(2) _________________________________ 2011

(Cell Theory) 1 (All Cells) 1. ....................................................... 2. ....................................................... 3. ....................................................... 4. ....................................................... 3 1. 1.1 (Cell Wall) 1.2 (Plasma Membrane) 2. (Cytoplasm) 2.1 (Cytosol) 2.2 (Organelles)

3.

(Nu

cleus

)

3.1

(N

uclea

r Mem

bran

e)

3.2

(N

ucleo

plasm

)

3.3

(C

hrom

atin)

3.4

(Nuc

leolus

)

1.

-

(

)

-

(

)

-

2.

-

(Ph

osph

olipid

)

2

-

(Se

mipe

rmea

ble M

embr

ane)

-

-

-

-

2011 _________________________________ (3)

3.

-

2

-

-

4.

-

(DNA

)

-

5.

-

rRN

A -

rR

NA

DNA

(4) _________________________________ 2011

6.

-

RNA

-

(

)

-

(E

R)

-

7.

-

(E

R)

-

-

2

1)

(R

ER)

ER

2)

(SE

R)

E

R

- RE

R

-

SER

(Lipid

)

8.

-

-

-

R

ER

SERRE

R

2011 _________________________________ (5)

9.

-

-

-

(E

ndoc

ytosis

)

10.

-

-

2

-

(Matr

ix)

DNA

-

-

(

-

)

11.

-

-

2

-

(Strom

a)

D

NA

-

-

(

)

DNA

DNA

(6) _________________________________ 2011

12.

-

-

1)

2)

3)

13.

-

2

-

14.

-

-

-

-

-

2011 _________________________________ (7)

(8) _________________________________ 2011

1.

2. ()

3.

4.

5. ( )

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

7.

8. 9.

10. ()

11.

12.

2011 _________________________________ (9)

2 1. - - - 2. 2 2.1 2 - - - 2.2 - () - - -

1. 2. 3. ( ) () 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. () () 7. 8. 9. 10.

(10) ________________________________ 2011

- 2 2 () ()

- (Semipermeable Membrane) - 2 1. 2 1.1 (Passive Transport) - (Ion) 3 1. (Diffusion) 2. (Osmosis) 3. (Facilitated Diffusion)

1.2

(Ac

tive

Tran

spor

t)

-

2.

-

(Ves

icle)

2

2.1

(Exo

cytos

is)

2.2

(End

ocyto

sis)

3

1.

(P

hago

cytos

is)

2.

(Pi

nocy

tosis)

3.

(Rec

eptor

-Med

iated

End

ocyto

sis)

-

1.

1.1

-

(

)

-

-

1.2

(Prote

in

Ch

anne

l)

-

()

(C

a2+ )

(Cl- )

(Prote

in Ch

anne

l)

-

(C

a2+ ),

(Cl- )

,

-

(Na+

),

-

(K

+ )

2011 ________________________________ (11)

2.

:

(P

rote

in

Ca

rrier

)

-

(Prote

in

Carri

er)

-

3.

(

Aq

uapo

rins)

-

Aqua

porin

s -

-

(Prot

ein

Ca

rrier)

ATP

-

1.

-

(

Vesic

le)

-

-

-

-

Aqua

porin

(12) ________________________________ 2011

2.

2.1

-

-

-

2.2

-

-

2.3

-

(

)

(Prot

ein R

ecep

tor)

-

2011 ________________________________ (13)

(14) ________________________________ 2011

(Solvent) (Solute) (Solute) (Osmotic Concentration) 3 1. (Hypertonic Solution) 2. (Hypotonic Solution) 3. (Isotonic Solution)

3%

(Osmotic Pressure)

3%

()

2011 ________________________________ (15)

Hypotonic Solution Isotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution

(16) ________________________________ 2011

1. 2. 3. - 4. 1. 2. - 3. 4. 1. (Kidneys) 2 2 (Nephron) 1

2011 ________________________________ (17)

(Long Section) ( )

()

1. (Bowmans Capsule) () 2. 2 Bowmans Capsule (Glomerulus) 3. (Convoluted Tubule) 3 ()

(18) ________________________________ 2011

(U) (Loop of Henle) () (Na+) (Aldosterone) 4. (Collecting Duct) ADH 2 (1) (Glomerulus Filtration) 180 (180 ) (2) (Reabsorption) (Active Transport) (Passive Transport) (Pinocytosis) 178.5 (178.5 ) (Antidiuretic Hormone; ADH) (Vasopressin) 2. - - (Enzyme) - 3 2.1 CO2 (Medulla Oblongata) CO2 CO2 Medulla Oblongata

2011 ________________________________ (19)

2.2 (Buffer) pH 1. (Hemoglobin) 2. (Protein) 2.3 (Kidneys) pH () 3. (Osmotic Pressure) 3.1 (Protist) (Contractile Vacuole)

(20) ________________________________ 2011

3.2 (Osmotic Pressure ) 3.3 (Osmotic Pressure ) (Active Transport)

2011 ________________________________ (21)

3.4 (Osmotic Pressure ) 3.5 (Nasal Gland) (Salt Gland)

4. 2 1. 2. (Hypothalamus)

(22) ________________________________ 2011

(Hypothalamus)

(Hypothalamus)

(Hypothalamus)

(Hypothalamus)

2011 ________________________________ (23)

:

:

:

:

(24) ________________________________ 2011

(Immunity) 2 1. (Innate Immunity) 2 1.1 () 1.2 (Nonspecific Immunity) 2. (Acquired Immunity) () (Specific Immunity) 1. (Innate Immunity) 1.1 () - pH 3-5 - (Lysozyme) - - () (Mucus) 1.2 (Nonspecific Immunity) - 3 1. (Neutrophil) 2. (Macrophage) 3. Natural Killer Cell (NK Cell) - (Histamine) - (Fever) (Phagocyte) - (Interferon) RNA

2011 ________________________________ (25)

Phagocyte

2. (Acquired Immunity) (Specific Immunity) - (Lymphocyte) (Antibody) (Antigen) - (Lymphocyte) - (Bone Marrow) (Thymus) ( ) (Spleen) (Lymph Node) (Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue ; MALT)

(26) ________________________________ 2011

...Duo : 3 1 Vaccine Serum (Vaccine) (Antibody) (Serum) 2 Antigen Antibody (Antigen) ... (Antibody) 3 Active Immunity Passive Immunity (Active Immunity) (Passive Immunity)

2 1. (Antibody) - - (Toxoid) - 3 1) 2) 3) (Toxoid) 2. (Antibody) - - -

2011 ________________________________ (27)

(Lymphatic System) 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 2 3.1 3.2 1. (Lymph)

(28) ________________________________ 2011

2. (Lymphatic Vessels) (Thoracic Duct) (Subclavian Vein) (Vena Cava)

TS

3. (Lymphoid Organs) 2 3.1 1. (Bone Marrow) 2. (Thymus) () (Aorta) - (Lymphocyte) : 3.2 1. (Spleen) (Macrophage) - () - - -

2011 ________________________________ (29)

2. (Lymph Node) - - 3. (Tonsils) 3 3.1 3.2 3.3

(30) ________________________________ 2011

1. 2 1.1 (Somatic Cell) 1.2 (Sex Cell) 2. 2 2.1 (Autosome) 2.2 (Sex Chromosome) 3. 2 (Diploid Cell) 4. 1 (Haploid Cell) 5. 6. 7. 2 7.1 (Karyokinesis) 7.2 (Cytokinesis) 8. 8.1 (Chromatin) 8.2 (Centromere) 8.3 (Chromatid) 8.4 (Chromosome) 8.5 (Homologous Chromosome) (Cell Cycle) 3 1. (Interphase) 3 1.1 G1 1.2 S 1.3 G2 2. (Mitosis) 4 2.1 (Prophase) 2.2 (Metaphase) 2.3 (Anaphase) 2.4 (Telophase) 3. (Cytokinesis)

2011 ________________________________ (31)

()

- () 1 Copy 2 - () 1

- - -

-

-

(32) ________________________________ 2011

- () -

(Cytokinesis) - 2 1 (Meiosis) (DNA) 2 I II I () (Homologous Chromosome) I 2 1 II I I 2 (Homologous) II 4

2011 ________________________________ (33)

(Mitosis) (Meiosis)

Meio

sis I

Meio

sis II

(34) ________________________________ 2011

1. 2. 1. (Crossing Over) () (Homologous Chromosome) I

2.

