965op-t (o)oog tolcocerrjlo, cn-l'lalc

crolorril<o8 ojler ocgaarcd cnl3ceuo14;oa,ceni, oilacnrlollo-tcocerrjla,m.:'lrruccro(Extended Standard Theory)oocm; oilglao;cm oo; cru1ruccroo-JaDotodcoffria,'l oilrecotcno o'-rd<or;. toj(l)cmocs crDooraosoBg;os orgcinrolo,celeie,sj5rDdcBcrdad a;coiieor crildolorcno oacsl€o;crD

"gdcr$enLc<6 ( X ) cuco,.r

ojloLccooocm crul(ruBc(p)o oalco<nid)'l mtt"lao194<tfi pcorcoscorcerfi. ognt (nOUo

cor oroiloofl cruSod ooc cor crik6 ou cn or;o ojl cro r:oc co ofl otoemot; o o n r go crri.o,'l

00)Jos o{]gorlo (o€(o)o)cao ord(Dcojcco scaerqacal)c"o'lonl' mrlaflc.oim\.0t SBd eic"-r5 c1"nm5 cn51sd"-rrd' (1977)

"6crn "t3m5rora,oro'j}oE otcoJl,ooo,'

rncoo, 16'larl or;secrdcor aocenlo'la <Tuoordcn (l.exical Category) corud,oti)),,,

80 @lO ec.sjcsocanjtroo' au'lapccrolollo l.lcoc@atJo oetolcgoroilo8

ff)c o oJ 13 ouo oo"l (o), 16,'l eo)c ol a rruo orfl ror o)J s 6srt O) dB ouo oril (d) ffuo old (')

(Phrasal Category) eanudao;o1so)aei goL oerrder;o oolscoto -ilet cruoor<do

5sBg;o6rem orcr:oceni "gdmi-en:c<6 <argcrocorcoo'floop rimslm:nccno. @ftficruoord (r)el'l (ro o, gloE oto;ororlcor oJmng acgean gceni

"gond"j<o]a giloE

oe-tcoffdol colqA oflec u)roo,lroEod S od m ccro (o6rn "io cneors8dd ot;<o'ilor

g emd or;o p cclo.l gcnorlo cnroEo,l qocnltcrlorn g coi. cool cD coo) o6rD c4car oGTn

cnlccloeong;os Lolcao)cotao (Orderi n g of Ru I es )aanua crooiao)cdodogs;coro.lcrrg crilcorloorm(Constraints)ecnglo cril5'ilcrtuma,glo ogcrrllotoeococoolgoo ojlsoeacao "lrdgov0eoJo crcBloJoilotcaoo:ua€olo psco)c€o'I. oolrec"ua,oQ ecduc€g6rocorcnjlnDloqo oo.lgilcrccoccnl(o)aJ(m ol<uicculoE <oncfl

rnr'ku-lc cror ooror oo go g s; oro'i odoc6rre; cu o c oA oo-tc omia,'l a,J o o gc(m J o fl

t@alegl5lggd. 1975-CIE 1"-rm:1ral'la,o'14 'cil".dgasro0ar5 oc"-o' ErcoGotd'

"6cm ..t; m5 ore, omil et] o s (gra o o'l o1 gl 4 coer cn c o (, 66|3 glo s oxnc cn o c g 66B6)S

ffDo5rxffutdo]rm'c1smj oilaorcjl' "gcmcllcomgs;cm "l;oilor mllm:occoorofi o;

os oceni, o crco<rti61 o;crri cruloil gfl 4' o-r1a, mi <or(op acerrjla mr'k:ocno'coro',lo8 "jler "-r;ro'i1cor

ocgeon<6 orc;oro'iloaocenS, omo! '"-r;rn6oila,mjlro

1.lcocerrila, mjlnoccro' (Revised Extended Standard Theory)<oro'ilcoJ o;o:ooa,cs;oro'lci. 1980-6E oorcoffiajl <onop c1sm5 <ojlqcDcil o.r"lene;o *ro1"da,o1ao3

ocor;erreccol. oroojloS 6c(o6o (case) <loroerocp" (reoemcrnerum-ucn), ooeua0u1or.d (enrmlcrildemcoro)

"gcm"l orgvocoreor:<.rdao;a3s1 mrnccno oocslotol.toro or;oa, ceni 1 9 80 -o er cnrlatcaor ocoT

