Universidad de Salamanca Facultad de Biología

Biblioteca

Bionoticias Octubre (1ª) de 2014

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índice

Biología 7

Biomedicina 11

Biotecnología 16

Neurociencia 23

.Biología

La supervivencia migratoria de las aves depende de su capacidad para adaptarse a las condiciones adversas Una investigación, en la que participa el español Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) y que publica la revista Nature, contribuye a profundizar en el conocimiento de la biología migratoria de

New poison dart frog species discovered in Donoso, Panama

A bright orange poison dart frog with a unique call has been discovered in Donoso, Panama. Because this new frog species appears to be found in only a very small area, habitat loss and collecting for the pet trade are

Young sea stars suffer more from ocean acidification than adults

Young sea stars from the Baltic Sea suffer more from the effects of ocean acidification than adults. In a laboratory experiment, scientists showed that younger animals already eat less and grow more slowly at

No sign of health or nutrition problems from GMO livestock feed, study finds

A new review study finds there is no evidence in earlier scientific studies indicating that genetically engineered feed crops harmed the health or productivity of livestock and poultry, and that food products from animals consuming such feeds were nutritionally the same as

Agonizing rabies deaths can be stopped worldwide

Ridding the world of rabies in humans is cost-effective and achievable through mass dog vaccination programs, an international team of researchers says. A rabies vaccine has long existed. Even so, the disease kills an estimated 69,000 people worldwide -- that's 189 each day. Forty percent of them are children, mostly in Africa and Asia. The disease is spread primarily through the saliva of infecte

Stem cell transplant does not cure SHIV/AIDS after irradiation of infected rhesus macaques

A new primate model has been developed to test treatments that might cure HIV/AIDS and suggests answers to questions raised by the 'Berlin patient,' the only human thought to have been cured so far.

Dinosaur family tree gives fresh insight into rapid rise of birds

The study shows that the familiar anatomical features of birds – such as feathers, wings and wishbones – all first evolved piecemeal in their dinosaur ancestors over tens of millions of years. However, once a fully

¿Demasiado endémico para sobrevivir?

Artículo de Alfonso M. Corral, en ¡Cuánta Ciencia!, que recomendamos por su interés. Los biólogos llaman endémicas a aquellas especies que tienen una zona de distribución geográfica muy concreta y pequeña,

Natural selection causes early migration, shorter parental care for shorebirds

All bird migrations are fraught with danger – from the risk of not finding enough food, to facing stormy weather, and most importantly – trying not to be eaten along the way. Raptors such as peregrine falcons

When David beats Goliath: Smaller birds can dominate larger species, especially when related

Body size has long been recognized to play a key role in shaping species interactions, with larger species usually winning conflicts with their smaller counterparts. But a biologist has now found that

Being sheepish about climate adaptation

In a first-of-its kind study that combined molecular and environmental data, researchers performed a search for genes under environmental selection from domesticated sheep breeds. They identified 17 genes that

Big changes in Sargasso Sea's seaweed populations

In the region of the North Atlantic Ocean known as the Sargasso Sea, circling ocean currents accumulate mats of Sargassum seaweed that shelter a surprising variety of fishes, snails, crabs, and other small

Chimpanzees raised as pets or performers suffer long-term effects on their behavior

Although the immediate welfare consequences of removing infant chimpanzees from their mothers are well documented, little is known about the long-term impacts of this type of early life experience. In a

Cíborgs de polillas

En otro ejemplo de ciencia-ficción convirtiéndose en realidad, unos científicos han desarrollado métodos de manipular electrónicamente los músculos de vuelo de polillas, y de vigilar las señales eléctricas que

Answer to restoring lost island biodiversity found in fossils

Many native species have vanished from tropical islands because of human impact, but scientists have discovered how fossils can be used to restore lost biodiversity. The key lies in organic materials found in fossil

Mown grass smell sends SOS for help in resisting insect attacks

The smell of cut grass in recent years has been identified as the plant’s way of signalling distress, but new research says the aroma also summons beneficial insects to the rescue. Such findings may help plant

