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FSGDKBFIP[T[ZF{’JZGYRKQ’)NHT"C{NIT"B(
.1JZGYRKQIKKCKQCINF.GMKB\BZCKQBPZZCKKGIRQ:JZGYRKQVJGZKQPQFINF. B.PKPZB[NZCK
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INFBE=F.~2|PBKJZGYRKQ?MGCBEBZTB.F[GGKZG[NPKINFBD,RHT"E;CCNKVSIKONHT"B.~3=4|
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)"JZGYJB...BJZK..."(.~5=6|NIOFT[GKNMG\I...IKKCCINF.KZG[NPKINFBE,RIT"B.~7|T[BQ
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"FSTGEF",VKSYBG\~7=8|.~10|NIOTGRK.ECZKOJHD.
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GPG[IKOBG\G\PKEC[PQBGCPKCKXKOG[PQ.NIOFT[GKNMG\IBKQBGVKQBG\GC\RGZBNBCIPF.
MTCKQTZGMFGPYGJV\MDNGSYBG\RBG\,DNKET\KFENNIOT[BF.MNPGEKQMRSZKOCTNPB,[NB
FYVKETNTZKS\O,GEGDP\G[RKRGCPGTEYJQ)V"CKCB(:TG[FNGNPGEKQNGIKQ,NCGZ[NKKQNMSG\G.
220PSM\CZMG\{VZYMKXEPCZMKQ
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"\GZK\BERFPB",\GBZNIO,BHKPCZMKOTNKFO"FPGXKB",GBONBG,PCZMKOTNKFO"CGZB
PKRKPHGRG\".FSGDKB[NRGTGSY\C[RKSGDKPBVFRGSVKO[ISZFNFO"\GZK\BERFPB",
JZGYRKQ~1|GJZK\B~3|.C[RKFPYZKOPXBRGN[GRG\GDKZSBG\NIKGCBGNVJGZ.FJZGYRKQ
PGDEZKOMSGD[NPBVF[MGRFCCCN"MGCBEBZTB"~2|,GBKNGFJZK\BPGDEZ\MCXYPCG[N,
BGNIOFGEK,BGNIOFT[GKNMG\I{NIOFRBVFMEKNFMKQPPRGVKZGZKOFRBMNKOCP[YF
FINCKFRYZBMG\I~4|.CTRKKQNIOFT[GKNMG\IR[\PZGCZKK\G\SG\ZG\CTRKKQFIKGC
CINF~5=6|,GBNGP\VZ[KOTNVKECZKZCKKFGEFFPGCBKOCCZKK\BRGSV\;NECZKGXGZ\
FNIOPGMKIFTNKGBORBVFNMG\IBONBG~7|.NBIZPMQPGCBG\[NG[PKPZG\CTRKKQ
MGCBEBZTB,FVJGZFPQFINFNVKVKSYBG\~1=2|:ZCKGSUBGPZNBCKK[BKQNF"\GZK\B
ERFPB"MNN,BNB"DGCNBCTNPB"FKB,GCZM\F"CGZBPKRKPHGRG\"~8|.BUTNVKMQ,ZCKHKZB
YCTSTGEFTNKFGCZLTNKF"CGZBPKRKPHGRG\"~9|,GNZCB[KKGXBKOCFKEKIGC\PXFCVSI,
MKGGQ[NVKFVSGYFPXFCVSIBKRFNIOPP[BNB"NIOTGRK"~10|.
FDKZSBG\CECZKZCKKGIRQ
TEKFRGSI[NFSGDKBRINYGCVSYFFNMF[NZCKKGIRQCTRKKQJZGYRKQ~1|,BOFGBFGCB
NCCNTNKEKZCEKPKBGZCKQ,BONIKGCBONVJGZ:
EVGS:JZGYRKQIKKCKQCINFGMKB\BZCKQBPZZCKKGIRQJZGYRKQVJGZKQPQFINF
VZKH:MKB\BZCEKPKB"ZKGIRQJZYGRKQIKKC\CINF
PKRMQ:MKB\BZCEKPKBP’JZYRKQIKKC\CINF
DRKHF:>..<BZC?Q??B"Z?KGIRQJZKYRKQV>..<?Z?BPQ?F?INF
VKZRXF:MKB\BZCKQB’Z’KGIRQJZGYRKQ)VJGZF(~IKKC\|)...(FINF
BGYSVGZE:MKB\BZCKQB’ZKGIRQJZGYRKQIKKC\CINF
YJTBGYSVGZE:MKB\B\BZCKQBP’Z’KGIRQJZGYRKQIKKC\CINF
TNRGSIFEVGSM\CBCZFOGKKSMENFNQ:
FXT\FIGPZYX\PGHZF.CZB[GRFMBNGFNMFVSGYFGBI"M:GMKB\BZCKQGMG’,FIGNY...
