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Gran Brandel

BRANDELS GRAMMATIK

GRAMMATIK FR SVENSKLRARE

ORDFLJD, FUNKTION OCH FORM

Version 3.7

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Frord

Sprkvrd och sprkriktighet

Sprk handlar som bekant om kommunikation, dr en sndare vill verfra ett budskap till en mottagare. I mnga fall vxlar rollerna mellan parterna (som i

ett samtal), medan det i andra fall handlar om envgskommunikation (som i en traditionell boktext). I alla typer av kommunikation kan man ha problem

med strningar, vilka kan vara allt frn slarvig handstil och otydligt tal till dlig tckning p mobilen eller trasig hgtalare p radion. ven stavfel och

felaktig meningsbyggnad r exempel p kommunikationsstrningar. Det r drfr viktigt att komma verens om en gemensam stavning och grammatik,

som s mnga som mjligt ocks kan tillmpa. Detta utesluter varken regionala skillnader eller ett levande frnderligt sprk, men man br noga vervga

alla aspekter, innan man formaliserar frndringar av stavning och grammatik i rikssprket. Skl mot frndringar kan vara slktskap (=likhet) med andra

sprk, frstelse av ldre texter samt allmn logik och kongruens i sprket. andra sidan br inte skriftsprket avvika alltfr mycket frn det frnderliga

talsprket. Den utveckling vi har sett under hela 1900-talet och hittills under 2000-talet, vilken innebr en anpassning av talsprket till skriftsprket vad

betrffar former och uttal, ger emellertid journalister, frfattare, lrare och andra en historiskt unik mjlighet att pverka utvecklingen av sprket i en

vlfungerande riktning med hnsyn tagen till ovan nmnda synpunkter. En sdan sprkvrd handlar allts ytterst om att frska frbttra mnniskors

kommunikation.

Denna sprklras innehll, anvndningsomrde och mlgrupp

Detta dokument r ett frsk att skriva den sprklra som jag nskar att ngon hade satt i mina hnder, nr jag fr mnga r sedan brjade undervisa i

svenska som andrasprk. Den vnder sig allts till lrare i svenska men ocks till andra yrkesgrupper som arbetar med svenska samt allmnt sprk-

intresserade. Jag vill verkligen understryka att detta r ett frsk att skriva en sprklra. Trots idoga studier (inte minst empiriska), diskussioner med

kollegor och eget funderande, kan jag bara konstatera att det alltid finns ytterligare aspekter, regler och undantag som jag har frbisett. Jag jobbar drfr

kontinuerligt med att uppdatera innehllet.

Min sprklra har tre huvudmoment: ordfljd och satsdelar, ordens funktion i satsen samt morfologi (formlra). Andra moment som stavning, fonetik

(ljudlra), prosodi (satsmelodi, rytm och dynamik), ordkunskap, etymologi (ords ursprung, slktskap och utveckling) samt regionala sprkvariationer berrs

endast i mindre utstrckning. I avsnitten med funktions- och formbeskrivningar anges ibland ordens stilgrad samt frekvens i det allmnna sprkbruket, och

d kan ven vissa lderdomliga, sprkhistoriskt intressanta varianter frekomma.

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Avsikten med denna sprklra r att ge lsaren s mnga svar som mjligt p frgor om ordfljd, funktion och form samt p vissa andra vanliga allmnna

sprkfrgor. Dessa svar kan anvndas i undervisningen, speciellt i samband med genomgng och rttning av skriftliga uppgifter. En undervisande lrare kan

frn fall till fall avgra vilka moment som r lmpliga att ta upp med de studerande, och i vilken omfattning det br ske. Ju strre kunskaper den

undervisande lraren besitter, desto lttare r det att gra sdana bedmningar.

En annan bedmningsfrga r i vilken utstrckning olika talsprksvarianter ska godknnas som korrekt svenska. Denna sprklra ger mnga exempel p

talsprk i olika sammanhang. Efter redovisad analys ges i vissa fall klara rekommendationer om vad som ska bedmas som rtt respektive fel, medan det i

andra, mer tveksamma fall verlts till den enskilda lsaren att p grundval av analysen gra dessa bedmningar med hnsyn tagen till sprk-

sammanhanget.

