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Gifted Education

Program Design and Administration

Dr. Barbara L. Branch

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Objectives• Friday

– Rationale for providing gifted education: Eight Gripes & Advantages

– Statistical Rationale– Rights of the Gifted Child– Myths and Realities– State Law, Federal Law– NCLB Assignment

• Saturday– NCLB Reports– Budgets– Intelligence– Identification– Program Options– Cluster grouping activity

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Rationale for Providing

Gifted Services

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Gripes and Advantages1. Divide a paper in half with a line down the

middle.

2. Write Gripes over the left column and Advantages over the right column.

3. List what you think gifted students would say are their gripes and what are the advantages to being identified gifted.

4. Share your list with the class.

5. Compare your list to the following list from When Gifted Kids don't have all the answers, by Jim Delisle & Judy Galbraith

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8 Gripes of Gifted Students

1. No one explains what being gifted is all about - it's keep a big secret.

2. School is too easy and too boring

3. Parents, teachers, and friends expect us to be perfect all the time.

4. Friends who really understand us are few and far between.

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8 Gripes of Gifted Students

1. Kids often tease us about being smart.

2. We feel overwhelmed by the number of things we can do in life.

3. We feel different and alienated.

4. We worry about world problems and feel helpless to do anything about them.

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Advantages of being gifted

• "I'm happy I'm smart because I love to get good grades and know what the answers are." Sushi Man, 5th grade

• "I always am happy with my condition. I can help other people and help the world. I can get smarter at the things I love most and usually do them well." Soaring Paperclip, 5th grade

• "I enjoy being smart because I am able to accomplish many things and I feel that being smart gives me more self-esteem." Crystal, 5th grade

• "I like being smart because then you have a bigger array of stuff to try and do." Stewart, 5th grade

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Advantages of being gifted

• "I love that I have unique interests and a place (class) in school where I can pursue them. I enjoy challenging myself to always reach the next level." Amelia, 7th grade

• "Having a great ability at something gives me the joy of immersing myself in working on that area." Michelle, 7th grade

• "I like to have more challenges and I like to have my work done on time." Bubba, 5th grade

• "Being gifted is great when the school meets me where I'm at academically. I love being challenged in my advanced classes." Wendy, 7th grade

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Advantages of being gifted

• "I'm happy being smart because I can always help my friends. You can solve problems easier. There are more chances to challenge yourself." Ailie, 7th grade

• "I just learn differently, and I'm okay with that." Cural, 5th grade

• "I am happy that I can achieve what is set in front of me. I strive to beat the challenge." Sawzall, 11th grade

• "I think I have found a lot of less-known things interesting, causing me to have a very diverse set of life experiences. Because of that, I have a very different thought process than most people." Scribblenaut, 12th grade

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Advantages of being gifted

• "Usually I'm glad to be somewhat intelligent in a world filled with stupidity and enjoyment of lame humor. It makes decisions in life much easier because I have enough knowledge and understanding to stay away from drugs and alcohol and focus my time into my studies." Jane, 12th grade

• "I'm glad that I am smart because I enjoy being able to write, read, and speak with a greater intellectual level. It also allows me to have a better grasp on whatever I am going over, whether in or out of school (i.e. our current History unit on the Civil War or Malcolm Gladwell's latest book)." Stewie, 11th grade

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Advantages of being gifted

• "I sometimes enjoy feeling smarter than the others and I feel like all that I have worked for in the past has paid off. And I'm thankful that there is a class where I can (humbly) exercise my abilities and be surrounded by others who have the same talents, a class where I won't feel different from other kids." Olive, 9th grade

• "I like that I can 'see through' the motives of the so-called cool crowd." Puff the Magic Dragon, 5th grade

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Why Should Gifted Students Be Supported?

• “Gifted and talented” is not always viewed very positively

– Isn’t it elitist? Offends our egalitarian sensibilities

– Democracy butts heads with intellectualism

– Does superior intellect make us uncomfortable?

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Why Should Gifted Students Be Supported?

• Doesn’t it stigmatize kids or label kids?

• Is it fair to other students?

• Isn’t it just kids who get more field trips and special treatment like after-school programs?

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Why Should Gifted Students Be Supported?

Numerous studies confirm a sad finding:

• Gifted students in the US have little good

to say about their schooling.

• Are usually bored and unengaged in school

• Tend to be highly critical of their teachers

• Are asked to learn independently too often.

