Broadway theatre

This article is about the type of theatre called Broad-way. For the street for which it is named, see Broadway(Manhattan).For the individual theatre of this name, see BroadwayTheatre (53rd Street).

Coordinates: 404521N 735911W / 40.75583N73.98639W

The Lion King at the New Amsterdam Theatre in 2003, in thebackground is Madame Tussauds New York

Broadway theatre,[nb 1] commonly known asBroadway,refers to the theatrical performances presented in the 40professional theatres with 500 or more seats located inthe Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway,in the New York City borough of Manhattan.[1] Alongwith Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres arewidely considered to represent the most commerciallysuccessful level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.

The Broadway Theater District is a popular tourist at-traction in New York City. According to The BroadwayLeague, Broadway shows sold a record US$1.36 billionworth of tickets in 2014, an increase of 14% over the pre-vious year. Attendance in 2014 stood at 13.13 million, a13% increase over 2013.[2]

The great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. His-torian Martin Shefter argues, "'Broadway musicals,' cul-minating in the productions of Richard Rodgers and Os-car Hammerstein, became enormously influential formsof American popular culture and helped make NewYork City the cultural capital of the nation.[3]

1 History

1.1 Early theatre in New York

Interior of the Park Theatre, built in 1798

New York did not have a significant theatre presence un-til about 1750, when actor-managers Walter Murray andThomas Kean established a resident theatre company atthe Theatre on Nassau Street, which held about 280 peo-ple. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad op-eras such as The Beggars Opera.[4] In 1752, WilliamHallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britainto the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager.They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia andopened with The Merchant of Venice and The Anatomist.The company moved to New York in the summer of1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces likeDamon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspendedtheatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in1798, the year the 2,000-seat Park Theatre was built onChatham Street (now called Park Row).[4] The BoweryTheatre opened in 1826,[5] followed by others. Blackfaceminstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertain-

1

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2 1 HISTORY

ment, became popular in the 1830s, and especially sowith the arrival of the Virginia Minstrels in the 1840s.[6]

By the 1840s, P.T. Barnum was operating an entertain-ment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broad-way and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened and soonbecame one of New Yorks premiere nightspots. The3,000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844 Palmos Opera Houseopened and presented opera for only four seasons beforebankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays un-der the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera Houseopened in 1847. A riot broke out in 1849 when the lower-class patrons of the Bowery objected to what they per-ceived as snobbery by the upper class audiences at As-tor Place: After the Astor Place Riot of 1849, enter-tainment in New York City was divided along class lines:opera was chiefly for the upper middle and upper classes,minstrel shows and melodramas for the middle class, vari-ety shows in concert saloons for men of the working classand the slumming middle class.[7]

The plays of William Shakespeare were frequently per-formed on the Broadway stage during the period, mostnotably by American actor Edwin Booth who was inter-nationally known for his performance as Hamlet. Boothplayed the role for a famous 100 consecutive perfor-mances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865 (with therun ending just a few months before Booths brother JohnWilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln), and wouldlater revive the role at his own Booths Theatre (which wasmanaged for a time by his brother Junius Brutus Booth,Jr.). Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared inNew York in this era were Henry Irving, TommasoSalvini, Fanny Davenport, and Charles Fechter.

1868 programme for Ixion

Lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 head-ing a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular En-

glish burlesques for middle-class New York audiences.Thompsons troupe, called the British Blondes, wasthe most popular entertainment in New York duringthe 18681869 theatrical season. The eccentricities ofpantomime and burlesquewith their curious combina-tion of comedy, parody, satire, improvisation, song anddance, variety acts, cross-dressing, extravagant stage ef-fects, risqu jokes and saucy costumeswhile familiarenough to British audiences, took New York by storm.[8]The six-month tour ran for almost six extremely prof-itable years.[9]

1.2 Birth of the musical and post-CivilWar

Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually tomidtown beginning around 1850, seeking less expensivereal estate. In 1870, the heart of Broadway was in UnionSquare, and by the end of the century, many theatreswere near Madison Square. Theatres did not arrive in theTimes Square area until the early 1900s, and the Broad-way theatres did not consolidate there until a large num-ber of theatres were built around the square in the 1920sand 1930s. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857. New York runscontinued to lag far behind those in London,[10] but LauraKeene's musical burletta Seven Sisters (1860) shatteredprevious New York records with a run of 253 perfor-mances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe ofOur American Cousin in Washington, D.C. that AbrahamLincoln was shot.

The Black Crook (1866), considered by some historians to bethe first musical.[11] Poster for the 1873 revival by The KiralfyBrothers.

The first theatre piece that conforms to the modern con-ception of a musical, adding dance and original musicthat helped to tell the story, is considered to be The BlackCrook, which premiered in New York on September 12,1866. The production was a staggering five-and-a-halfhours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The BlackDomino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first showto call itself a musical comedy.[11]

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1.4 190025 3

Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one blockeast of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell per-formed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hartproduced and starred in musicals on Broadway between1878 (The Mulligan Guard Picnic) and 1885, with bookand lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-lawDavid Braham. These musical comedies featured char-acters and situations taken from the everyday life of NewYorks lower classes and represented a significant stepforward from vaudeville and burlesque, towards a moreliterate form. They starred high quality singers (LillianRussell, Vivienne Segal, and Fay Templeton), instead ofthe women of questionable repute who had starred in ear-lier musical forms.As transportation improved, poverty in New York dimin-ished, and street lighting made for safer travel at night,the number of potential patrons for the growing num-ber of theatres increased enormously. Plays could runlonger and still draw in the audiences, leading to bet-ter profits and improved production values. As in Eng-land, during the latter half of the century the theatre be-gan to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering theattendance of the theatre by women. Gilbert and Sul-livan's family-friendly comic opera hits, beginning withH.M.S. Pinafore in 1878, were imported to New York (bythe authors and also in numerous pirated productions).They were imitated in New York by American produc-tions such as Reginald Dekoven's Robin Hood (1891) andJohn Philip Sousa's El Capitan (1896), along with operas,ballets and other British and European hits.

1.3 1890s and early 1900s

Charles Hoyt's A Trip to Chinatown (1891) becameBroadways long-run champion, holding the stage for 657performances. This would not be surpassed until Irene in1919. In 1896, theatre owners Marc Klaw and A. L. Er-langer formed the Theatrical Syndicate, which controlledalmost every legitimate theatre in the U.S. for the nextsixteen years.[12] However, smaller vaudeville and varietyhouses proliferated, and Off-Broadway was well estab-lished by the end of the 19th century.A Trip to Coontown (1898) was the first musical com-edy entirely produced and performed by African Amer-icans in a Broadway theatre (largely inspired by the rou-tines of the minstrel shows), followed by the ragtime-tinged Clorindy the Origin of the Cakewalk (1898), andthe highly successful In Dahomey (1902). Hundreds ofmusical comedies were staged on Broadway in the 1890sand early 1900s made up of songs written in New YorksTin Pan Alley involving composers such as Gus Edwards,John Walter Bratton, and George M. Cohan (Little JohnnyJones (1904), 45 Minutes From Broadway (1906), andGeorge Washington Jr. (1906)). Still, New York runscontinued to be relatively short, with a few exceptions,compared with London runs, until World War I.[10] Afew very successful British musicals continued to achieve

Sheet music to Give My Regards

great success in New York, including Florodora in 190001.