Sprklran r uppdelad i paragrafer, vilka fljer en progressionsordning. Paragraferna r ofta indelade i avsnitt, som i sin tur kan vara indelade i punkter.

Till varje nytt moment i den lpande texten finns tydliga exempel, som underlttar frstelsen av det teoretiska resonemanget. I vissa avsnitt finns struktur-

eller sammanfattningstabeller och i mnga fall grs jmfrelser med engelska fr att ytterligare klargra de grammatiska strukturerna. Att just engelska har

valts som jmfrelsesprk beror dels p att en stor och kande andel av nyanlnda svenskstuderande kan tala engelska (tminstone i ngon mn), dels p att

nstan alla som r uppvuxna i Sverige (inte minst om de r lrare) har goda kunskaper i engelska.

Definitioner och klassificering av ordklasser och satsdelar och andra grammatiska begrepp kan variera mellan olika sprklror. I denna sprklra har jag

frskt vga in faktorerna logik, sprkhistoria, inarbetade begrepp och modernt sprkbruk vid sdana definitioner och klassificeringar. Jag vill ocks ppeka

att ngra av de definitioner och termer som jag anvnder r mina egna och sledes inte terfinns i andra sprklror.

Vsters 2019

Gran Brandel

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Anvndning av skrivtecken och stilarter

Kursiv stil markerar ord som r speciellt viktiga i sammanhanget ssom det definierade uttrycket i exemplet nedan.

Ex. Man kan ndra ordfljden i dessa satser enligt vissa regler. I denna sprklra kallas alla sdana ndringar fr emfatiska omplaceringar.

Kursiv stil anvnds ocks fr ord som ingr i texten som grammatiska begrepp och allts inte har sin vanliga funktion i satsbyggnaden.

Ex. I den relativa bisatsen kan som vara subjekt, objekt eller huvudord i prepositionsadverbial.

Fet stil anvnds (frutom i rubrikerna) fr att markera srskilt viktiga nyckelord ssom de underordnande konjunktionerna i exemplet nedan.

Ex. De mest anvnda kausala underordnande konjunktionerna i neutralt sprk r eftersom och drfr att.

Citattecken () markerar frutom direkta citat boktitlar, filmtitlar o. dyl. Att sdana titlar inte i stllet kursiveras beror p att de ska kunna skiljas frn

kursiverade ord som r grammatiskt viktiga i sammanhanget. Se det frsta exemplet nedan. Citattecken anvnds ocks i den lpande texten fr att markera

vissa ord och uttryck som inte r allmnt vedertagna. Se det andra exemplet nedan.

Ex. Jurassic Park r en film som mnga har sett. (Som mnga har sett r attribut till huvudordet film.) Boktitel

Samma preposition anvnds vid flera av de substantiv som motsvarar transitiva verfallsverb. Icke vedertaget uttryck

I exemplen betecknar citattecken ofta meningar, satser och fraser med tveksamma, regionala, lderdomliga eller teoretiska former och konstruktioner.

Nyckelorden eller nyckelmorfemen i dessa exempel r kursiverade.

Ex. I morgon s blir det regn. Tveksam konstruktion Bttre alternativ: I morgon blir det regn.

Grabbarna spelte bra i dag. Regional form Rikssvenska: Grabbarna spelade bra i dag.

Han sger att han ingen mat har. lderdomlig konstruktion Modern svenska: Han sger att han inte har ngon mat.

Varfr r att skratta inte passande nu? Teoretisk konstruktion Med formellt subjekt: Varfr r det inte passande att skratta nu?

Krok (~) erstter ett listat ord i ofrndrad form.

Ex. nedlta (~ sig = snka sig, frnedra sig)

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Lodstreck (|) anvnds fr att markera ordstam.

Ex. Flick|a har pluralsuffixet -or: flickor.

Asterisk (*) anvnds framfr ord, fraser och satser med felaktiga eller obrukliga former och konstruktioner. ven i dessa fall r nyckelorden kursiverade.

Ex. * Sluta grt! Felaktig form Korrekt mening: Sluta grta!