5 a,co)ad cnoro eraofl" <cOo!" ooeruo0

ollo<i cocaloE (crilqoCcrosm crjlenrcrucn oco5a,) d6)oD col(oceni ele,cs;oro.r1<o1ao2cmail. ei"-.lcomia,1aor;eis'etdcldmi po8 <lotooro€" .qnno.liemen:a0ru.flocd (1 98'l )' .g;cm gncnn<o'ro'iloE pailocrp oilcroaocqcD otdg acemco,u5caoemJlnola,oA€d or;roilcor oocru€Dccrotocs'lrrunccnesBglo (pri nciples )

"-ro1o1<oi1ag3o (Parameters) crildceool4;oa,cend 't"ilcdmngilvAm5 angS .-rroc

alcAda6'"gcm c"-r<o1e4gg oocrueDccrcrla, or'la,sj6moroile4os cDl(o)cDtojoj6rn

<oraua€d "r;oilcor

occDo cDoEa,loaocene'lo1oo;o,qoc6rd oc-tcocnSojl pcdca;o.<roerigo, o€lscD, rcodroo

"OCm1 rcros'lcru,occD oleldgBgJos m'>alooccot 1aal1

"rcncn<o'ro'jlcri elcrcocnie,lcoroa cruleDccro).raloflcotcgo (o€(oocQO aogccrrilg

"oCmOrcerd ffucoJo.

198Oa,g;os (srdolo)cff)ctorocos ..q<or1co.r Lotoc6rnduBg;o o-rolotoilag;o(Pri n c i p I es a n d pa ramete rs ) aerarreororcoocmccot'I. 1 99 1 o;ood <ncloeracrfl'

cD{" ooeuadmjlori (GB ) cocar.loE ooo,6,ccoJo oelgloa(mJ oo;crilcoilo;cm

iuudrnean giko8 crflcm; oorcomia,l lcoal roilol gloLls;cmtutl 6c6rnco. o6)fl c

re c ova vdeoJo o ojc CoU G or aQ)J ts I C'roc'l er6,si 6rn66Bo g dsn qoaSg olocD oocm

{)dooani6,:laooa o{ca,(o6rpo - 6r(0] o]oro{o -_. _ t.lOr.) ll I

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r,rorcoffr56r'1. 1 998o4'olcrnoailg$ po8orcoro1m5' (Minimalist Inquirir.r1998), 1999-oet 'onDcilcol"sloa ooentc.nm5' (Derivation By Phase 19()())

"6cm'l g"-ieucrudgBglo lvocalcorean gcerd.

orcdrJ6o6rno (Syntactic Component), ffiodmac6rr\r)o (Serlantirt-omponent), cnncnlaacem.uo (Phonological Component) ogrcm"l o;cm1 oilr.r;r

rn6oBpc6ni ore6Jo{c6r@omoroflocncrd oorcocnie'l o.fluoo"lao1oo;ffi)J. olco,.\,rr,cem.ooceni lolscD66c6rnDo (Cenerative Component). oro<dLaacemlor;,,, rurcrjloa,corrrl-ro{o ogcogcff, a,c6tr\D56rl g;o ( | nte rp ret i ve Com po nents ). er o;orco5o'n'iloap <orgcroole"erscn (Deep structure) ccll]o GrxcooJo€rscn (Surfacc

Structure)ccu;o ootco<rrio'l o.rlrgccucno o"lcl)rol;. <crgcroro'la"erscn rcndnru;o{,TUcoroJoerscn oloJorlo crlltdemcoieer;cm]. 1957-oE odcocnis,'l oJc(mgSJ ol4oU erolcoJJ ( Kerne I Senten ce ) m:aoE gcno orgoorola rrue,d gmoro'ilrd o:sloccilooercs;oro'rJ. odcoccrDocn'loroesBsd g"-rcorcolgj <argcrorola,"erscnd,og(,rxcooJoeis cDa gcaefl Ecgco. poi roadrnooro 6r)Jcut€oco(D Gor6rDo aDc (l)J

o'rccooenEni "Ocrd 1965<o8 odcocnia'l cril,rda<E"sil€o;e,cor;eneccd]. lorem,ocdmorcn'lauf, (Cenerative Semanticists) goi <ir1oca,o1eo;6raolo od, n c cro'rocril co oeanud <ond m ac g <oro'ilcd 6 co6mocal oooDJ eo6rreoto)l a, ()lo,,)erqJ(o 6c(oJo cffxoccoro) cru]'-igil4Jaeleloxl;. on<Emo,oEgcnq0)'l@E GDcooJ