Ellen Winner

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Rationale for Providing Gifted Services

– Every child has a right to a free and appropriate public education at his or her level

– All youngsters need appropriate peers and friends

– If improperly nurtured and educated, gifted youngsters can become a powerful negative force in society

Dr. Victoria Gardner Placker, B.A.Ed., M.S., R.Sc.P., Rs.D. http://www.angelfire.com/ne/cre8vityunltd/futrgifted.html

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Rationale for Providing Gifted Services

– 24% of drop outs are gifted

– 50% of the prisoners on death row in Oregon and Washington have IQ's over 130

– Think of the havoc wrecked upon our society by Ted Bundy, Charles Manson, and Ted Kaczynski.

Dr. Victoria Gardner Placker, B.A.Ed., M.S., R.Sc.P., Rs.D. http://www.angelfire.com/ne/cre8vityunltd/futrgifted.html

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Rationale for Providing Gifted Services

– Gifted children have specific behavioral characteristics in the cognitive and affective realms that present special learning needs that must be addressed by curriculum differentiation

Van Tassel-Baska, 1998

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Why our Nation Needs to Educate our Gifted and Talented Youth

• About one-third of all jobs in the United States require science or technology competency, but currently only 17 percent of Americans graduate with science or technology majors … in China, fully 52 percent of college degrees awarded are in science and technology. (William R. Brody, president of Johns Hopkins University, Congressional testimony 7/05)

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Why our Nation Needs to Educate our Gifted and Talented Youth

• In the fourth grade, U.S. students score above the international average in math and near first in science. At eighth grade, they score below average in math, and only slightly above average in science. By 12th grade, U.S. students are near the bottom of a 49-country survey in both math and science, outscoring only Cyprus and South Africa.

• Less than 15 percent of U.S. students have the prerequisites even to pursue scientific or technical degrees in college.

(William R. Brody, president of Johns Hopkins University, Congressional testimony 7/05)

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Why our Nation Needs to Educate our Gifted and Talented Youth

• U.S. mathematics and science K-12 education ranks 48th worldwide

• 49% of U.S. adults don't know how long it takes for the Earth to circle the sun

• China has replaced the United States as the world's top high-technology exporter

http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2010-09-23-science-education_N.htm?csp=34news

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Why our Nation Needs to Educate our Gifted and Talented Youth

• "The real point is that we have to have a well-educated workforce to create opportunities for young people," says Charles Vest, head of the National Academy of Engineering, a report sponsor. "Otherwise, we don't have a chance.“

• "The current economic crisis makes the link between education and employment very clear," says Steven Newton of the National Center for Science Education in Oakland.

http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2010-09-23-science-education_N.htm?csp=34news

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Why our Nation Needs to Educate our Gifted and Talented Youth

88% of high school dropouts had passing grades, but dropped out due to boredom

(Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: “The Silent Epidemic” 3/06)

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Rationale for Providing Gifted Services

We need gifted people to deal with our world's problems, and they need to be appropriately educated and emotionally healthy to do so!

Our future depends on them!

Dr. Victoria Gardner Placker, B.A.Ed., M.S., R.Sc.P., Rs.D. http://www.angelfire.com/ne/cre8vityunltd/futrgifted.html

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Statistical Rationale

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Sac City DataSelf Contained vs Non-Self Contained GATE Students

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Proficiency Levels

Pe

rcen

t o

f S

tud

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ts

Self Contained Classes

Non-Self Contained Classes

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Sac City Data

Sacramento City Unified School District

Self Contained Classes Non-Self Contained Classes2003-04 ELA 523 students 683 studentsAdvanced 67% 27%Proficient 27% 67%Basic 5% 6%Below Basic 0% 1%Far Below Basic 0% 0%

Self Contained Classes Non-Self Contained Classes2003-04 Math 524 students 683 studentsAdvanced 71% 74%Proficient 23% 23%Basic 5% 3%Below Basic 1% 0%Far Below Basic 0% 0%

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1. Who are the students in proficient or below by name.

2. Why aren’t they in advanced?

3. Do they have challenging curriculum in each grade level?

4. How many gifted students are not in honors or AP? Why not?

Questions to Ask of Your Data

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First Writing

Prepare a 2-3 minute talk to give to the school board to encourage support for gifted education in your district.

Use the information you have collected and shared, the first two articles, and your own thoughts.

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 Read and discuss with your neighbor.

Do you agree with all of the declarations?  

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997eighbor.

  

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 It is the right of a gifted child to engage

in appropriate educational experiences even when other children of that grade level or age are unable to profit from the experience.  

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

  

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 It is the right of a gifted child to be

grouped and to interact with other gifted children for some part of their learning experience so that they may be understood, engaged, and challenged.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

It is the right of a gifted child to be taught rather than to be used as a tutor or teaching assistant for a significant part of the school day.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

  

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 It is the right of a gifted child to be

presented with new, advanced, and challenging ideas and concepts regardless of the material and resources that have been designated for the age group or grade level in which the child was placed.