* Det blir mellan sju till tio grader. Felaktigt prepositionspar Korrekt mening: Det blir mellan sju och tio grader.

* Trevlig har han trffat en flicka som r. Felaktig satsflta Korrekt mening: Han har trffat en flicka som r trevlig.

* Man mrkte honom sluddra. Obruklig konstruktion Korrekt mening: Man mrkte att han sluddrade.

Enkla citattecken () anvnds fr att markera ords betydelser.

Ex. Det latinska ordet konjunktion betyder frbindelse. / P engelska r watch (titta; bevaka) ett transitivt verb.

Understrykning anvnds ibland nr det finns ett behov av att srskilt framhlla vissa ord.

Ex. I dessa fall mste pronomenet som utelmnas, om det inte r subjekt. Understrykningen av mste framhller att regeln r obligatorisk.

Understrykning anvnds ocks fr att markera ord eller stavelser som r starkt betonade i satsmelodin.

Ex. Jag hller av dig, men jag hller inte med dig. Verbpartiklarna av och med r starkt betonade i satsmelodin.

Klammerparentes anger att ett ord som inte ingr i det aktuella begreppet r av avgrande betydelse fr anvndningen och tolkningen av detsamma.

Ex. Den underordnande konjunktionen inte frrn

Ovanstende klammerparentes frklaras av att den underordnande konjunktionen frrn anvnds i stllet fr tills efter negerade verordnade satser.

Ex. Du ska vnta, tills jag kommer. / Du fr inte g, frrn jag kommer. Jakande verordnad sats respektive negerad verordnad sats

Klammerparentes anvnds ocks fr att markera fonetisk skrift i uttalsanvisningar, t.ex. det engelska verbet read [ri:d].

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Innehll

Grundlggande begrepp och sprkstruktur

1. Ord-, form- och satslra ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

A. Ordklasser ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

I. Substantiv ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

II. Artiklar ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38

III. Adjektiv ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

IV. Rkneord ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41

V. Pronomen ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42

VI. Verb ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44

VII. Infinitivmrket att ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 48

VIII. Adverb ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 48

IX. Prepositioner ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 49

X. Konjunktioner (inklusive subjunktioner) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 50

XI. Interjektioner ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51

XII. Lexikaliserade ordkombinationer ................................................................................................................................................................................ 52

XIII. Om ordklasstillhrighet .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 52

B. Morfem ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53

C. Betydelseord och formord .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 54

D. ppna och slutna ordklasser ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 55

E. Sammanstllning ver ordklasser och underklassificeringar .............................................................................................................................................. 56

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F. Satser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67

I. Satser och meningar ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67

II. Huvudsats och bisats....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67

III. Satsdelar i relation till ordklasser .................................................................................................................................................................................. 67

G. Satsdelar ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 68

I. Predikat ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 68

II. Subjekt ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 68

III. Ackusativobjekt (direkt objekt) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

IV. Dativobjekt (indirekt objekt) ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

V. Subjektspredikativ (subjektiv predikatsfyllnad) ............................................................................................................................................................. 70

VI. Objektspredikativ (objektiv predikatsfyllnad) .............................................................................................................................................................. 71

VII. Predikativt attribut ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71

VIII. Adverbial .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71

IX. Frenklat satslsningsschema fr SFI/Sv2 ................................................................................................................................................................... 73

H. Satsbyggnad ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 75

I. Primra satsdelar .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75

II. Passiv sats ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 75

III. Sammanfogning av satser .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 75

IV. Underordnade satsdelar ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 76

I. Fraser .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77

I. Nominalfraser................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77

II. Pronomenfraser ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78

III. Infinitivfraser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 78

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IV. Prepositionsfraser .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79

V. Adjektivfraser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 79

VI. Rkneordsfraser............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 80

VII. Adverbfraser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80

VIII. Verbfraser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 81

IX. Frkortning av sammanbundna satser och fraser .......................................................................................................................................................... 81

X. Tillggsfraser .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 82

XI. Predikatsfraser ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83

J. Satsanalys p olika niver .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 84

K. Sprkliga niver i en mening .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 89

2. Ordfljd, tema och rema .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90

A. Grundlggande ordfljder .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 90

B. Tema och rema ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90

I. Strukturell variation ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 90

II. Tema-rema-principen ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91

III. Sammanbindning av satser genom temaprogression..................................................................................................................................................... 91

