BiodieselBBiiooddiieesseell

Carmel Pak U Secondary School Carmel Pak U Secondary School

Hong Kong Student Science Project Competition 2005

Hong Kong Student Science Project Competition 2005

生 化

柴 油

Oil PriceOil Price

Recycling of Bio-waste in FinlandRecycling of Bio-waste in Finland

Why do we investigate biodiesel?

Why do we investigate biodiesel?

Sustainable Society

Renewable Energy

Part ITheory

Objectives

Production of biodiesel

in the lab

Improving the performance of

biodiesel

Performance

of biodiesel in

diesel engine

Comparison of the

characteristics of biodiesel and

diesel

PresentationPresentation

Part ITheory

Part IIMethodology

Part III

Environmentally

Friendly Fuel

Importance of Biodiesel

Production of Biodiesel

Part ITheory

Properties of Biodiesel

Environmentally Friendly

Renewable

Biodegradable

Properties of Biodiesel

Environmentally Friendly

Renewable

Biodegradable

Part ITheory

Properties of Biodiesel

Environmentally Friendly

Renewable

Biodegradable

Part ITheory

Properties of Biodiesel

Environmentally Friendly

Renewable

Biodegradable

• Long-term solution to energy crisisLong-term solution to energy crisis• Less subjected to political changesLess subjected to political changes• Substitute of fossil fuelSubstitute of fossil fuel

Part ITheory

TransesterificationTransesterification

• Base-catalyzed

• Reaction: Triglyceride + Alcohol Ester

Overall equation

Part ITheory

Transesterification of Fat and Oil to Biodiesel

BiodieselGlycerol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_production#Base_catalysed_mechanism

Potassium hydroxide Methanol

Oil

Part ITheory

Transesterification of Oil to BiodieselTransesterification of Oil to Biodiesel

Part ITheory

BiodieselBiodiesel

95%95%

Glycerol

BiodieselEnd of Part IEnd of Part IPart ITheory

PresentationPresentation

Part ITheory

Part IIMethodology

Part III

Environmentally

Friendly FuelSamples chosen

Experiments conducted

Diesel engine

Samples of Oil & FatSamples of Oil & FatOil and Fat

Vegetable oil

Animal fat

Peanut oil

Unknown oil from roasted nut shop

Mustard oil

BBQ pork

Corn mustard oil

Part IIMethodology

Comparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and OilComparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and Oil

Boiling Point

Mass of Soot

Produced per gram

Enthalpy Change of

Combustion per gram

Viscosity

Performance in Diesel Engine Characteristics

Part IIMethodology

Boiling Point

Mass of Soot

Produced per gram

Enthalpy Change of

Combustion per gram

Viscosity

Performance in Diesel Engine Characteristics

Comparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and OilComparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and Oil

Part IIMethodology

Boiling Point

Mass of Soot

Produced per gram

Enthalpy Change of

Combustion per gram

Viscosity

Performance in Diesel Engine Characteristics

Comparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and OilComparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and Oil

Part IIMethodology

Boiling Point

Mass of Soot

Produced per gram

Enthalpy Change of

Combustion per gram

Viscosity

Performance in Diesel Engine Characteristics

Comparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and OilComparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and Oil

Part IIMethodology

Boiling Point

Mass of Soot

Produced per gram

Enthalpy Change of

Combustion per gram

Viscosity

Performance in Diesel Engine Characteristics

Comparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and OilComparison of Biodiesel, Diesel and Oil

Part IIMethodology

Performance In Diesel EnginePerformance In Diesel Engine

Part IIMethodology

Performance of Biodiesel from Cooked Peanut Oil in Diesel EnginePerformance of Biodiesel from Cooked Peanut Oil in Diesel Engine

Part IIMethodology

Performance In Diesel EnginePerformance In Diesel Engine

Part IIMethodology

Part IIMethodology

Performance In Diesel EnginePerformance In Diesel Engine

End of Part IIEnd of Part II

Presentation

Part ITheory

Part IIMethodology

Part III

Environmentally

Friendly Fuel

Soot Reduction

Biodiesel 12.00 mg/g

Commercial Diesel 10.64 mg/g

Pure Ethanol 0.00 mg/g

Soot Reduction Soot Reduction

Part IIIEnvironmentally Friendly Fuel

Blending Biodiesel (from Unknown cooked Oil from Roasted Nut Shop) with Ethanol

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 33 50 60 66 75 80 100% Biodiesel

mas

s of

soo

t fo

rmed

(m

g/g)

enth

alpy

of

com

bust

ion

(kJ/

g)

Mass of Soot Formed per gram (mg/g) △ H comb (kJ/g)

Soot Reduction Soot Reduction • Blending withEthanol

Part IIIEnvironmentally Friendly Fuel

Ratio of biodiesel to ethanol by

volume 3:13:1 the best!