  

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 It is the right of a gifted child to be

taught concepts that the child does not yet know instead of relearning old concepts that the child has already shown evidence of mastering.   

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 It is the right of a gifted child to learn faster than age peers and to have that pace of learning respected and provided for.

It is the right of a gifted child to think in alternative ways, produce diverse products, and to bring intuition and innovation to the learning experience.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 It is the right of a gifted child to be idealistic and sensitive to fairness, justice, accuracy and the global problems facing humankind and to have a forum for expressing these concerns.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 It is the right of a gifted child to question

generalizations, offer alternative solutions, and value complex and profound levels of thought.

It is the right of a gifted child to be intense, persistent, and goal-directed in the pursuit of knowledge.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

It is the right of a gifted child to express a sense of humor that is unusual, playful, and often complex.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

It is the right of a gifted child to hold high expectations for self and others and to be sensitive to inconsistencies between ideals and behavior, with the need to have help in seeing the value in human differences.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child 

It is the right of a gifted child to be a high achiever in some areas of the curriculum and not in others, making thoughtful knowledgeable academic placement a necessity.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 It is the right of a gifted child to have a

low tolerance for the lag between vision and actualization, between personal standards and developed skill, and between physical maturity and athletic ability.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

  

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A Declaration of the Educational Rights of the Gifted Child

 It is the right of a gifted child to pursue

interests that are beyond the ability of age peers, are outside the grade level curriculum, or involve areas as yet unexplored or unknown.

Dr. Barbara Clark, Growing Up Gifted, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1997

  

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Myths and Realities

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Activity

Complete Distinguishing Myths from Realities Quiz with at least one

partner – discuss each before you decide what to answer

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Myths• Cooperative learning can be substituted

for specialized programs and services for academically talented students

• Gifted students have lower self-esteem than non-gifted students

• Gifted children can get a good education on their own

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Zone of Proximal Development

• The gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what a learner cannot do, even with assistance.

Dependent

Independent

Too Hard

Too Easy

Just Right

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Zone of Proximal DevelopmentDependent

Independent

Dependent

Independent

Dependent

Independent

Independent

Independent

Gifted Child

Average Children

Dependent

Independent

High-achiever

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Myths– Gifted students are a homogeneous

group, all high achievers.

– Gifted students do not need help. If they are really gifted, they can manage on their own.

– Gifted students have fewer problems than others because their intelligence and abilities somehow exempt them from the hassles of daily life.

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Myths

– The future of a gifted student is assured: a world of opportunities lies before the student.

– Gifted students are self-directed; they know where they are heading.

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Myths

– The social and emotional development of the gifted student is at the same level as his or her intellectual development.

– Gifted students are nerds and social isolates.

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Myths– The primary value of the gifted

student lies in his or her brain power.

– The gifted student's family always prizes his or her abilities.

– Gifted students need to serve as examples to others and they should always assume extra responsibility.

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Myths– Gifted students make everyone else

smarter.

– Gifted students can accomplish anything they put their minds to. All they have to do is apply themselves.

– Gifted students are naturally creative and do not need encouragement.

– Gifted children are easy to raise and a welcome addition to any classroom.

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Realities– Gifted students are often perfectionistic

and idealistic. They may equate achievement and grades with self-esteem and self-worth, which sometimes leads to fear of failure and interferes with achievement.

– Gifted students may experience heightened sensitivity to their own expectations and those of others, resulting in guilt over achievements or grades perceived to be low.

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Realities– Gifted students are asynchronous. Their

chronological age, social, physical, emotional, and intellectual development may all be at different levels. For example, a 5-year-old may be able to read and comprehend a third-grade book but may not be able to write legibly.

- Gifted students may be so far ahead of their chronological age mates that they know more than half the curriculum before the school year begins! Their boredom can result in low achievement and low grades.

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Realities– Some gifted children are "mappers" (sequential

learners), while others are "leapers" (spatial learners).

• Leapers may not know how they got a "right answer."

• Mappers may get lost in the steps leading to the right answer.

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Realities

– Gifted children are problem solvers. They benefit from working on open-ended, interdisciplinary problems; for example, how to solve a shortage of community resources.

– Gifted students often refuse to work for grades alone.

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Realities– Gifted students often think abstractly

and with such complexity that they may need help with concrete study- and test-taking skills. They may not be able to select one answer in a multiple choice question because they see how all the answers might be correct.

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Realities– Gifted students who do well in school

may define success as getting an "A" and failure as any grade less than an "A."

– By early adolescence they may be unwilling to try anything where they are not certain of guaranteed success.