IV. Sammanbindning av satser genom temaupprepning ..................................................................................................................................................... 92

V. Brott mot huvudprinciperna ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 92

3. Frhllandet mellan tema och rema i en enskild sats .............................................................................................................................................................. 93

A. Uppmrksamhetsgrad hos tema respektive rema ............................................................................................................................................................... 93

B. Tema och rema vid passiv form.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 94

4. Korta och lnga meningar ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 95

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Huvudsatser

5. Pstendehuvudsats (deklarativ huvudsats) i aktiv form ........................................................................................................................................................ 96

A. Ordfljdsschema ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 96

B. Presentation och tematisering i pstendehuvudsatser ....................................................................................................................................................... 98

C. Tematisering av predikat och predikatsfraser ..................................................................................................................................................................... 99

D. Tematisering av prepositionsfraser................................................................................................................................................................................... 100

E. Ordfljd i sngtexter och lyrik .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 101

F. Rubrikstil ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 101

G. Frkortade meningar och ord i skriftlig elektronisk kommunikation .............................................................................................................................. 101

6. Passiv huvudsats .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 102

A. Scheman fr rak ordfljd s-suffix och omskrivning med bli ........................................................................................................................................ 102

B. Tematisering i passiva huvudsatser .................................................................................................................................................................................. 103

C. Omskrivning med vara ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103

D. Pronominella dativobjekt som fundament ........................................................................................................................................................................ 103

E. Orsaker till anvndning av passiv form ............................................................................................................................................................................ 104

F. Sammanstllning ver anvndningen av passiv form ....................................................................................................................................................... 105

7. Frgehuvudsats (interrogativ huvudsats)............................................................................................................................................................................... 106

A. Ja-eller-nej-frga (rogativ huvudsats) ............................................................................................................................................................................... 106

B. ppen frga (kvesitiv huvudsats) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 106

C. Placering av preposition i frgeordsfraser ........................................................................................................................................................................ 109

D. Passiva frgesatser ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 109

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8. Imperativhuvudsats (direktiv huvudsats) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 110

A. Ordfljdsschema ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 110

B. Konditionalt konsekutiv konstruktion i imperativmeningar ............................................................................................................................................. 111

C. Finalt konsekutiv konstruktion i imperativmeningar ........................................................................................................................................................ 111

Satsdelars placering och funktion

9. Samordnande konjunktioner.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 112

A. Enkla samordnande konjunktioner ................................................................................................................................................................................... 112

B. Tvdelade samordnande konjunktioner ............................................................................................................................................................................ 116

C. Sammanfattning av samordnande konjunktioner ............................................................................................................................................................. 118

10. Objekt med och utan preposition......................................................................................................................................................................................... 119

A. Transitiva och intransitiva verb ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 119

B. Ackusativobjekt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 120

C. Transitivering med verbprefixet be- ................................................................................................................................................................................. 122

D. Dativobjekt ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 123

11. Objekt som fundament ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 124

12. Placering av betonat respektive obetonat subjekt eller objekt i huvudsats ......................................................................................................................... 125

13. Attribut ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 128

A. Olika slag av attribut ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 128

B. Samordnade attribut .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 131

C. De framfrstllda attributslagens inbrdes ordning ......................................................................................................................................................... 132

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D. Substantivsammansttning en konstruktion liknande attribut ....................................................................................................................................... 132

E. Kommentarer till adjektiv- och verbattribut ..................................................................................................................................................................... 133

F. Kommentarer till adverbialattribut (prepositionsattribut) ................................................................................................................................................. 135

G. Kommentarer till vriga attribut ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 136

H. Substantiverade attribut .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 139

14. Subjektspredikativ i aktiv sats ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 140

A. Kopulaverb ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 140

B. Benmningsverbet heta .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 141

C. Subjektspredikativ i satser med omvnd ordfljd ............................................................................................................................................................ 141

