BSS552 LECT 9-10

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Subtitle

WALL ANDROOF

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Commercial Wall

•

Load Bearing Walls– Low Rise

– Cast-in-Place Concrete

– Tilt-u Concrete

– Concrete !asonr" #nits• Non-Load Bearing Walls

– Curtain Walls

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• Load Bearing Wall

– Suorts $ertical loads ot%er t%an its

weig%t– O&ten suorts 'oors or roo& abo$e

• Non-Load Bearing

– Suorts onl" it own weig%t– T"icall" used as

• Partition walls to searate interior s

• Protection &ro( t%e ele(ents

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Load BearingCommon Construction Ma

Low-rise co((ercial construction )t%ree stor less* (a" be si(ilar to residential const

Light Gauge Precast ConcreteWood

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Ot%er co((on co((ercial wall (a

• Cast-in-Place concrete

• Tilt-u Concrete

•

Concrete !asonr" #nits )C!#*

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C

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Ad$antages

– Strengt% )eseciall" in

co(ression*– Durable

– Fire Resistant

– Pest Resistant

– Rot+Rust Resistant

– Low !aintenance

– ,nerg" ,cient –

T%er(al (ass stores

Pictures courtes" construction %oto

Concrete is (i.e

/ / / and transortt%e

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Green ConL,,D credits earned &or

– #sing (aterials e.tracted0%ar$ested0 or reco$ered wit%in a

122 (ile radius &ro( t%e site– #sing rec"cled aggregate

– 3(ro$ed energ" ecienc" b"ta4ing ad$antage o& t%er(al

(ass o& concrete– Reduced 5OCs using concrete

co(ared to ot%er construction(aterials

– 6enerating less construction

www/usg

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Cast-in-Place Co

• Concrete walls are

&or(ed0 rein&orced0and oured in lace/

• Concrete is rein&orcedwit% steel bars toi(ro$e tensile andbending strengt%/

7iStoc4%oto/co(

7iStoc4%oto/co(

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Cast-in-Place CoTypical Const

3(age Courtes" (asonr"s"ste(s/org

W,,P8OL,

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Cast-in-Place Concrewith Insulating Concrete orm

Concrete &or(s consist o& insulating &oa( t%in lace as a er(anent art o& t%e wall asse

Courtes" Te.A9 Co((ercial

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Bur# $u%ai&nited 'ra% (mirates C

' S T - I ) - P L ' C (

C * ) C + (

T (

( , ' M P L ( S

Courtes" Portland Ce(entAssociation

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Tilt-up Concrete

Concrete wall sections )wit%

rein&orcing* are oured%ori:ontall" on site0 tilted$erticall"0 and t%en anc%ored/

Courtes" 6reg T%iel

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Tilt-u Concrete• Can be &or(ed into a $ariet" o&s%aes and si:es

• Di;erent sur&ace treat(ents and&or( inserts can be used to create awide $ariet" o& sur&ace te.tures

• Relati$el"

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Typical Tilt-up Concrete Wall S

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All i(ages court

Bright House Networks,

St. Petersburg, FL

Boca Village Corporate Center

Boca Raton, FL

San Diego Chil

San Diego, Cali$o

%ustin Research Center $or the Ho#eless,

%ustin, &'

T I L T - & P

C * ) S T +

& C T I * )

( , ' M P L

( S

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Concrete Masonry &nits

• Concrete is cast into %ollow bloc4s t%at can b

and grouted to &or( walls/• C!# load bearing walls are rein&orced wit% stto i(ro$e tensile and bending strengt%/

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3sle o& Pal(s Recreation Center0 SC

Courtes" Tilt-u Concrete Assoc

Tilt-u and C!# RS=> Ad$ertising!adison0 W3

Co((ercial building underconstruction

M ' S *

) + W '

L L

( , ' M

P L ( S

Courtes" Construction%otogra%s/co(

Courtes" 3sle o& Pal(s Recreation Center

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)o

– Suorts onl" its own weig%t

– T"icall" used as

• Partition walls to searate

interior saces

• Protection &ro( t%e ele(ents

– !aterials

• Wood &ra(ing

•

Lig%t gauge steel &ra(ing• Concrete (asonr" units

• Curtain walls

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Curtain

• Non-load bearing wall attac%ed tot%e e.terior o& a building

• O&ten co(osed o& glass and(etal

• Pro$ides $isual aeal0 da"lig%t0and rotection &ro( t%e ele(ents

Courtes" Tilt-u Concrete Association

Courtes" Tilt-u Concrete Association

Wi4iedia/co(

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• Load Bearing Walls

– Low Rise

– 6reen Concrete?– Cast-in-Place Concrete

– Tilt-u Concrete

– Concrete !asonr" #nits• Non-Load Bearing Walls

– Curtain Walls

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The de.elopment o/ wall st• Stone walls

