Biochar and New Green Agriculture of China presentation... · Biochar and New Green Agriculture of China ... 1111 2222 3333 4444 5555 65% of croplands ... In Henan, 25% burnt on average;

Center of Agriculture and Climate Change, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture. www. climag. com; www.ireea.cn

Biochar and New Green Agriculture

of China

Genxing PAN

Center of Agriculture and Climate Chang

Institute of Resource, Ecosystem & Environment of Agriculture

Nanjing Agricultural University

Email:[email protected]; [email protected]

Outline

• Cropland quality and productivity of China

• Biowastes from agriculture and the treatment

problems

• Biochar production and application as an option

for New Green Agriculture of China


• Limited area of croplands for crop production of China:

130 Mha in 1997;

122 Mha in 2008;

• Low productivity of existing croplands:

Problem croplands:

66.7% in 1990’s

78.4% in 2000’s


• China’s croplands: poor in soil OC

Low organic carbon level, mostly <1.5, bad soils structure

• Gap for SOC sequestration:

A biophysical potential:~2 Pg Soil

SO

M o

f cro

plan

ds(%

)

0000

1111

2222

3333

4444

5555 65% of croplands

(MoA,2004)

<1%

Area of cereals production

<1.5%

US & EU croplands

2-3%

Critical limit, UK. 2003

3.5%

SO

M o

f cro

plan

ds(%

)

0000

1111

2222

3333

4444


(MoA,2004)

<1%


<1.5%

US & EU croplands

2-3%


3.5%

0000

1111

2222

3333

4444


(MoA,2004)

<1%

65% of croplands

(MoA,2004)

65% of croplands

(MoA,2004)

<1%


<1.5%



<1.5%

US & EU croplands

2-3%

US & EU croplandsUS & EU croplands

2-3%


3.5%

Critical limit, UK. 2003Critical limit, UK. 2003

3.5%C gap

Unfavorable soil structure


• Extending areas of croplands with metal and toxic organic pollutants

over 20 Mha croplands already over the national guidelines, serious food security issue


• Increasing moisture stress due to increasing

drought frequency:

Severe drought in Yunnan 2009 Crop growth failed due to severe dry


• Reducing soil health under intensively farming

Increasing pathogens and insects hazards


Biowastes from agriculture and the treatment problems


Crop straw produced in large amount in China’s agriculture

0.7 Pg dry mass annually; utilized less than 35%

• A large portion of crop straw burnt in field:

In Henan, 25% burnt on average;

In Jiangsu, burning increased from 21% in mid-1990’s to

48% in mid-2000s


• Residues from vegetable and fruit production sector: an increasing issue

0.5Mt/yr in a rural vegetable producing county of Gansu


• Collection and stock increasingly difficult to lack of labor involved in agriculture;

• Non cost-effectiveness of treatment due to small scale and fragmented cropland by the owners;


• Increasing land used for waste disposal


• Household and kitchen biowaste mostly uncollected and treated,

• Black collection and illegally recycled cooking oil problem:

Cafeteria waste: 0.40-0.5kg (day person)

Household : 0.4-0.6 (day person)


• A safe and sustainable treatment demand for biowaste:

• Crop straw at 0.7 Pg/yr drymass;

• Animal husbandry waste: 3 Pg/yr FW;• Kitchen and household: 3 Pg/yr FW


State actions for meeting the demand:

• A state program launched in 2011 for household and kitchen waste

treatment: pilot treatment and recycling projects in 33 cities, total

investment 0.63 billion CNY;

• Classified waste collection and stock management initiated in major

cities in 2011: 4 major types as (1) recyclable wastes (paper, plastics

etc), (2) non-recyclable biowastes, (3)potential toxic materials as

drugs, paintings, metal battery, cosmetics and (4)used furniture,

apparatus ;

• State Green Energy program through crops straw carbonization and

gasification launched in 2010.


• Comprehensive management and treatment of animal

husbandry waste as bioenergy and bio-fertilizers in major

provinces since 2007 (Sichaun, Hainan, etc )

• Comprehensive utilization as bioenergy and recycling to

croplands under planning (Jiangsu launched in 2010).

• A state program of crop straw return for enhancing SOM

initiated in 2003 and being continuously conducted with state

funding

State actions for meeting the demand:


The national-wide production of biochar will

find its way to serve for green agriculture

of China through recycling treatment and

returning to croplands.


Green Agriculture

• Low carbon: climate change-friendly • Clean production: good environment

for producer• Safe quality: for consumption

Reduce C cost, environmental risk and human health risk from agriculture!


• Biochar for low C in agriculture:Enhance SOC stock;

Reduce N2O emission;Enhance N efficiency, N saving;Avoiding burning to CO2 emission

• Net offseting GHG 0.2-0.3 tCO2-e per ton of biochar from straw ---Zhang AF, et al., 2011. J. Agro-Environm Scis.