BCNCM~\C|K~E|P~KRMQ|BK\BZY:MKB\BZCEKPKBPZJZYRKQIKKC\CINF,GNBKG\Z...
BCNCV~KZG[|Z"IFPGCBCBGX~Z|FD~BGRKO|PQFBG~Z|H~ZGT|SK’ZJ"G:JZGYRKQ...B"ZKGIRQ
VJGZFPQFINFNMQR~ZBF|Y~X\|,[DKZS\RGBRGKSGEFCHF:PTKYZBZY:MKB\BZCKQBZ"K
JZGYRKQVJGZKQPQFINF,MDK’Z"I.TNHFR\GSVFBI"MTNFDNKGQDK’ZF"DGZB[GRKO:
JZGYRKQIKKCKQCINF.FTZ\DNKGQHGRMRSFBI"MNVRKONBMDK~ZSB|BNBM[KJFNTXPF.
PMBQFDK~ZSB|[NVRKRG.1
CZO,PPMNGNFTEGKG\NRGSIFSGDKBTGNF[[RKVSYKFNMF[NZCKKGIRQR[\PZGCTRVK
FRGSI[RXKDKFOFTKYZKKOFOM"KVZKHGM"KVKZRXF,BIEC[OZCEKPK,GNVKGJZGYRKQIKKCKO
CINF,GBIEC[OZCKQ,GNVKGJZGYRKQVJGZKOPQFINF.MVK[FTKZGKKS,M\CKEPKRMQ,FDGZS
"IKKCKQ",PKKISFNMFHGNZCEKPKC[OZCKKGIRQ,GMLFDKZSBDOCM\CKEVZKH.NTGP\HB\
PXBRGMDKZSBFPGCB\TNKEKGKKSC[OZCRGIRRBN,FVGJZ\JZGYRKQPQFINF,DOCYJT
DRKHF,2
G[OFKKIGSFGB"BPZZCKQBPZZCKKGIRQ".GMQPXBRGDOCM"KVKZRXF"MKB\BZCKQB’
Z’KGIRQJZGYRKQ)VJGZF(~IKKC\|)...(FINF",BNB[[OFGDFF"VJGZFPQ"N"IKKC\",BL
1B’GKKS,FTZG\NSGDKG\F["SCCNKGKZG[NPK)NTKN,SGDKBBFTZF39(,TP’.20
2Cambridge T-S NS 329.841-842
221 FSGDKBFIP[T[ZF:’JZGYRKQ’)NHT"C{NIT"B(
"FINF"NBFGDFFN"CINF",PF[PSDKZB\FTGCEF[PEGCZCFDFFPMGGR\[NRGSIPYGZK,
GNBCJTG\SGVZ[\GYRFPKE.RPXB[PSGZ\BI\R[\PZFCM\CKFKEVZKHGPKRMQ,GNVKFZC
EKPKPSZC[OZCKKGIRQ"JZGYRKQIKKC\CINF",GPSGZ\BI\R[\PZFCYJTPQFDRKHF
GCRGSIFPYGZK[NM"KVKZRXF,GNVKFZCKQPSZC[OZCKKGIRQ[JZGYRKQVJGZKOPQFINF.
CFDFF[NM"KVKZRXFGCM"KBGYSVGZEGYJTRGSUPQFVZY[NRGPSVZKK\BGYSVGZE3
PXBRG
[ZCKQPGSZ[ZCKKGIRQPIKKCB\FJZGYRKQCINF,GRZBF[FDFFFPVGZ[\CDKNKGQ[NM"K
VKZRXF[GNCFCM"KBGYSVGZEGYJTBGYSVGZEN\GLRGSIFVRKO,GBKNGCEVGSRGSUP\GL
FDKNKGQCZB[FSGDKBF\KYGQ"JZGYRKQIKKCKQCINF",MET\GKKS.
