Biodiesel Cempaka

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Biodiesel production and fuel properties from non-edible Champaca (Michelia champaca) seed oil

for use in diesel engine

Siddalingappa R Hotti1*, Omprakash D Hebbal2

1Department of Automobile Engineering, PDA ollege of Engineering !ulbarga"#$#1%2, &arnataka,

'ndia(

2Department of )ehanial Engineering, PDA ollege of Engineering, !ulbarga"#$#1%2, &arnataka,

'ndia(

*orresponding author( +el( -.1 ./022/.1$ 3a4 -.1$022##55#(

E"mail addresshottisr6gmail(om(Siddalingappa R Hotti), [email protected]

Abstract

'n the present paper in7estigations 8ere arried out to determine fatt9 aid omposition and fuel properties

of non"edible, rene8able, hampaa seed oil :SO;, hampaa seed oil biodiesel :


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transportation setor, trators agriulture implements and deentrali=ed po8er plants( ith the present

prodution and onsumption pattern all the oil reser7es ma9 e4haust after #%"5% 9ears( Due to limited

reser7es of fossil fuels, en7ironmental degradation, and instabilit9 in fuel pries, there is a gro8ing need

for ensuring the uninterrupted a7ailabilit9 of energ9 and protetion of the en7ironment(

'ndigenousl9 produed biodiesel, mono alk9l ester of 7egetable oil or animal fat is gaining importane

8orld8ide to meet the energ9 demand( +here are more than /%% different speies of trees 8hih produe

oil bearing seeds B2C onl9 fe8 of them being harateri=ed for use in diesel engine( hih inlude Fatropha

:Jatropha curcas; oil B/"1/C, &aran>a or Honge :Pongamia pinnata/glabra; seed oil B0,.,10"2%C, Polanga

:Calophyllum inophyllum; seed oil B21,22C, Rubber :Havea brasiliensis; seed oil B2/"25C, )ahua

:Madhuca indica; seed oil B.,2"/%C, Simarouba:Simarouba glauca; oil B2.,/%C, +obbao :Nicotiana

tabacum; seed oil B/1C,


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!as hromatograph9 :!; J )ass Spetrosop9 :)S; anal9sis of hampaa seed oil

+he 7egetable oil e4trated from a seeds omposed of trigl9eride, 8hih is an ester deri7ed from three

fatt9 aids and one gl9erol( +he fatt9 aid omposition of meth9l esters of hampaa seed oil :SO;

sample 8as anal9=ed b9 ! J )S at Spetrosopi anal9tial test failit9, Di7ision of biologial sienes,

'ndian 'nstitute of Siene,


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were carried out in a three nec batch reactor& after the completion of reaction the mi'ture was

poured into the separating funnel# In the separating funnel the phase separation taes place by

gra"ity and after phase separation it is being purified to obtain the pure biodiesel#

Aid pretreatment proess

'n the aid pretreatment proess the reation 8as arried out 8ith the reation onditions as tabulated in

the +able( 1( After ompletion of the reation the mi4ture 8as transferred to a separating funnel and

allo8ed to settle for 5% minutes( After settlement of mi4ture, the 33A of lo8er la9er 8as measured and

taken for the ne4t step for biodiesel prodution(


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254 D A i/MWi

IV= :/;

CN=46.3+5458/SN0.225 IV :0;

here,A

i is the perentage,#is the number of double bonds and M"i is the moleular mass of eah

omponent(

+he fuel properties of SO and hampaa biodiesel :


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order to determine the omposition the sample 8as in>eted into the ! in 8hih the moleules present in

the sample separate as the9 pass through the olumn( One the moleules elute from the ! olumn, the9

8ere taken into )S and ioni=ed b9 eletron impat( sing the A)D'S soft8are, the spetrum of the

unkno8n ompound 8as ompared 8ith the spetrum of the kno8n ompounds stored in the G'S+ 2%11,

librar9( +he ma>or fatt9 aids present in the SO 8ere, palmati , /2(#2?, linolei, /%(2?, palmitolei,

1/(/.?, steari, $($$?, olei , 5(%/?, palmitelaidi, #(1$?, eoseni, %(1? and m9risti, %(#?( +he

total unsaturated fatt9 aid omposition aounts for #5(%/?( Due to high amount of unsaturated

ompounds the


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the biodiesel 8as produed suessfull9 8ith a 9ield of $/(#%? as calculated using /!# (9)& the 9ield

found to be lo8er( +his ma9 be attributed to the presene of high amount of 33A, as it produes more

amount of soap hene lo8er 9ield of biodiesel(

3lash point

3lash point gi7es an idea about, nature of boiling point diagram of the s9stem, the presene of highl9