D. Fenomenverb .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 142

E. Liknande konstruktioner ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 145

15. Objektspredikativ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 147

A. Samtida aktionsverb ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 147

I. Transitiva resultativa verb vars objektspredikativ uttrycker ett tillstnd vid en aktion ................................................................................................. 147

II. Verbet ha vars objektspredikativ uttrycker ett resultat av en avslutad aktion .............................................................................................................. 148

B. Tanke- och yttrandeverb ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 148

C. Frndringsverb ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 149

I. Transitiva resultativa verb vars objektspredikativ uttrycker ett resultat av en frndring ............................................................................................. 149

II. Eljest intransitiva verb vars objektspredikativ uttrycker ett resultat av en frndring i reflexiv konstruktion ............................................................ 150

D. Bevarandeverb .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 150

E. Benmningsverb ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 150

F. Liknande konstruktioner ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 151

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16. Subjektspredikativ i passiv sats ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 152

A. Frhllandet mellan predikativ i aktiv och passiv sats ..................................................................................................................................................... 152

B. Liknande konstruktioner ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 153

17. Predikativt attribut ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 154

18. Sammanstllning ver predikativ ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 157

A. Bundna adjektivpredikativ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 157

B. Bundna substantivpredikativ ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 158

C. Bundna verbpredikativ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 158

D. Subjektspredikativ vid adverbialersttande objektskonstruktion ..................................................................................................................................... 159

E. Fria predikativ (fria predikativa attribut) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 159

F. Jmfrelse mellan subjektspredikativ, objektspredikativ och predikativa attribut ........................................................................................................... 160

19. Adverbial och motsvarande adverbiella bisatser ................................................................................................................................................................. 164

20. Rumsadverb och rumsadverbial .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 165

A. Rumsadverb ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 165

B. Rumsadverbial med preposition ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 169

I. Lgesangivande rumsadverbial ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 169

II. Riktningsangivande rumsadverbial .............................................................................................................................................................................. 173

III. Gemensam prepositionsanvndning fr lgesangivande och riktningsangivande rumsadverbial .............................................................................. 174

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21. Tidsadverb och tidsadverbial............................................................................................................................................................................................... 175

A. Tidfstande adverbial nr? ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 175

I. rstider och vissa lngre helger ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 175

II. Enskilda helg- och hgtidsdagar ................................................................................................................................................................................... 175

III. Mnadsnamn ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 175

IV. Dygn och delar av dygn .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 176

V. Prepositionen p + bestmd form singular av tidsubstantiv ......................................................................................................................................... 177

VI. De demonstrativa pronomenen den hr/det hr/de hr .............................................................................................................................................. 178

VII. Given tidsenhet .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 178

VIII. Bestmd tidsrymd ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 179

IX. Period .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 180

X. terkommande aktion .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 181

XI. vriga tidfstningar .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 182

B. Frekvensangivande adverbial hur ofta?......................................................................................................................................................................... 183

C. Varaktighetsangivande adverbial hur lnge? ................................................................................................................................................................ 183

D. Enskilda tidsadverb .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 185

E. Adverbet, prepositionen och konjunktionen sedan ........................................................................................................................................................... 186

F. Adverben och konjunktionerna nr och d ....................................................................................................................................................................... 187

22. Sttsadverb och sttsadverbial............................................................................................................................................................................................. 188

A. Sttsadverb som r avledda frn adjektiv ......................................................................................................................................................................... 188

B. vriga sttsadverb och sttsadverbial .............................................................................................................................................................................. 188

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C. Adverbet, pronomenet och konjunktionen s ................................................................................................................................................................... 189

I. Sttsadverbuttryck .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 189

II. Gradadverbuttryck ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 192

III. Adverbet s efter konjunktionen eller vid sammanbindning av satser ....................................................................................................................... 193

IV. Tidsadverbet s ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 194

V. Satsinledningar knutna till adverbet och konjunktionen s .......................................................................................................................................... 194

23. vriga prepositionsadverbial .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 195

A. Orsaksadverbial ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 195

I. Allmnna orsaksadverbial .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 195

II. Upplevelseorsaksadverbial ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 196

III. Tillstndsorsaksadverbial ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 197

B. Subjektsersttningsadverbial ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 198

I. Satser med predikat som uttrycker vrdering ................................................................................................................................................................ 198