1.4 190025

In the early years of the 20th century, translations of pop-ular late-19th century continental operettas were joinedby the Princess Theatre shows of the 1910s by writ-ers such as P. G. Wodehouse, Guy Bolton and Harry B.Smith. Victor Herbert, whose work included some inti-mate musical plays with modern settings as well as hisstring of famous operettas (The Fortune Teller (1898),Babes in Toyland (1903), Mlle. Modiste (1905), The RedMill (1906), and Naughty Marietta (1910)).[13]

Beginning with The Red Mill, Broadway shows installedelectric signs outside the theatres. Since colored bulbsburned out too quickly, white lights were used, andBroadway was nicknamed The Great White Way. InAugust 1919, the Actors Equity Association demandeda standard contract for all professional productions. Af-ter a strike shut down all the theatres, the producers wereforced to agree. By the 1920s, the Shubert Brothers hadrisen to take over the majority of the theatres from theErlanger syndicate.[14]

During this time, the play Lightnin', by Winchell Smithand Frank Bacon, became the first Broadway show toreach 700 performances. From then, it would go on to be-come the first show to reach 1,000 performances. Light-nin' was the longest-running Broadway show until beingovertaken in performance totals by Abies Irish Rose in

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4 1 HISTORY

Victor Herbert

1925.

1.5 Competing with motion pictures

The motion picture mounted a challenge to the stage. Atfirst, films were silent and presented only limited com-petition. By the end of the 1920s, films like The JazzSinger were presented with synchronized sound, and crit-ics wondered if the cinema would replace live theatrealtogether. The musicals of the Roaring Twenties, bor-rowing from vaudeville, music hall and other light enter-tainments, tended to ignore plot in favor of emphasizingstar actors and actresses, big dance routines, and pop-ular songs. Florenz Ziegfeld produced annual spectac-ular song-and-dance revues on Broadway featuring ex-travagant sets and elaborate costumes, but there was lit-tle to tie the various numbers together. Typical of the1920s were lighthearted productions such as Sally; LadyBe Good; Sunny; No, No, Nanette; Harlem; Oh, Kay!;and Funny Face. Their books may have been forget-table, but they produced enduring standards from GeorgeGershwin, Cole Porter, Jerome Kern, Vincent Youmans,and Rodgers and Hart, among others, and Nol Coward,Sigmund Romberg and Rudolf Friml continued in thevein of Victor Herbert. Clearly, the live theatre survivedthe invention of cinema.

Broadway north from 38th St., New York City, showing theCasino and Knickerbocker Theatres (Listen, Lester, visible atlower right, played the Knickerbocker from December 23, 1918to August 16, 1919), a sign pointing to Maxine Elliotts Theatre,which is out of view on 39th Street, and a sign advertising theWinter Garden Theatre, which is out of view at 50th Street. Allbut the Winter Garden are demolished. The old MetropolitanOpera House and the old Times Tower are visible on the left.

1.6 Between the wars

Leaving these comparatively frivolous entertainments be-hind, and taking the drama a giant step forward, ShowBoat, premiered on December 27, 1927 at the ZiegfeldTheatre, representing a complete integration of book andscore, with dramatic themes, as told through the music,dialogue, setting and movement, woven together moreseamlessly than in previous musicals. It ran for 572 per-formances.The 1920s also spawned a new age of American play-wright with the emergence of Eugene O'Neill, whoseplays Beyond the Horizon, Anna Christie, The Hairy Ape,Strange Interlude and Mourning Becomes Electra provedthat there was an audience for serious drama on Broad-way, and O'Neills success paved the way for majordramatists like Elmer Rice, Maxwell Anderson, RobertE. Sherwood, Tennessee Williams, and Arthur Miller,as well as writers of comedy like George S. Kaufmanand Moss Hart. Classical revivals also proved popularwith Broadway theatre-goers, notably John Barrymore inHamlet and Richard III, John Gielgud in Hamlet, The Im-portance of Being Earnest and Much Ado About Noth-ing, Walter Hampden and Jose Ferrer in Cyrano de Berg-erac, Paul Robeson and Ferrer in Othello, Maurice Evansin Richard II and the plays of George Bernard Shaw,and Katharine Cornell in such plays as Romeo and Juliet,

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5

Antony and Cleopatra, and CandidaAs World War II approached, a dozen Broadway dra-mas addressed the rise of Nazism in Europe and the issueof American non-intervention. The most successful wasLillian Hellman's Watch on the Rhine, which opened inApril 1941.[15]

1.7 19501970

After the lean years of the Great Depression, Broadwaytheatre had entered a golden age with the blockbuster hitOklahoma!, in 1943, which ran for 2,212 performances.According to John Kenrick writing of Broadway musi-cals, Every season saw new stage musicals send songs tothe top of the charts. Public demand, a booming economyand abundant creative talent kept Broadway hopping. Tothis day, the shows of the 1950s form the core of the mu-sical theatre repertory.[16] Kenrick notes that the late1960s marked a time of cultural upheaval. The changeswould prove painful for manyincluding those behindthe scenes, as well as those in the audience.[17] Of the1970s, Kenrick writes: Just when it seemed that tradi-tional book musicals were back in style, the decade endedwith critics and audiences giving mixed signals.[18]

Ken Bloom observed that The 1960s and 1970s saw aworsening of the area [Times Square] and a drop in thenumber of legitimate shows produced on Broadway.[19]By way of comparison, in the 1950 to 1951 season (Mayto May) 94 productions opened on Broadway; in the 1969to 1970 season (June to May) there were 59 productions(fifteen were revivals).[20][21] In the twenties there were7080 theaters but by 1969 there were 36 left.[22]

1.8 1980s

In the Spring of 1982, Joe Papp, the theatrical producerand director who established The Public Theater, led theSave the Theatres campaign.[23] It was a not-for-profitgroup supported by the Actors Equity union, to save thetheater buildings in the neighborhood from demolitionby monied Manhattan development interests.[24][25][26][27]Papp provided resources, recruited a publicist and cele-brated actors, and provided audio, lighting, and technicalcrews for the effort.[25]

At Papps behest, on July 28, 1982, U.S. RepresentativeDonald J. Mitchell and 13 co-sponsors introduced a bill inthe 97th Congress (198182), entitled H.R.6885, A billto designate the Broadway/Times Square Theatre Districtin the City of New York as a national historic site.[28]The legislation would have provided certain U.S. Govern-ment resources and assistance to help the City preservethe district.[28] Faced with strong oppostion and lobbyingby Mayor Ed Kochs Administration and corporate Man-hattan development interests,[29] however, the bill wasnever enacted.