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Top Ten Myths in Gifted Education

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State Law Federal Law

and NCLB

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• Children and youth with outstanding talent perform or show the potential for performance at remarkably high levels of accomplishment when compared with others of their age, experience, or environment.

• These children and youth exhibit high performance capability in intellectual, creative, and/or artistic areas, possess an unusual leadership capacity, or excel in specific academic fields. They require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the schools.

• Outstanding talents are present in children and youth from all cultural groups, across all economic strata, and in all areas of human endeavor.

Federal Definition of Giftedness

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NCLB Definition of Gifted

The definition of gifted and talented in NCLB is as follows:

The term 'gifted and talented', when used with respect to students, children, or youth, means students, children, or youth who give evidence of high achievement capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, or leadership capacity, or in specific academic fields, and who need services or activities not ordinarily provided by the school in order to fully develop those capabilities.

Title IX, Part A, Section 9101(22)Page 544

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Title I Improving the Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged

Title I Improving the Academic Achievement of the DisadvantagedPart A - Improving Basic Programs Operated by LEAsSection 1111 - State PlansStates are required to explain the method used to define "annual yearly progress" and may use a host of academic indicators, including changes in the percentage of students in gifted and talented, advanced placement, and college preparatory programs. (Section 1111(b)(2)(C)(vii)).(Page 24)

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Title I Improving the Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged

Part A - Improving Basic Programs Operated by LEAsSection 1111 - State PlansStates are required to explain the method used to define "annual yearly progress" and may use a host of academic indicators, including changes in the percentage of students in gifted and talented, advanced placement, and college preparatory programs.

Section 1111(b)(2)(C)(vii)Page 24

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Title II Preparing, Training & Recruiting High Quality Teachers & Principals

Section 2122: Local application and needs assessment.

An LEA application for a sub-grant from the state must include an explanation of how the LEA will provide training to enable teachers to address the needs of students with different learning styles, particularly students with disabilities, with special learning needs (including students with gifts and talents)....

Section 2122(b)(9)(A)Page 210

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Title V Promoting Informed Parental Choice and Innovative Programs

Part A - Innovative Programs

Subpart 3 - Local Innovative Education Programs (Note: this is the local block grant section of the Act)Funds to LEAs shall be used for innovative assistance programs, which may include "programs to provide for the educational needs of gifted and talented children.“

Section 5131(a)(7)Page 363

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Jacob Javits Grant

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Title VII Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native Education

Part A - Indian Education

Subpart 3 National ActivitiesSection 7134 is Gifted & Talented Indian Students(Page 510)

Part B - Native Hawaiian EducationSection 7205(a)(3)(E) is Gifted and Talented Native Hawaiian Students(Page 524)

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Title X, Part C, Homeless Education

Section 1032 amends Subtitle B of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act as follows:

Section 722(g)(4)(D) Grants for State and Local Activities:Requires LEAs that receive funds under the McKinney Act to provide homeless children services comparable to services offered to other students in the school, including programs for gifted and talented students.(Page 584)

Section 723(d)(2) LEA sub-grantsPermits LEAs to use funds awarded through sub-grants from the state under the McKinney Act on expedited evaluations of the strengths and needs of homeless children, including needs and eligibility for gifted and talented programs and services(Page 588)

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Federal Statistics

• 25 states have a definition of giftedness from the legislature

• 21 states have a definition of giftedness from the state agency

• 4 states have no definition• 32 states mandate gifted education• On average states identify about 6%

of the student population as gifted

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Federal Numbers

California 411,363 6.9%

Colorado 45,701 6.5%

Nevada 11,583 3.5%

Oklahoma 84,467 13.1%

Texas 351,068 9%

Virginia 116,914 10.3%

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California DefinitionEach district shall use one or more of these categories in identifying pupils as gifted and talented in all categories, identification of a pupil’s extraordinary capability shall be in relation to the pupil’s chronological peers.

– Intellectual Ability: A Pupil demonstrates extraordinary or potential for extraordinary intellectual development

– Creative Ability: A Pupil characteristically:• Perceives unusual relationships among aspects of the

pupil’s environment and among ideas; • Overcomes obstacles to thinking and doing;• Produces unique solutions to problems

– Specific Academic Ability: A pupil functions at highly advanced academic levels in particular subject areas.

– Leadership Ability: A pupil displays the characteristic behaviors necessary for extraordinary leadership.

– High Achievement: A pupil consistently produces advanced ideas and products and/or attains exceptionally high scores on achievement tests.

– Visual and Performing Arts Talent: A Pupil originates, performs, produces, or responds at extraordinarily high levels in the arts.