1. 2. 1 2 3. 1 2 4 4. 2

1 5. () 21 6. 7. , ,

, ( )

, ,

A B

C

D

2011 ________________________________ (35)

1. 2 1. (Somatic Cells) ( ) 2n (2 ) 2. (Sex Cells) (Sperm) (Egg Cell) n (1 ) 2. 2.1 (Chromatin) 2 (Diploid) (Homologous Chromosome) (Haploid) 2.2 DNA

(Centromere)

(Sister Chromatids)

DNA

(Nucleosome)

(36) ________________________________ 2011

() DNA 1 3 2 3 (Histone Protein) (Non-Histone Protein) (Nucleosome) 8 DNA 150 () DNA 1 (Genome) 1 2.3 2 1. (Autosome) 2. (Sex Chromosome) 46 (2n = 46) 23 44 (22 ) 2 () 46 44 + XY 46, XY 46 44 + XX 46, XX 3. DNA

1 nm

T

G

A

C

A

CG

T

G CTAAT

CGGC

TAGC

AT

TAAT

TA

G CTA

OP

OH

HO

OO O

OP OO O

PO OO

OO

PO O

OO PO O

OO

O OO

P

PO OOO

PO

O OO

OH

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

OH

2CH

2CH

2CH

2CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

DNA

2011 ________________________________ (37)

DNA DNA 3 DNA 5 5 (5 ) 3 3 (3 ) DNA DNA (Gene) DNA (Polymer) (Monomer) 3

N-Base

Pentose Sugar

Phosphate

1. (Pentose) (Deoxyribose) 2. (Nitrogenous Base N-Base) (Ring) 2 2.1 (Purine) 2 (Guanine) (Adenine) 2.2 (Pyrimidine) 2 (Cytosine) (Thymine) 3. ( -34PO )

(38) ________________________________ 2011

A TC G

...Hiso Hiso 1 : (Nucleic Acid) 2 1. RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) 2. DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) Hiso 2 : (Monomer) (Nucleotide) Hiso 3 : RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide

RNA Nucleotide DNA Nucleotide

1. -34PO -34PO 2. A, U, C, G A, T, C, G 3. 5 () Ribose sugar (C5H10O5)

Deoxyribose sugar (C5H10O4)

Hiso 4 : 1 1

1 : 1 Hiso 5 : 4 DNA A T 2 C G 3 Hiso 6 : RNA DNA 5 ...

Hiso 7 : DNA (Complementary Basepair) = = Hiso 8 : DNA

DNA

2011 ________________________________ (39)

1. (Gamete) (Sperm) (Egg Cell) 2. (Gene) 3. (Allele) 2 A a ( 2 ) A a ABO 3 IA, IB i ( 3 ) 4. (Homozygous Gene) TT, tt, IAIA 2 4.1 (Homozygous Dominance) AA, TT 4.2 (Homozygous Recessive) aa, tt 5. (Heterozygous Gene) Tt, Rr, IAi 6. (Dominance Dominant Trait) 1 2 (Homozygous Dominance) 7. (Recessive Trait) (Homozygous Recessive) 8. (Phenotype) ( ) 9. (Genotype) () 3 EE, Ee, ee

(40) ________________________________ 2011

1 2 3

EE Ee ee (Gene) (DNA) DNA (Homologous) (Homologous Chromosome)

(Homologous Chromosome)

mRNA

RER

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

2011 ________________________________ (41)

XY

XX

........................................ ........................................

X Y

(42) ________________________________ 2011

(Law) 2 1 (Law of Segregation) 1 ( I ) 1 2 (Law of Independent Assortment) 2

1 2

2011 ________________________________ (43)

1. (Complete Dominance) 100% (Homozygous Dominance) WW Ww

(WW) (ww)

(Ww)

(Ww)

(Ww)

(Ww)

( P)

( F1)

2. (Incomplete Dominance) 100% 100%

(RR)

-

F1

(rr)

(Rr)

(RR)

(Rr)

(Rr)

(rr)

F2

(44) ________________________________ 2011

3. (Co-Dominance) AB IAIB (Multiple Allele) 2 ABO 3 ABO (Allele) ABO 3 IA, IB, i IA A IB B i 2 i IA IB 2 i ABO ()

() 1. IAIA A A 2. IAi A A 3. IBIB B B 4. IBi B B 5. IAIB A B

AB 6. ii O

A A AB A B O () (Antibody) 2 A B A A B O A B

2011 ________________________________ (45)

ABO

A A B B B A AB A B O A B

ABO

() () (Antigen) (Antibody)

A B AB O

()

()

()

(46) ________________________________ 2011

A B AB O A 9 8 9 8 B 8 9 9 8 AB 8 8 9 8 O 9 9 9 9

: 9 8

(Polygene) () 2 1. 2 A, B (Red) a, b (White) 2. 3 A, B, C (Red) a, b, c (White) 2 1. (Continuous Variation Trait) (Quantitative Trait) 2. (Discontinuous Variation Trait) 1 (1 )

2011 ________________________________ (47)

(Autosome) (Sex Chromosome) 1. (Albino) 2. (Thalassemia) 3. (Sickle Cell Anemia) X 1. (Hemophilia) 2. (Color Blindness) 3. (Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy) 4. G-6-PD (Pedigree)

(Mutation) (Gene Mutation DNA Mutation) DNA (Genetic Engineering) DNA (Recombinant DNA) 2 (Restriction Enzyme) (DNA Ligase Enzyme)

(48) ________________________________ 2011

(GMOs) (Recombinant DNA) DNA (Host)

GMO

(Cloning) () (Somatic Cell)

2011 ________________________________ (49)

(DNA Fingerprint)

1 2

1

2

3

4

2 4

...

G

T

(50) ________________________________ 2011

(Biological Diversity) 3 1. 2. 3. 2 1. 2. 2 1. (Prokaryotic Cells) 2. (Eukaryotic Cells) ( ) 5 1. (Monera Kingdom) 2. (Protista Kingdom) 3. (Fungi Kingdom) 4. (Plantae Kingdom) 5. (Animalia Kingdom)

2011 ________________________________ (51)

7

Kingdom()

Phylum()

Class()

Order()

Family()

Genus()

Species()

(Species)

(52) ________________________________ 2011

5

( )

1. 3 3 3 3 3 2. 2 3 3 3 3 3. 3 3 3 3 2 4. 3 3 3 3 3 5. 3 3 2 2 2 6. 3 3 2 3 2 7. 2 3 2 3 2

1. - - - 2. (Decomposer) 3. (Chlorophyll) (Chloroplast)

A B C 3

2011 ________________________________ (53)

... (Virus) (Antibiotic) 2009

(54) ________________________________ 2011

(Ecosystem) (Population) (Species) (Community) 2 (Species)

A : 25% B : 25% C : 25% D : 25% A : 80% B : 5% C : 5% D : 10% 1 2

(Habitat) ( ) (Biosphere) 1. (Physical Factor) 2. (Biotic Factor) 2 2.1 2.2

2011 ________________________________ (55)

2.1 1) (Producers) (CO2) (H2O) - () - - () () - 2) (Consumers) 4 2.1 (Herbivores) 2.2 () (Carnivores) 2.3 (Omnivores) 2.4 (Detritivores) 3) (Decomposers) 2.2 + - 0

(56) ________________________________ 2011

1. (Symbiosis) 1.1) (Commensalism)

2 -

()

1.2) (Mutualism)

2

E.coli

2011 ________________________________ (57)

1.3) (Protocooperation)

2

()

2. (Antagonism) 2.1) (Parasitism)

(Parasite) (Host)

2.2) (Predation)

(Predator) (Prey) ()

2.3) (Competition)

2

(58) ________________________________ 2011

1. (Autotroph) (Producer) () 2. (Heterotroph) (Consumer) (Decomposer) 4 1. (Herbivores) 2. (Carnivores) 3. (Omnivores) 4. (Detritivores)

0.5-3.5% 10-15% 10%

10000 kcal/m2/year

10 kcal/m2/year

Energy Available

Tertiary Consumers

Secondary Consumers

Primary Consumers

Producers

Troph

ic Le

vel

10%

2011 ________________________________ (59)

1. (Food Chain)

2. (Food Web) 2 1 2

(60) ________________________________ 2011

DDT

(Ecological Pyramid) 3 1. (Pyramid of Number)

a. b.

2011 ________________________________ (61)

2. (Pyramid of Biomass)

3. (Pyramid of Energy)

(62) ________________________________ 2011

(Population) 1. 2. 1. 2. 2 2.1 (Quadrat)

2.2 (Marking Recapture Method) =

3. ( pH) ( )

2011 ________________________________ (63)

2 1. (Gaseous Cycle)

2CO2CO

(64) ________________________________ 2011

3 1. (Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria) (NH3) (Rhizobium), (Azotobacter) 2. (Nitrifying Bacteria) ( -2NO ) ( -3NO ) 3. (Denitrifying Bacteria) 2. (Sedimentary Cycle) (Ecological Succession) (Climax Community) 2 1. (Primary Succession) 2. (Secondary Succession)

(Pollution) 2 1. 2. 3 2.1 DO (Dissolved Oxygen) O2 DO 3 mg/lit 2.2 BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) O2 BOD 100 mg/lit 2.3 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) O2

2011 ________________________________ (65)

(Greenhouse Effect) (CO2) (CH4) (H2O) (O3) (UV) CFC () (Kyoto Protocol) (Kyoto Protocol) 2 .. 2542 28 .. 2545

(66) ________________________________ 2011

1 : 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. , , , 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. , 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. 1) 2) , 3) , , 4) , , 5.

C

A

D

B

E

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) E 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. . . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . .

2011 ________________________________ (67)

8. 1) 2) 3) 4) 9. 1) 2) 3) 4) 10. 1) 2) 3) 4) 11. 1) 2) 3) 4) 12. ,

1) 2) 3) 4) 13. ,

,

1) 2) 3) 4) 14. 1) 2) 3) 4) 15. ATP 1) 2) 3) 4) 16. 4

A 9 9 9 9 9 B 9 - - 9 9 C 9 9 - - 9 D 9 9 - 9 9

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

(68) ________________________________ 2011

17. 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 18. 1) 2) 3) 4) 19.

1) 2) 3) 4) 20. 1) 2) 3) 4) 21. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2 : 1.

1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 3

X Y Z

X Y Z 1) 2) 3) 4)

2011 ________________________________ (69)

3. (Membrane) 1) 2) 3) 4) 4.