Performance of Blend of Biodiesel and Ethanol (3:1 by volume) in Diesel EnginePerformance of Blend of Biodiesel and Ethanol (3:1 by volume) in Diesel Engine

Part IIIEnvironmentally Friendly Fuel

Practical IssuePractical Issue

Part IIIEnvironmentally Friendly Fuel

Renewable

Conservation of natural resources

Alternative of fossil

fuels

Environ-mentally friendly

ConclusionConclusion

Reduce Waste Before It’s Too LateReduce Waste Before It’s Too Late

Permission to be broadcast granted by Information Services Department

References References 1) Hansen AC, Zhang Q, Lyne PW., Ethanol-diesel fuel blends -- a review.,

2005 Feb.

2) J.A. Kinast, Production of Biodiesel From Multiple Feedstocks: Biodiesel Processing Background, March 2003

3) Kevin N.Rask.Energy Policy , 1998,dec,21

4) Run-Duo Zhang / Hong He / Xiao-Yan Shi / Chang-Bin Zhang / Bang-Quan He / Jian-Xin Wang, J Environ Sci (China), Feb 2004

5) Sarah Ann Fox,EGEE 101 Portfolio,May, 2002

6) Steve Howell and J. Alan Weber, Biodiesel Use in Underground Metal and Non-metal Mines, May 1997

7) Sukumar Puhan, N. Vedaraman, Boppana V.B. Ram, G. Sankarnarayanan and K. Jeychandran ,Elsevier Ltd ,Volume 28, Issue 1 .Jan,2005

8) Y. Zhanga, M. A. Dubéa, D. D. McLean a and M. Katesb, Bioresource Technology, Volume 90, Issue 3 Pages 229-240, December 2003

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

1. Chak Sang Motor Service

2. Sun Kee Motor Car Body

3. ATV

4. Information Services Department, HKSAR

5. Chairman of the Alumni Association of

Carmel Pak U Secondary School

Question-and-Answer Session

What is transesterification?

• It is about changing one ester to another one under suitable conditions.

• For example, an oil molecule, which is a triester, is changed to three methyl ester molecules using methanol and KOH as catalyst.

Mechanism of production

• Methoxide attack partially positive C atom

• Break the C-O bond

What stimulated you to investigate Biodiesel?

• Bio-waste was collected in European countries, US and Canada Alternative of fossil fuel.

• Alleviate the oil crisis. To conserve our natural resources and sustain the development of society, we decided to recycle waste oil to prepare biodiesel in the laboratory.

Did you find biodiesel a good fuel?

• renewable and biodegradable.

• waste oil and fat are recycled, lessened the burden of sewage treatment plant.

• sulphur-free, no toxic emission like SO2.

• reduces life cycle of CO2 emission

• Price less subjected to political changes

Why don’t you investigate other environmental friendly fuel

• Renewable, others are from petroleum

• Sustainable development of society

Drawbacks of biodiesel

• High production cost

• Methanol: product of petroleum, expensive

• Not as many by-products as petroleum

What is reduction of life cycle CO2 emission?

• Made from crops

• 80% of CO2 emitted absorbed by crops

• Crops produce biodiesel again

How to cut the production cost of biodiesel?

• A number of things could be done.

• give subsidies to encourage their citizens to use biodiesel.

• more researches could be done to substitute methanol by ethanol which is cheaper and less harmful.

• glycerol, a side product of transesterification in this case could be merchandized as it is a raw material for making cosmetic.

Which is better for the production of biodiesel, fat or oil? Why?

• In our project, it was found that vegetable oil was better than fat. (ΔHcomb more negative)

• Perhaps oil is unsaturated while fat is saturated, the percentage of carbon in oil is higher than fat.

• As the ΔHcomb[CO2] (-393kJ/mol) is more negative than that of H2O (-285 kJ/mol), the ΔHcomb of biodiesel from oil is more negative than that of fat.

The performance of biodiesel in diesel engine is not scientific

• Instrument limitation

• Cannot analyse the smoke or power using special instruments

• Interviewed an experienced diesel engine technician

How to purify oil before converting to biodiesel?

• Insoluble impurities

• Filtration, screening

• Soluble impurities

• Centrifugation, distillation

Why don’t use ethanol instead of methanol

• Probably presence of water stop the reaction

• KOH + ROH RO- + H2O

• Steric hindrance greater for ethanol

How biodiesel related to household

• Raw material recycled from household waste

• Can be use to power machine at home like speed boat, mower

Importance of viscosity

• Ease of vaporation

• Engine burns the gaseous fuel

• Oil: high viscosity, not suitable

Blend of Biodiesel & Ethanol Driving a Petrol Engine

Petrol Driving a Petrol Engine

A. Boiling Point of Biodiesel from Cooked Peanut Oil Blended with Ethanol in Different Ratios

Boiling Point of Biodiesel from Cooked Peanut OilBlended with Ethanol in Different Ratios

050

100150200250

0 20 40 70 80 90 100

% Biodiesel (by volume)

Boi

ling

Poin

t (D

egre

eCel

cius

)

Boiling Point of biodiesel from uncooked peanut oil blended withethanol in different ratios

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 70 80 90 92.5 95 97.5 100

% Biodiesel

B. Boiling Point of Biodiesel from Uncooked Peanut Oil Blended with Ethanol in Different Ratios

C. Boiling Point of Diesel Blended with Ethanol in Different Ratios

Boiling Point of Diesel Blended with Ethanol in DifferentRatios

0

100

200

300

0 20 40 70 80 90 100

% Diesel by volume