– Any other category which meets the standards set forth in these regulations

CAL CODE REGS, title 5, § 3822

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History of Gifted Education in California

• MGM – 1961• GATE – 1980 – AB 1040

• Districts set up own criteria• Expanded services beyond intellectually gifted

• Updated GATE with standards - AB 2313

• Title V of the State Code

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Review of Law in CaliforniaAB 2313 – September 2000

• Before AB 2313 – 200 minutes per week for 30 weeks – Qualitatively different instruction

• AB 2313– Calls for a differentiation of the core

curriculum all day

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Recommended Program Standards

• Collaboration of CAG and CDE approved by State Board of Education

• Standards for 1, 2 3, or 5 year plans for exemplary districts

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Recommended Program Standards

• Components– Program Design– Identification– Curriculum and Instruction– Social & Emotional Development– Professional Development– Parent and Community Involvement– Program Assessment

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Coordinated Compliance Review Background

• GATE not mandated in California

• New law – AB 2313

• Not part of the consolidated application but under CCR for the 8 years

• Now part of CPM

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ActivityNo Child Left Behind

What effect has NCLB had on gifted education?

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Saturday • Reports on NCLB

• Budget

• Intelligence

• Identification

• Program Options

• Cluster Grouping Activity

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ActivityGifted Ed and NCLB

Presentations and Research

1. Read your article

2. Prepare a presentation to share information from your article

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Impact on Gifted Students

1. Vast amounts of time, money, and energy is focused on meeting the NCLB mandates in many states and districts, at the expense of developing curriculum for gifted learners.

2. Lack of planning time, faculty development, and physical space for gifted education.

3. Gifted students' academic performance and test scores are declining

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Impact on Gifted Students

4. Curriculum is watered down and unchallenging as gifted students are forced to review concepts they already have mastered.

5. Not enough in-classroom time for enrichment of high ability students.

6. Teacher reluctance to release students from class or pre-test material for mastery.

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Impact on Gifted Students

7. Districts lack of concern for G/T because these students reach average proficiency.

8. Teachers are so overburdened with additional NCLB testing, preparation for testing, and paperwork that they are unmotivated and unrewarded to provide more for gifted students.

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Budgets

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In an article asking if it is right to put emphasis on equity over excellence, Sue Winter of Missouri states,

"If the whole pie [all states] equaled $100, the meat of the budget goes to No Child Left Behind at $64, special education gets $32, gifted education gets $0.026

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National Expenditure

Education

NCLBSpecial EDGiftedOther

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Budgets and Funding Facts

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Budgets and Funding Facts  Budget $ Amount % of

Total $# of Kids % of

Total Pop

California Total $27,276,509,487   6,312,393

California GATE $55,344,989 0.2 % 512,000 8.0 %

Rocklin Total $27,196,788 11,079

Rocklin GATE $73,796 0.27% 1105

9.0 %

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California GATE Funding Process

Total ApportionmentTotal ADA

$55,344,989

6,275,469 kids

Each district received $8.82 per total ADA

2008-2009 =$8.82

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Flexibility

2010-2015• 23 funds including GATE are placed in a

block grant.• Districts have flexibility to use the block

grant of funds in any program• All categorical funds are cut 15%• An additional 4.9% cut this year• Districts can sweep carryover funds from

this year

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Total Education Budget

GATE Budget

California Education Budget

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LAO Instructional Support Block Grant Consolidates 22 Programs

(In Millions)

 Program2009‑10 Proposed

K-3 Class Size Reduction $1,824.6

Home-to-School Transportation 618.7

School and Library Improvement Block Grant 461.6

Instructional materials 416.3

Professional Development Block Grant 272.5

Teacher Credentialing Block Grant 129.1

Arts and Music Block Grant 109.8

9th Grade Class Size Reduction 98.5

Math and Reading Professional Development 56.7

Gifted and Talented Education 55.2

Physical Education Teacher Incentive Grants 41.8

Commission on Teacher Credentialing programs 32.7

Peer Assistance Review 29.8

Apprenticeship 19.6

Specialized Secondary Program Grant 6.1

Agricultural Vocational Education 5.2

Principal Training 4.9

Partnership Academies 4.5

Oral health assessments 4.4

International Baccalaureate 1.3

Reader Services for Blind Teachers 0.4

Teacher Dismissal Apportionment 0.1

  Total $4,193.7

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64.00%

32.00%

0.26% 3.74%

Missouri Education Budget

NCLB Spec Ed

GATE Other

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Measuring Intelligence

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Intelligence

History of Intelligence

Branch ConsultingPlucker, J. A. (Ed.). (2003). Human intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources. Retrieved [11/09/2004], from http://www.indiana.edu/~intell

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Phrenology

• 1758-1825

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Measuring IntelligenceCraniometry 1849

• Samuel George Morton, 1819-1850, devised a system of filling empty skulls with small seeds and then removing the seeds to measure the volume.