3

1)

3 2)

3

3)

3 4)

3

5. . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 6.

1) 2) 3) 4) 7. (HCl) ATP

(H+) 1) 2) 3) 4) 8.

1) 2) 3) 4)

(70) ________________________________ 2011

9.

= =

1) 2) 3) 4) 10. 1) 2) 3) 4) 11. 1) 2) 3) 4) 12. -

1) 2) 3) 4)

13. 1) 2) 3) 4) -

2011 ________________________________ (71)

14.

15% 5

1) 2) 3) 4) 15. 1) 2) 3) 4) 16.

1) 2) 3) 4) 3 : 3.1 1.

1) 2) 3) CO2 4) 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) ADH 3. 1) 2) 3) 4)

(72) ________________________________ 2011

4-5

X ADH

X

X ADH

4. X 1) Salivary Gland 2) Pituitary Gland 3) Thyroid Gland 4) Prostate Gland 5. ADH 1) 2) 3) 4) 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. (H+) 1) pH 2) pH 3) 4) 3.2 1. . . . . . 1) . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. 1) 2) 3) 4)

2011 ________________________________ (73)

3.3 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) 3.

X . . . . . 1) ., . . 2) ., . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 4.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5. 1) 2) 3) 4) 4 : 1. (Pathogen)

1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 1) 2) 3) 4)

X

Y

(C)

(C)

(74) ________________________________ 2011

3. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 4. . . CO2 . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 5.

1) 2) 3) 4) 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. 1) 2) 3) 4) 8. 1) 2) 3) 4) 9. 1) 2) 3) 4) 10. . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) ., . 11. 1) 2) 3) 4) 12. . 2009 . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) ., . .

2011 ________________________________ (75)

13. 1) 2) 3) 4) 14.

PM

ON

N 1) 2) 3) 4) 15. 1) 2) 3) 4) 16. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5 : 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 2

A a

F f

1) A a 2) F f 3) A f 4) 1) 2)

(76) ________________________________ 2011

3. 1) 1 2 2) 1 3 3) 3 4 4) 4 5 4. 1) 2) 3) 2 4) 2 5. 1) 2) 3) 4) 6 : 1. A 12 B

16 1) 14 2) 24 3) 28 4) 56 2. 1

46 1) 23% 2) 25% 3) 46% 4) 50% 3. 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. 2

1) SsTt 2) Ss, Tt 3) S, s, T, t 4) ST, St, sT, st

2011 ________________________________ (77)

5. 1) 2) 3) 4) 6.

1) 2) 3) 4) 7.

1) 4 RR : 0 Rr : 0 rr 2) 0 RR : 4 Rr : 0 rr 3) 0 RR : 0 Rr : 4 rr 4) 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1 rr 8.

(Roan) 1) 2) 3) 1 : 1 4) 3 : 1 9.

1) 0% Hh : 100% hh 2) 50% Hh : 50% hh 3) 75% Hh : 25% hh 4) 100% Hh : 0% hh 10. 2

(Punnett Square) R R

R

r

1) 50% RR 50% Rr 2) 25% RR, 50% Rr, 25% rr 3) 50% 50% 4) 100%

(78) ________________________________ 2011

11. 1) O 2) Rh+ 3) 4) 12. X

1) 2) 3) 4) 13.

1) 2) 3) 4) 14. B

b

1) 100% 2) 75% 3) 50% 4) 25% 15. AaBb

aabb aabb 1) 0 2) 0.50 3) 0.25 4) 0.125 16.

1) 100% 2) 75% 3) 25% 4) 0% 17.

1) 161 2) 16

3 3) 164 4) 16

9 18. A AB

1) IAIA IBi 2) IAIB IBi 3) IAi IBIB 4) IAIB IAi 19. - O 1) AB A 2) AB O 3) O A 4) A B 20. - 1) 2) Y 3) X 4) Y X

2011 ________________________________ (79)

21. 4 A - B - C - D -

1) D B A C 2) A B C D 3) D A B C 4) A D B C

22.

1) 2)

3) 4)

23.

A T

C G

G C 1) 2) 3) 4) 24. 2

1)

5 3

3 5

2)

5 5

3 3

3)

5 5

3 3

4)

5 3

3 5

(80) ________________________________ 2011

25. 1) 2) 3) 4) 26. 1) 2) 3) 4) 27. , 1) 2) 3) 4) 28. RNA DNA 1) 2) 3) 4) 29. (Genetic Material) 1) 2) 3) 4) 30. 1) 2) 3) 4) 31. 1) 2) 3) A, T, C G 4) ATP 32. DNA 1) 2) 3) 4) 33. 1) 2) 3) 4) 34. (Mutation) 1) 2) 3) 4) 35. 1) 2) 3) 4)

2011 ________________________________ (81)

36.

1) 2) 3) 4) 37. 47 1) 2) 1 1 3) 4) 38.

III

II

I1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 6 1) XHXH 2) XHXh 3) XHY 4) XhY 39.

1) X 2) X 3) 4) 40.

1) 2) 3) X 4) X

(82) ________________________________ 2011

41.

1) 2) 3) X 4) X 42. 4

A B

C D 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 43. Bt Bt 1) Biotechnology 2) Beta 3) Bacillus thurungiensis 4) Botanical 7 : 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. . . ATP . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . .

2011 ________________________________ (83)

3. , 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. , . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 5.

1) 2) 3) 4) 6. 1) 2) 3) 4) 7.

1) 2) 3) 4) 8. 1) 2) 3) 4) 9. (key) 1. ..............................................2 ...........................................3 2. .................... A ............... B 3. ............................................. C .......................................... D 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 10.

1) 2) 3) 4)

(84) ________________________________ 2011

8 : 1. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. 1) 2) 3) 4) 3. 1) 2) 3) 4) 10% 4. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5. 9 Producer Carnivore 1) 1 4 2) 2 6 3) 5 8 4) 7 9 6.

(Trophic Level) (Herbivores)

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

6 8

2

9

7

4 5

1 3

A

B

C

D

2011 ________________________________ (85)

7. 2

,

1) , , 2) , , 3) , , 4) , , 8. A B

1) Mutualism 2) Competition 3) Commensalism 4) Protocooperation 9. (Mutualism) . . . . 1) ., . . 2) ., . . 3) ., . . 4) ., ., . . 10. 1) 2) 3) 4) 11. 1) 2) 3) 4) 12. (Mutualism) 2

1) 2) 3) 4) 13.

1) 2) 3) 4)

D

B

E

AC

(86) ________________________________ 2011

14.

A B C . . . . 1) - A, - B 2) - A, - C 3) - B, - A 4) - B, - C 15.

R S

QP

T 1) P, Q, T 2) P, R, S 3) Q, S, T 4) R, S, T 16.

.

.

..

1) . 2) . 3) . 4) .

2011 ________________________________ (87)

17.

B

CD

A

(Nitrifying Bacteria) 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 18. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 1) 2) 3) 4) 19. 1) DO 2) BOD 3) OD 4) CO2 20. Greenhouse Effect 1) 2) 3) 4) 21. 1) 2) 3) 4) 22.

= 40 = 12 = 48 1) 100 2) 160 3) 200 4) 1,920

(88) ________________________________ 2011

23-24

23. 1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6 24. 1) 2) 3) , 4) , ,

1 : 1. 2) 2. 4) 3. 4) 4. 3) 5. 3) 6. 4) 7. 4) 8. 2) 9. 3) 10. 4) 11. 2) 12. 4) 13. 2) 14. 3) 15. 3) 16. 3) 17. 4) 18. 4) 19. 4) 20. 2) 21. 4) 2 : 1. 1) 2. 2) 3. 2) 4. 3) 5. 1) 6. 4) 7. 1) 8. 3) 9. 1) 10. 4) 11. 2) 12. 1) 13. 3) 14. 3) 15. 1) 16. 2)

2011 ________________________________ (89)

3 : 3.1 1. 2) 2. 3) 3. 3) 4. 2) 5. 1) 6. 4) 7. 1) 3.2 1. 2) 2. 2) 3. 4) 3.3 1. 2) 2. 3) 3. 2) 4. 3) 5. 3) 4 : 1. 1) 2. 4) 3. 4) 4. 2) 5. 3) 6. 1) 7. 3) 8. 4) 9. 4) 10. 1) 11. 2) 12. 1) 13. 3) 14. 1) 15. 2) 16. 4) 5 : 1. 1) 2. 3) 3. 1) 4. 2) 5. 3) 6 : 1. 1) 2. 4) 3. 3) 4. 4) 5. 3) 6. 4) 7. 2) 8. 3) 9. 2) 10. 4) 11. 2) 12. 2) 13. 3) 14. 4) 15. 3) 16. 4) 17. 2) 18. 1) 19. 4) 20. 3) 21. 3) 22. 3) 23. 4) 24. 1) 25. 2) 26. 3) 27. 3) 28. 4) 29. 3) 30. 4) 31. 3) 32. 3) 33. 4) 34. 2) 35. 2) 36. 2) 37. 1) 38. 4) 39. 4) 40. 1) 41. 4) 42. 1) 43. 3) 7 : 1. 2) 2. 2) 3. 3) 4. 1) 5. 3) 6. 2) 7. 2) 8. 3) 9. 3) 10. 2) 8 : 1. 2) 2. 2) 3. 1) 4. 2) 5. 2) 6. 3) 7. 2) 8. 2) 9. 4) 10. 3) 11. 1) 12. 3) 13. 3) 14. 3) 15. 1) 16. 3) 17. 3) 18. 4) 19. 2) 20. 3) 21. 3) 22. 3) 23. 2) 24. 2)

