Bioteknologi - Pengertian

• Penggunaan organisme atau sistem hidup untuk memecahkan masalah atau untuk menghasilkan produk yang berguna

• Seperangkat teknik yang memanfaatkan organisme hidup atau bagian dari organisme hidup untuk menghasilkan atau memodifikasi, meningkatkan kemampuan tumbuhan dan hewan, mengembangkan mikroorganisme untuk penggunaan khusus yang berguna bagi kehidupan manusia.

Tahun Perkembangan / Penemuan

1973 Bayern daohen memaparkan teknologi DNA rekombinan

1975 Kohler dan Milstein menjabarkan produksi antibodi monoklonal

1976 Perkembangan teknik-teknik untuk menentukan urutan DNA

1978 Genetech menghasilkan insulin manusia dalam E. coli

1980 US Supreme Court: Mikroba hasil manipulasi dapat dipatenkan

1981 Untuk pertamakalinya automated DNA synthesizer dijual secara komersial

1981 Untuk pertama kalinya kit diagnostik berdasarkan antibodi disetujui untuk dipakai di AS

Perkembangan bioteknologi

Tahun Perkembangan / Penemuan

1917 Karl Ereky memperkenalkan istilah bioteknologi

1943 Penisilin diproduksi dalam skala industri

1944 Avery, MacLeod, McCarty mendemonstrasikan bahwa DNA adalah bahan genetik

1955 Watson & Crick menentukan struktur DNA

1961 Jurnal Biotechnology and Bioengineering ditetapkan

1961 – 1966 Seluruh sandi genetik terungkap

1970 Enzim restriksi endonuklease pertama kali diisolasi

1972 Khorana dan kawan-kawan berhasil mensintesa secara kimiawi seluruh gen tRNA

Plant Biotechnology

• Is founded in the principles of cellular totipotency and genetic

transformation

• Traced back to the Cell Theory of M.J. Schleiden and T.

Schwann

• Discovery of the genetic transformation in bacteria by Frederick

Griffith

• plant biotechnology today : the application of existing

techniques of plant organ, tissue, and cell culture, plant

molecular biology, and genetic engineering to the improvement

of plants and of plant productivity for the benefit of man.

Teknik-teknik dalam Bioteknologi

• Fermentasi

• Analisis Genetik

• Seleksi dan Pemuliaan

• Analisis DNA

• Kultur Sel dan Jaringan

• \Rekayasa Genetik atau Rekombinasi

Traditional Biotechnology

• human's transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer. As farmers, humans collected wild plants and cultivated them and the best yielding strains were selected for growing the following seasons.

• the processes that are based on capability of microorganisms or biological agents for carrying out a reaction ultimately leading to product. It was actually doesn’t know the mechanism involved or the microbes participated in the process.

• Examples: conversion of milk to curd, use of many biological organisms like yeast in wining and brewing industries, making of cheese, bread and vinegar

Through trial and error

Advances in science enabled the transfer of these mostly domestic techniques into industrial

applications and the discovery of new techniques.

and later through advances in technology

people learned to control these processes and make large quantities of biotechnology products.

Traditional (Classical) Biotechnology

Fermentation

Fermentation :Classical Biotechnology

The use of microbes :

• to enhance food flavor

• to manufacture of beverage

• to make the dough rise

• Beer brewing: an alcoholic beverage produced by the fermentation of sugar-rich extracts derived from cereal grains or other starch materials

Traditional (Classical) Plant Biotechnology

Breeding

Modern Plant Biotechnology

Overview Concept

Modern Biotechnology: • began at 1953 : discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA) and the way genetic information is passed from generation to generation; supported by earlier discovery of genes by Gregor Mendel

• recombinant DNA techniques (rDNA or genetic engineering), tissue culture and mutagenesis.

• a number of techniques that involve the intentional manipulation of genes, cells and living tissue in a predictable and controlled manner to generate changes in the genetic make-up of an organism or produce new tissue.

• the manipulation of genome or innate capabilities of organisms for making it more desirable or to synthesis a valuable product. Examples: – Bt cotton: resistant against many insect. Bt gene from bacterium Bacillus

thuringiensis has been introduced into the plant

– Golden rice : rice rich with vitamin A developed by rDNA technology