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Measuring IntelligenceCraniometry 1849

• Naturally, this required that the subjects be dead, and that the only "results" were comparative skull sizes of various groups, which led to hypotheses about those groups.

• Paul Broca, 1824-1880, replaced the seeds

with lead shot, but craniometry remained otherwise static for nearly a century.

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Galton1822-1911

Historiometry

Measured reaction time and grip strength, and looked for a correlation between these measures and measures of success in endeavors thought to reflect intellectual ability, such as one's class rank in school or one's occupational level

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Measuring IntelligenceBinet 1904

• Binet, 1857-1911, a student of Broca’s, was commissioned in 1904 by the minister of public education in France to develop a method for identifying children who might benefit from special education curricula.

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Measuring IntelligenceBinet 1904

• Binet developed a series of tests related to common tasks involving reasoning, comprehension, invention and censure ..

• In 1905, Binet published these tasks

as the first Binet scale, and modern intelligence testing was born.

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Binet and Simon (1908/1916)

• “We have sought to find the natural intelligence of the child, and not his degree of culture, his amount of instruction.

• A very intelligent child may be

deprived of instruction by circumstances foreign to his intelligence. He may have lived far from school; he may have had a long illness; …” (pp. 253-254).

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Measuring IntelligenceGoddard

• Just three years after Binet developed his scale, the test crossed the Atlantic and gave rise to the American eugenics movement.

• Goddard began testing immigrants at New York's Ellis Island using his translation of the Binet scale. He found that forty percent of the immigrants fell into the newly formed "moron" class, which he and his colleagues believed was a group doomed to crime and poverty.

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Measuring IntelligenceStanford-Binet

• In 1916, Stanford professor Lewis M. Terman expanded the scale dramatically and gave it a new name-the Stanford-Binet.

• It was to become the standard for mental testing in the twentieth century, and all tests that followed were really just variations.

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1917 Army IQ Alpha Test• Information• Practical Judgment• Arithmetical Problems• Synonyms-Antonyms• Disarranged Sentences• Number Series Completion• Analogies

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1917 Army IQ Beta Test• Picture Completion• Maze• Cube Analysis• X-O Series• Digit Symbol• Number Checking• Geometrical Construction

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1927 Army Testing

Program

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Verbal Nonverbal Intelligence?

• Definition of intelligence:“The aggregate or global

capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment (1939)”

Wechsler based his test on the Army Mental Testing Program

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Wechsler Scales

• Performance IQ Scale is comprised of nonverbal and spatial tests– Block Design– Object Assembly– Picture Completion– Picture Arrangement– Coding (Digit Symbol)

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Wechsler Intelligence Scale

• Verbal IQ Scale is comprised of tests of verbal comprehension and verbal expression– Information– Similarities– Arithmetic– Vocabulary– Comprehension

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Identification• IQ tests –

– WISC, Binet• Achievement Tests

– CAT 6– CST

• Non-verbal– Raven Progressive Matrices– Naglieri Progressive Matrices

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Identification• Creative

– Torrance• Observation

– June Maker• Portfolio

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Identification Around the World

Share Cross-Cultural Identification Survey Results

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Why Nonverbal Tests?

• Appropriate for many children• Does not require verbal skills• Does not require achievement• Requires minimal motor skills• Allows ample time for responding• Can be given individually or in groups• More fair to minority populations• To find gifted children who are not achieving to

their potential (David Mills, DPI North Carolina)

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Raven Progressive Matrices

• Designed to measure “mental activity [which] involves making meaning out of confusion…forming (largely non-verbal) constructs which facilitate the handling of complex problems involving many mutually dependent variables” (Raven, 1990, p. G3).

• “Matrices measure the ability to educe relationships” (Raven, 1990, p. G4).

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Group Test Comparison

Raven

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Group Test Comparison

Raven

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Group Test Comparison

Raven

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Group Test Comparison

Raven

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Raven Progressive Matrices

3 + - 4 = -1

2 + 1 = 3

5 + -3 = 2

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Online Example of Similar Test

IQ Testhttp://iqtest.dk/main.swf

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NNAT

• ‘The NNAT is a brief, culture-fair, nonverbal measure of ability

• NNAT items assess ability without requiring the student to read, write, or speak

• NNAT uses abstract figural designs, and does not rely on verbal skills or achievement

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Structure of NNAT

• Seven levels• 38 items per

level• Each level was

designed to have– good ceiling /

floor– good reliability– as many as four

item clusters

Level GradesA KB 1C 2D 3

& 4

E 5 & 6

F 7 - 9

G10 - 12

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Group Test Comparison

RavenTONI-3MAT-SF NNAT

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Group Administered Tests

NNAT

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Program Options Based on identification

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Gifted Program Delivery Models

What can schools do to help these students when they really care, but

don’t have the funds?