Traditional walls o& dwellings and3ndustrial buildings wereconstructed &ro( stone w%ic% were&ound locall"/

3& "ou loo4 care&ull" at t%e ictures%own abo$e "ou will see t%at t%elarger stones were built in courseswit% s(all stones inter saced/ T%e

walls were usuall" $er" t%ic4 atabout @22 to 22(( in widt%/!ost %ad no da( roo& courseincluded/

Li(e (ortar was used to bindt%ese stones toget%er/

One br

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One br• One bric4 t%ic4 walls were co((onl"

used to build rows o& red bric4 terrace%ouses in close ro.i(it" to (ills/

• T%ese %ouses were constructed

c%eal" b" (ill owners &ro( bric4w%ic% were usuall" (ade locall"/

• T%ese bric4s were o&ten constructedin ,nglis% Bond creating a solid wall/

• T%e solid wall allowed (oisture totra$el &ro( t%e outside o& t%e wall to

t%e inside causing da( atc%es ont%e wall inside t%e %ouse/

• Da( roo& courses were included inso(e o& t%e one bric4 walls/

8eacou

Strecou

Da(cou

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Ca.ity walls in %loc0 cons• T%e rst de$elo(ent tore$ent t%e sread o& da(into t%e inside o& buildings wast%e ca$it" wall/

• T%ese walls were constructed&ro( two s4ins o& bric4 or bloc4 oined toget%er b" twistedgal$ani:ed steel wall ties/

• T%e twist was constructed into

t%e wall ties so t%at an"(oisture w%ic% tried to (o$eacross t%e ca$it" would droo;/

Wall tiessaced at@12(($erticall"

D/P/C/

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Ca.ity walls in %r

• T%is wall is si(ilar inconstruction to t%e rst ca$it"wall0 t%e onl" e.cetion beingt%e inclusion o& insulation/

• Wall ties are now(anu&actured &ro( stainlesssteel/

• W%en ca$it" walls are used as

art o& a cellular structure t%e"ro$ide buildings w%ic% arestructurall" sound/

• So(e o& t%eir ot%erad$antages are t%ere$ention o& da(

enetrating to t%e inside o& t%e

2(( t%ic4insulation

Plaster

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Tim%er /• Ti(ber &ra(ed wallsdi;er &ro( t%oseconstructed o&traditional bric4 and

bloc4 wor4 because t%estructural &ra(e(e(bers are&abricated &ro( wood/

T%e" trans(it t%eirloads onto t%e&oundation t%roug% aco((on sole or baselate/

• Ti(ber &ra(e

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Curtain wall /or and commercial

• T%e %otogra% s%ows curtain wallingw%ic% is cladding a leisure centre/

Transo(

!ullionCo(ositeanels &or 6lass curtainwalling

C i ll

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Curtain wall str• Curtain wall structuresare a co(osite o&(ullion0 transo(s and

inll anels w%ic% (a"be glass or an oa

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Claddings can be considered und&ollowing

%eadings E

Panel walls

ConcreteLig%t inll anels

Curtain walling

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• Be sel& suorting between t%e &ra(ing (e(bers/

• 8a$ing resistance to rain enetration/

• Caable o& resisting wind ressures

• Pro$ide necessar" resistance to wind enetration

• 6i$e t%e re

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Concret

/2 Concrete Cladding Panels

• #suall" (ade o& re-cast concrete/

• Concrete cladding anels co(rised o& concrete (i. and steel rein&orce(ent/

• Li&ting lugs0 ositions or %oles to be incorort%e design o ensure t%at t%e anels are %t%e correct (anner/

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Concrete Cladding Pane

T%e recast concrete (anu&acturer designs

t%e cladding based on t%e &ollowing &actors E

• Secied loads0

• ,rection loads0

• Connection details0

• Weat%erroong0

• er&or(ance and durabilit"/

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Concrete Cl

• One o& t%e (aor roble(s &acing b" t%e de

concrete anels is one o& ointing to astructural and t%er(al (o$e(ents/

• T%er(al insulation can be ac%ie$ed w%erecast concrete anels b" creating a ca$it"/