The Save the Theatres campaign, then turned their effortsinstead to supporting establishment of the Theater Dis-trict as a registered historic district.[30][31] In December1983, Save the Theatres prepared The Broadway The-ater District, a Preservation Development and Manage-ment Plan, and demanded that each theater in the dis-trict receive landmark designation.[31] Mayor Ed Koch ul-timately reacted by creating a Theater Advisory Council,which included Papp.[25]

2 Description

2.1 Schedule

Although there are some exceptions, generally showswith open-ended runs have evening performances Tues-day through Saturday with a 7:00 p.m. or 8:00 p.m. cur-tain. The afternoon "matine" performances are at 2:00p.m. on Wednesdays and Saturdays and at 3:00 p.m. onSundays. This makes it an eight-performance week. Onthis schedule most shows do not play on Monday and theshows and theatres are said to be dark on that day.[32][33]The actors and the crew in these shows tend to regard Sun-day evening through Tuesday evening as their weekend.The Tony award presentation ceremony is usually held ona Sunday evening in June to fit this schedule.In recent years some shows have moved their Tuesdayshow time an hour earlier to 7:00 p.m.[32] The rationalefor the move was that since fewer tourists take in showsmidweek then the Tuesday attendance in particular de-pends on the local audience. The earlier curtain makesit possible for suburban patrons to get home by a reason-able hour after the show. Some shows, especially thoseproduced by Disney, change their performance schedulesfairly frequently depending on the season. This is done inorder to maximize access to their target audience.

2.2 Personnel

Both musicals and stage plays on Broadway often rely oncasting well-known performers in leading roles to drawlarger audiences or bring in new audience members to thetheatre. Actors from movies and television are frequentlycast for the revivals of Broadway shows or are used toreplace actors leaving a cast. There are still, however,performers who are primarily stage actors, spending mostof their time on the boards, and appearing in televisionand in screen roles only secondarily. As Patrick Healy ofThe New York Times noted,

Broadway once had many homegrown starswho committed to working on a show for ayear, as Nathan Lane has forThe Addams Fam-ily. In 2010, some theater heavyweights likeMr. Lane were not even nominated; instead,

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6 2 DESCRIPTION

several Tony Awards were given for produc-tions that were always intended to be short-timers on Broadway, given that many of theirfilm-star performers had to move on to othercommitments.[34]

According to Mark Shenton, One of the biggest changesto the commercial theatrical landscapeon both sides ofthe Atlanticover the past decade or so is that sightingsof big star names turning out to do plays has gone up; butthe runs they are prepared to commit to has gone down.Time was that a producer would require a minimum com-mitment from his star of six months, and perhaps a year;now, the 14-week run is the norm.[35]

The minimum size of the Broadway orchestra is governedby an agreement with the musicians union (Local 802,American Federation of Musicians) and The BroadwayLeague. For example, the agreement specifies the mini-mum size of the orchestra at the Minskoff Theatre to be18, at the Music Box Theatre to be 9.[36]

2.3 Producers and theatre owners

Most Broadway producers and theatre owners are mem-bers of The Broadway League (formerly The Leagueof American Theatres and Producers), a trade organi-zation that promotes Broadway theatre as a whole, ne-gotiates contracts with the various theatrical unions andagreements with the guilds, and co-administers the TonyAwards with the American Theatre Wing, a service or-ganization. While the League and the theatrical unionsare sometimes at loggerheads during those periods whennew contracts are being negotiated, they also cooperateon many projects and events designed to promote profes-sional theatre in New York.The three non-profit theatre companies with Broadwaytheatres (Lincoln Center Theater, Manhattan TheatreClub, and Roundabout Theatre Company) belong to theLeague of Resident Theatres and have contracts with thetheatrical unions which are negotiated separately from theother Broadway theatre and producers. (Disney also ne-gotiates apart from the League, as did Livent before itclosed down its operations.) However, generally, showsthat play in any of the Broadway houses are eligible forTony Awards (see below).The majority of Broadway theatres are owned or managedby three organizations: the Shubert Organization, a for-profit arm of the non-profit Shubert Foundation, whichowns seventeen theatres; the Nederlander Organization,which controls nine theatres; and Jujamcyn, which ownsfive Broadway houses.

2.4 Runs

See also: List of the longest-running Broadway shows

Most Broadway shows are commercial productions in-tended to make a profit for the producers and investors(backers or angels), and therefore have open-endedruns (duration that the production plays), meaning thatthe length of their presentation is not set beforehand, butdepends on critical response, word of mouth, and the ef-fectiveness of the shows advertising, all of which deter-mine ticket sales. Investing in a commercial productioncarries a varied degree of financial risk. Shows do notnecessarily have to make a profit immediately. If theyare making their nut (weekly operating expenses), orare losing money at a rate which the producers consideracceptable, they may continue to run in the expectationthat, eventually, they will pay back their initial costs andbecome profitable. In some borderline situations, pro-ducers may ask that royalties be temporarily reduced orwaived, or even that performerswith the permission oftheir unionstake reduced salaries, in order to prevent ashow from closing. Theatre owners, who are not gener-ally profit participants in most productions, may waive orreduce rents, or even lend a show money in order to keepit running.Some Broadway shows are produced by non-commercialorganizations as part of a regular subscription seasonLincoln Center Theatre, Roundabout Theatre Company,and Manhattan Theatre Club are the three non-profit the-atre companies that currently have permanent Broadwayvenues. Some other productions are produced on Broad-way with limited engagement runs for a number of rea-sons, including financial issues, prior engagements of theperformers or temporary availability of a theatre betweenthe end of one production and the beginning of another.However, some shows with planned limited engagementruns may, after critical acclaim or box office success, ex-tend their engagements or convert to open-ended runs.This was the case with 2007s August: Osage County,2009s God of Carnage, and 2012s Newsies.Historically, musicals on Broadway tend to have longerruns than straight (i.e. non-musical) plays. On January9, 2006, The Phantom of the Opera at the Majestic The-atre became the longest running Broadway musical, with7,486 performances, overtaking Cats.[37]

2.5 Audience

Attending a Broadway show is a common tourist activ-ity in New York. The TKTS booths sell same-day tickets(and in certain cases next-day matinee tickets) for manyBroadway and Off-Broadway shows at a discount of 20%,30%, 40%, or 50%.[38] The TKTS booths are located inDuffy Square, in Times Square, in Lower Manhattan, andin Brooklyn. This service run by Theatre DevelopmentFund makes seeing a show in New York more affordable.Many Broadway theatres also offer special student rates,same-day rush or lottery tickets, or standing-roomtickets to help ensure that their theatres are as full, andtheir grosses as high as possible.[39] According to The

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2.7 Awards 7

Broadway League, total Broadway attendance was 12.13million in calendar year 2011 compared to 12.11 millionin 2010.[2] The Broadway League also reports that ap-proximately 66% of all Broadway tickets were purchasedby tourists in the 20122013 season, an increase of threepercent from the 201112 season.[40] By way of compari-son, London's West End theatre reported total attendanceof 14.3 million for major commercial and grant-aidedtheatres in central London for 2009.[41]