', (.i s(r)6,gJos "rd cruaooillloa,c s](oto.) ogrcoffriai orcd{odoccaLcn"l olro(t'entrality of syntax)ootloE go4;crJlcm; a;ccmcllocorcrDloJooco. 'o;"-roro'i1oE

rrr'lcm;o <ondLn<oro'r'lcerod' "6;cmo'ilcDlor6oo 'rsrddm<oro'iloE cnlcm; o;"r<oro-il

,:'er€d' oo(m oJLBcorca,tr<oroiloctp olgdoo orco<Tri<er'leoroi llaojcgororloS,r),lGo€ocero a;eean'lrrilcmoi mo;aoi ooaoccncojlg. ffDxnDo oo1.'vtrcoco]os

to;g;agiloE rnlcm;oced so€ol1cqDctol rrd4a,g;o crJler.-rcs;a,g;o;eneccoro5

,,O(In 6,c coJ (oro) l(oE o rcocnia,'lod cnJcao) oceo)J o ron re'l oc crr"laoco o0)crnJ

,r./o)ccrnJanJ.

(o,JrncoooLolCa,lqD (T ran sformational p rocess)

63col ojc€'Jo€Jsm oogo(ol olcajo€JscDaocoil aco]cmo.laocslncfl c o.Jmo,rorocriloroeonod. a,;5;acor;o alocoi€oJoao;o ora,oo orcJao;acorsoceni <arosl

, I r)Jtcff)oj(ooca) (oelo)9oo)o cnlccl;nrra<,rd. crr'lderucnuocqo)Jo Lolcaoccnl<l.ooonq,r jloo)aeanua (obligatory rules), coremoae,loS ocl(o)o LoJceoccrflccoens ot.larlor

,,rrn<6 (optional rules) "gcrrilear:ercnco;gg

cor<Eroilo'lorJo rarqor@Jocco'l orcu,1.

'lilol-lcucoloo cootcnccroocrjleo6aBglo Goolcollos Lolcaoccnle,Darlo, In|o(no(,),/))Lcro5gBglo, crilcorlcrolemeCng]oDc6',€o mr;o1rE"et1rd4ou8.oer orvilor"l2 tnor

82 OfO BcorucuocmSl<oo: mtriDcmDclr3o toJcaDcooJlo oerolcsotorlai

o6mrtfl <wOe,$- ooerucrdo.nlo<d ocroSo,olo8 (oerff)c(D@6rnooro tcrgcnDo'ldr

o€rsff) (d- structure)oo drucooJo€tsrn (S-structure)ocoi ocglcm dcetct(move me nt ) rrjlqo) aoc aol olooL<oro1 gp ooJcml. Grucorl5 n€jsff oco) ffulmoloJo(Phonetic Form - PF) oocncorcolaogo"to (Logical Form - LF) "gcm;o oilce14;acerrj'leo;rm;.

G B co.'1o gorcnteDccro6on gJo

cru o a c er"l cn o-r o cn arn giloE mrc d or ero a'l 6 orJc a, o GTn on'r'l cncenf

odcocrrie,l a1s;<oo8 gecmoE rnoSoloocem;cm<d. rsn<o'jlom ooo! CB ocroX

a, corcd cruo(o m)oCs;ororcoi oo:con5ajl loooloo;cm;. po'il cercocol o5o&oemcnjle.uccnrooro'r targd polcrikecoeangco;l <oilo14,

,,

a) acoa,rnr'lr:uccr6)o - (Case Theory ) acoa,eucrueor:oE oo-rgfl orcdolfiblr

b) olgcm:'larc<roro - (Theta Theory) Loreoeool(oocccD odo6RBUa crtldoto

ollce4cml.

c) reoemcn:'lcr:c(nDo - (Government Theory) oJolJoeJsmarglosaoloorglcolol"eLsoagloscrDJo

