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XXV ANYS DE TROBADES CIENTÍFIQUES DE LA MEDITERRÀNIA:XXV ANYS DE FÍSICA ALS PAÏSOS CATALANSXXV ANYS DE FÍSICA ALS PAÏSOS CATALANS
MAÓ, 3 i 4 D’OCTUBRE DE 2009
Biofísica i Física Mèdica: què podem fer ara? Biofísica i Física Mèdica: què podem fer ara? PerspectivesPerspectivesPerspectivesPerspectives
Daniel NavajasUnitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria
Facultat de MedicinaFacultat de Medicina
Medical PhysicsyBiophysics
Biomedical EngineeringBioengineeringBioengineering
Physics Biology
Engineering Medicine
BiotechnologyBiotechnologyNanobiotechnology
Computational BiologyS t Bi lSystems Biology
Radiotherapy
X-Ray Therapy 1925
Radium Therapy
A. H. Becquerel, P. Curie and M. CurieA Nobel Prize in Physics - 1903A. Nobel Prize in Physics - 1903
Linear accelerator
1940
X-ray Imaging1940
Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscope1930 - 1950
Wilhelm Röntgen's first "medical" X-ray, of his wife's hand, 1895 1930 1950y, ,
Nobel Prize in Physics -1901
Computed Tomography
The prototype CT scannerG N Hounsfield – 1968G. N. Hounsfield – 1968
A. M. Cormack and G. N. Hounsfield Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979
Circulation Pulmonary Embolus Detection
Nuclear Medicine Imaging
L PET / CT f i i
Positron Emission Tomography - PET
Lung PET / CT fusion image
Magnetic Resonance Imaging F Bl h d E M P l
P Lauterbur and P Mansfield
F. Bloch and E. M. PurcelNobel Prize in Physics 1952
P. Lauterbur and P. MansfieldNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003
First whole body human MR image - 1977
Molecular Imaging CTSPECT/RM CTSPECT/RM
PET (18F)
PET (18F)/CT
a)123I-IBZM (dopamine D2 receptor )b) 123I-ADAM (serotonin transporters )b) 123I ADAM (serotonin transporters )c) 123I-R91150 (serotonin receptor 5HT2A)
Ultrasound Imaging
Doppler carotid artery
Valves of heart ultrasound
Optical Microscopy
Santiago Ramón y CajalNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906
Electron Microscopy
Electron microscope E. Ruska - 1933
Fluorescence microscopy
Advanced microscopy techniques in vivo
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS)
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer - FRET
Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching - FRAP
Total Internal Reflection Microscopy - TIRF
Multiphoton Microscopy
Nature Biotechnology, 2003
Nature Methods, 2005
Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (SNOM)
de Lange et al. J Cell Sci 114:4153, 2001
X-ray Crystallography
Francis Crick - 1955
Crystallographic photo of Sodium Thymonucleate TypeSodium Thymonucleate, Type
B. "Photo 51." May 1952.
Nature 1953
James Watson - 1955Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962
X-ray Crystallography
3D structure of myoglobin
Medical Devices – Mechanical ventilators
Iron Lung 1937 Bird MARK7 1955Iron Lung 1937
Drager E52 Iron Lung 1952
Medical Devices – Pacemaker
The first implantable pacemaker.Karolinska University Hospitaly p
Medical Devices – Artificial Heart
First successful permanent artificial heart - 1982
Self-contained replacement heart - 2001
Jarvik Total Heart - 1986
Microelectronics & Microcomputers
obstetric scanner - 1962
IBM PC - 1981
EEG recorder - 1960
Wireless capsule endoscopy
Capsule
Wireless link
Capsule
Wireless link
Recorder andantennae
Wired linkWired link
Workstation
Nature 2000
Robotic Surgery
Biomaterials
European Medical Technology IndustryEuropean Medical Technology Industry
T t l l f 63000 M€ i 2006 Total sales of 63000 M€ in 2006
1/3 f l b l di l t h l k t (187000 M€) 1/3 of global medical technology market (187000 M€)
Second largest market behind the US Second largest market behind the US
Employed 435 000 people across Europe Employed 435,000 people across Europe
11 000 Companies 80% of them SMEs 11,000 Companies, 80% of them SMEs
Source: EUCOMED - 2009
Richard P. Feynman
Nobel Laureate in Physics, 1965
Th ’ Pl t f R t th B ttThere’s Plenty of Room at the BottomAn Invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics
Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society - 1959California Institute of Technology
Atomic Force Microscopy
PHOTODETECTORLASER
The first prototype AFM - 1985LENS
PIEZOACTUATOR
G. Binnig, C. Gerber and C. QuateNobel Prize in Physics - 1986Nobel Prize in Physics - 1986
Molecular and Cellular Imaging with AFM
A459 alveolar epithelial cellp
IgG antibody molecules
250x250 nm
Molecular and Cellular Nanomanipulation with AFM
F
V h d
laser spot
V-shapedcantilever
tipA549 cell
20 μm
Resolving indiviual atoms by Atomic Force Microscopy
AFM imaging of pentacene on Cu(111)
Gross et al. Science, 2009
AFM imaging of pentacene on Cu(111)
Optical Tweezers
RNA polymerase (RNAP) moves along DNA while carrying out t i ti ti l l t
Wang et al. Science 282: 902 (1998)
transcription, acting as a molecular motor.
Magnetic Tweezers
Trepat et al. Nature 447:592-595, 2007
Mechanical properties of the cell play a key role in many critical cellular functionscritical cellular functions
Trepat et al. Nature Physics, 2009
Cells feel and respond to mechanical signalsRoca-Cusachs et al. Biophys J, 2008
http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology/nanomedicine.htm
Label-Free Protein Recognition Two-Dimensional Array Using Nanomechanical Sensorsg
Yue et al Nano Lett 8:520, 2008
Lab-on-a-chip
El-Ali et al Nature 2006
Carbon Nanotubes Detect Lung Cancer Markers in the Breath
Toward Diagnosis of Diseases via Breath Samples
Peng et al. Nano Lett 8:3631, 2008
Quantum dotsQuantum dots
C. Seydel Science 2003
Magnetic nanoparticlesMagnetic nanoparticles for ultra-sensitive molecular imagingmolecular imaging
Lee et al. Nature Nanotechnology, 2007
Nanoparticle PET-CT Imaging of Macrophages in Inflammatory AtherosclerosisInflammatory Atherosclerosis
Nahrendorf et al. Circulation, 2008
Multifunctional Nanoparticle Images and Treats Cancer, Reports on Drug Delivery , p g y
PMSA+
PMSAPMSA-
quantum dot (QD) - aptamer (Apt) - doxorubicine (Dox) conjugate
Bagalkot et al. Nano Lett, 2007
Remote control of living cellsNanomagnetic actuation of receptor-mediated signal transductiong p g
Mannix et al Nature Nanotechnology, 2008
Nanoestructured materials for nerve regeneration
Neurons penetrating into a three-dimensional network of the selfnetwork of the self-
assembling nanofibers.
Nature Biotechnology 21: 1137-1143, 2003
Systems Biology
Goh K et al. PNAS, 2007
Physics Biology
Engineering Medicine
There’s Plenty of Room at BioMed