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Gifted Program Delivery Models

Some gifted students may be candidates for early entrance to kindergarten, or possibly first grade if they are already reading.

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Gifted Program Delivery Models

Pre-assess gifted students before a unit or a course for mastery of the subject matter and offer a more advanced unit or course.

Self-contained classes for gifted students, particularly in core curriculum classes, help them move on to more advanced subjects.

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Gifted Program Delivery Models

Multi-age, self-contained gifted classes are even more effective. Learning with intellectual peers encourages gifted students to achieve.

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Gifted Program Delivery Models

Subject acceleration is appropriate when a student is proficient in a particular subject.

Consider grade acceleration when a student demonstrates proficiency at a particular grade level. Use the Iowa Acceleration Scale to evaluate this and other options.

Subject

Grade

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Gifted Program Delivery Models

Dual enrollment in middle or high school, or high school and college, offers challenging opportunities for gifted students.

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Gifted Program Delivery Models

Offer Advanced Placement (AP) courses and/or International Baccalaureate (IB) programs for gifted students.

Provide counselors who are trained to counsel gifted students, including advising them of talent development opportunities.

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Gifted Program Delivery Models

Advise students of Academic Talent Searches, scholarships and academic competitions and give students credit for the advanced courses they take in academic summer programs.

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Gifted Program Delivery Models

Create a school culture that values intellectual discovery and achievements, where students encourage one another to accomplish more than they would on their own.

Encourage administrators and teachers to educate themselves on the wide range of exceptional abilities among bright students and increase flexibility in addressing the individual learning needs of gifted

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Rationale for Cluster Grouping

• Placing high achievers together in one classroom challenges those students, enabling other students to become academic leaders and allowing new talent to emerge.

Marcia Gentry

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Rationale for Cluster Grouping

• Cluster grouping makes it easier for teachers to meet the needs of students in their classrooms by reducing the achievement range of students within a classroom.

• Cluster grouping used in conjunction with challenging instruction and high teacher expectations may improve how teachers view their students with respect to ability and achievement.

Marcia Gentry

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Rationale for Cluster Grouping

• Achievement scores improved over a three-year period for students in a cluster group environment and the number of students identified as high achievers increased.

Marcia Gentry

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Rationale for Cluster Grouping

• Flexible grouping within and between classes that reduces the achievement range of each class can provide many benefits to all students and teachers.

• The positive effects of cluster grouping result from many changes in the school climate such as:

Marcia Gentry

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Rationale for Cluster Grouping

• creating opportunities for staff development, emphasizing a variety of instructional strategies;

• raising teacher expectations; • creating a sense of ownership;

Marcia Gentry

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Rationale for Cluster Grouping

• reducing the range of achievement levels in classrooms;

• creating opportunities for

collaboration with colleagues and administration.

Marcia Gentry

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Categorical Program Monitoring

Gifted and Talented Education (GATE) Instrument for

Categorical Program Monitoring (CPM): An Ongoing Monitoring Process

• Desired Outcomes– The local educational agency (LEA) provides

opportunities for high-achieving and underachieving gifted and talented pupils, including pupils from economically disadvantaged and varying cultural backgrounds. (EC 52200[a])

– The LEA improves the quality of existing programs for gifted and talented pupils. (EC 52200[b])

– The LEA provides for experimentation in the delivery of the programs, including a variety of programmatic approaches and cost levels. (EC 52200[b])

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 (

The following is the philosophy of Charles Schulz, the creator of the 'Peanuts' comic strip.

You don't have to actually answer the questions. Just ponder on them..

Just read the e-mail straight through, and you'll get the point.

1. Name the five wealthiest people in the world.

2. Name the last five Heisman trophy winners.

3. Name the last five winners of the Miss America pageant.

4 Name ten people who have won the Nobel or Pulitzer Prize.

5. Name the last half dozen Academy Award winners for best actor and actress.

6. Name the last decade's worth of World Series winners.

How did you do?

The point is, none of us remember the headliners of yesterday.

These are no second-rate achievers.

They are the best in their fields.

But the applause dies..

Awards tarnish..

Achievements are forgotten.

Accolades and certificates are buried with their owners.