(90) ________________________________ 2011

: Bios Logos - -

DNA, RNA

2011 _________________________________ (91)

- 1. (Specific Organization) (Organelle) (Tissue) (Organ) 2. (Homeostasis) - (pH) 3. (Adaptation) - - - 4. (Reproduction and Heredity) - - DNA RNA - 5. (Growth and Development) - (Mature Cell) - (Cell Differentiation) 6. (Energy) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Metabolism - ATP -

(92) ________________________________ 2011

7. (Sensitivity) - 4 8. (Interaction) - (Open System) (Symbiosis) (Antagonism) (Parasitism) - - (H2O) H O H2O H O Covalent Bond O H (Solvent) Protoplasm (> 70%) (5%)

2011 _________________________________ (93)

(Minerals) - Na+ Mg2+ NO3- - - - - Ca2+ - Oxalate - Goitrin Iodine ( (Biomolecules)) - Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur - Monomer - DNA RNA (Lipid) - CHO H : O = 2 : 1 - (1 gm 9 Calories) - (Benzene, Hexane, Ether, Ethanol) - (Triglycerides) 25 - Glycerol 1 3

(94) ________________________________ 2011

(Fatty Acid) - ( COOH) - 2 1. C C 2. C C 1 - (C16) (C18) - (C18) - -

- > > - (Linolenic Acid) (Linoleic Acid)

2011 _________________________________ (95)

(Protein) - C, H, O, N S, P, Fe, Zn - Polymer Amino Peptide Bond Polypeptide

- ( NH2) ( COOH) 20 - 10

- (Enzyme) - - (Transport Protein) (Hemoglobin) (Myoglobin) (Albumin)

(96) ________________________________ 2011

- (Structural Protein) (Keratin) (Collagen) Cysteine - (Storage Protein) (Albumin) - (Contractile Protein) (Microtubule) (Cilia) (Flagella) (Actin ) (Myosin) - (Toxin) + 2 + + Enzyme 1. 2. Substrate Product Substrate 3. Substrate 4.

2011 _________________________________ (97)

Enzyme Substrate 1. Lock and Key Theory Substrate Enzyme Active Site Enzyme

2. Induced Fit Theory Substrate Active Site Enzyme Substrate Enzyme Substrate (ES-Complex) Enzyme

1. Substrate - Substrate 2. Enzyme - Enzyme 3. - (Optimum Temperature) - Active Site Enzyme (Denature)

(98) ________________________________ 2011

4. - - - (Optimum pH) - pH 7

5. (Enzyme Inhibitor) -

5.1 (Competitive Inhibitor) - Substrate Active Site Enzyme

5.2 (Non-Competitive Inhibitor) - Allosteric Site Enzyme - Substrate 5.3 Enzyme-Substrate (Uncompetitive Inhibitor) - ES-Complex ESI-Complex

2011 _________________________________ (99)

(Carbohydrate) - H : O = 2 : 1 (CH2O)n-Polyhydroxy Aldehydes Ketones ()

OligosaccharidesPolysaccharide MonosaccharidesOH2 OH2

+HOnH2

starch(a polysaccharide)

maltose(a disaccharide)

glucose(a monosaccharide)

n102012 ]OH[C 112212 OHnC 6126 OH2nC

+H+H

+HOnH2

3 1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharide 3. Polysaccharide

(100) _______________________________ 2011

Monosaccharide = 3 8 C3H6O3, C6H12O6 ()

Disaccharide = 2 + H2O, H+ + + H2O, H+ + + H2O, H+ +

Disaccharides

2011 ________________________________ (101)

Polysaccharide = Monosaccharide 100-10,000

Branch-chain polysaccharide

Linear polysaccharide

1. (Starch) 2 Amylose Amylopectin (C6H10O5)n C12 + H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6 4C2H5OH + 4CO2 2. (Cellulose) 5,000 3. n (C6H10O5n)n (Benedict Test) H C O 2R C O

(Iodine Test) +

(102) _______________________________ 2011

(Vitamin) - 2 1. C, H, O N, S, Co B C 2. C, H, O A, D, E K - Coenzyme () A (Retinol) ( Retina ) Night Blindness B1 (Thiamine) Thiamine Pyrophosphate Coenzyme (Beriberi) B2 (Riboflavin) FAD Coenzyme B12 (Cyanocobalamin) DNA Hemoglobin (Pernicious Anemia) C (Ascorbic acid) Collagen ( ) Melanoma (Scurvy)

2011 ________________________________ (103)

D (Calciferol) Ca P Ca P E (Tocopherol) (, ) K (Naphthoquinone) E. coli Nucleic acid 2 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) DNA 2

Nucleotides (Nucleotide) 3 () 5 (Pentose) 2 ( OH) 5 (Polynucleotide)

(104) _______________________________ 2011

2 (Purine) Adenine Guanine (Pyrimidine) Thymine, Cytosine Uracil 3 Nucleotide Ester 5 1 Glycosidic

DNA

- 2 RNA - DNA RNA DNA (Deoxyribose Sugar) RNA (Ribose Sugar) DNA RNA

2011 ________________________________ (105)

RNA DNA Phosphodiester Polynucleotide

DNA/RNA DNA DNA RNA RNA

purines

pyrimidines

sugarsOCH2

HOH

H H

OH

base

H

phosphateOCH2

HOH

H H

H

base

H

phosphate

deoxyribose ribose

N

N

O

NH2

HCytosine

Adenine Guanine

N

N

O

O

H

H

Uracil

N

N

O

O

H

H CH3

Thymine

RNA RNA Uracil (U) Thymine (T) RNA DNA 1. RNA DNA 2. (Anhydride Bond) 1 ATP 3. cAMP 4. Coenzyme FAD FMN NAD NADP Chromosome Chromosome Chromatin (Karyokinesis) (Cytokinesis) 2 1. (Karyokinesis) 2 (Mitosis) (Meiosis) 2. (Cytokinesis)

(106) _______________________________ 2011

(Mitosis) - (Somatic Cell) - ( 2n 2n n n ) - 2 - , , - 20 (Cell Cycle) 2 (Interphase) (Mitotic Phase / M phase) (Interphase) Metabolic Stage (Chromatin) DNA 1 1 2 Chromatid Nucleus Nucleolus 3 1. G1 DNA DNA (1 1 ) Metabolic Stage - 2. S DNA (DNA Replication / Chromosome Replication) DNA (Centromere) (Kinetochore) - G1 G2 3. G2 DNA - DNA 2 G1

2011 ________________________________ (107)

(Interphase) - (Metabolic Stage) G1 - (Chromosome Replication / DNA Replication) 1 2 S - - ,

M (M-phase) M (M-phase) 4 (Prophase) (Metaphase) (Anaphase) (Telophase) Telophase 2 2 - 2 2 (Daughter Cell) - (Cell Plate) 2 2 G0 (Cell Aging) (Cell Death) G0

(108) _______________________________ 2011

(Somatic Cell) 4 Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase Telophase Daughter Cell Mother Cell Prophase Chromatid Nucleolus Nucleus - - Centriole Microtubule Mitotic Spindle Centromere Centriole Mitotic Spindle Aster - - Centriole Mitotic Spindle (Polar Cap) Mitosis Metaphase Nuclear Membrane , Mitotic Spindle Chromatid (Equatorial Plate) Chromatid (Karyotype) Centromere Chromatid (Anaphase) - - 2 2n 4n (Tetraploid) Daughter Chromosome 1 Chromatid (Telophase) Chromosome Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Mitotic Spindle 2 2 Nucleus Interphase

2011 ________________________________ (109)

Cytokinesis (Cell Plate) 2 2n Golgi Body Pectin Middle Lamella Cellulose Middle Lamella Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cleavage Furrow Microfilament Cell Membrane

(110) _______________________________ 2011

(Meiosis) (Germ Line Cells) (Testis) (Ovary) (Anther) (Ovule) 2 (Gametes) 4 2 DNA 1. 2. 3. () Meiosis 2 Mitosis (Interphase) M (M phase) 2 - Meiosis I 2 1 2 Chromatid - Meiosis II Mitosis Chromatid 1 2 Chromatid 1 Chromatid - 4 1 Interphase Mitosis G1, S G2 DNA S Meiosis I Mitosis 1 (Meiosis I) Interphase I () Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I 2 (Diploid 2n Haploid n) Prophase I Prophase Mitosis Homologous Chromosome - Leptotene Nucleolus - Zygotene (Synapsis) Bivalent - Pachytene (Crossing Over) Non-sister Chromatid Gene Recombination Genetic Variation

2011 ________________________________ (111)

- Diplotene Crossing Over Bivalent Non-sister Chromatid Chiasma (pl. Chiasmata) - Diakinesis Prophase I ; Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Diakinesis Mitotic Spindle Bivalent Metaphase I Nuclear Membrane Homologous Kinetochore Microtubule Kinetochore Anaphase I Homologous Chromosome Centromere Chromosome 2 Chromatid Diad Telophase I Nuclear Membrane 2 Haploid (n) II (Interphase II) Prophase II DNA Meiosis II Mitosis Meiosis II Chromosome Chromatid - Metaphase II - Anaphase II - Telophase II 4 M phase II 4 4 1. II (Prophase II) , Prophase I 2. II (Metaphase II) 2 3. II (Anaphase II) 1 2