Desentrañan el origen geográfico de la abeja

Se han presentado los resultados del primer análisis global de la variación genómica de las abejas melíferas. Los resultados muestran un nivel sorprendentemente alto de diversidad genética en las abejas, e

Una nueva especie de araña que se camufla con partículas del suelo

Paratropis tuxtlensis es una nueva especie de araña descubierta por integrantes del Instituto de Biología (IB) de la UNAM, en la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz (México). Pertenece a una familia poco común,

Las aves de especies invasoras colaboran en la dispersión de parásitos

Un equipo de científicos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales ha identificado genéticamente los parásitos sanguíneos de cuatro especies de aves de la isla Robinson Crusoe (Chile), dos foráneas y dos

Detectan agua en la atmósfera de un exoplaneta del tamaño de Neptuno

Un grupo internacional de científicos ha detectado vapor de agua en la atmósfera de un planeta que orbita una estrella diferente al Sol, es decir, un exoplaneta, situado a 120 años luz de la Tierra. Este hallazgo,

Comprometen una aportación de 200.000 millones de dólares para mitigar el cambio climático

En el marco de la Conferencia sobre el Clima, que se celebra esta semana en Nueva York, el Secretario General de la ONU Ban Ki-moon ha anunciado que instituciones financieras, inversionistas, bancos y

Las microalgas de las que surgieron las plantas pertenecen a un grupo existente en la actualidad

Hasta ahora se pensaba que la cianobacteria de la que surgieron las plantas pertenecía a un grupo extinto de características desconocidas. Una investigación, que cuenta con la participación de la Universidad Internacional de La Rioja y la Universidad de Extremadura, desmiente esta hipótesis al demostrar que este grupo de cianobacterias existe en la actualidad, tiene morfología filamentosa y surgió

Encuentran pruebas de la existencia de un mecanismo evolutivo alternativo

Se forman nuevas especies cuando sus miembros ya no pueden reproducirse con los de la especie original. El mecanismo habitualmente aceptado es la especiación por aislamiento geográfico, en la cual nuevas

Capacidad inesperada de algunas cianobacterias para obtener energía mediante un proceso alternativo

Las cianobacterias que crecen en entornos con abundante luz roja en el límite humano de visibilidad cromática por estar en la frontera con la banda infrarroja utilizan un proceso previamente desconocido de

.Biomedicina

Caracterizado un mecanismo molecular involucrado en proliferación celular Científicos españoles han definido una interacción entre proteínas clave para la división de las células. Los resultados podrían ayudar a mejorar las terapias oncológicas dirigidas a bloquear estos procesos de división

Las células de la sangre de pacientes con un infarto pueden regenerar el tejido dañado del corazón

Científicos andaluces, en colaboración con la Universidad de Miami, han demostrado la capacidad de restaurar el tejido dañado del corazón de las propias células de la sangre de pacientes que han sufrido un

Descubierta una nueva técnica de bajo coste para detectar rotavirus

Investigadores de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid han descubierto y patentado un nuevo método de medida que incrementa la capacidad de detección de sustancias biológicas en biosensores ópticos. Los

Identifican dos proteínas implicadas en el cáncer colorrectal

Científicos españoles han conseguido disminuir significativamente el desarrollo de tumores y la inflamación del colon en ratones. Para ello han tenido que identificar dos proteínas, posibles dianas terapéuticas en

Las células madre tumorales se pueden rastrear gracias a su fluorescencia

Un equipo del Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) han descubierto una propiedad luminosa de las células madre tumorales que ayudará a rastrear el origen de la resistencia a la quimioterapia y a

Desarrollan una herramienta capaz de valorar el dolor craneofacial

Un equipo de investigadores ha desarrollado un instrumento de medición que permite valorar el dolor de cabeza y de mandíbula para mejorar su diagnóstico y posterior tratamiento. La UNED ha participado

El corazón mecánico puede ser una alternativa al transplante de corazón

Uno de los retos más importantes de la medicina actual es sustituir por completo la función del corazón. Actualmente, el corazón mecánico se utiliza como puente para el transplante cardíaco pero, gracias a su alta