II. Satser med vrderande adjektiv/adverb efter kopulaverb/allmnna omstndighetsverb (vara, bli eller frbli) .......................................................... 198

C. Objektskompletteringsadverbial och predikatskompletteringsadverbial .......................................................................................................................... 199

D. Adressatadverbial ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 200

E. Ytterligare adverbial listade efter preposition ................................................................................................................................................................ 201

F. Infinitivadverbial med utelmnad preposition .................................................................................................................................................................. 220

G. Objektsadverbial (prepositionsobjekt) eller vrigt adverbial? ......................................................................................................................................... 221

H. Exempel p objektsadverbial (prepositionsobjekt) .......................................................................................................................................................... 223

I. Ackusativobjekt/adverbial ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 223

II. Dativobjekt/adverbial ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 226

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I. Adverbial och adverbialattribut ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 228

24. Infinitivfraser och att-bisatser i lexikaliserade och/eller frkortade adverbial .................................................................................................................... 230

A. Preposition + att i satsfrkortningar ................................................................................................................................................................................. 230

B. Adverbial + att i lexikaliserade underordnande konjunktioner ........................................................................................................................................ 231

I. Enskilt adverb + att-bisats .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 231

II. Prepositionsadverbial + att-bisats ................................................................................................................................................................................. 231

C. (S-)som + att efter fenomenverb ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 232

D. Infinitivadverbial efter fenomenverb ................................................................................................................................................................................ 232

E. Adverbial med utelmnad preposition efter predikativ .................................................................................................................................................... 233

F. vriga adverbial med utelmnad preposition ................................................................................................................................................................... 234

25. Konjunktionella adverb ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 235

26. Pronominella adverb............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 236

27. Ytterligare adverb- och adverbialslag ................................................................................................................................................................................. 244

28. Adverbialens grundlggande placering i satsen .................................................................................................................................................................. 247

29. Omplacering av adverbial ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 248

A. Kategorin vriga adverbial .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 248

B. Adverbiella bisatser .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 249

30. Satsadverb/satsadverbial ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 250

31. Satsadverbialens funktion och placering i satsen ................................................................................................................................................................ 252

A. Placering i huvudsats respektive bisats ............................................................................................................................................................................ 252

B. Satsadverbial och vriga adverbial ................................................................................................................................................................................... 252

C. Satsadverbial som ven kan fungera adverbial- och/eller predikatsbestmmande ........................................................................................................... 253

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D. Satsadverbialet kanske ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 254

E. Satsadverbialen absolut och definitivt .............................................................................................................................................................................. 254

F. De olika betydelserna av satsadverbialet vl .................................................................................................................................................................... 255

G. De olika betydelserna av satsadverbialen nog och visst ................................................................................................................................................... 256

H. Satsadverbial som adverbattribut ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 257

I. Satsadverbial som fundament ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 257

J. Satsadverbialets placering vid obetonat objekt .................................................................................................................................................................. 258

K. Satsadverbialets placering vid betonat subjekt i satser med omvnd ordfljd ................................................................................................................. 259

32. Satsadverbialens inbrdes placering ................................................................................................................................................................................... 260

Bisatser

33. Underordnade bisatser ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 262

34. Underordnande konjunktioner (subjunktioner) ................................................................................................................................................................... 264

A. Funktioner i satsen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 264

B. Lexikaliserade underordnande konjunktioner .................................................................................................................................................................. 265

C. Allmnt underordnande konjunktion ................................................................................................................................................................................ 266

D. Interrogativa underordnande konjunktioner ..................................................................................................................................................................... 267

E. Temporala underordnande konjunktioner ......................................................................................................................................................................... 268

F. Kausala underordnande konjunktioner ............................................................................................................................................................................. 272

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G. Konsekutiva underordnande konjunktioner och liknande satsinledningar ....................................................................................................................... 276

I. Enkel konsekutiv betydelse s eller med pfljd att ................................................................................................................................................... 276

II. Deskriptivt konsekutiv betydelse s (att) eller s att .............................................................................................................................................. 277

III. Finalt konsekutiv betydelse s (att).......................................................................................................................................................................... 278