2.6 Off-Broadway and US tours

The classification of theatres is governed by language inActors Equity Association contracts. To be eligible fora Tony, a production must be in a house with 500 seatsor more and in the Theater District, which criteria defineBroadway theatre. Off Broadway and Off-Off-Broadwayshows often provide a more experimental, challengingand intimate performance than is possible in the largerBroadway theatres. Some Broadway shows, however,such as the musicals Hair, Little Shop of Horrors, SpringAwakening, Next to Normal, Rent, Avenue Q, and In theHeights, began their runs Off Broadway and later trans-ferred onto Broadway, seeking to replicate their intimateexperience in a larger theatre.After, or even during, successful runs in Broadway the-atres, producers often remount their productions withnew casts and crew for the Broadway National Tour,which travels to theatres in major cities across the coun-try. Sometimes when a show closes on Broadway, the en-tire production, with most if not all of the original cast in-tact, is relaunched as a touring company, hence the nameBroadway National Tour. Some shows may even haveseveral touring companies out at a time, whether the showis still running in New York or not, with many companiessitting down in other major cities for their own extendedruns. Smaller cities may attract national touring compa-nies, but for shorter periods of time. Or they may evenbe serviced by bus and truck tours. These are scaleddown versions of the larger, national touring productions,historically acquiring their name because the casts gener-ally traveled by bus instead of by air, while the sets andequipment traveled by truck. Tours of this type, whichfrequently feature a reduced physical production to ac-commodate smaller venues and tighter schedules, oftenrun for weeks rather than months. Some will even playsplit weeks, which are half a week in one town and thesecond half in another. On occasion, they will also playone-nighters. The production values, while generallystill good, are usually less lavish than the typical Broad-way National tour or national touring production andthe actors, while still members of the actors union, arecompensated under a different, less lucrative, union con-tract. The Touring Broadway Awards, presented by TheBroadway League, honor excellence in touring Broadway.

2.7 Awards

Broadway productions and artists are honored by theannual Antoinette Perry Awards (commonly called the"Tony Awards, or Tony) which are given by theAmerican Theatre Wing and the Broadway League, andwhich were first presented in 1947.[42] The Tony isBroadways most prestigious award, comparable to theAcademy Awards for Hollywood film productions. Theirimportance has increased since 1967, when the awardspresentation show began to be broadcast on national tele-vision. In a strategy to improve the television ratings,celebrities are often chosen to host the show, some withscant connection to the theatre.[43] The most recent TonyAwards ceremony was held on June 7, 2015. Otherawards given to Broadway productions include the DramaDesk Award, presented since 1955, the New York DramaCritics Circle Awards, first given in 1936, and the OuterCritics Circle Award, initially presented in 1950.

3 Broadway theatres and currentproductions

If no show is currently running, the play listed is thenext show planned (dates marked with an *).

If the next show planned is not announced, the ap-plicable columns are left blank.

Capacity is based on the capacity given forthe respective theatre at the Internet BroadwayDatabase.[44]

3.1 Upcoming productions

The following have been announced as future Broadwayproductions. The theatre in which they will run is eithernot yet known or currently occupied by another show.

3.1.1 Musicals

Groundhog Day: March 9, 2017 (UnknownTheatre)[74]

On Your Feet!: November 5, 2015 (MarquisTheatre)[75]

She Loves Me: March 3, 2016 (Studio 54)[76]

Shuffle Along, Or, The Making of the Musical Sensa-tion of 1921 and All That Followed: April 21, 2016(Music Box Theatre)[77]

Spring Awakening: September 27, 2015 (BrooksAtkinson Theatre)[78]

Tuck Everlasting: April 17, 2016 (BroadhurstTheatre)[79][80]

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8 4 REFERENCES

3.1.2 Plays

Long Days Journey into Night: April 19, 2016(American Airlines Theatre)[81]

Misery: November 15, 2015 (BroadhurstTheatre)[82]

Noises Off: January 16, 2016 (American AirlinesTheatre)[83]

Our Mothers Brief Affair: January 20, 2016(Samuel J. Friedman Theatre)[84]

Sylvia: October 15, 2015 (Cort Theatre)[85]

Thrse Raquin: October 29, 2015 (Studio 54)[86]

4 References

Explanatory notes

[1] Although theater is the generally preferred spelling inthe United States (see American and British Englishspelling differences), many Broadway venues, performersand trade groups for live dramatic presentations use thespelling theatre.

Citations

[1] Pincus-Roth, Zachary. Ask Playbill.com: Broadway orOff-BroadwayPart I Playbill.com, February 7, 2008

[2] Broadways box offices say goodbye to record-setting2014. Crain Communications. Retrieved January 5,2015.

[3] Martin Shefter (1993). Capital of the American Century:The National and International Influence of NewYork City.Russell Sage Foundation. p. 10.

[4] Kenrick, John. John Kenrick article on the history ofNY theatre Musicals101.com, accessed August 26, 2011(Copyright 20032005)

[5] Bowery Theatre history, Internet Broadway Databaselisting Internet Broadway Database, accessed August 26,2011

[6] Kenrick, John. Musical Diversions, Theatre in NYC:History Part II, c. 2005 Musicals101.com, accessed Au-gust 26, 2011

[7] Snyder, Robert W. The Encyclopedia of New York City(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), Kenneth T.Jackson, editor, p. 1226.

[8] Hoffos, Signe and Moulder, Bob. "'Desperately SeekingLydia' and 'Appreciating Lydia'" The Friends of KensalGreen Cemetery Magazine, Vol. 43, Autumn 2006, pp.17

[9] Gnzl, Kurt. Lydia Thompson, Encyclopaedia of theMusical Theatre, Blackwell/Schirmer (1994), ISBN 0-631-16457-X

[10] Longest Running Plays in London and New York dg-illan.screaming.net (stagebeauty.net), copyright 2007, ac-cessed August 26, 2011

[11] Sheridan, Morley. Spread A Little Happiness:the FirstHundred Years of the British Musical, New York: Thamesand Hudson, 1987, ISBN 0-500-01398-5, p.15

[12] Kenrick, John. Kenricks summary of New York theatrefrom 18651900 Musicals101.com, accessed August 26,2011

[13] Midkoff, Neil. Discovering Dorothyhome.earthlink.net, accessed August 26, 2011

[14] Kenrick, John. Kenricks summary of the 20th centuryhistory of theatre in New York. Musicals101.com, ac-cessed August 26, 2011.

[15] Atkinson, Brooks (April 2, 1941). Lillian Hellmans'Watch on the Rhine' Acted With Paul Lukas in the Lead-ing Part. New York Times. Retrieved October 18, 2012.