7olatile and flammable materials, the tenden9 of oil to form a flammable mi4ture 8ith air, and e4plosion

ha=ards during storage and handling( +he flash point of SO,


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etane number is used to measure of ignition ualit9 of diesel fuels, high etane number implies short

ignition dela9 and it influenes both gaseous and partiulate emissions( etane inde4 8hih is 7er9 lose

to etane number is alulated based on 1%, #%, .%? distillation temperatures and speifi gra7it9( etane

number of SO allated using /!# (+) and found to be ++#53 8hih is lo8er in omparison 8ith the

standard speifiations( +he etane inde4 alulated using the distillation harateristis for or fatt9 aids found in SO 8ere,

palmati , /2(#2?, linolei, /%(2?, palmitolei, 1/(/.?, steari, $($$?, olei , 5(%/?, palmitelaidi,

#(1$?, eoseni, %(1? and m9risti, %(#?(


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+he SO 8as on7erted suessfull9 into biodiesel b9 the t8o step proess, aid pretreatment follo8ed

b9 base"atal9=ed transesterifiation proess and the biodiesel 9ield at the proess parameters 8as found

to be $/(#%?(

+he ph9sial and hemial properties of biodiesel produed 8ere found to be lose to that of diesel fuel

and also the9 meet the AS+) standard speifiations for biodiesel, hene it an be used for diesel engine

in plae of on7entional diesel fuel(

Acnowledgements

+he authors thank Dr Deepalakshmi and )s S8eta Hallur of Spetrosopi anal9tial test failit9,

Di7ision of biologial sienes, 'ndian 'nstitute of Siene,


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B$C Patil, Prafulla D, eera !nanes8ar !ude, Shuguang Deng umu, +, O9ekola, OO, 'khuomoregbe, D'O A Stud9 of a; oil for prodution of

biodiesel( F( Si( 'nd(Res( ,0:2%%0; .1/".1$ :2%%0;

B1#C )eher, , id9a, SSDharmagadda, SG, Gaik Optimi=ation of alkali"atal9=ed transesterifiation

of Pongamia pinnata oil for prodution of biodiesel( a, :Pongamia Pinnata; biodiesel

prodution in a biodiesel and its effet on diesel emissions( 3uel

Proess(+ehnol(32 :.; 1%$%"1%$5:2%%.;

B1$C u, a oil( Rene8able Energ9 0+ :5; 1515"1521 :2%%.;


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B1.C Sharma, Qogesh , a : Pongamia pinnata; oil 8ith high free fatt9 aids for biodiesel

prodution( 3uel 31"0:2%12;

B21C Sahoo, P&, ), Das, )&!, , +8o"stage proesses of homogenous atal9sed

transesterifiation of high free fatt9 aid rude oil of rubber seed( 'nt( F( Sustainable Energ9 00 (/; #2#"

#/# :2%10;

B2C !hadge, Shashikant ilas, Hif>ur Raheman Proess optimi=ation for biodiesel prodution from

mahua :Madhuca indica; oil using response surfae methodolog9(


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B/%C )an>unath H , Omprakash Hebbal Hemahandra Redd9 & Proess Optimi=ation for ko7i,


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B01C Rashid, , Ahmad, F, Qunus, R, 'brahim, ), )asood, H, S9am, A )omordia harantia Seed Oil

)eth9l Esters A &ineti Stud9 And 3uel Properties( ( 'nt( F( !reen Energ944 :; 2"0%:2%10;

B02C !o8da,


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3igure 1 a; hampaa flo8er, b; 3ruits, ; Seeds


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3igure 2 Shemati diagram of biodiesel prodution proess


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3igure / !")S hromatogram of SO


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+able 1 Reation onditions for biodiesel prodution

Step +9pe of

alohol

+9pe of atal9st Alohol to

oil

molar ratio

atal9st

onentration

:8@8 ?;

Reation

temperature

:O;

Reat

:)inu

3irst step )ethanol Sulphuri aid 201 1(#% 5% #Seond step )ethanol Sodium h9dro4ide 51 %(5# 5# #

$able 1 atty acid profile of champaca seed oil obtained by as Chromatography (C) -

Mass ;pectroscopy (M;)

3att9 aid Struture

:arbon atoms in fatt9 aid hain

Double bonds;

3ormula eight perentage

in SO


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)9risti 10% 10H2$O2 %(#

Palmiti 15% 15H/2O2 /2(#2Steari 1$% 1$H/5O2 $($$

Palmitolei 151 15H/%O2 1/(/.Palmitelaidic 151 15H/%O2 #(1$

Olei 1$1 1$H/0O2 5(%/inolei 1$2 1$H/2O2 /%(2

Eosenoi 2%1 2%H/$O2 %(1Others """" """" 2(%%

+otal """"" 1%%(%%


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Propert9 SO


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Biodiesel Cempaka