IV. Gradkonsekutiv betydelse s/sdanatt eller till den grad att ............................................................................................................................ 278

V. Konditionalt konsekutiv betydelse s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 279

VI. Sammanfattning av konsekutiva satsinledningar ........................................................................................................................................................ 279

VII. Komparativt konsekutivt adverb judesto............................................................................................................................................................. 280

H. Konditionala underordnande konjunktioner ..................................................................................................................................................................... 281

I. Koncessiva underordnande konjunktioner ......................................................................................................................................................................... 283

J. Konditionalt koncessiva underordnande konjunktioner .................................................................................................................................................... 284

K. Komparativa underordnande konjunktioner och andra jmfrande uttryck ..................................................................................................................... 285

I. Likstllande underordnande konjunktioner ................................................................................................................................................................... 285

II. Olikstllande underordnande konjunktion .................................................................................................................................................................... 287

III. Andra jmfrande uttryck ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 289

L. Konditionalt komparativ underordnande konjunktion ...................................................................................................................................................... 290

M. Finala underordnande konjunktioner ............................................................................................................................................................................... 291

N. Metod-deskriptiv underordnande konjunktion ................................................................................................................................................................. 292

O. Exklusivt deskriptiv underordnande konjunktion ............................................................................................................................................................ 292

P. Sammanfattningstabell med de vanligaste underordnande konjunktionerna .................................................................................................................... 293

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35. Relativa bisatser och relaterade konstruktioner ................................................................................................................................................................... 294

A. De relativa pronomenens och adverbens funktion i satsen .............................................................................................................................................. 294

B. Inledande preposition i relativa bisatser ........................................................................................................................................................................... 298

C. Tema och rema i relativa bisatser ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 300

I. Frhllandet mellan ursprunglig huvudsats och relativ bisats ....................................................................................................................................... 300

II. Temats uppmrksamhetsgrad i den relativa bisatsen.................................................................................................................................................... 300

D. Personliga pronomen som korrelat ................................................................................................................................................................................... 301

I. Korrelat som r subjektspredikativ i presentation med det r X som ............................................................................................................................ 301

II. Korrelat som r subjekt ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 301

III. Korrelat som r subjektspredikativ i vriga fall .......................................................................................................................................................... 302

IV. Korrelat som har objektsform ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 302

E. Sammanstllning ver de vanligaste relativa bisatserna ................................................................................................................................................... 303

F. Frkortade relativa bisatser ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 304

G. Indirekt anfring med attributiv relativ bisats efter frgeord ........................................................................................................................................... 306

I. Sjlvstndiga interrogativa pronomen och adverb ......................................................................................................................................................... 306

II. Frenade interrogativa pronomen och adverb .............................................................................................................................................................. 308

H. Generaliserande bisats ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 309

I. Pronomenet vad i relativa konstruktioner .......................................................................................................................................................................... 311

Presentation, tematisering, satsfrkortning och anfring

36. Falsk samordning ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 313

37. Dubbelt satsled .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 316

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38. Satsflta ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 317

39. Presentation med formellt subjekt ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 318

A. Presentation i aktiva satser med verb som anger existens, position, rrelse eller allmnna hndelser ............................................................................ 318

B. Presentation i passiva satser.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 321

C. Presentation av infinitivfraser och nominalbisatser .......................................................................................................................................................... 322

40. Andra konstruktioner som presenterar subjektet ................................................................................................................................................................. 323

A. Subjektspresentation med uttrycket det r X som ............................................................................................................................................................ 323

B. Subjektsersttningsadverbial ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 325

C. Presentation av och med vissa pronomen ......................................................................................................................................................................... 325

41. Presentation med formellt objekt ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 326

42. Allmn presentation med uttrycket det r X som ................................................................................................................................................................ 328

43. Ellipser................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 329

44. Fristende bisatser i utrop.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 330

A. Vad/S + adjektiv/adverb +subjekt + predikat ................................................................................................................................................................. 330

B. Vilken/En sdan + substantiv + subjekt + predikat .......................................................................................................................................................... 331