[16] Kenrick, John. History of The Musical Stage. 1950s I:When Broadway Ruled musicals101.com, accessed De-cember 2, 2012

[17] Kenrick, John. History of The Musical Stage.1960s II:Long Running Hits musicals101.com, accessed Decem-ber 2, 2012

[18] Kenrick, John. History of The Musical Stage. 1970sPart V: Change musicals101.com, accessed December2, 2012

[19] Bloom, Ken. Introduction Broadway: Its History,People, and Places (2004) (books.google.com) Taylor &Francis, ISBN 0-415-93704-3, p.xvi

[20] Shows Opening During The 19501951 Season Inter-netBroadwayDatabase, accessed December 3, 2012

[21] Shows Opening During The 19691970 Season Inter-netBroadwayDatabase, accessed December 3, 2012

[22] Broadway 19501970 mapsites.net, December 2, 2012

[23] The name of the organization was Save the Theatres, Inc.,as noted in court papers. See Shubert Organization, Inc.v. Landmarks Preservation Commission of the City ofNew York and Save the Theatres, Inc., Supreme Courtof New York, Appellate Division, First Department, May16, 1991, accessed March 10, 2013

[24] Proposal to Save Morosco and Helen Hayes Theaters,LHP Architects, accessed March 10, 2013

[25] Helen Epstein (1996-03-01). Joe Papp: An AmericanLife. ISBN 0-306-80676-2. Retrieved February 22, 2013.

[26] City Panel Near Vote On Save-The-Theaters Proposals.New York City: NYTimes.com. April 15, 1984. Re-trieved February 22, 2013.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Day%2527s_Journey_into_Nighthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_(novel)#Adaptationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noises_Offhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_(play)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-re,_-erhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-re,_-erhttp://www.playbill.com/news/article/114923.htmlhttp://www.playbill.com/news/article/114923.htmlhttp://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20150105/ARTS/150109971/broadways-box-offices-say-goodbye-to-record-setting-2014http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20150105/ARTS/150109971/broadways-box-offices-say-goodbye-to-record-setting-2014http://books.google.com/books?id=7oW4BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10http://books.google.com/books?id=7oW4BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10http://www.musicals101.com/bwaythhist1.htmhttp://www.musicals101.com/bwaythhist1.htmhttp://www.ibdb.com/venue.php?id=1073http://www.ibdb.com/venue.php?id=1073http://www.musicals101.com/bwaythhist2.htmhttp://www.musicals101.com/bwaythhist2.htmhttp://www.kensalgreen.co.uk/documents/FOKGC43_Thompson.pdfhttp://www.kensalgreen.co.uk/documents/FOKGC43_Thompson.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/063116457Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/063116457Xhttp://www.dgillan.screaming.net/stage/th-frames.html?http&&&www.dgillan.screaming.net/stage/th-longr.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500013985http://www.musicals101.com/bwaythhist3.htmhttp://www.musicals101.com/bwaythhist3.htmhttp://home.earthlink.net/~nmidkiff/dorothyarticles.htmlhttp://www.musicals101.com/bwaythhist4.htmhttp://www.musicals101.com/bwaythhist4.htmhttp://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20712FA3A59167B93C0A9178FD85F458485F9http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20712FA3A59167B93C0A9178FD85F458485F9http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F20712FA3A59167B93C0A9178FD85F458485F9http://www.musicals101.com/1950bway.htmhttp://www.musicals101.com/1950bway.htmhttp://www.musicals101.com/1960bway2.htmhttp://www.musicals101.com/1960bway2.htmhttp://www.musicals101.com/1970bway5.htmhttp://www.musicals101.com/1970bway5.htmhttp://books.google.com/books?id=GBiEO8q59f0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Broadway&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Broadway&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415937043http://www.ibdb.com/season.php?id=1052http://www.ibdb.com/season.php?id=1071http://www.mapsites.net/gotham01/webpages/alisonhannah/broad1950to1970.htmlhttp://www.arch.ksu.edu/jwkplan/cases/shubert.pdfhttp://www.arch.ksu.edu/jwkplan/cases/shubert.pdfhttp://www.arch.ksu.edu/jwkplan/cases/shubert.pdfhttp://www.lhparch.com/project.aspx?cat=&id=28http://books.google.com/books?id=S_-joU2OLf4C&pg=PA403http://books.google.com/books?id=S_-joU2OLf4C&pg=PA403https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80676-2http://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/15/realestate/city-panel-near-vote-on-save-the-theaters-proposals.html

9

[27] Corwin, Betty Theatre on film and tape archive, Interna-tional Association of Libraries and Museums of the Per-forming Arts, accessed May 10, 2013

[28] Bill Summary & Status 97th Congress (19811982) H.R.6885. Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved February 22,2013.

[29] John Gingles, My Evening with Joe Papp, from Acci-dents of Luck: A Personal Memoir, Washington, D.C.,2007.

[30] Lynne B. Sagalyn (2003). Times Square Roulette: Remak-ing the City Icon. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-69295-3.Retrieved February 26, 2013.

[31] Peter Bosselmann (August 28, 1985). Representation ofPlaces Imprim: Reality and Realism in City Design.ISBN 978-0-520-91826-9. Retrieved February 26, 2013.

[32] Blank, Matthew. Weekly Schedule of Current BroadwayShows Playbill.com, August 21, 2011

[33] Simonson, Robert. When Did Broadway Shows StartOffering Sunday Performances?" Playbill.com, April 1,2011

[34] Healy, Patrick. Time Is Short to See Tony Winners. TheNew York Times, June 14, 2010

[35] Shenton, Mark. Rewarded today, gone tomorrow".The Stage, June 17, 2010

[36] Local 802 Agreement. local802afm.org. p. 10. Re-trieved August 10, 2013.

[37] Playbill Staff. Long Runs on Broadway Playbill.com,November 20, 2011

[38] https://www.tdf.org/nyc/7/TKTS

[39] Blank, Matthew. Broadway Rush and Standing RoomOnly Policies. Playbill.com, March 1, 2011

[40] Hetrick, Adam. Broadway League Announces 201213 Demographics; Young Theatregoers and InternationalTourists on the Rise playbill.com, January 9, 2014

[41] Society of London Theatre Annual Report, 2009, p.4solt.co.uk, retrieved January 4, 2011

[42] Tony Awards History tonyawards.com, accessed Febru-ary 25, 2011

[43] McKinley, Jesse. Tony Awards Finish Up With a FuzzySurprise; Puppet Musical Wins Big, as Does 'My OwnWife'" The New York Times, June 7, 2004

[44] Venues at the Internet Broadway Database Internet-BroadwayDatabase.com, accessed August 26, 2011

[45] Gans, Andrew. Casting Now Complete for RoundaboutsBroadway Revival of Old Times, Starring Clive OwenPlaybill.com, April 3, 2015

[46] Purcell, Carey. "Hedwig and the Angry Inch, With NeilPatrick Harris, to Play Belasco Theatre; Spencer Liff WillChoreograph Playbill.com, September 9, 2013