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In2ll

• 3nll anels are lig%tweig%t and usuall" gla

gi$e good internal natural da"lig%ting conditi

• A wide $ariet" o& (aterials or co(binat(aterials can be e(lo"ed suc% as ti(beralu(iniu( and lastic/

• T%e anels used (ust ro$ide t%e neresistance to re0 %eat loss0 sound enetratinterstitial condensation/

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• T%e ointing roble( wit% inll occurs (ainl" at its unction w

structural &ra(e and allowanc(oisture or t%er(al (o$e(ent is ac%ie$ed b" using a suitable (asealant/

• T%e (aintenance roble(s witanels is t%e cleaning o& t%e &aGadearticular t%e gla:ing/

•

Access &or cleaning gla:ed areas

2ll

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In2ll

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5 Hoints s%ould be designed so t%at t%e" &

&ollowing re

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Hointing can be classied as &ollow E

Filled oints

Drained oints

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illed #oints !C

Filled oints E

Filled oints are generall" suitable cladding anel (odule is s(all/

Filled oints can crac4 and allow w

enetrate/

T%e &ailure is due to eit%er t%e(aterials being incaable o& acco((

(o$e(ent or a brea4down o& ad

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$rained

Filled oints E

T%ese oints %a$e been designede$eloed to o$erco(e disad$antages o& t%e Filled oint b"

i/ Designing t%e oint to %a$e a dr:one

ii/ Pro$iding an air-tig%t seal at t%

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Curtain W

Curtain walls are a &or( o& e

lig%tweig%t cladding attac%ed to a structure &or(ing a co(lete en$es%eat% around t%e structural &ra(e/

W%" used curtain walling Ei/ Pro$ide an enclosure to t%e structure

will gi$e t%e necessar" rotection t%e ele(ents/

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iii/ 3(ose onto t%e structural &ra((ini(u( load in t%e &or( o& clad

i$/ ,.ress an arc%itectural &eature

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Curtain Walling !c

Curtain walls to %a$e t%e &ollowing re

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• T"es o& cladding

•

Rainscreen


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L'+G( SP')B&IL$I)GO5,R53,W AND TIP,S

i f i

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6,N,RAL CONS3D,

• Location of site

• Elevated access

• Safety

• Assembly and Storage Areas

• Weather

• Site obstructions

L & &

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LOCAT3ON

• Large san roo&s are o&ten ustadiu(s0 %alls0 &actories and building w%ere eole can asse(large nu(bers/

• T%e construction o& industrial buildordinar" and %ardl" attracts attentio

• Ot%ers are restigious in nature s&ootball stadiu(s0 trade e.%ibitioand laces o& wors%i )e/g/ (os

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LOCAT3ON

• So(e buildings are located in built u areas t%e original buildings on t%e site %ad beende(olis%ed &or t%e new building/

•

Suc% sites will &ace t%e sa(e roble(s assowit% %ig%-rise buildings in congested sites/ Twill be logistic roble(s0 restriction on t%e wti(es0 roble(s o& tresass on neig%boringroerties etc/ T%ere&ore0 t%e roect tea( %

be creati$e in sol$ing t%ese roble(s/• Furt%er(ore0 i& t%e building is a large restigconstruction0 t%en it is li4el" t%at se$ere cosenalties will %it t%e contractor i& its co(ledela"ed because o& roble(s t%at %ad not b

ree(ted

,L,5AT,D A• Large san roo&s %a$e

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,L,5AT,D ALarge san roo&s %a$e%ig% %eadroo( &ro(2( to 12 ( %ig%/