C. Som-bisats......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 331

D. Satsadverbial + att-bisats .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 332

E. Nominalbisats ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 332

45. Frkortning av att-bisats efter preposition .......................................................................................................................................................................... 333

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46. Satsfrkortning och passivering vid frnimmelse-, tanke- och yttrandeverb ..................................................................................................................... 334

A. Frnimmelseverb .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 334

I. Frkortning av aktiv sats ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 334

II. Passiv form av den ursprungliga aktiva meningen ....................................................................................................................................................... 335

III. Passiv form av den aktiva frkortade satsen ............................................................................................................................................................... 335

B. Tanke- och yttrandeverb ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 336

I. Frkortning av aktiv sats ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 336

II. Passiva konstruktioner .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 337

C. Yttrandeverb + dativobjekt med preposition + infinitivfras som ackusativobjekt ........................................................................................................... 338

D. Liknande konstruktioner ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 339

I. Pverkansverb + dativobjekt utan preposition + infinitivfraser som ackusativobjekt ................................................................................................... 339

II. Pverkansverb + ackusativobjekt + frkortade adverbial med infinitivfraser .............................................................................................................. 341

III. Liknande konstruktioner med fenomenverb ................................................................................................................................................................ 343

IV. Reflexiva possessiva pronomen i frkortade att-bisatser ............................................................................................................................................ 344

V. Objektspredikativ i satser med tanke- och yttrandeverb .............................................................................................................................................. 344

47. Svarsord och phngssvar ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 345

A. Svarsord ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 345

B. Phngssvar ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 346

48. Direkt och indirekt anfring ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 347

A. Direkt anfring ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 347

I. Framfrstlld kllsats, talstreck ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 347

II. Framfrstlld kllsats, anfringstecken ........................................................................................................................................................................ 347

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III. Efterstlld kllsats, talstreck ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 348

IV. Efterstlld kllsats, anfringstecken ............................................................................................................................................................................ 348

B. Indirekt anfring ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 349

I. Indirekt anfring med enkel objektsbisats ..................................................................................................................................................................... 349

II. Indirekt anfring med frgeord och attributiv relativ bisats ......................................................................................................................................... 350

Sammanfattning av satslran (syntaxen)

49. Sammanfattande satsanalyser .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 351

A. Huvudsatser ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 351

B. Bisatser ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 352

C. Fraser ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 354

I. Underordnade fraser ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 354

II. Predikatsfraser .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 356

III. Tillggsfraser ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 357

D. Undantag och tillgg till de grundlggande satsschemana ............................................................................................................................................... 359

50. Adjektiv och participformer i satsanalysen ......................................................................................................................................................................... 360

51. Jmfrande satsanalyser av vissa prepositionsfraser ........................................................................................................................................................... 361

52. Sammanstllning ver vanligt frekommande emfatiska omplaceringar och omskrivningar ............................................................................................ 363

A. Emfatiska omplaceringar .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 363

B. Emfatiska omskrivningar .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 364

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Verb form och funktion

53. Verbkonjugationer ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 366

A. Kortfattad beskrivning och historik .................................................................................................................................................................................. 366

B. Konjugation 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 369

C. Konjugation 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 378

I. Grupp 2a ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 378

II. Grupp 2b ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 383

III. Grupp 2c ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 387

IV. Srskilda bjningsmnster och alternativ ................................................................................................................................................................... 388

D. Konjugation 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 391

E. Konjugation 4.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 393

F. Konjugation 5 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 402

I. Grupp 5a och 5b ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 402

II. Grupp 5c ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 405

III. Grupp 5d ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 406

IV. Grupp 5e ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 408

V. Grupp 5f........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 411

VI. Verbet vara.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 413

G. ldre bjningsmnster ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 416

H. Jmfrelse med engelska .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 419

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54. Verbets olika funktioner i satsen ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 424

A. Fler n ett predikatsverb ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 424

I. Tempusbildande hjlpverb ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 424

II. Modala hjlpverb och andra icke-tempusbildande hjlpverb ....................................................................................................................................... 424

B. Infinitivfraser som subjekt ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 425

C. Infinitivfraser som objekt ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 425

D. Infinitivfraser som predikativ ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 428

E. Infinitivfraser som adverbial ...................................................................................