[47] Viagas, Robert. Breakout London Star Cynthia ErivoWins Plum Lead in Broadway Color PurpleRevival Play-bill.com, March 16, 2015

[48] Gioia, Michael. Evil Puppetry Will Return to NYCWhen Hand to God, Starring Steven Boyer, Bows onBroadway Playbill.com, October 21, 2014

[49] Playbill Staff. Broadways Mamma Mia! Will CloseLater Than Expected Playbill.com, April 21, 2015

[50] Broadway.com Staff Opening Night & Theater Set forBroadway Revival of Fiddler on the Roof, Starring DannyBurstein Broadway.com, May 26, 2015

[51] Hetrick, Adam. Tyne Daly, Harriet Harris, SierraBoggess, David Burtka to Star in It Shoulda Been You onBroadway Playbill.com, October 29, 2014

[52] Hetrick, Adam. "Fun Home Will Arrive on BroadwayEarlier Than Expected Playbill.com, December 1, 2014

[53] Gans, Andrew. Anna D. Shapiro Will Direct LarryDavids Fish in the Dark at Broadways Cort; Initial Cast-ing Announced Playbill.com, September 2, 2014

[54] Hetrick, Adam. "The Curious Incident of the Dog in theNight-TimeBumps Up Broadway Premiere Playbill.com,May 14, 2014

[55] Purcell, Carey & Viagas, Robert. Al Pacinos BroadwayReturn Is a Go: Dates Set for Mamets New China Doll"Playbill.com, April 2, 2015

[56] Gans, Andrew. "Dames at Sea Will Sail Into BroadwaysHelen Hayes; Creative Team Announced Playbill.com,June 2, 2015

[57] Gioia, Michael. "Les Misrables Will Return to Broad-ways Imperial Theatre; Re-Imagined Revival Sets 2014Dates Playbill.com, May 30, 2013

[58] Gans, Andrew. James Earl Jones and Cicely Tyson WillStar in Broadway Revival of The Gin Game" Playbill.com,April 22, 2015

[59] Gans, Andrew. Lea Salonga Will Join George Takei inNew Broadway Musical Allegiance" Playbill.com, March12, 2015

[60] Hetrick, Adam. Matthew Morrison Will Star in Broad-ways Finding Neverland; New Opening Night Set Play-bill.com, November 10, 2014

[61] Olivier-Winning Revival of Arthur Millers A View fromthe Bridge Will Play Broadway. playbill.com. Playbill.11 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.

[62] Gans, Andrew. Revival of On the Town Will Open onBroadway in October Playbill.com, May 9, 2014

[63] Purcell, Carey. Olivier Award-Winning Prince CharlesSatire King Charles III to Reign on Broadway Play-bill.com, April 13, 2015

[64] Gans, Andrew & Viagas, Robert. "Amazing Grace Musi-cal Books Broadways Nederlander, Sets Opening DatePlaybill.com, April 16, 2015

http://www.sibmas.org/congresses/sibmas94/antw_20.htmlhttp://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d097:HR06885:@@@D&summ2=m&http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d097:HR06885:@@@D&summ2=m&http://books.google.com/?id=7BP6qjN8UGcC&pg=PA266&dq=%2522save+the+theaters%2522#v=onepage&q=%2522save%2520the%2520theaters%2522&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/?id=7BP6qjN8UGcC&pg=PA266&dq=%2522save+the+theaters%2522#v=onepage&q=%2522save%2520the%2520theaters%2522&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69295-3http://books.google.com/?id=JYLmNywHow0C&pg=PA107&dq=%2522save+the+theaters%2522#v=onepage&q=%2522save%2520the%2520theaters%2522&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/?id=JYLmNywHow0C&pg=PA107&dq=%2522save+the+theaters%2522#v=onepage&q=%2522save%2520the%2520theaters%2522&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91826-9http://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/110105-Weekly-Schedule-of-Current-Broadway-Showshttp://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/110105-Weekly-Schedule-of-Current-Broadway-Showshttp://www.playbill.com/news/article/149291-ASK-PLAYBILLCOM-When-Did-Broadway-Shows-Start-Offering-Sunday-Performanceshttp://www.playbill.com/news/article/149291-ASK-PLAYBILLCOM-When-Did-Broadway-Shows-Start-Offering-Sunday-Performanceshttp://www.nytimes.com/2010//06/15/theater/theaterspecial/15tony.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://blogs.thestage.co.uk/shenton/2010/06/rewarded-today-gone-tomorrow/http://www.local802afm.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Broadway_Agreement%252007_10.pdfhttp://boeingonbroadway.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/long-runs-on-broadway.pdfhttps://www.tdf.org/nyc/7/TKTShttp://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/82428.htmlhttp://www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/82428.htmlhttp://www.playbill.com/news/article/186318-Broadway-League-Announces-2012-13-Demographics-Young-Theatregoers-and-International-Tourists-on-the-Rise?tsrc=hphhttp://www.playbill.com/news/article/186318-Broadway-League-Announces-2012-13-Demographics-Young-Theatregoers-and-International-Tourists-on-the-Rise?tsrc=hphhttp://www.playbill.com/news/article/186318-Broadway-League-Announces-2012-13-Demographics-Young-Theatregoers-and-International-Tourists-on-the-Rise?tsrc=hphhttp://www.solt.co.uk/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/archive/history.htmlhttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E4DC1E31F934A35755C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E4DC1E31F934A35755C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E4DC1E31F934A35755C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1http://www.ibdb.com/advSearchVenue.phphttp://playbill.com/news/article/casting-now-complete-for-roundabouts-broadway-revival-of-old-times-starring-clive-owen-345862http://playbill.com/news/article/casting-now-complete-for-roundabouts-broadway-revival-of-old-times-starring-clive-owen-345862http://www.playbill.com/news/article/181534-Hedwig-and-the-Angry-Inch-With-Neil-Patrick-Harris-to-Play-Belasco-Theatre-Spencer-Liff-Will-Choreograph?tsrc=hpt2http://www.playbill.com/news/article/181534-Hedwig-and-the-Angry-Inch-With-Neil-Patrick-Harris-to-Play-Belasco-Theatre-Spencer-Liff-Will-Choreograph?tsrc=hpt2http://www.playbill.com/news/article/181534-Hedwig-and-the-Angry-Inch-With-Neil-Patrick-Harris-to-Play-Belasco-Theatre-Spencer-Liff-Will-Choreograph?tsrc=hpt2http://playbill.com/news/article/breakout-london-star-cynthia-erivo-wins-plum-lead-in-broadway-color-purple-revival-344234http://playbill.com/news/article/breakout-london-star-cynthia-erivo-wins-plum-lead-in-broadway-color-purple-revival-344234http://playbill.com/news/article/evil-puppetry-will-return-to-nyc-when-hand-to-god-starring-steven-boyer-bows-on-broadway-333703http://playbill.com/news/article/evil-puppetry-will-return-to-nyc-when-hand-to-god-starring-steven-boyer-bows-on-broadway-333703http://playbill.com/news/article/evil-puppetry-will-return-to-nyc-when-hand-to-god-starring-steven-boyer-bows-on-broadway-333703http://playbill.com/news/article/broadways-mamma-mia-will-close-later-than-expected-347337http://playbill.com/news/article/broadways-mamma-mia-will-close-later-than-expected-347337http://www.broadway.com/buzz/180829/opening-night-theater-set-for-broadway-revival-of-fiddler-on-the-roof-starring-danny-burstein/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/180829/opening-night-theater-set-for-broadway-revival-of-fiddler-on-the-roof-starring-danny-burstein/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/180829/opening-night-theater-set-for-broadway-revival-of-fiddler-on-the-roof-starring-danny-burstein/http://playbill.com/news/article/tyne-daly-harriet-harris-sierra-boggess-david-burtka-to-star-in-it-shoulda-been-you-on-broadway-334277http://playbill.com/news/article/tyne-daly-harriet-harris-sierra-boggess-david-bu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10 5 EXTERNAL LINKS

