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What is a Biomolecule?
Organic molecule
made by living
organisms
Consists mostly of
carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), and
oxygen (O)
But wait…What is an Organic
Molecule?
Organic Molecules:
Contain carbon
Considered the ―chemicals of life‖
Inorganic Molecules:
Do not contain carbon
Monomers vs. Polymers
Monomers:
Molecules that may react with similar molecules
to form a chain
Polymers:
A chain of many monomers that are chemically
bonded together
Formation of Polymers
How are polymers formed?
Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation): Two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom are
removed from the monomers to form water,
and the two monomers are joined together.
Breakdown of Polymers
How are polymers broken down?
Hydrolysis—the reverse of dehydration synthesis
(condensation)
Water added to the polymer, un-linking the chain
and breaking it back down to its original
monomer units
Carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates?
Group of organic molecules that includes sugars,
starches, and cellulose
Carbohydrates
Structure:
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
(CH2O)n – n is an integer such as 5 (C5H10O5)
Subunits: monosaccharides, such as glucose or
fructose
Most often in a ring shape
Subunits are connected with covalent bonds.
Lipids
Structure:
Subunits:
○ Glycerol and fatty acids
○ Glycerol and fatty acids plus phosphate group
Insoluble in water
Do not form large polymers (2 or 3 fatty acids
with glycerol)
○ Examples: diglyceride and triglyceride
Proteins
What are proteins?
Group of organic molecules that provides structure and facilitates chemical reactions.
Proteins
Structure:
Subunits: Amino acids
Amino acids connect via peptide bonds
Very large molecules
Globular or structural
Proteins
Function:
Lots of functions!
Enzymes (speed rate of chemical reactions)
Structural components in cells
Mechanical functions in muscles and
cytoskeleton (internal cell framework)
Cell signaling
Immune response
Nucleic Acids
Structure:
Subunits are nucleotides—5-Carbon sugar,
Nitrogen base, and one or more Phosphate
groups.
Information Sources for Diagrams
Capri, A. (2003). Carbohydrates. Retrieved from http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=61
Capri, A. (2003). Fats and proteins. Retrieved from http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=62
Indiana University. (2013). Fat and why it matters to you. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/SolidNLiquid.html
Cronk, J. (2012). Biochemistry dictionary. Retrieved from http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/H-index.cfm?definition=hydrogen_bond
Chemical Education Digital Library Admin. (2011, January 20). Nucleic acid structure. Retrieved from Cronk, J. (2012). Biochemistry dictionary. Retrieved from http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/H-index.cfm?definition=hydrogen_bond
Dna structure. (2010, September 28). Retrieved from http://www.pc.maricopa.edu/Biology/rcotter/BIO 205/LessonBuilders/Chapter 9 LB/Ch9b3.html
Information Sources for this PPT
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Biomolecules and the Chemistry of Life. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/organic-inorganic-molecules.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Monomers, Polymers, and Dehydration Synthesis - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/monomers-polymers-dehydration-synthesis.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Lipids - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/lipids.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Carbohydrates - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/carbohydrates.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Proteins - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/proteins.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Nucleic Acids - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/nucleic-acids.html