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CM"KVKZRXF,M"KBGYSVGZE,YJTBGYSVGZEGFEVGS,BCNBKQHFPTKECFMZITNFDKZSB
FPYGZK\CMNN:KK\MQPBGE[DKZS\FIKGCFKBYEGPFPBGE,GFFDFFCTEKOBNGRT[\F
NBGZDKZSBYEGPFGRMGRF.GKKSBPROHKFFB\FDKZSB[NVKFVGJZZCKKGIRQB\FJZGYRKQPQ
FINFTOZCRGIRRBN,GBMQPXBRGMQCECZKZCRGIRRBN,4
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DKZSBHGC[OFDBGRKO.5
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G[DKZSBHGFGDFFPVJGZNIKGCTNVKFKZG[NPKINF,[OVGSYZCKKGIRQ[FJZKYJB,[BG\F
HKFGTOFJZGYRKQ,IKKC\CINF.6
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GMQPXBRGCTZGLTZLJZYRKQ,"BPZZCKKGIRQ:JZGYRKQIKKC\CINF".8
BOBMQ[\KFDKZSBG\P\GTEG\BXNFDBGRKO,GBOBMQTNVKZGCPXBRG[FDKZSBG\
FPIKKCG\PGCBG\C[OZCEKPK,GBNGFVGJZG\)VZJNBNG[KSGEQCFDFFPVJGZNIKGC(
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[RINYGZCKQGZCEKPKCECZKZCKKGIRQ.9
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PKPZ\ZCKQC[OZCKKGIRQ,[R[\PZFCPYX\FTEKO,GNVKFJZGYRKQIKKCKOCINF,GPKPZ\
ZCEKPKC[OZCKKGIRQ,[R[\PZFCTEKOBIZKO,GNVKFJZGYRKQVJGZKOPQFINF.MLTGNFDO
PGGK"GFIKCGZ[CRGSIFEVGS,"GMKB\BZCKQBPZZCKKGIRQ...",FCBCZDKNNBIZ[RPSZF
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GDKZS\FVJGZC[OZCKQ,RK\QNPXGBCRGSIYJTBGYSVGZEFR"N.YJTHFDGZSBPROC\IKN\
RGSIM\CKEVKZRXF
3Bodleian Heb. E. 76 (2861) 90-97
4ZBGVKZG[KZCRGIRRBNN\NPGE,PSM\CZMG\,PFEGZ\PXDZ)NTKN,SGDKBBFTZF9(TP’V,E"FJZGYRKQ,GFTZG\78G-80
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NBNZCKGSUBNBNZCEKPK:"BP’NKFBCKKNZCEKPKFBKMGMBEBZTBPBKPCZMKQTNKF...".
ZCEKPKPBQEMZ[PKF,BONB[RBPZ[BUBCKYJTHFDZSC\IKN\FSGDKBPKPZB[NZC
EKPKC[OZCKKGIRQ[NVKFJZGYRKQ,EFKKRGMGMBEBZTB,IKKCKOCINF,CRGSUNPKPZB[NZCKQ
C[OZCKKGIRQ[NVKFJZGYRKQVJGZKOPQFINF.CZO,P[FGDFRGSIECZKZCKQPVJGZNIKGC,
FVMFDKZS\ZCEKPKNPKG\Z\,GFKBRPIYF.
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BU[NVKF[IHGZ[NRGEGGYBZCEKPKFCKBB\DKZS\FIKGCGZCKQFGB[FCKBB\DKZS\
FVJGZ.VKZG[ZCRGIRRBNPGMZNRGPECZKFBGZHZGTSKPQZJG,G[O:"GHFN[GQVZ"IJZGYRKQ
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GC[OZCKQEGGYB,GMVK[PXBRGCM"KVKZRXFFPGDF,CM"KBGYSVGZEGCYJTBGYSVGZE.
PEGTHM\FFDKZSBFPYGZK\CECZKZCKQ[NVKFVJZZCKKGIRQB\FJZGYRKQPQFINF
NF\RDEG\MFDEGNFTE[FKBFGDFFBGFG[PJFCZGCFTEKO?RK\QNKKISZ\KTFHGPECZK
ZCKQFPYGZKKONMPFDGZPKO;CZB[GCZB[GRFNTGCEF[ZCKKGIRQPIPKZCY[ZNSGVDRKQBG
JZKYJBCKZG[NPKINFBF,RHT"E,GCCNKVSIKONHT"B,GFET\RG\R\["JZKYJB"HGHFFTO
FJZGYRKQFRKEGRKOCSGDKB[NRG,MVK[FTKZGMPFPQFZB[GRKO.GHFN[GQFSGDKG\[O:
KZG[NPKINFBF,RHT"ECCNKVSIKONHT"B
FSGVDRKQJZKYJB...ZCKKGIRQBPZ:JZKYJB
IKKC\CINFGBGPZTNKGFPGXKBNIOPQ
FBZWGBEOKGXBCFKEKIGC\GCVSI.ZCK
[PTGQCQNYK[BPZ:JZKYJBBKRFIKKC\
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GIN\FPSZ\,GFPEGPT{VJGZKOPQ
FINF...BPZZK[NYK[:FNNGPT[F
BKNVSFQ.GZCKKGIRQ:BPZPT[FBKNVS
IKKCKQ,GFNNG[T[BQCIPF.
Z’KGSKBPZ\Z\KK:ZCKKGIRQBP’:JZKYJB
IKKC\CINFGBGPZTNKFFPGXKBNIOPQ
FBZWGBEOKGXBCFKEKIGC\GCVSI.ZCK
[PTGQCQNYK[BPZJZKYJBBKRFIKKC\
CINFGBKQBGPZTNKFFPGXKBNIOPQ
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T[BQCBKNVS{IKKCKQ,CIPF{VJGZKQ.
