Biodiversity Biovii

8/3/2019 Biodiversity Biovii

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BIODIVERSITY

Biology VII

Lilit Rusyati, S.Pd.

January, 2010 Created by Biology Teacher

[email protected]/www.lilitrusyati.blogspot.com


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A. Level of Biodiversity

Variety of living things,number of kinds.

Ecosystem diversity

different habitats, niches,

species interactions. Species diversity

different kinds of organisms,relationships among species.

Genetic diversity different genes &

combinations of genes.


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B. Biodiversity in Indonesia

1. The riches of floras in Indonesia

- DR. Sampurno Kadarsan

a. The wet tropical forest

b. The seasonal forest

c. The savanna forest land

d. The steppe

2. The riches of faunas in Indonesia

- Wallace & Weber


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1. The wet tropical forest/tropical rain forest Tropical forests are characterized by the greatest

diversity of species. They occur near the equator.

Tropical rain forests are highly common in Africa, Asia,

Central America, South America and on many Pacific

Islands.

Temperature is on average 20-25 C and varies little

throughout the year: the average temperatures of the

three warmest and three coldest months do not differ

by more than 5 degrees. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with annual rainfall exceeding

2000 mm.

Soil is nutrient-poor and acidic. Decomposition is rapid and soils are subject to heavy

leaching.

Canopy in tropical forests is multilayered and continuous, allowing little lightpenetration.

Flora is highly diverse: one square kilometer may contain as many as 100 different

tree species. Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and shallow roots, mostly

evergreen, with large dark green leaves. Plants such as orchids, bromeliads, vines

(lianas), ferns, mosses, and palms are present in tropical forests.

Fauna include numerous birds, bats, small mammals, and insects.


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2. The seasonal forest

The seasonal forests can be found in India, South

East Asia, West Africa, the West Indies and

Northern Australia.

They are located between the tropical rain forests

and the tropical savannas.

Characteristics of the seasonal forest :

1. These forests have a distinct wet and dry season. They have fewer climbingplants than the tropical rain forests.

2. Many species are deciduous in eastern North America, western Europe and

Asia. They grow well in areas that have wet and dry seasons. The trees

shed their leaves in the dry season. The trees are not close together.

3. The oldest trees in the tropical seasonal forest are the bristle conepines. They are believed be more than 4600 years old.

4. Trees in the tropical seasonal forests tend to be larger than trees in eastern

Canadian forests. They grow to heights of 100 feet (30 metres).

5. Monkeys and frogs, spiders, kangaroos, koalas and rabbits live in the

tropical seasonal forest.

Teak tree


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3. The savanna forest land

A savanna, or savannah, is a grassland ecosystem

characterized by the trees being sufficiently small orwidely spaced so that the canopy does not close.

It is often believed that savannas feature widely

spaced, scattered trees, however in many savanna

communities tree densities are higher and trees are

more regularly spaced than in forest communities.

Savannas are also characterized by seasonal water

availability, with the majority of rainfall being confined

to one season of the year. Savannas can be associated

with several types ofbiomes.

Savannas are frequently seen as a transitional zone,occurring between forest and desert or prairie.

Savannas cover 20% of the globe not including oceans.

The largest amount of Savannah is in Africa.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(forest)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(forest)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland


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4. The steppe Steppe-tundra is a sparse dry-climate vegetation type which was

widespread during Pleistocene times at mid-latitudes ofNorth

America and Eurasia, but no longer exists today.

The characteristics of steppe-tundra are inferred indirectly from

knowledge of the habitat preferences of the individual plant

species that were present in this vegetation, and from related

zoological and sedimentological evidence.

The terms steppe and tundra tend to imply a dense sward with

organic-rich soils, and so in this sense the term is misleading. For

convenience, the steppe-tundra can be divided into two types, a

more 'steppe-like' variant and a more 'tundra-like' variant.

For the tundra-like vegetation, analogies have been drawn with a treeless vegetation that presently

occurs in scattered patches on well drained south-facing hillslopes in north-eastern Siberia,

although the modern-day equivalent is thought to have too dense a ground cover of vegetation.[2]

Ground cover amounted to no more than about 50%, with mainly herbaceous plants but a few

scattered low shrubs and occasional stunted trees in sheltered spots. Peat accumulation wouldhave been negligible, and the soil would have had a much lower organic content than most

present-day tundra such as Ubsunur Hollow .[1]

The more steppe-like variant, containing a higher proportion of steppic species, would seem if

anything to have had an even sparser vegetation cover. The best analogy would be with semi-

desert transitional steppes that occur today at the northern fringes of the central Asian desert.

The steppe-tundra supported grazing megafauna such as bison, horses, and mammoths.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe-tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur_Hollowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe-tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafaunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafaunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe-tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur_Hollowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur_Hollowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubsunur_Hollowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe-tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene


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1. The Spreading of Fauna in the West

Indonesian Region (Asiatis type)

Many found the kind of big mammal, exceptpocked mammal.

The diversity of colorful bird is very low.

Found the kinds of monkeys (primitive primate),mainly in Kalimantan.

Found endemic mammal, such as one hornedrhinoceros, two horned rhinoceros, orang utan,bear, cat, siamang, tarsius, bekantan, and kukang.