Descubren por qué el ejercicio reduce el riesgo de depresión por estrés

Investigadores del Instituto Karolinska han descrito los mecanismos que provocan que el ejercicio físico reduzca el riesgo de sufrir depresión asociada al estrés. El estudio, publicado esta semana en la revista Cell,

Descartan la mefloquina como alternativa para prevenir la malaria durante el embarazo

La revista PLOS Medicine publica los resultados de dos ensayos clínicos multicéntricos que evidencian la necesidad de encontrar un nuevo fármaco alternativo para tratar a las mujeres embarazadas en

La prevención podría disminuir las muertes por cáncer de estómago

La principal causa del cáncer de estómago es una bacteria alojada en el organismo que puede ser tratada con antibióticos. El último estudio publicado por la Agencia Internacional de Investigación contra el Cáncer insta a los países con alta incidencia de este cáncer a poner en

La periodontitis crónica influye en la gravedad y en el pronóstico del infarto

Investigadores de la Universidad de Granada han demostrado por primera vez que la periodontitis crónica, una enfermedad inflamatoria de las encías que provoca la pérdida gradual de los dientes, guarda

La formación de la memoria modifica la estructura y la función de los astrocitos

Un estudio del CSIC profundiza en el importante papel que desempeñan los astrocitos sobre la actividad neuronal. Este trabajo puede mejorar la comprensión del cerebro en condiciones normales y patológicas.

La genética determina la preferencia por las bebidas alcohólicas

Un estudio publicado en la revista Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research relaciona las variaciones genéticas en los receptores del sabor amargo y del calor con la predisposición a ingerir alcohol. Futuras

Descubren una nueva diana terapéutica contra la legionela

La bacteria de la Legionella pneumophila libera la proteína VipD, que afecta al aparato digestivo de las células humanas impidiendo que estas la destruyan. Esta proteína podría servir como diana de futuros fármacos

Investigan técnicas fotoacústicas para la detección del cáncer de mama

Un método para la detección del cáncer de mama basado en fotoacústica y que podría convertirse en una alternativa a las mamografías o ecografías actuales. Esa es una de las líneas de investigación de

Clasificar el cáncer según su perfil molecular podría mejorar su diagnóstico y tratamiento

Un cáncer se clasifica típicamente en función de su tejido de origen. Sin embargo, la posibilidad de hacer estudios genómicos a gran escala permite conocer en detalle el perfil molecular específico de los tumores

Descrito un nuevo método de diagnóstico para la esquistosomiasis

La esquistosomiasis es una de las enfermedades infecciosas causadas por parásitos más prevalentes en todo el mundo. Científicos españoles han desarrollado un nuevo método de diagnóstico rápido, sencillo y que

Un estudio propone una acción rápida para frenar el aumento exponencial del brote de ébola

Cada semana, el ébola sigue infectando y acabando con la vida de cientos de personas. La investigación de los nuevos datos amplía la información sobre la propagación del brote y la tasa de letalidad. Los autores predicen que más de 20.000 personas serán infectadas hasta principios de noviembre.

.Biotecnología

Identifican dos proteínas implicadas en el cáncer colorrectal Un grupo de investigadores del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología del CSIC (CNB) han sido capaces de reducir drásticamente el desarrollo de tumores y la inflamación del colon en ratones. Para ello han tenido que

Human genome was shaped by an evolutionary arms race with itself An evolutionary arms race between rival elements within the genomes of primates drove the evolution of complex regulatory networks that orchestrate the activity of genes in every cell of our bodies, researach

Bacterial genome important to fuel and chemical production sequenced

Researchers sequence the entire genome of the Clostridium autoethanogenum bacterium, which is used to sustainably produce fuel and chemicals from a range of raw materials, including gases derived

Protein controlling gut's protective force field identified: Immune-system receptor encourages growth of bacterial shield during illness

A sugary force field is activated in the gut when our defenses are down to encourage the growth of helpful bacteria and fight over-colonization by harmful micro-organisms, scientists have discovered. Scientists have

High-throughput cell-sorting method can separate 10 billion bacterial cells in 30 minutes

A new, high-throughput method for sorting cells has been developed, capable of separating 10 billion bacterial cells in 30 minutes. The finding has already proven useful for studying bacterial cells and microalgae, and could one day have direct applications for biomedical research and environmental science -- basically any field in which a

