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F S G D K B F I P [ T [ Z F { J Z G Y R K Q ) N H T " C { N I T " B ( .1 J Z G Y R K Q I K K C K Q C I N F . G M K B \ B Z C K Q B P Z Z C K K G I R Q : J Z G Y R K Q V J G Z K Q P Q F I N F . B . P K P Z B [ N Z C K K G I R Q C T R K K Q J Z G Y R K Q G H K F G K F J Z G Y R K Q T O " M G C B E B Z T B " T N K E K B C K K .2 P B K J Z G Y R K Q ? B P Z Z C K G S U > M L C Z G C F T E K O . C E V G S " B C K K " < : M G C B E B Z T B . .3 G B P Z B C K K : J Z K \ B V J G Z F P Q F I N F . C . P K P Z B [ N B C K K C T R K K Q J Z K \ B , G V K Z G [ K O [ G R K O N P K N F J Z K \ B . F B I Z G Q F G B " N I O F T [ G K N M G \ I " .4 P B K J Z K \ B ? B K M B E B P Z K : D C K N P Z \ I , G B K M B E B P Z K : R F P B E F R E Y B ; G B K M B E B P Z K : N I O F T [ G K N M G \ I . .5 \ R K Z C K I K K B : N I O F T [ G K N M G \ I V J G Z P Q F I N F . D . C Z K K \ G \ S G \ Z G \ C T R K K Q N I O F T [ G K N M G \ I , G \ K Z G W N S \ K Z F T N E Z L F B G Y K P \ B .6 G F B \ R K B : I K K C C I N F ! .7 F \ O M E Y \ R K J T P B , Z C K K F G E F B G P Z : P T [ K F P G M K I K Q T N K F , T [ B Q M T C K Q { I K K C K Q , M N P G E K Q { V J G Z K O . .8 B P Z N K F B C K K N Z C K G S U : F B K M G C B E B Z T B P B K P C Z M K Q T N G K F ? B P Z N K F : P K S C Z \ R F P B F G B ? D G C N B C T N P B F G B G P C Z M K Q T N G K F C G Z B P K R K P H G R G \ . E . F N M G \ [ G R G \ [ R B P Z G C T R K K Q M G C B E B Z T B .9 P Z H G J Z B Y C T S T G E \ K F T N G K F , G C Z L T N G K F F P G X K B N I O P Q F B Z W G [ N [ C Z M G \ . .10 B P Z P Z C Z Z C B [ K : G B E O K G X B C F Q K E K I G C \ G C V S I , P B K J T P B { N I O T G R K Y Z K R Q C K F . 219

BKMG.FNICQKCKKIQKRYGZJ .1 KCZ N[ BZPKP · e bcgm qkkrtc gzpbr[btzbe [n ... qkkrtc \gzpkp [gn[ \gbcgp qmp zibn .|7~ gbn ob i\gmn fvbr ob gknt fikmgp oinf b\kzg\" fn qkb[ kkcbn zpgb

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Page 1: BKMG.FNICQKCKKIQKRYGZJ .1 KCZ N[ BZPKP · e bcgm qkkrtc gzpbr[btzbe [n ... qkkrtc \gzpkp [gn[ \gbcgp qmp zibn .|7~ gbn ob i\gmn fvbr ob gknt fikmgp oinf b\kzg\" fn qkb[ kkcbn zpgb

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219

Page 2: BKMG.FNICQKCKKIQKRYGZJ .1 KCZ N[ BZPKP · e bcgm qkkrtc gzpbr[btzbe [n ... qkkrtc \gzpkp [gn[ \gbcgp qmp zibn .|7~ gbn ob i\gmn fvbr ob gknt fikmgp oinf b\kzg\" fn qkb[ kkcbn zpgb

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FYVKETNTZKS\O,GEGDP\G[RKRGCPGTEYJQ)V"CKCB(:TG[FNGNPGEKQNGIKQ,NCGZ[NKKQNMSG\G.

220PSM\CZMG\{VZYMKXEPCZMKQ

Page 3: BKMG.FNICQKCKKIQKRYGZJ .1 KCZ N[ BZPKP · e bcgm qkkrtc gzpbr[btzbe [n ... qkkrtc \gzpkp [gn[ \gbcgp qmp zibn .|7~ gbn ob i\gmn fvbr ob gknt fikmgp oinf b\kzg\" fn qkb[ kkcbn zpgb

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JZGYRKQ~1|GJZK\B~3|.C[RKFPYZKOPXBRGN[GRG\GDKZSBG\NIKGCBGNVJGZ.FJZGYRKQ

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BGNIOFGEK,BGNIOFT[GKNMG\I{NIOFRBVFMEKNFMKQPPRGVKZGZKOFRBMNKOCP[YF

FINCKFRYZBMG\I~4|.CTRKKQNIOFT[GKNMG\IR[\PZGCZKK\G\SG\ZG\CTRKKQFIKGC

CINF~5=6|,GBNGP\VZ[KOTNVKECZKZCKKFGEFFPGCBKOCCZKK\BRGSV\;NECZKGXGZ\

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BGYSVGZE:MKB\BZCKQB’ZKGIRQJZGYRKQIKKC\CINF

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2Cambridge T-S NS 329.841-842

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Page 4: BKMG.FNICQKCKKIQKRYGZJ .1 KCZ N[ BZPKP · e bcgm qkkrtc gzpbr[btzbe [n ... qkkrtc \gzpkp [gn[ \gbcgp qmp zibn .|7~ gbn ob i\gmn fvbr ob gknt fikmgp oinf b\kzg\" fn qkb[ kkcbn zpgb

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EKPKPSZC[OZCKKGIRQ"JZGYRKQIKKC\CINF",GPSGZ\BI\R[\PZFCYJTPQFDRKHF

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TP’.440

40ZBGNFNQ,TKGRKFVKZG[NVKSYBG\~3=4|.

41ZBGK.T. Achaya, A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food, Oxford India Collection, Oxford and New Delhi 1998, pp.

271-272, s.v. ‘‘wheat dishes’’; M. Doshi, Cooking Along the Ganges: The Vegetarian Heritage of India, Lincoln

Nebraska 2002, pp. 395-438.

231 FSGDKBFIP[T[ZF:’JZGYRKQ’)NHT"C{NIT"B(

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