Found endemic bird, such as jalak bali bird, whiteeagle, red forest chicken, and the chicken pegarsalvadori.


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2. The Spreading of Fauna in the East

Indonesian Region (Australis type)

Many poucked mammals (marsupials) are found,while big mammals are rarely raterary found.

The diversity of colorful birds is very high.

No species of monkeys (primitive primates) arefound.

Highly endemic animals, such as marsupials,Cendrawasih birds, Komodo dragons, Cuscus,Deer-hogs, Anoa, Butterflies, Macaca, Maleobirds, Lemur, and Musang Celebes can be foundin this area.


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C. Benefits of Biodiversity

1. Ecological

Ecosystem

functions

Ecosystem services

Cleaning water,

habitat & breeding

areas for wildlife


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2. Economic New food sources : Grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish


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3. Culture

Medicines

Plants

Jellyfish & sea

anemones

Nudibranchs

4. Science


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How much biodiversity ?1.72.0 million species

Estimates to 100 million


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D. Threats to Biodiversity

Extinction and

populationreductions

Hunting and

overharvesting Tiger

Dodo

Whales

Sharks Habitat loss


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Extinction and

populationreductions

Pollution

Climate change Invasive species


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E. Conservation of Biodiversity

1. In situ

- Reservation of biodiversity done in the original livingplace (its habitat).

- Ex : Gunung Leuseur National Park (Sumatra), KerinciSeblat National Park (Sumatra), Way Kambas National

Park (Sumatra), Tanjung Putting National Park(Kalimantan), Ujung Kulon Natinal Park (Java), GunungGede-Pangrango National Park (Java), BaluranNational Park (Java), Lore Lindu National Park(Celebes), Morowali National Park (Celebes), Komodo

National Park (small Sundanese), Tangkoko BatuangusNatural Reservation (Celebes), Lorentz NaturalReservation (Irian Jaya), Wasur Natural Reservation(Irian Jaya).


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2. Ex situ

- Reservation of biodiversity (plants and animals) byexclusion from their habitat and keeping them in anotherplace.

- Collection garden, germ plasm garden, botanical garden,the storage in cold temperature chambers, the zoo.

- Ex : Medan zoo (North Sumatra), Asam Kumbang Crocodile

Park in Medan (North Sumatra), Mini Zoo in Lahat (SouthSumatra), Pematang Siantar Zoological Park (north Sumatra),Kinantan Zoological and Culture Park in Bukittinggi (WestSumatra), Sriwijaya Zoo Foundation in Palembang (SouthSumatra), Tourism Development Foundaion in Pekanbaru(Riau), Aneka Rimba Zoo (Jambi), Ragunan Zoo (Jakarta), Jaya

Ancol Centre of Sea Life (Jakarta), Seaworld Indonesia(Jakarta), Bird Park-TMII (Jakarta), Tamansari Zoological ParkFoundation Bandung (West Java).


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Vocabulary Adaptation : modification of an organism or its parts that makes it more fit for

existence under the conditions of its environment. Behavior : 1.anything that an organism does involving action and response to

stimulation; 2.the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment. Biodiversity : the number of gene, species, and ecosystems in plants and animals

which show various of shapes, appearances, frequencies, dimensions, and otherproprties.

Biome : a major ecological community type (as tropical rain forest, grassland, ordesert)

Biota : the entire organisms in a region, that is the union between plants (flora) andanimals (fauna).

Conifer : any of an order (Coniferales) of mostly evergreen trees and shrubs havingusually needle-shaped or scalelike leaves and including forms (as pines) with truecones and others (as yews) with an arillate fruit.

Deciduous : falling off or shed seasonally or at a certain stage of development in the

life cycle. Ecosystem : the complex of a community of organisms and its environment

functioning as an ecological unit.

Endemic : the spreading of organisms which is limited in a certain region.

Erode : to wear away by the action of water, wind, or glacial ice (flooding eroded thehillside).

Ex situ : the condition of the living organism outside its habitat (its living place).


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Food chain : an arrangement of the organisms of an ecological community according tothe order of predation in which each uses the next usually lower member as a foodsource.

Food web : the totality of interacting food chains in an ecological community.

Gene : the part of chromosome which regulates the transfer of hereditary factors,formed by a number of nucleic acids which are composed into macromolecule calledDNA.

Habitat : the place or environment where a plant or animal naturally or normally livesand grows.

In situ : the condition of the living organism inside its habitat (its living place/its originalnatural environment).

Nutfah plasm : the substance found in each group of living organisms and is heredityproperty which can be used and developed to create superior species or new cultivar.

Predator : an animal that lives by predation (a mode of life in which food is primarilyobtained by the killing and consuming of animals).

Prey : an animal taken by a predator as food.

Taiga : a moist subarctic forest dominated by conifers (as spruce and fir) that beginswhere the tundra ends.

Temperate : having a moderate climate which especially lacks extremes in temperatur.

Tropics : either of the two parallels of terrestrial latitude at a distance of abouttwentythree degrees north or south of the equator where the sun is directly overheadwhen it reaches its most northerly or southerly point in the sky.

Variation : the difference found between two individuals of one species.

Vegetation : the number of all plants found in a certain region; also plants which cover a

part or all of Earth surface.


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