No sign of health or nutrition problems from GMO livestock feed, study finds

A new review study finds there is no evidence in earlier scientific studies indicating that genetically engineered feed crops harmed the health or productivity of livestock and poultry, and that food products

Green light for clever algae

Phytoplankton not only constitutes the foundation of the food chain in the oceans, it also fixes carbon through photosynthesis and generates oxygen with the help of solar energy. A considerable part of

Stem cell transplant does not cure SHIV/AIDS after irradiation of infected rhesus macaques

A new primate model has been developed to test treatments that might cure HIV/AIDS and suggests answers to questions raised by the 'Berlin patient,' the only human thought to have been cured so far.

Researchers engineer 'Cas9' animal models to study disease, inform drug discovery

A new mouse model to simplify application of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for in vivo genome editing experiments. The researchers successfully used the new 'Cas9 mouse' model to edit multiple genes in

Unlocking long-hidden mechanisms of plant cell division

Along with copying and splitting DNA during division, cells must have a way to break safely into two viable daughter cells, a process called cytokinesis. But the molecular basis of how plant cells accomplish this

Structure of enzyme that makes plant cellulose uncovered

The structure of the enzyme that makes cellulose has been uncovered by researchers, a finding that could lead to easier ways of breaking down plant materials to make biofuels and other products and materials. The

New protein players found in key disease-related metabolic pathway

Cells rely on the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway—which senses the availability of nutrients—to coordinate their growth with existing environmental conditions. Now researchers have

Chemists recruit anthrax to deliver cancer drugs

With some tinkering, a deadly protein becomes an efficient carrier for antibody drugs, researchers have discovered. "Anthrax toxin is a professional at delivering large enzymes into cells," says one researcher. "We wondered if we could render anthrax toxin nontoxic, and use it as a platform to deliver antibody drugs into cells."

Cell division: New technique reveals a role for histones

Proteins known as histones give structure to DNA, which coils around them like string on spools. But as is so often the case in biology, it turns out there is more to these structures than meets the eye.

Plant extract as possible Lupus treatment? Findings give new hope

Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system turns against itself, attacking a person's healthy tissue, cells and organs. New findings by a biomedical engineer and his team raise hope for a

Insect genomes' analysis challenges universality of essential cell division proteins

One of the foundational proteins in cell division, previously shown to be essential in organisms as diverse as yeast, flies and humans, has been surprisingly lost on multiple occasions during insect evolution,

Mechanics of tissue growth requires communication between cells

Engineers have combined mechanics with biology to make key discovery about communication between cells. When the body forms new tissues during the healing process, cells must be able to

Airway muscle-on-a-chip mimics asthma

New drugs are urgently needed to treat asthma. Hope may be on the horizon thanks to a team that has developed a human airway muscle-on-a-chip that accurately mimics the way smooth muscle contracts in the

Enzyme discovery paves way to tackling deadly parasite diseases

An enzyme found in all living things could hold the key to combating deadly diseases such as sleeping sickness, a study suggests. Researchers say this discovery creates an opportunity to design drugs that block

Imaging studies open a window on how effective antibodies are formed

Sometimes, in order to understand what’s happening in the immune system, you just have to watch it. By imaging the immune response, researchers have observed how two types of immune cells, T and B

New 'designer proteins' in fight against Alzheimer's, cancer

Scientists are lending Mother Nature a helping hand in fight against cancer and Alzheimer’s with the development of a new, more effective way to make amino acids. The new 'designer proteins' can be used to

'Tissue chip' to screen neurological toxins, researchers report

A faster, more affordable way to screen for neural toxins is under development, helping flag chemicals that may harm human

Dying brain cells cue new brain cells to grow in songbird

Using a songbird as a model, scientists have described a brain pathway that replaces cells that have been lost naturally and not because of injury. If scientists can further tap into the process, it might lead to ways

Clues to superbug evolution: Microbiologists sequence entire genome of a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain

Imagine going to the hospital with one disease and coming home with something much worse, or not coming home at all. With the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistance pathogens, healthcare-associated