[65] Hetrick, Adam. Magic Act, The Illusionists, HeadingBack to Broadway Playbill.com, June 15, 2015

[66] Hetrick, Adam. Disneys Aladdin Will Arrive on Broad-way in February 2014 Playbill.com, August 29, 2013

[67] Gans, Andrew. "An American in Paris Will Open atBroadways Palace in 2015 Playbill.com, July 17, 2014

[68] Gioia, Michael. Revolutionaries, Turn Up! Lin-ManuelMirandas Hamilton Will Head To Broadway This Sum-mer Playbill.com, February 24, 2015

[69] Hetrick, Adam. Musical Comedy Something Rotten! SetsSpring Broadway Opening at St. James Theatre Play-bill.com, December 16, 2014

[70] Purcell, Carey. Nina Arianda and Sam Rockwell SetBroadway Return in Sam Shepards Fool for Love" Play-bill.com, December 3, 2014

[71] Gioia, Michael. Meet Your Maker! Jim Parsons WillPlay God in New Broadway Comedy at Studio 54 Play-bill.com, January 29, 2015

[72] Hetrick, Adam. Kelli O'Hara and Ken Watanabe to LeadThe King and I Broadway Revival Playbill.com, June 30,2014

[73] Broadway.com. Broadways Gonna Get Schooled! An-drew Lloyd Webbers School of Rock Confirms B'wayDates and Theater Broadway.com, December 18, 2014

[74] Tim Minchins Groundhog Day Musical Sets BroadwayDates; Watch Song Performed in London (Video)". play-bill.com. Playbill. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.

[75] McPhee, Ryan. Gloria and Emilio Estefans On YourFeet! Sets Broadway Dates & Theater Broadway.com,August 18, 2014

[76] Gioia, Michael. Jane Krakowski and Gavin Creel WillJoin Laura Benanti and Josh Radnor in Broadway Revivalof She Loves Me" Playbill.com, July 15, 2015

[77] Broadway.com Six-Time Tony Winner Audra McDon-ald Will Lead Shuffle Along Musical on BroadwayBroadway.com, March 12, 2015

[78] Viagas, Robert & Gans, Andrew. Radically ReconceivedBroadway Spring Awakening Revival Sets Dates; HeresWhat It Will Look Like Playbill.com, July 7, 2015

[79] Gordon, David. " 'Tuck Everlasting' Musical AnnouncesBroadway Dates theatermania.com, May 13, 2015

[80] BWW News Desk. Breaking News: Casey Nicholaw-Helmed TUCK EVERLASTING Will Open at the Broad-hurst Theatre in April broadwayworld.com, July 21,2015

[81] Gans, Andrew. Jessica Lange, Gabriel Byrne and JohnGallagher Jr. Will Star in Broadway Revival of LongDaysJourney" Playbill.com, May 26, 2015

[82] Viagas, Robert & Gioia, Michael. Bruce Willis GetsNew, Emmy-Winning Co-Star for Broadways Misery;Dates and Theatre Set Playbill.com, June 23, 2015

[83] Gioia, Michael. "Noises Will Go Off on Broadway WithAndrea Martin Next Winter; Opening Night Set Play-bill.com, October 24, 2014

[84] Viagas, Robert. Look Whos Having an Affair on Broad-way This Fall Playbill.com, March 31, 2015

[85] Gans, Andrew & Viagas, Robert. "Sylvia, Starring TonyWinner Annaleigh Ashford, Will Play Broadways CortPlaybill.com, June 15, 2015

[86] Hetrick, Adam & Gioia, Michael. Judith Light andGabriel Ebert to Join Keira Knightley On Broadway ThisFall Playbill.com, June 10, 2015

Further reading

Ackerman, Alan. Liberalism, Democracy, and theTwentieth-Century American Theater, AmericanLiterary History (2005) 17#4 pp 765-780.

Bordman, Gerald. American Musical Comedy (Ox-ford University Press, 1982)

Bordman, Gerald. American Operetta (Oxford Uni-versity Press, 1981)

Knapp, Raymond. The American Musical and theFormation of National Identity (Princeton UniversityPress, 2005)

Middeke, Martin, et al. The Methuen Drama Guideto Contemporary American Playwrights (2013)

Mordden, Ethan. Anything Goes: A History ofAmerican Musical Theatre (2013)

Roudane, Matthew Charles. American Drama Since1960: A Critical History (1996)

Shiach, Don. American Drama 1900-1990 (2000)

Stempel, Larry. Showtime: A History of the Broad-way Musical Theater (WW Norton, 2010) 826 pp.

Weales, Gerald Clifford. American drama sinceWorld War II (1962)

White, Timothy R. Blue-Collar Broadway: TheCraft and Industry of American Theater (2014)

Wolf, Stacy. Changed for Good: A Feminist Historyof the Broadway Musical (2010)