"lcom5"ro5o<orol crjldemcor'l€o]Cm crjlenrcnl

coo<6 cru;"jld*l*).d) enrcnr.lrril<Eemor mialcooro (Binding Theory) cDca5aBg;osaoJo ffudoJ

mco6BB g]oso)Jo olld olcoro 6Dc\rJ6oBog crildem or'leo;cm].

e) crjlerucnocn m:'lelccroro (Bounding Theory) o€,sff6glos ":cerncnJl

aDloqo oogilocao;cm;.

f ) crllorlcroremcruld)c(oo (Control Theory ) crflcorcocriroml;rcnaog oilolo1eei;cml.

orc &J co (,) 568 gJos "-L

o mSoJo6nja\.l) crJo <orglvoco c 1oo'l (o(oJ ec ol6BB gloco-rdcm o{c6o6rD Loloc6rr6sB g]o o€rsmcoo6sBg)os oL'l cntrccru1a o66B5,) gcm

.:o1a1 o'ila, g;o gs8cqo;cm g.rac em.Loloc6rD oc olA6 o cor oilo.ro'l aeil6 collo

ojl <ro o"l e, o'l ooJ a, <orlo oo-r co) <ol; o a,c end mrc r0 or er 'tc a,'l a or or'l c er do]@ 6-t ol<or'l6nonlrorco;cerri elotcomialcor;os '"-tg<o3aogo1"lcs1'

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o-locorerreloro2cm].

oc-tcoffl5a''l orerofl 'cmcgd ele"-d FrcoGcord (f 986) 'arccilccodmlt

"gcm"l 4,5<o'ila,g[er;os rscosjoeo) 6rucooJecoe:, (Externalised language - E .Language)

"OcmJo <argcrorrola,recosj (lnternalised Language - | - Language)

"O(mlalgg ornra,oEgmnorsaccor'l eumoogsJtorojl <arocloolgiloo]cm]. ecduo

,,r,rcomiajlo-)crE o{c6,o6lDo - 5-JCoJ oJolcxJo r.rar.r llil

l,r rGaoc@(orojloofl i;<ojlo3"-roceo ecoMacDcen5 rogo5coro'rrii. mtcot;.o.trrilrurrl,,oRcra, mJcoloo5or5coro'Jl, srrlcor)J(rucoodoJo <ols5gBlacD 6coJ66B(/a r.lco'ili)

r,r rGQe)c(D6@r"o mrccr"lcrr'laoJ(rDJ. ccogdo)]os Lolceo)c(r)ojool]o oilcrilorQr. tro

I)rJr2Caa) m)c(l)J(o6,og pror]eio,cend oiluoo"lo,o'l€oco. oflcrnco8 rurg<rorro1,o,

r.:l)alUOQQ) rEC"Si6,Cr5 (ruoOgOCCO GCdUCP6TOCO)OrOrletSelS ACL(o)G0 crl.!96) 1.\C

'Dlooccncoj;. cxJcaosInP6rlDCCDo pa9 egerOCCnOto.flOOS tSTOOI"gj€6,O(Oo 0lC((0)().

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,or'l eLlos <sroolro"ldcmoc6,Jon mre,o8 gcneanog 6JroJ acmcrula ecogieo]os

ol5ca,oem"ro'1c1"-rev5<oloi1o8 uolccrocu-igcn;reo.r'lao;a,ccu;ocerd o":cgrrnro5,

tlBcoo(o6rncru"rllroo rru3o'kd"e"racqojl *dg oldcil ono.r<or<olgilgccel orjcotrria'lqo)oa ogoaocrno or;sd ooooc<dod cru;oL.5ao, oc6r J. no scodo cnl<oJo;o-l

roro'r;crjlcm; cag;<or"lt6eoJarcotJo co-rerr4oro;o. (odcDcctootolscDa o{caro6rT)oroi ocrp cru al <6 om al corlo s m) cro gJ acjl ccu c o6 co'jl a aorol er o cnr rzr"l c aor'l a, c ral

oJolJor)o LolcaDc(,)oJsJ(oo)lo GrooluoJocani. p4D lol5rxfi\Do n(oJ o]6uol]o,)cL(oo. QBC or) co5rD56Bcd Crl1O4 coJS 65) GCoTOCO S eOJo m:laloOOl Cru]oj rnOUE

, o,Soroilcrilo4 6ls]€o c<oro.lcos ao)Jolqq n<o; olerrol;to.

54-2A04 7