(112) _______________________________ 2011

4. II (Telophase II) 4

2011 ________________________________ (113)

1. (Amoeboid Movement) (Ectoplasm) (Endoplasm) (Microfilament) (Actin) (Myosin) (Pseudopodium) Amoeba, Arcella, Difflugia, Foraminifera (Slime Mold) (Amoebocyte) (Flagellum) (Euglena), Ceratium, Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Trypanosoma (Microtubule) 9 + 2 ( 2 9 ) (Cilia) (Paramecium), Vorticella, Didinium 9 + 2 (Jelly Fish) (Planaria) (Circular Muscle) (Longitudinal Muscle) (Dorsoventral Muscle) (Earth Worm) (Antagonism) (Setae) (Gastropods) (Foot) (Bivalves) (Squid) (Siphon)

(114) _______________________________ 2011

206 1. (Axial Skeleton) (Skull) (Vertebrae) 2. (Appendicular Skeleton) 500 3 1. (Smooth Muscle) 1 (Involuntary Muscle) 2. (Cardiac Muscle) 2 3. (Striated Muscle) (Voluntary Muscle)

2011 ________________________________ (115)

2. - (Coordinating Fiber) (Nerve Net) (Nerve Ring) (Radial Nerve) () (Nerve Ganglion) 2 () () (Cerebral Ganglia) (Ventral Nerve Cord) (Brain) (Spinal Cord) (Nerve Cell Neuron)

(116) _______________________________ 2011

2 1. (Cell Body) 4-25 (Neuroplasm) 2. (Nerve Fiber) 2 2.1 (Dendrite) 2.2 (Axon) (Myelin Sheath) (Schwann Cell) (Node of Ranvier) 120 12 3 1. (Sensory Neuron Afferent Neuron) 2. (Motor Neuron Efferent Neuron) 3. (Association Neuron Interneuron)

2011 ________________________________ (117)

(Brain) 90% () 3

1. (Forebrain Prosencepalon) 1.1 (Cerebrum) - - - 1.2 (Olfactory Bulb) - - , 1.3 (Thalamus) - -

(118) _______________________________ 2011

1.4 (Hypothalamus) - - - - 2. (Midbrain Mesencephalon) - - Optic Lobe 3. (Hind Brain Rhombencephalon) 3.1 (Cerebellum) - - ( 3 ) 3.2 (Pons) - - - 3.3 (Medulla Oblongata) - - - (Sense Organ) (Eyeball) - - - ( )

2011 ________________________________ (119)

2.5 3

1. (Sclera) - - (Cornea) () 2. (Choroid) - - (Iris) (Melanin) (Guanine) - (Pupil) 3. (Retina) 2 3.1 (Rod Cell) - - (Rhodopsin) Lumirhodopsin Lumirhodopsin Metarhodopsin (Opsin) (Retinine)

(120) _______________________________ 2011

3.2 (Cone Cell) - - (Iodopsin Photopsin) - 7 - 3 + + - (Fovea) - (Blind Spot) 2 3

2011 ________________________________ (121)

1. (Outer Ear) - (Pinna) - (External Auditary Canal) (Ceruminous Gland) - (Tympanic Membrane) 2. (Middle Ear) - (Malleus) (Incus) (Stapes) 22 - (Eustachian Tube) 3. (Inner Ear) - (Cochlea) Endolymph Organ of Corti 8 - (Semicircular Canal) 3 Ampulla Crista Otolith (Olfactory Membrane) (Olfactory Cell) Olfactory Bulb Cerebrum (Papilla) (Taste Bud) 4 - - - - 7 9

(122) _______________________________ 2011

3. 1. (Endocrine System) (Hormone) (Target Organ) 2. (Endocrine Gland)

, , , , , ,

2011 ________________________________ (123)

1. (Pituitary Gland Hypophysis) 3

(124) _______________________________ 2011

1.1 Master Gland (Growth Hormone : GH Somatotrophin Hormone : STH) (Dwarfism) (Simmons Disease) (Gigantism) (Acromegaly) (Gonadotrophin) 2 1. (Follicle Stimulating Homone : FSH) LH (Estrogen) 2. (Luteinizing Hormone : LH) (Ovulation) (Progesterone) (Endometrium) (Interstitial Cell) (Testosterone) LH Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone ICSH 1.2 (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone : MSH) (Melanin) 1.3 (Oxytocin) (Vasopressin) (Antidiuretic Hormone : ADH) ADH

2011 ________________________________ (125)

2. (Islets of Langerhans) 2.1 (Insulin) 400 mg 100 cm3 (Diabetes Millitus) 2.2 (Glucagon) (Gluconeogenesis) 3. (Adrenal Gland) 2 2 3.1 (Adrenal Cortex) Mesoderm 50 3 (Glucocorticoid Hormone) (Cortisol) (Cortisone) (Corticosterone) (Mineralocorticoid Hormone) Na+ K+ (Sex Hormone) 3.2 (Adrenal Medulla) Ectoderm 2 (Adrenalin Hormone) (Epinephrine Hormone)

(126) _______________________________ 2011

(Noradrenalin Hormone) (Norepinephrine Hormone) 4. (Thyroid Gland) 2 Isthmus 2 2 4.1 (Thyroxin) ( ) 4.2 (Calcitonin) 5. (Parathyroid Gland) (Parathormone : PTH) Ca2+ -34PO Ca2+ 6. (Gonad) 6.1 (Testis) (Leydigs Cell) (Androgen) (Testosterone) (Androstenedione) (Dehydroepiandrosterone) (Secondary Sexual Characteristic)

2011 ________________________________ (127)

6.2 (Ovary) (Follicular Cell) (Estrogen) (Corpus Luteum) (Progesterone) (Progestin) - 7. (Pheromone) 7.1 (Releaser Pheromone) (Sex Attractant) (Trail Substance) (Alarm Substance) 7.2 (Primer Pheromone) Queen Substance

(128) _______________________________ 2011

4. (Behavior) (Inherited Behavior) (Orientation) 1. (Kinesis) - CO2 - - 2. (Taxis) - - - 3. (Reflex) - -

2011 ________________________________ (129)

4. (Chain Of Reflex) (Instinctive Behavior) - - - - - (Learning Behavior) 1. (Habituation) - - - 2. (Imprinting Behavior) - - 3. (Trial And Error) - T 200 90% 50%

(130) _______________________________ 2011

4. (Conditioning) + () + + () + 5. (Reasoning) - - (Visual Communication) - - - - 70 (Waggle Dance) 70 (Sound Communication) - - (Tactile Communication) - - -

2011 ________________________________ (131)

2 1. () 2. () Types of Reproduction - Asexual Reproduction 1. Fission 2. Fragmentation 3. Budding 4. Regeneration 5. Sporulation 6. Vegetative Propagation Fission Protists Sporulation (Mitosis) Spore - Sexual Reproduction 3 1. (Reproductive Organs) 2. (Gametogenesis) 3. (Fertilization) Conjugation 2 Micronucleus Meiosis 4 ( 3 1) Micronucleus (n) Mitosis 2 Micronucleus (Micronucleus ) Micronucleus Zygote (2n) (Exconjugant) Mitosis 3 8 (Macronucleus 4 + Micronucleus 4) Mitosis 4 1 Macronucleus + 1 Micronucleus

Conjugation

(132) _______________________________ 2011

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction - - Mitosis - - - -

Sexual Reproduction - - Meiosis - Chromosome - (Fertilization) -

Gamete Isogamete - Heterogamete - Anisogamete - Oogamete Gametogenesis (Animal Gametogenesis) 2 - (Spermatogenesis) - (Oogenesis)

Spermatogenesis Oogenesis

Seminiferous Tubules Ovary Oogonium (2n) 1 Oocyte (2n) 1 Spermatogonium (2n) 1 Meiosis I 2 2 Spermatocyte (n) 2 Oocyte (n) 1st Polar Body (n) Meiosis II 4 Spermatid (n) Ootid (n) Metaphase II 1st Polar Body

(n) Ovum 2nd Polar Body (n)

Differentiation Spermatozoa (n) Ovum (n) * 1st Polar Body (n) 2nd Polar Body (n)

2011 ________________________________ (133)

(134) _______________________________ 2011

2011 ________________________________ (135)

(136) _______________________________ 2011

GnRH Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)

Ant. Pituitary Gland Leydig Cell

FSH ICSH (LH) Seminiferous tub. Androgen

Androgen - Testosterone - Aldosterone

2 Male Characteristics ICSH, Hypothalamus

GnRH Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Estrogen Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Progesterone Oxytocin Prolactin

Ant. Pituitary Gland 1 Oocyte Follicle Cell

Ant. Pituitary Gland FSH LH 1 Oocyte Follicle Cell Mitosis 2 Female Characteristics FSH Corpus Luteum Estrogen FSH LH Prostaglandin Corpus Luteum Progesterone

2011 ________________________________ (137)

(138) _______________________________ 2011

2011 ________________________________ (139)

2 Cycle 2 1. Estrus Cycle 2. Menstrual Cycle 4 - FSH Pituitary gl. Follicle Cell - LH Pituitary gl. FSH Corpus Luteum - Estrogen Follicle Cell Corpus Luteum FSH LH - Progesterone Corpus Luteum Estrogen Oviparous Embryo Yolk Ovoviviparous Embryo Yolk Viviparous Embryo