5 External links The Internet Broadway Database

The Houses of Broadway

Broadway.com

http://www.playbill.com/news/article/magic-act-the-illusionists-heading-back-to-broadway-351292http://www.playbill.com/news/article/magic-act-the-illusionists-heading-back-to-broadway-351292http://www.playbill.com/news/article/181617-Disneys-Aladdin-Will-Arrive-on-Broadway-in-February-2014http://www.playbill.com/news/article/181617-Disneys-Aladdin-Will-Arrive-on-Broadway-in-February-2014http://www.playbill.com/news/article/193622-An-American-in-Paris-Will-Open-at-Broadways-Palace-in-2015http://www.playbill.com/news/article/193622-An-American-in-Paris-Will-Open-at-Broadways-Palace-in-2015http://playbill.com/news/article/revolutionaries-turn-up-lin-manuel-mirandas-hamilton-will-head-to-broadway-this-summer-342465http://playbill.com/news/article/revolutionaries-turn-up-lin-manuel-mirandas-hamilton-will-head-to-broadway-this-summer-342465http://playbill.com/news/article/revolutionaries-turn-up-lin-manuel-mirandas-hamilton-will-head-to-broadway-this-summer-342465http://playbill.com/news/article/musical-comedy-something-rotten-sets-spring-broadway-opening-at-st.-james-theatre-337551http://playbill.com/news/article/musical-comedy-something-rotten-sets-spring-broadway-opening-at-st.-james-theatre-337551http://www.playbill.com/news/article/nina-arianda-and-sam-rockwell-set-broadway-return-in-sam-shepards-fool-for-love-336560http://www.playbill.com/news/article/nina-arianda-and-sam-rockwell-set-broadway-return-in-sam-shepards-fool-for-love-336560http://playbill.com/news/article/meet-your-maker-jim-parsons-will-play-god-in-new-broadway-comedy-at-studio-54-340404http://playbill.com/news/article/meet-your-maker-jim-parsons-will-play-god-in-new-broadway-comedy-at-studio-54-340404http://playbill.com/news/article/192987-Kelli-OHara-and-Ken-Watanabe-to-Lead-The-King-and-I-Broadway-Revivalhttp://playbill.com/news/article/192987-Kelli-OHara-and-Ken-Watanabe-to-Lead-The-King-and-I-Broadway-Revivalhttp://www.broadway.com/buzz/178679/broadways-gonna-get-schooled-andrew-lloyd-webbers-school-of-rock-confirms-bway-dates-and-theater/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/178679/broadways-gonna-get-schooled-andrew-lloyd-webbers-school-of-rock-confirms-bway-dates-and-theater/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/178679/broadways-gonna-get-schooled-andrew-lloyd-webbers-school-of-rock-confirms-bway-dates-and-theater/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/tim-minchins-groundhog-day-musical-sets-broadway-dates-watch-song-performed-in-london-video-345828http://www.playbill.com/news/article/tim-minchins-groundhog-day-musical-sets-broadway-dates-watch-song-performed-in-london-video-345828https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playbillhttp://www.broadway.com/buzz/177119/gloria-and-emilio-estefans-on-your-feet-sets-broadway-dates-theater/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/177119/gloria-and-emilio-estefans-on-your-feet-sets-broadway-dates-theater/http://playbill.com/news/article/jane-krakowski-and-gavin-creel-will-join-laura-benanti-and-josh-radnor-in-broadway-revival-of-she-loves-me-353292http://playbill.com/news/article/jane-krakowski-and-gavin-creel-will-join-laura-benanti-and-josh-radnor-in-broadway-revival-of-she-loves-me-353292http://playbill.com/news/article/jane-krakowski-and-gavin-creel-will-join-laura-benanti-and-josh-radnor-in-broadway-revival-of-she-loves-me-353292http://www.broadway.com/buzz/179905/six-time-tony-winner-audra-mcdonald-will-lead-shuffle-along-musical-on-broadway/http://www.broadway.com/buzz/179905/six-time-tony-winner-audra-mcdonald-will-lead-shuffle-along-musical-on-broadway/http://playbill.com/news/article/radically-reconceived-broadway-spring-awakening-revival-sets-dates-heres-what-it-will-look-like-352762http://playbill.com/news/article/radically-reconceived-broadway-spring-awakening-revival-sets-dates-heres-what-it-will-look-like-352762http://playbill.com/news/article/radically-reconceived-broadway-spring-awakening-revival-sets-dates-heres-what-it-will-look-like-352762http://www.theatermania.com/broadway/news/tuck-everlasting-broadway-run_72888.htmlhttp://www.theatermania.com/broadway/news/tuck-everlasting-broadway-run_72888.htmlhttp://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Breaking-News-Casey-Nicholaw-Helmed-TUCK-EVERLASTING-Will-Open-at-the-Broadhurst-Theatre-in-April-20150721http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Breaking-News-Casey-Nicholaw-Helmed-TUCK-EVERLASTING-Will-Open-at-the-Broadhurst-Theatre-in-April-20150721http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Breaking-News-Casey-Nicholaw-Helmed-TUCK-EVERLASTING-Will-Open-at-the-Broadhurst-Theatre-in-April-20150721http://playbill.com/news/article/jessica-lange-gabriel-byrne-and-john-gallagher-jr.-will-star-in-broadway-revival-of-long-days-journey-349872http://playbill.com/news/article/jessica-lange-gabriel-byrne-and-john-gallagher-jr.-will-star-in-broadway-revival-of-long-days-journey-349872http://playbill.com/news/article/jessica-lange-gabriel-byrne-and-john-gallagher-jr.-will-star-in-broadway-revival-of-long-days-journey-349872http://playbill.com/news/article/bruce-willis-gets-new-emmy-winning-co-star-for-broadways-misery-dates-and-theatre-set-351855http://playbill.com/news/article/bruce-willis-gets-new-emmy-winning-co-star-for-broadways-misery-dates-and-theatre-set-351855http://playbill.com/news/article/bruce-willis-gets-new-emmy-winning-co-star-for-broadways-misery-dates-and-theatre-set-351855http://playbill.com/news/article/noises-will-go-off-on-broadway-with-andrea-martin-next-winter-opening-night-set-333961http://playbill.com/news/article/noises-will-go-off-on-broadway-with-andrea-martin-next-winter-opening-night-set-333961http://playbill.com/news/article/look-whos-having-an-affair-on-broadway-this-fall-345527http://playbill.com/news/article/look-whos-having-an-affair-on-broadway-this-fall-345527http://www.playbill.com/news/article/sylvia-starring-tony-winner-annaleigh-ashford-will-play-broadways-cort-351350http://www.playbill.com/news/article/sylvia-starring-tony-winner-annaleigh-ashford-will-play-broadways-cort-351350http://www.playbill.com/news/article/judith-light-and-gabriel-ebert-to-join-keira-knightley-on-broadway-this-fall-350981http://www.playbill.com/news/article/judith-light-and-gabriel-ebert-to-join-keira-knightley-on-broadway-this-fall-350981http://www.playbill.com/news/article/judith-light-and-gabriel-ebert-to-join-keira-knightley-on-broadway-this-fall-350981http://www.ibdb.com/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/04/30/theater/stages.html?ref=multimediahttp://www.broadway.com/

11

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1 Text Broadway theatre Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre?oldid=673625564 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Robert

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Give_My_Regards_to_Broadway.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Give_My_Regards_to_Broadway.jpg//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.A._Millshttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/IxionprogUS.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org///en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ssilvershttp://en.wikipedia.org/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/New_York_New_Amsterdam_Theatre_2003.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/New_York_New_Amsterdam_Theatre_2003.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Park_Theatre_interior.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Victor_Herbert.jpghttp://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.35805//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Licensinghttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/HistoryEarly theatre in New YorkBirth of the musical and post-Civil War1890s and early 1900s190025Competing with motion picturesBetween the wars195019701980sDescriptionSchedulePersonnelProducers and theatre ownersRunsAudienceOff-Broadway and US toursAwardsBroadway theatres and current productionsUpcoming productionsMusicalsPlaysReferencesExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license