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 20 40

Biochar amendment rate(t/ha)

EF

(%)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0 20 40

Biochar amendment rate(t/ha)N

2O e

mis

sion

inte

nsity

(kgN

2O-N

/t gr

ain)

降低氮肥N2O排放系数,减少氮肥排放损失

南方4个地点的稻田试验结果

Submitted to PLSO, 2011

Center of Agriculture and Climate Change, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture.www. climag. com; www.ireea.cn

三利新能源公司

0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

C0N0 C20N0 C40N0 C0N20 C20N20 C40N20

N2

O排放

(kg

/hm

2)

生物黑炭降低水田和旱地氮肥N2O排放

河南旱地玉米

四川广汉稻田

b

aab

cdd

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

C0N0 C0N16 C20N0 C20N16 C40N0 C40N16

N2O

季节

排放

/N2O

-N(k

g·ha

-1)



• GHGs from agric. Sector possess 12-15% of the anthropogenic total; 17% of

China;

• Annually 0.2Pg CO2 from straw burning in China;

• GHGs emission from China’s agriculture increasing, over 66% from N

fertilizer use (Cheng et al., 2011)

• China committed to reduce GHGs emission by 40-45% per unit of GDP in 2025;


China’s GHGs footprint in agriculture (Cheng et al., AGEE, 2011)

Biochar for low C AG

Biochar for clean production in AG

• Return to soil in a clean and non-hazardous material, easy to perform and non-dirty;

• Residues of pesticides, antibiotics and pathogens killed or deactivated;

• help for soil health


Biochar amendmentpromotes soil health: a rice field trial in Fujian

Rice season, 2011


Biochar for safe quality of agro-products

• Reduce toxic heavy metals uptake by immobilizing or stabilizing in soils, via:

• High pH(H2O) resulting a lower solubility

• Complexing and chelating for more solid partitioning;• ……?

aab

bc

ab b

b

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

C0 C1 C2 C3

So

il a

vaila

ble

Cd

mg

kg

-1

wheat season

rice season

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

C0 C1 C2 C3子粒

Cd(m

g/k

g)

水稻小麦

Reduction in Cd uptake by rice and wheat in a rice paddy (cui et al., Bioresources, 2011)


Biochar finds its potentially important application in soil amelioration

• Great porosity to effectively improve soil

structure;

• Moisture storage, more tolerant to drought

stress;

• Rice OM to promote soil microbial

community activity

• Favoring root growth


Physical property of biochar

0

5

10

15

20

Householdbiowaste

Wheat straw Peanut husk

Su

rfa

ce a

rea

(m2 /g

)

Before biochar amendment(Left); After amendment (Right)


Biochar

Non-biochar


Abandoned soil reclamation with biochar amendment in Henan

After amendment of biochar and the associate soil conditioner

Abandoned soil from a brick plant destroyed field

Biochar for amelioration of salt soil

• Capsular uprise of salt broken through porous soil

structure;

• Pyroligenous acid helps leaching of salt;

• Higher moisture retained in soft soil

• Re-established tooted zone with biochar amended;

Fast soil productivity recovery achieved with biochar

amendment and the associate by products!


Salt affected soil losing productivity in Shangqiu, Henan

无生物黑炭无生物黑炭无生物黑炭无生物黑炭

生物黑炭生物黑炭生物黑炭生物黑炭

BC amendment-deep tillage-PLA leaching- salt-moisture separation-microhabitat reestablishment for salt soil reclamation


Newly embarked costal saline soil

A demonstration project with BC amendment in costal saline soil for quick reclamation for potential cropland extension in Nantong, Jiangsu

BC amendment at 15 t/ha


Non vegetation before BC amendment

New technology and products for low fertility soil reclamation and crop

productivity enhancement

• A series of soil amendments varying with soil stress;

• Biochar compound fertilizers• Models and approaches used in fast soil

reclamation


Patents and products

Biochar compound fertilizerSoil conditioner




Conventional fertilizersBiochar compound fertilizer

Research on biochar application

• Networked and more and longer experiments for

sustainability of beneficial effects;

• Additional beneficial effects on plant protection,

weed competition, crop allergies etc…

• Residual effects in GHGS mitigation

• Guidelines and standards…..?


Biochar field experiments at IREEA


Policy briefing for biochar production and application in AG

• An policy briefing first reached the higher leadership of

the State in 2010;

• State Green Energy program approved biochar

produciton as well as carbonization, gasification in 2011;

• MOA initiated to develop biochar production from crop

straw and applied as soil amendment, in 2011

A partnership is to established of researches, enterprises of

biochar production and marketing sector and soil fertility

agencies for coordinating the developmentCenter of Agriculture and Climate Change, Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture. www. climag. com; www.ireea.cn


International exchange, information sharing and

cooperation will push science research, development and

technology transfer!

Documents

Biochar and New Green Agriculture of China presentation... · Biochar and New Green Agriculture of China ... 1111 2222 3333 4444 5555 65% of croplands ... In Henan, 25% burnt on average;