(140) _______________________________ 2011

(Fertilization) 2 (External Fertilization) (Internal Fertilization) - Acrosomal Reaction Sperm Zona Pellucida ( Vitelline Layer) Receptor Sperm Hydrolytic Enzyme Egg Plasma Membrane - Cell Membrane Sperm Egg Membrane Potential Sperm Membrane Fast Block to Polyspermy - Cortical Granule Fertilization Membrane Fertilization Membrane Sperm Slow Block to Polyspermy

Microvilli Egg Sperm (Basal Body Tail Centriole Zygote) Sperm Nucleus (2nd Oocyte) Meiosis Sperm Zygote (2n) Mitosis

2011 ________________________________ (141)

(Pregnancy) (Fetal Placenta) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) Corpus Luteum 3-4 Estrogen Progesterone Embryo Progesterone Estrogen Estrogen Progesterone Prolactin Prolactin Estrogen Progesterone Estrogen Progesterone (Suckling Stimulus) Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) Gonadotropins FSH, LH Multiple Pregnancy 1 1 2 2 Dizygotic (Fraternal) Twins 1 1 Monozygotic (Identical) Twins Blastomere Inner Cell Mass 2 Amniotic Cavity (Embryo)

(142) _______________________________ 2011

In Vitro

Fertilization (IVF)

Fallopian Tube

()

Sperm Zygote (2 )

Gamete Intra Fallopian

Tube Transfer (GIFT)

Sperm Sperm Blastocyst Cell

ZIFT IVF Zygote Zygote

ICSI

1 4-8

4 1. (Cell Multiplication) 2. (Cell Growth) 3. (Cell Differentiation) 4. (Morphogenesis) (Growth Curve) S Sigmoid Curve

2011 ________________________________ (143)

Fertilization 1. Meiosis 2. Meiosis I Ascaris 3. Meiosis II 4. Meiosis Echinoderms Embryonic Development Zygote 8-10 4 2 Cleavage Mitotic Division Blastula Cleavage S M phase Cell Cycle G1 G2 Cytoplasm Zygote Blastomere (mRNA, Proteins, Yolk) (Polarity) Yolk Key Factor Polarity Cleavage Zygote 2 Vegetal Pole Animal Pole Cleavage Animal Pole Vegetal Pole Cleavage Morula (Blastocoel) Morula Blastula Cytoplasm Fertilization Gray Crescent Sperm

Yolk Cleavage Cleavage

Holoblastic Cleavage Yolk Animal Pole Meroblastic Cleavage

Cleavage

Clevage

Equal Holoblastic Cleavage Unequal Holoblastic Cleavage Meroblastic Cleavage

Gastrulation 3 Embryonic Germ Layers Ectoderm Gastrula Mesoderm Endoderm Cell Motility 2

(144) _______________________________ 2011

Organogenesis 3 - Neural Tube Notochord Chordate - Dorsal Mesoderm Archenteron Notochord - Ectoderm Notochord Neutral Plate Neutral Tube Brain, Spinal Cord

Telolecithal Egg Animal Pole Vegetal Pole Metaphase II Zygote Mitosis Cleavage Stage Morula Blastocoel Blastula Stage Gastrocoel Gastrula Stage

2011 ________________________________ (145)

Blastocoel Gastrocoel Gastrocoel Blastopore Blastopore Blastopore (Deuterostome) Gastrocoel Ectoderm Notochord Neural Plate Neural Plate Neural Folds Neural Folds Neural Tube Mesoderm Notochord Somites ( 2 Neural Tube) Polylecithal Egg (Germinal Spot) Zygote Cleavage Blastula Gastrula Germinal Disc Blastula 2 Epiblast Hypoblast Blastocoel Gastrula Epiblast Blastocoel Epiblast Primitive Streak Hensens Node Notochord 3 (Extraembryonic Structure) 4 - (Yolk Sac) - (Amnion) - Chorion - Allantois

Blastula

(146) _______________________________ 2011

(Yolk Sac)

- Endodermal Cell-

Allantoids - - -

, Uric Acid

(Amnion)

-

Chorion - -

Chorionic Cavity

-

(Shell)

2011 ________________________________ (147)

Alecithal Egg Fallopian Tube Embryo (Endometrium) Blastocyst Blastocyst 2 Trophoblast Inner Cell Mass (Implantation) 7 (Placenta) 2 (Maternal Placenta) Endometrium (Fetal Placenta) Chorion Embryo Blastocyst Blastomere 2 Trophoblast Blastocyst Cavity Inner Cell Mass Embryo Chorion Chorionic Villi Endometrium Embryo

(148) _______________________________ 2011

(Contraception) - Ovulation Estrogen / Progesterone - - Sperm Sperm - Blastocyst - - - 2 Progestin () LH FSH 1 3 99.7 Progestin 3

2011 ________________________________ (149)

Progestin 5 Diaphragm Diaphragm 10% (Prevent Implantation) (Intra-Uterine Device IUD) 10 90 (Rhythm Method) 24 48 72 7 10 20% (Abortion) 3 1. (Spontaneous Abortion) 1 3 2. (Therapeutic Abortion) 3. 3 3

(150) _______________________________ 2011

- 22 - Vas Deferens (Vasectomy) -

(Vasectomy) (Tubal Ligation) Vas Deferens

Vas Deferens - (Sepal) - (Petal) - (Stamen) (Anther) (Filament) - (Pistil) (Stigma) (Style) (Ovary) Microsporogenesis Anther Pollen Sac Microspore Mother Cells Meiosis I II Diad Tetrad Microspores Tetrad Microspore 4 Microspores Microspore Mitosis Generative Nucleus Tube Nucleus Microspore 2 (Pollen Grain, Pollen, Male Gametophyte) Megasporogenesis Ovary Ovule Megaspore Mother Cell Meiosis I II 4 (n) 3 1 Mitosis 3 8 Embryo Sac (Female Gametophyte) 3 Antipodal Cells Antipodal End Micropyle 1 Egg Cell 2 Synergid Cells 2 Polar Nuclei

2011 ________________________________ (151)

(Pollination) Tube Nucleus (Pollen Tube) Micropyle Generative Nucleus Mitosis 2 Sperm Nuclei 1 Sperm Nucleus Zygote (2n) 1 Sperm Nucleus Polar Nuclei Endosperm (3n) 2 Embryo Sac (Double Fertilixation)

(152) _______________________________ 2011

(Tissue) (Organ) (Embryo) Cell Wall Cellulose Chloroplast Organelle (Alternation of Generation)

Meristematic Tissue - (Apical Meristem) - (Lateral Meristem) Vascular Cambium Cork Cambium - (Intercalary Meristem)

2011 ________________________________ (153)

(Wax) 3 1. (Surface or Protective Tissue) 2 Epidermis Periderm - Epidermis Cutin (Guard Cell) (Stoma) (Root Hair) - Periderm Cork Cambium (Phellogen) Epidermis Periderm Cork (Phellem) Suberin Protoplasm - Cork Cork Cambium Periderm Phelloderm Parenchyma Phellogen

2. (Fundamental Tissue) 3 2.1 Parenchyma Parenchyma (Chlorenchyma) Endosperm 2.2 Collenchyma Epidermis 2.3 Sclerenchyma

(154) _______________________________ 2011

- 2 1) Sclereid Stone Cell Lignin 2) Fiber Sclereid 3. (Vascular Tissue) 2 Xylem Phloem

3.1 Xylem 4 1) Tracheid Lignin Cytoplasm Nucleus (Pit)

2011 ________________________________ (155)

2) Vessel Tracheid Tracheid 3) Xylem Parenchyma Xylem Tracheid Vessel 4) Xylem Fiber Xylem 3.2 Phloem 4 1) Sieve Tube Member Cytoplasm Companion Cell Sieve Tube Sieve Plate 2) Companion cell Parenchyma Sieve Tube Sieve Tube Plasmodesmata 3) Phloem Parenchyma Tannin Resin Phloem 4) Phloem Fiber Phloem Epidermis Cork Epidermis Epidermis (Root Hair) Cortex Parenchyma

(156) _______________________________ 2011

Endodermis 1 Lignin Suberin

Stele Pericycle Parenchyma 1-2 Xylem () Phloem () Cork Cambium

Lateral Root

2-5 4

2011 ________________________________ (157)

Pith Parenchyma Pith Pith Cavity Xylem Pith

(158) _______________________________ 2011

Epidermis Parenchyma Endodermis, Pericycle (Cell Wall) Apoplast Plasmodesmata Apoplast Plasmodesmata Symplast

3 Lenticel 2 1. (Transpiration) Stomata 2. (Guttation) (Hydathode Gland)

2011 ________________________________ (159)

1. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium 2. Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur 3. , , , , , , (Oxidize) () (Oxidation) (Reduction) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)

(160) _______________________________ 2011

(Membrane) 2 (Inner Membrane) Lamella Thylakoid Grana (Stroma Lamellae) (Photosynthetic Pigment) (Light Reaction) NADP+ Reductase ATP Synthase Stroma Ribosome, DNA (CO2 Fixation) 2 1. Thylakoid NADP+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) NADP+ NADPH ATP Photophosphorylation 2. (The Synthesis Part) (Calvin Cycle) CO2 Stroma (Carbon Fixation) NADPH ATP

2011 ________________________________ (161)

1.

Mitochondria Chloroplast Mitochondria Chloroplast 1) 2) 3) 4)

O2 O2 NAD+ O2 NAD+ O2, NAD+ NADP+

NADP+ NADP+ NAD+ NADP+

2. . N . P . K . Mg 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 3. 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. . Parenchyma . Collenchyma . Sclerenchyma . Endodermis 1) ., . . 2) ., . . 3) ., . . 4) ., ., . .