Slight alterations in microRNA sequences hold more information than previously thought

MicroRNA isoforms show population-specific and gender-specific signatures -– a finding that could affect how researchers view and study microRNAs. The team's findings have several implications: For

Search for better biofuels microbes leads to human gut

Scientists have scoured cow rumens and termite guts for microbes that can efficiently break down plant cell walls for the production of next-generation biofuels, but some of the best microbial candidates actually

Multi-function protein is key to stopping genomic parasites from 'jumping'

Most organisms, including humans, have parasitic DNA fragments called 'jumping genes' that insert themselves into DNA molecules, disrupting genetic instructions in the process. And that phenomenon can

Genetic switch regulates a plant's internal clock based on temperature

Scientists have found the molecular cog in a plant's biological clock that modulates its speed based on temperature. "Temperature helps keep the hands of the biological clock in the right place," said the corresponding

How gene expression affects facial expressions

A person's face is the first thing that others see, and much remains unknown about how it forms -- or malforms -- during early development. Recently, researchers have begun to unwind these

Trees that can increase biomass production

Thanks to biotechnology, researchers have increased the production of woody species. This result is of great interest to the energy market, they say.

.Neurociencia

Unexpected clue to peripheral neuropathies found Disrupting the molecular function of a tumor suppressor causes improper formation of a protective insulating sheath on peripheral nerves -- leading to neuropathy and muscle wasting in mice similar to

Neuroscientists use morphed images of Hollywood celebrities to reveal how neurons make up your mind

Morphed images of celebrities such as Angelina Jolie, Halle Berry, Bob Marley, Sylvester Stallone, Uma Thurman, Nicole Kidman, Whoopi Goldberg, Bill Clinton and George Bush, and others were shown to

Biochemists solve 'address problem' in cells that leads to lethal kidney disease

Research published by biochemists may lead to a new treatment, or even a cure, for a rare, genetic kidney disease that afflicts children, and may provide important insights into treatments for Parkinson's disease,

Turmeric compound boosts regeneration of brain stem cells

A bioactive compound found in turmeric promotes stem cell proliferation and differentiation in the brain, reveals new research. The findings suggest aromatic turmerone could be a future drug candidate

From rats to humans: Trial will attempt to get paralyzed humans walking again

A completely paralyzed rat can be made to walk over obstacles and up stairs by electrically stimulating the severed part of the spinal cord. Scientists discovered how to control in real-time how the rat moves forward and how high it lifts its limbs. Now a new lab will extend this

How plankton gets jet lagged: Hormone that govern sleep and jet lag in humans also drives mass migration of plankton

A hormone that governs sleep and jet lag in humans may also drive the mass migration of plankton in the ocean, scientists have found. The molecule in question, melatonin, is essential to maintain our daily

Yoga, meditation may help train brain to help people control computers with their mind

People who practice yoga and meditation long term can learn to control a computer with their minds faster and better than people with little or no yoga or meditation experience, new research by biomedical

Brain chemical potential new hope in controlling Tourette Syndrome tics

A chemical in the brain plays a vital role in controlling the involuntary movements and vocal tics associated with Tourette Syndrome, a new study has shown. The research could offer a potential new target for the

How physical exercise protects the brain from stress-induced depression

Physical exercise has many beneficial effects on human health, including the protection from stress-induced depression. However, until now the mechanisms that mediate this protective effect have been

Strategic or random? How the brain chooses

The brain can temporarily disconnect information about past experience from decision-making circuits, thereby triggering random behavior, a study has demonstrated. The new studies look at how the brain

ADHD: Brains not recognizing angry expressions

The characteristics of facial expression recognition of children with ADHD has been initially identified by researchers by measuring hemodynamic response in the brain. They showed that children with

How brain handles tactile sensations: New findings

The traditional understanding in neuroscience is that tactile sensations from the skin are only assembled to form a complete experience in the cerebral cortex, the most advanced part of the brain. However, this is

First mouse model for ALS dementia

The first animal model for ALS dementia, a form of ALS that also damages the brain, has been developed by scientists. The advance will allow researchers to directly see the brains of living mice, under anesthesia, at the microscopic level. This will accelerate drug testing by