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TGNB,BPZNLZCK[PTGQCQNYK[:FMB
CPBKTSYKRQ{[FZ\KIGNCSGUFECKY...
ZCKKGSKBPZIGZK.ZCKKGSKBPZZCKKGIRQ:
MN[FBGZPFNL\I\KGIKKCCINFGBGP’
TNKGFPGXKBNIOPQFBZWGKGXBCFKEK
IGC\GCVSI.Z"[BGPZMN[FBGZPFNL
\I\KGBKRGIKKCCINFGBKQBGPZK’TNKG
FPGXKBNIOPQFBZWGBKQBEOKGXBCF
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TNKEKP[YF.
P\RK’VNKDBTNZCKKGIRQ:FSGVDRKQ...
VJGZFPQFINF!V\ZNFCSGVDRKQ[RT[G
>CIPF.E\RKB:KGXBKQCSGVDRKQ[RT[G
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.
10GHB\TNBUTEGKG\FZB[GRKO[BNKFQFVRKRGCFTZF6NTKN,GPFQTNGNNF[\PT[FFDFFPVJGZNIKGCTNVKFKZG[NPK
RT[\FCKPKFZB[GRKO.
11MLFDKZSBCM"KPGSYCFGM"KNGREGQ,GMQPCKBZ"[P[BRWCVKZG[GNP[RFINFBF;FZPC"QCPNIP\F’,VSIKOVZYC
)EVKFZK"UKBT"B(,E"FGTGEGCPT[FBKNVS;BGZHZGTSKPQZKH;VSYKINFNZ[C"B.
223 FSGDKBFIP[T[ZF:’JZGYRKQ’)NHT"C{NIT"B(
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[T[BQCBKNVS{VJGZ,C\RGZ{IKKC.
\KGC\BEZCKKGIRQ!{BPZNLZCKKGIRQ:
\RBKFKB...\RBYPBSCZ:PT[FBKNVS
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YZKRQCKF,GZCKKFGEFSCZ:BKQNIOBNB
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BIE{BKQYZGKNIO...BPZNKFZCKGSU
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PCVRKOGBCGYFMRDEGPFG.BPZNKF:PBK
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[RT[GCBKNVS,PQFINF,BLZCKKGIRQPIKKCBG\OCINF.RZBFV[GJ[ECZKZCKQC[OZCK
KGIRQCSGDKB[NRGFGDFGPIKGCNVJGZMEKNF\BKPONSGDKBCCCNKVSIKO.NNBFPYCKNF
CKZG[NPKINFBV[ZFKFNJTGQ[SGVDRKQGJZGYRKQNBGFKKRGFL,BLCKZG[NPKPVGZ[
[SGVDRKQCN[GQFP[RFFOFPMGRKO"JZKYJB"CKPKFBPGZBKO.RPXKRGNPEKO[ZCEKPKPSZ
CCCNB\FFNMFFPGCB\CKZG[NPKINFGCCCNKVSIKOC[OZCKKGIRQ,GBKNGZCKQPSZCCCN
B\TPE\ZK[NYK[{FVGJZ\B\FSGVDRKQPQFINF{C[OZCKKGIRQ,GMVK[PXBRGCMPF
PYGPG\[[KJG\ZCKKGIRQGZK[NYK[FGINVGCPSKZ\FECZKOCCCN.12
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JZKYJBBGJZGYRKQIKKCKOCINF,PSGZ\FP[\YV\DOCKZG[NPKINFGCCCNKVSIKO,YCT
PZHGJZBSTGEFTNSGVDRKQGCKZLTNKFO"FPGXKBNIOPQFBZW"~9|.13
RPXKRGNPEKO[FIN
PKPKFDBGRKOGTENSGUKPKFZB[GRKORJGNFTEKUB\FDKZSB[NVKFZCKKGIRQIKKCB\
FJZGYRKQCINF,GHB\TNVKECZKGCKZG[NPKINFGCCCNKVSIKO,GMVK[P[\PTDOPVSY
FFNMF[NC\ZBFCSGDKB[NRG,PZHGJZB.14
12ZBG,NP[N,KZG[NPKVSIKOKD,NHT"D=T"ENTGP\CCNKVSIKOYKET"C;KZG[NPKSRFEZKQDC,MBT"BNTGP\CCNKSRFEZKQ
MDT"B;KZG[NPK[CGTG\DI,NET"ENTGP\CCNK[CGTG\MBT"B.
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14MLNVKFVKZG[[FXTRGNFNQ,PEGZ"PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF:YCKT\STGEF";TKKRG[O.
224PSM\CZMG\{VZYMKXEPCZMKQ
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