Bioenergtika Ys

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    Yulia Suciati

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    Organisms can be classifiedaccording to their source of

    energy (sunlight or oxidizablechemical compounds) and

    their source of carbon for thesynthesis of cellular material.

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    Energy coupling in mechanical andchemical processes. (a) The downwardmotion of an object releases potentialenergy that can do mechanical work. The

    potential energy made available byspontaneous downward motion, anexergonic process (pink), can be coupled tothe endergonic upward movement ofanother object (blue). (b) In reaction 1, theformation of glucose 6-phosphate fromglucose and inorganic phosphate (Pi) yieldsa product of higher energy than the tworeactants. For this endergonic reaction,Gis positive. In reaction 2, the exergonicbreakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)can drive an endergonic reaction when thetwo reactions are coupled. The exergonicreaction has a large, negative free-energychange (G2), and the endergonic reaction

    has a smaller, positive free-energy change(G1). The third reaction accomplishes thesum of reactions 1 and 2, and the free-energy change, G3, is the arithmetic sumof _G1 andG2. BecauseG3 is negative,the overall reaction is exergonic andproceeds spontaneously.

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    Biological Energy transformations obey the

    Laws of Thermodynamics

    For any physical or chemical change, the total amount ofenergy in the universe remains constant; but it cannot becreated or destroyed.

    The universe always tends toward increasing disorder: in allnatural processes, theentropyof the universe increases.

    Living cells and organisms are open system, exchangingboth material and energy with their surroundings;

    living systems are never at equilibriumwith theirsurrounding, and the constant transactions betweensystem and surrounding explain how organisms can createorder within themselves while operating within the secondlaw of the thermodynamics.

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    Free-energy change(G) is a measure of thechemical energy available from a reaction

    DG = Gproducts - Greactants

    H= change in enthalpy S= change in entropy

    Free-Energy Change

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    Hydrolysis, by causingcharge separation(relieves electrostaticrepulsing)

    Pi is stabilized byformation of a

    resonance hybrid(samedegree of double bound)

    ADP2- immediatelyionizes, releasing aprotoninto a medium of

    very low (H+

    ). Greater degree of

    solvation of theproducts Pi and ADPrelative to ATP.

    Hydrolysis of ATP

    electrostatic repulsing

    solvation

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    Metabolism Is the Sum of CellularReactions

    Metabolism- the entire network of chemicalreactions carried out by living cells

    Metabolites- small molecule intermediates inthe degradation and synthesis of polymers

    Catabolic reactions- degrade molecules to

    create smaller molecules and energyAnabolic reactions- synthesize molecules for

    cell maintenance, growth and reproduction

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    Major Pathways in Cells

    Metabolic fuels

    Three major nutrients consumed by mammals:

    (1) Carbohydrates- provide energy(2) Proteins- provide amino acids for protein

    synthesis and some energy(3) Fats- triacylglycerols provide energy and

    also lipids for membrane synthesis

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    Overview of

    catabolic pathways

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    Biokimia 2009