Long-held understanding of sense of touch challenged by neuroscientists

Different types of nerves and skin receptors work in concert to produce sensations of touch, neuroscientists argue in a review article. Their assertion challenges a long-held principle in the field -- that separate

Cryptogenic strokes may find explanation in heart

More than half of the patients who have suffered a stroke with no well-defined aetiology have an enlarged left atrial appendage of the heart, according to a study. The results indicate that the enlargement of the left

Think you have Alzheimer's? You just might be right, study says

New research suggests that people who notice their memory is slipping may be on to something. The research appears to confirm that self-reported memory complaints are strong predictors of clinical memory

Alzheimer's patients can still feel emotion long after memories have vanished

A new study further supports an inescapable message: caregivers have a profound influence -- good or bad -- on the emotional state of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Patients may not remember a recent visit by a loved one or having been neglected by staff at a nursing

Brain areas activated by itch-relieving drug identified

Brain areas that respond to reward and pleasure are linked to the ability of the drug butorphanol to relieve itch, according to new research. The findings point to the involvement of the brain's opioid receptors --

Protein Mfn2 may increase currently short therapeutic window in stroke

The mitochondrial protein Mfn2 may be a future therapeutic target for neuronal death reduction in the late phases of an ischemic stroke, research shows. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),

New EEG electrode set for fast, easy measurement of brain function abnormalities

A new, easy-to-use EEG electrode set for the measurement of the electrical activity of the brain has been developed, making it possible to attach the electrode set on the patient quickly, resulting in reliable

Brain scans reveal 'gray matter' differences in media multitaskers

Simultaneously using mobile phones, laptops and other media devices could be changing the structure of our brains, according to new research. People who frequently use several media devices at the same

Infant cooing, babbling linked to hearing ability, researcher finds

Infant vocalizations are primarily motivated by infants' ability to hear their own babbling, research shows. Additionally, infants with profound hearing loss who received cochlear implants to help correct their

Dying brain cells cue new brain cells to grow in songbird

Using a songbird as a model, scientists have described a brain pathway that replaces cells that have been lost naturally and not because of injury. If scientists can further tap into the process, it might lead to ways to encourage replacement of cells in human brains that have lost

Brain wave may be used to detect what people have seen, recognize

Brain activity can be used to tell whether someone recognizes details they encountered in normal, daily life, which may have implications for criminal investigations and use in courtrooms, new research shows. The findings suggest that a particular brain wave, known as P300, could serve as a marker that identifies places, objects, or other details that a

Lack of sleep increases risk of failure in school

A new Swedish study shows that adolescents who suffer from sleep disturbance or habitual short sleep duration are less likely to succeed academically compared to those who enjoy a good night’s sleep. In a

Presence or absence of early language delay alters anatomy of the brain in autism

Individual differences in early language development, and in later language functioning, are associated with changes in the anatomy of the brain in autism. A new study has found that a common characteristic of

Artificial intelligence that imitates children’s learning

The computer programs used in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) are highly specialized. They can for example fly airplanes, play chess or assemble cars in controlled industrial environments. Scientists have now

Statin use during hospitalization for hemorrhagic stroke associated with improved survival

Patients who were treated with a statin in the hospital after suffering from a hemorrhagic stroke were significantly more likely to survive than those who were not, according to a study. This study was

Compound from hops aids cognitive function in young animals

Xanthohumol, a type of flavonoid found in hops and beer, has been shown in a new study to improve cognitive function in young mice, but not in older animals. The findings are another step toward

Brainwave test could improve autism diagnosis, classification

Measuring how fast the brain responds to sights and sounds could help in objectively classifying people on the autism spectrum and may help diagnose the condition earlier, research suggests. Statistics show that 1

Food memory: Discovery shows how we remember taste experiences

A functional link between the brain region responsible for taste memory and the area responsible for encoding the time and place we experienced the taste had been found. The findings expose the complexity and

Evidence supports deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder

Available research evidence supports the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who don't respond to other treatments, concludes a review. Despite the limited evidence base, DBS therapy for OCD has been approved by the

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