(162) _______________________________ 2011

5. 3 1 RuBP 3 CO2, ATP NADPH

CO2 ATP NADPH 1) 2) 3) 4)

1 2 3 6

3 6 9 18

2 4 6 12

6.

I

IIIII

1) I 2) II 3) I II 4) I, II III 7. ATP ATP . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 8.

. . . 1) . 2) . . 3) . . 4) ., . . 9. . . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . .

2011 ________________________________ (163)

10. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . .

1. 1) 2. 2) 3. 4) 4. 1) 5. 3) 6. 4) 7. 2) 8. 1) 9. 1) 10. 4) 1. 1) Mitochondria = O2 Chloroplast = NADP+ NADP+ 2. 2) . . Mg++ 3. 4)

4. 1) ., . . (Cortex)

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

(164) _______________________________ 2011

5. 3) CO2 = 3, ATP = 9 NADPH = 6 (Melvin Calvin) (Andrew A. Benson)

(Calvin Cycle) 3 1 RuBP 3 CO2 3 ATP 9 NADPH 6

6. 4) I, II III ATP (Phosphorylation)

ATP I = , II = ( C4 ), III =

7. 2) . ATP

ATP (Electron Transfer System)

8. 1) .

9. 1) .

(Lateral Bud Inhibition)

10. 4) . .

1 4-5

2011 ________________________________ (165)

Homeostasis 1. Thermoregulation 2. Osmoregulation 3. Excretion (Nitrogen-Containing Waste) 2 1. (Regulator) : Homeostasis (Thermoregulator, Osmoregulator) , ,

Salt concentration (%) of waterEnvironmental condition

Intern

al co

nditio

n

Salt

conc

entra

tion

(%) o

f bod

y

0 1 2 3 4 5

1

23

4

(166) _______________________________ 2011

2. (Conformer) : (Thermoconformer, Osmoconformer)

Ambient temperature () (C)0 10 20 30 40

Body

temp

eratu

re (C

)

10

20

30

40

Thermoregulation 1. Conduction : () 2. Convection : 3. Radiation : (Emission) 4. Evaporation :

2011 ________________________________ (167)

Thermoregulation (Sweat) Artery Vein (Adipose) - Hypothalamus - (Erection) - - Hypothalamus Metabolism - Hypothalamus - - Hypothalamus Metabolism Hibernation and Estivation Hibernation : , , Estivation : Osmoregulation - Osmosis : Semipermeable Membrane osmolyte (Ion, Small Organic Molecules, Protein) - Nasal Gland - Countercurrent NaCl Salt-Excreting Gland - Rectal Gland

(168) _______________________________ 2011

Osmoregulation - - - - - Active Transport

Osmoregulation - - - Active Transport -

2011 ________________________________ (169)

1. (Ammonia) - - - +4NH Na+ - 1 g 500 cm3 2. (Urea) - , , - - 1 g 50 cm3 3. (Uric acid) - , , - Semisolid - (ATP) - 1 g 10 cm3 Contractile Vacuole

Water diffuses throughcall membrane

Contractilevacuole

Contractilevacuole (full)

Contractilevacuole (empty)

Vacuole pumpsout water

100 mB 100 m

A

C

(170) _______________________________ 2011

1. Protonephridia , Rotifers, Annelids , Mollusk, Lancelet 2. Metanephridia Annelids 3. Malpighian Tubules 4. Kidney

HEMOLYMPH

Rectum

Digestive

Intestine Hindgut

Malpighiantubules

Midgut(stomach)

Rectum

AnusFeces and urine

Malpighiantubule

Salt, water, andnitrogenous

wastes

Reabsorption of H2O,ions, and valuableorganic molecules

2011 ________________________________ (171)

(Kidney) Vertebrates Urea () Uric Acid () Uric Acid Cloaca Mammals Urea Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Osmotic Receptor Hypothalamus Hypothalamus ADH ADH (Collecting Duct) Hypothalamus Hypothalamus ADH ADH (Diabetes Insipidus) Aldosterone Na+ Active Transport

(172) _______________________________ 2011

1. 1) ADH

2)

3) 4) 2. . . . 1) . 2) . . 3) . . 4) ., . . 3. 15C

1) 2) 3) 4) 4. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . . 5. . . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 6. 1) 2) 3) 4)

2011 ________________________________ (173)

7. X /

1) X 2) X 3) X 4) X 8.

1) 2)

3) 4)

9.

1) 2) 3) 4)

10. 1) 2) 3) 4) 11. . . . 50 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . .

(174) _______________________________ 2011

12.

0

1) 2) 3) 4)

13.

AB

C

D0

0

(%)1 2 3 4 5 6

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 14. . . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . . 15.

. . . 1) . 2) . 3) . . 4) . .

2011 ________________________________ (175)

1. 3) ADH

2. 4) ., . .

3. 4) ,

( 15C) - ( 37C)

4. 3) . . 3

(/100 cm3)

(/100 cm3)

(/100 cm3)

92

6.0-8.4 0.0008-0.25 0.003-0.007

0.0001 0.07-0.11 0.31-0.33 0.35-0.40

90-93

0.01-0.02 0.03 0.003 0.0001

0.1 0.32 0.37

95 0 2

0.05 0.05 0

0.6 0.6

(176) _______________________________ 2011

5. 4) ., . .

(Nephridium) , (Malpighian tubule) (Nephron)

(Nephridium) 1 (Nephrostome)

(Malpighian tuble)

++ Na OH Cl K HCO 23 --

+H NH3

+NaOHCl 2- OH Cl 2-++ K H

+Na Cl OH2 --3HCO Na+

-3PO

6. 1) (Contractile vacuole)

( 2 58)

2011 ________________________________ (177)

7. 2) , X ()

(Contractile Vacuole) 8. 1)

1. Active Transport 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 9. 2) = , = , =

Contractile vacuole (NH3)

Flame Cell Nephridium Malpighian tubule Green gland

10. 3) (Malpighian Tubule)

(178) _______________________________ 2011

. .

( 2 59) 11. 2) . (Homeothermic animal)

Hypothalamus

(. . 2530. 461-462) 12. 2) = , = , = (Nitrogenous waste)

(Mammalia) (Aves) (Osteichthyes)

13. 4) D (%)

(Contractile vacuole) (%) ( 0410 134)

Contractile Vacuole

14. 2) . (Nephron)

(Nephridium) 15. 2) . (Malpighian tubule)

2011 ________________________________ (179)

(Genetics) - (Pisum sativum)

Monohybrid cross : = S = s = SS = ss 2 : = 3 : 1

5474Smooth

Smooth wrinkled

Smooth

plantsF tertilizeSelf 1-

1F

1P

2F1850

wrinkled

7324 :F inTotel peas 23/4 Smooth1/4 wrinkled

(180) _______________________________ 2011

Law of Segregation Factor 1 Factor (Gamate) 1 S - s - P SS ss S s F1 Ss F1 F1 Ss Ss Gamete F2 SS Ss Ss ss (1SS : 2Ss : 1ss) 3 1 Dihybrid cross : 2 1. 2. ()

CrossP1

:F1

:F2

:F :F 11 Smooth Yellow Smooth Yellow

All Smooth Yellow

Smooth Yellow wrinkled green

9/16 Smooth Yellow 3/16 Smooth green

3/16 wrinkled Yellow 1/16 wrinkled green

2011 ________________________________ (181)

P P F1 F1 F2 423 : 133 F2 416 : 140 3/4 : 1/4 3/4 : 1/4 3/4 3/4 = 9/16 3/4 1/4 = 3/16 1/4 3/4 = 3/16 1/4 1/4 = 1/16 F2 dihybrid cross 9/16 3/16 3/16 1/16 Law of Independence Assortment S - Y - s - y - P Genotype SSYY ssyy Gamete () SY sy F1 SsYy () F1 F1 SsYy SsYy Gamete SY Sy sY sy SY Sy sY sy F2

SY Sy sY sy

SY SSYY SSYy SsYY SsYy Sy SSYy SSyy SsYy Ssyy sY SsYY SsYy ssYY ssYy sy SsYy Ssyy ssYy ssyy

(182) _______________________________ 2011

DNA DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA - Ribonucleic acid (Nucleotide) Nucleotide 3 - (Sugar) - (Base) - (Phosphate)

2011 ________________________________ (183)

Phosphodiester Bond

Ribose Deoxyribose A, G, C, T A, G, C, U

Chargaff 1. A = T, G = C 2. A + G (Purine) = T + C (Pyrimidine) 3. (A + G) / (T + C) = 1 4. (A + T) / (G + C) 5. DNA Double stranded helix James Watson & Francis Crick (1953)

(Double Helix) Complementary Base A : T G : C Hydrogen Antiparallel 20 3.4 A 36 1 10

(184) _______________________________ 2011

(DNA Replication) 3 1. Conservative 2. Semi-Conservative 3. Dispersive

2011 ________________________________ (185)

(DNA Template) (Primer) : 4 (dNTP) Magnesium ion (Mg2+) DNA Polymerase

1. Helicase (H) (Hydrogen Bond) 2. DNA Binding Protein (ssb) 3. DNA Gyrase (Topoisomerase) 4. Primase Primerase RNA Primer 5. DNA Polymerase III Primer 6. DNA polymerase I Primer 5-3 Exonuclease 7. DNA Ligase (Nick)

(186) _______________________________ 2011

Central dogma

(Transcription) RNA DNA RNA Polymerase 5 3

(Codon = Genetic Code) 3 (Triplet Codon) 4 G, A, T, C DNA G, A, U, C RNA 64 (64 = 43 = 4 4 4) - 61 20 - 3 Stop/Terminator Codon (UGA, UAA, UAG)

2011 ________________________________ (187)

Triplet code 3 1 Commaless - AUGUACGGCUGA met tyr gly stop Non-overlapping Degeneracy - CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG = Leucine Stop Codon 3 UAG, UGA UAA

1. mRNA (Codon) 2. Start Codon (AUG) 3. tRNA Codon Anticodon Codon AUG, Anticodon UAC Methionine (Polysome) Prokaryote mRNA (Transcription-Translation Coupling) mRNA Polyribosome Polysome

(188) _______________________________ 2011

1. 1) O B O

A A B 2) A AB B AB

B A 3) Rh- Rh- Rh+ 4) Rh+ 2 3 Rh- -

2. mRNA 5 UAC UCC AGU AUA CCA GAG3 mRNA

DNA 1) 5 TAC TCC AGT ATA CCA GAG 3 2) 5 ATG AGG TCA TAT GGT CTC 3 3) 5 GAG ACC ATA TGA CCT CAT 3 4) 5 CTV TGG TAT ACT GGA GTA 3 3.

