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-

-

( , , )

- : (bar keel)

(, ,plate keel)

(duct keel)

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-

- ,

,

-

-

!!

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- ;

- .

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-

-

- . .( )

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-

:

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20. .

( 1890. 1 )

:

1.

2. (

3. (,

, )4.

: ; .

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:

-

- :

1 B < 10 m

2 10 m < B < 17 m

b / l < 4 B > 17 m

- :

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-

()

;

-

(e)

;

- (

); !!

- ;

- t , h.

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-

(

< h/2)

!!

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-

( ) !!

-

( ~ : B1 = B/2 => h1 = 1.5 h)

- !!

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~ 1992. .; .

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( ABS: dDB [mm] = 32 B [m] +190 (T [m])1/2

)

:

-

-

-

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:

-

,

- (margin plate),

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:

- , ...

-

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:

-

( passenger

sertificate) ...

-

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(hopper side):

-

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(

).

():

0 B < 10 m

1 10 m < B < 20 m2 20 m < B

( ).

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:

- -

-

- ( . )

-

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< 3m

() :

- CL

-

-

- (-)

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> 0.75 .

.

.

.

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(

).

():

0 B < 14 m

1 14 m < B < 21 m

2 21 m < B

( ).

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.

.

< 3.8 m.

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, < 1.25 m (

, ):

- CL

-

!!! ( ).

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-

.

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)

)

(

)

)

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() :

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:

- / (760 mm )

- ( 0.21 atm

0.14 atm) .