Here's another quiz. See how you do on this one :

1. List a few teachers who aided your journey through school.

2. Name three friends who have helped you through a difficult time.

3. Name five people who have taught you something worthwhile.

4. Think of a few people who have made you feel appreciated and special.

5. Think of five people you enjoy spending time with.

Easier?

The lesson :

The people who make a difference in your life are not the ones with themost credentials, the most money...or the most awards.

They simply are the ones who care the most

Pass this on to those people who have either made a difference in your life,or whom you keep close in your heart, like I did.

'Don't worry about the world coming to an end today. It's already tomorrow in Australia !'

Be yourself . . . . . everyone else is taken

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Categorical Program Monitoring

InvolvementParents, staff, students, and community members participate in developing, implementing, and evaluating core and categorical programs. 

I-G 1. The LEA plan includes procedures for continuous participation of parents of gifted and talented education (GATE) pupils in recommending policy for the planning, evaluating, and implementing of the GATE program. (5 CCR 3831[j][8])

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Categorical Program MonitoringGovernance and Administration

II-G 2. The LEA plan describes the appropriately differentiated curricula for identified GATE pupils. (5 CCR 3831[j])

– 2.1 The LEA develops a method for identifying GATE pupils in one or more of the following

categories: intellectual, creative, specific academic ability, leadership ability, high achievement, and performing and visual arts talent. (EC 52202)

– 2.2 The LEA GATE program is planned and organized as an integrated, differentiated learning experience within the regular school day and may be augmented or supplemented with other activities related to the core curriculum. (EC 52206[a])

– 2.3 A person is designated who has responsibility for the development of identification

procedures, program implementation, fiscal management, and collection of auditable records for evaluation. (EC 52212[a][3])

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Categorical Program MonitoringFunding

III-G 3. GATE program funds are used solely for the purposes of the program. (EC 52209)

– 3.1 The LEA plan includes an objective-related budget for use of GATE funds. (5

CCR 3831[j][10])– 3.2 Funds not expended in the current

fiscal year are expended for GATE program services in subsequent years. (EC 52209[b])

– 3.3 Indirect costs charged to the program were no more than 3 percent. (5 CCR 3870)

– 3.4 The school district maintains auditable records. (EC 52212[a][2])

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Categorical Program Monitoring

Standards and Accountability

IV-G 4. Evaluation of the program includes an annual review of pupil progress and of the administration of the program. (5 CCR 3831[j][5])

– 4.1 Modification of the GATE program is based on an annual review. (5 CCR 3831[j][6])

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Categorical Program Monitoring

Professional Development

V-G 5. The LEA staff development plan is based on a needs assessment that includes the specification of requisite competencies of teachers and supervisory personnel. (5 CCR 3831[j][7])

– 5.1 “Special day class” GATE teachers have preparation, experience, personal attributes, and competencies for teaching gifted children. (5 CCR 3840[a][3])

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Categorical Program MonitoringOpportunity and Equal Educational Access

VI-G 6. The LEA provides equal opportunitiesfor pupils to be identified for participation inthe GATE program. (5 CCR 3820[e])

– 6.1 The LEA seeks out and identifies gifted and talented pupils whose extraordinary capacities require special services and programs. (5 CCR 3820[b])

– 6.2 The LEA seeks out and identifies gifted and talented pupils from varying linguistic, economic, and cultural backgrounds. (5 CCR 3820[f])

– 6.3 All identified gifted and talented pupils have the opportunity to participate in the program. (5 CCR 3831[i])

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Categorical Program MonitoringTeaching and Learning

VII-G 7. The LEA provides differentiated learning opportunities

commensurate with the gifted and talented pupil’s abilities and

talent. (EC 52200[c][1])

– 7.1 Gifted and talented pupils have opportunities to acquire skills at advanced levels commensurate with their potential. (EC 52200[c][2])

– 7.2 Academic components are included in all program offerings, and where appropriate, instruction is provided in basic skills. (5 CCR 3831[g], EC 52206[c])

– 7.3 Underachieving, linguistically diverse, culturally divergent, or economically disadvantaged gifted and talented students receive services to assist them in developing their potential to achieve at the high levels commensurate with their abilities. (5 CCR 3840[i])

– 7.4. Gifted and talented pupils have opportunities to develop realistic, healthy self-concepts. (EC 52200[c][6])

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State Plan• AB 2313 – requires plan for 1, 2 or 3

years• Components

– Program Design– Identification– Curriculum and Instruction– Social & Emotional Development– Professional Development– Parent and Community Involvement– Program Assessment– Budget – ADA * ~ $9.31

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Activity

In a team, use state’s rubric to read all components of the your district plan

Rate the plan together as a team