5 mRNA 5 AUGUCCGUA 3

C A 2 mRNA

1) 2) Ser Tyr 3) Arg Asp 4) Pro Thr

2011 ________________________________ (189)

4. 1) 2) 3) 4) 2

1 5. 1) 2) 3) F2

3 : 1 4)

6. - 10,000

4

1) 49 2) 98 3) 196 4) 392 7. aa Aa

1) 1 Aaa : 1 aaa 2) 3 Aaa : 1 aaa 3) 1 AAa : 1 aaa 4) 3 AAa : 1 aaa 8.

1) 2) 3) X (X-linked Gene) 4) X (X-linked Gene) 9. DNA Cytosine 38% Thymine

1) 12% 2) 24% 3) 31% 4) 38%

(190) _______________________________ 2011

10. DNA DNA

. . . DNA . DNA 1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . . 4) ., . . 11. 40 RNA

3 (Codon) 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5 12.

U C A G

U

UUU Phe UUC Phe UUA Leu UUG Leu

UCU Ser UCC Ser UCA Ser UCG Ser

UAU Tyr UAC Tyr UAA Stop UAG Stop

UGU Cys UGC Cys UGA Stop UGG Trp

U C A G

C

CUU Leu CUC Leu CUA Leu CUG Leu

CCU Pro CCC Pro CCA Pro CCG Pro

CAU His CAC His CAA Gln CAG Gln

CGU Arg CGC Arg CGA Arg CGG Arg

U C A G

A

AUU Ile AUC Ile AUA Ile AUG Met

ACU Thr ACC Thr ACA Thr ACG Thr

AAU Asn AAC Asn AAA Lys AAG Lys

AGU Ser AGC Ser AGA Arg AGG Arg

U C A G

G

GUU Val GUC Val GUA Val GUG Val

GCU Ala GCC Ala GCA Ala GCG Ala

GAU Asp GAC Asp GAA Glu GAG Glu

GGU Gly GGC Gly GGA Gly GGG Gly

U C A G

(Point Mutation) DNA I le Thr Asn Cys His Asp Tyr Glu His I le Thr I le Val Met I le I le Glu His 1) (Substitution) 5 2) (Insertion) 1 3) (Deletion) 1 4) (Insertion) (Deletion) 1

2011 ________________________________ (191)

1. 2) A AB B

AB B A

AB A B AB

2. 4) 5 CTC TGG TAT ACT GGA GTA 3 mRNA 5 UAC UCC AGU AUA CCA GAG3 DNA

ATG AGG TCA TAT GGT CTC mRNA DNA DNA 5 CTC TGG TAT ACT GGA GTA 3

3. 2) Ser Tyr 5 mRNA 5

AUGUCCGUA 3 C A 2 mRNA Ser Tyr Codon UCC UAG

4. 3)

5. 3) F2 3 : 1

F2 3 : 1 (Law of Segregation)

6. 4) 392 4/10000 = 0.0004

q2 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 q2 = 0.0004 q = 0.02 (A) = 0.98 A a 1 2pq = 2 0.98 0.02 10000 = 392

(192) _______________________________ 2011

7. 1) 1 Aaa : 1 aaa aa 8

a Aa 2 A a 2 (a, a)

2 (A, a) 2 Aaa aaa 1 : 1 (Aa) (aa)

AaA, a

aaa

Aa aa:1 1:

8. 2)

9. 1) 12% Cytosine = Guanine = 38% Adenine = Thymine = 12% 10. 1) . . (M.H.F. Wilkins) (Rosalind Franklin)

(X-Ray Diffraction) DNA DNA 1 11. 3) 4

(Genetic Codon) mRNA 3 40 34 = 81 33 = 2y

12. 4) (Insertion) (Deletion) 1

I le Thr Asn Cys His Asp Tyr Glu His - - AAU UGU CAU GAU UAU - - - - AUU GUC AUG AUU AUU - - I le Thr I le Val Met I le I le - -

2011 ________________________________ (193)

(Ecology) (Population) (Community) (Complex Species) (Ecosystem) - - - (Ecosystem) = (Community) + (Habitat) 1. (Terrestrial Ecosystem) 2 2. (Aquatic Ecosystem) 2.1 (Fresh water ecosystem) 2.2 (Estuarine ecosystem) 2.3 (Marine ecosystem) (Coastal ecosystem)

(194) _______________________________ 2011

(Biotic component) 2 1. Autotroph (Producer) 2. Heterotroph 2 1. Consumer () 4 Herbivore Carnivor Omnivore Detretivore 2. Decomposer () 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (Adaptation) 2 1. 2.

2011 ________________________________ (195)

- - - 1. (Physiological adaptation) - (Nasal gland) - - 2. (Morphological adaptation) - - 3. (Behavior adaptation) - - - + - 0 Parasitism (+/-) (Host) 2 1. (Ectoparasite) 2. (Endoparasite) Predation (+/-) (-/+) - -

(196) _______________________________ 2011

Commensalism +/0 -/0 2 - - - - Protocooperation +/+ 0/0 2 +/+ - - Mutualism +/+ -/- - mycorrhiza- Saprophytes Decomposer Antibiosis -/0 -/0 -/- -/- Neutralism 0/0 2 2

2011 ________________________________ (197)

(Food chain) 2 1. (Grazing Food chain)

Primary consumer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Tertiary consumer Quarternary consumer

(198) _______________________________ 2011

2. (Detritus food chain) (Food web)

(Food web) (Ecological pyramid) 3 1. (Pyramid of Number)

2011 ________________________________ (199)

2. (Pyramid of mass) (Dry weight)

3. (Pyramid of energy) 10% 90%

(200) _______________________________ 2011

2 1. 2. (Mono cropping)

2

2011 ________________________________ (201)

Nitrogen fixing bacteria / Denitrifying bacteria Nitrifying bacteria

(202) _______________________________ 2011

(H2S) -24SO (SO2) (H2SO4) 2 1. Primary succession 2 1.1 (Climax stage) 1.2 2. (Secondary succession)

2011 ________________________________ (203)

2 1. (Renewable nature resources) 1.1 1.2 2. (Unrenewable nature resources) 2.1 2.2 1. 2. 3. 2 1. 4 1.1 (Tropical evergreen forest) - (Tropical rain forest) - (Dry evergreen forest) - (Hill evergreen forest) 1.2 (Coniferous forest) 1.3 (Swamp forest) - (Peat Swamp) - (Mangrove swamp forest) - 1.4 (Beach forest)

(204) _______________________________ 2011

2. 3 2.1 2.2 1. 2. (Pesticides) 3. (Air) 78.09 20.94 0.93 0.03 0.01 (Greenhouse gas) 6 1. (CO2) 2. (CH4) 3. (NO2) 4. (HFC) 5. (PFC) 6. (SF6) R134a

2011 ________________________________ (205)

1. (PAT2 52) 1) 2) 3) 4) 2. (PAT2 52) 1) 2) 3) 4) 3.

(PAT2 52) 1) 2) 3) 4) 4. (Detritus food chain) (A-NET 49) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5. (A-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) 10% 6. (A-NET 49) 1) 2) 3) 4) 7. (A-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4)

(206) _______________________________ 2011

8. (A-NET 50) . . . 1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) .,., . 9. (A-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) 10. (A-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) 11.

(A-NET 49) 1) 2) 3) 4) 12.

(A-NET 49) 1) 2) 3) 4) 13.

(O-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4) 14. (O-NET 50) 1) 2) 3) 4)

2011 ________________________________ (207)

1. 2)

2. 1)

3. 2) (Secondary succession)

4. 4) 1), 2) 3) 5. 1)

40 19, 5, 8, 8

6. 1) Mutualism +/+

2) Competition -/-

3) Parasitism +/-

4) Competition -/-

7. 1)

(208) _______________________________ 2011

8. 4) ., . . (Alien species)

2 1. (Non-invasive alien species NIAS)

2. (Invasive alien species IAS)

9. 2)

10. 4) 1), 2) 3) (Competition) 11. 4) (Succession)

(Climax community) 12. 1) Rhizobium Nitrogen 13. 4)

() 14. 2)

,