• W%et%er t%e roo& isasse(bled co(leteor in ortions at

ground le$el and t%enli&ted to its nalosition0 wor4ers willto wor4 on t%e roo& at

its ele$ated nal

• ,le$ated access suc% as

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,L,5AT,D Aladder sca;olds and%oists %a$e to be erected/!obile scissor li&t

lat&or(s %a$e to be used&or wor4ers to %a$eaccess to t%e underside o&t%e roo&/ Cranes %a$e tobe used to li&t (aterials to

t%e roo& le$el/

,L,5AT,D• 3n t%e case o& susensionstructures0 t%e wor4ers

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%a$e to ull t%e(sel$es uto t%e roo& and abseildown/ 8oists will bei(ractical because o& t%e

large nu(bers o& cables tobe installed and t%e widearea to be co$ered/

• T%e" will %a$e to balancet%e(sel$es on t%ose

cables t%at %a$e alread"been installed so t%atot%er cables (a" beinstalled too/

• !ountain cli(bing s4illsare use&ul &or suc% roo&

installation wor4 So(e

• Wor4ing at %eig%ts is dangerous T%us

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• Wor4ing at %eig%ts is dangerous/ T%us(easures %a$e to be ta4en to re$ent aand deat%s due to &alling obects and

&alling o; t%e roo&/• Nets and wor4ers sa&et" cables %a$einstalled at t%e roo&/ 8ea$" (ac%iner" escranes %a$e to be used roerl" and wit

sa&e oerating caabilities/• Sa&et" olic" %as to be i(le(ented at sincludes t%e use o& sa&et" ocers to (ansa&et" at site/

• Deending on t%e t"e o& roo& structure t%e r

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ASS,!BLI AND STORA6,

• Deending on t%e t"e o& roo& structure0 t%e ro& t%e structure is eit%er insitu or re&aRein&orced concrete large san roo&s are still beeseciall" &or ele$ated water reser$oir roo&s/ t%e" are no longer oular &or roo&s o& stadiu(s

• Roo& co$erings %a$e to be insected a&ter ins T%is (eans wor4ers wal4ing on t%e roo& co$erinwit% cur$ed sur&aces are dicult to wal4 on e

t%ose (ade o& &abric/ Wor4ersJ sa&et" lines (usto a suitable structural ele(ent suc% as t%eosts/

• T%ere are two ossible aroac%es to erecting

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T%ere are two ossible aroac%es to erectingre&abricated roo&s/– irstly6 t%e roo& structure could be a

co(letel" at ground le$el and t%en li&ted u b" ac4s or winc%ed to its nal osition/ T%us structure %as to be asse(bled at ground le$ebelow t%e nal osition/

– The second aroac% in$ol$es asse(bling t%

ortions/ ,ac% co(leted ortion is li&ted toosition b" crane and te(oraril" suosca;olding0 suort towers or gu"s/ T%us t%e rocould eit%er be on t%e ground directl" below ground not &ar &ro( t%e nal osition/

• T%e co(onents o& t%e asse(bled roo& (ust be

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transorted &ro( t%e &actor" or ort b" road/ T%us t%eret%e si:e o& t%e co(onents/ T%ese co(onents will %a$stored &or insection and (a4ing good de&ects/ T%us a larea on site is needed to %old t%ese co(onents te(

standing %as to be ro$ided &or t%ese co(onents/

• T%e roo& contractor will also %a$e to ro$ide a suitabarea/ So(eti(es ot%er ele(ents o& t%e structure below sectators r/c/ seating terraces* %a$e been constructe(a" re$ent t%e asse(bl" area to be directl" beneaosition/

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Stadium roo/structure

Temporary support towers /or new Westadium4s space truss roo/ structu

• Rain wind and lig%tning can a;ect t%e

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W

• Rain0 wind and lig%tning can a;ect t%erogress o& erecting t%e large san roo&

•

Rain would so&ten t%e ground anre$ent t%e transort o& t%e co(ont%eir resecti$e Kli&t o;J areas/

• Rain so&tened ground would increase

o& t%e crane &alling down because t%etoo so&t to suort t%e loads e.erted crane to t%e ground/

• Wind rain and lig%tning will re$en

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W

• Wind0 rain and lig%tning will re$enuse o& t%e crane and endanger wor

located at t%e roo& le$els/• T%e roo& structure is also $ulnerablcollase during its construction sta

during %ig% winds/ T%e roo& contrac%as to consider using te(orar"structures t%at ro$ide suort agasuc% %ig% winds/

• As (entioned earlier a restricted site w

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S3T, OBSTR#

As (entioned earlier0 a restricted site wcreate roble(s in ter(s o& logistics0ro$iding sace &or asse(bl" and stora

• 3t (ust be re(e(bered t%at t%e cranebe tall enoug% so t%at a li&ted roo& co((a" be able to clear t%e arts o& t%e ro

suerstructure t%at are alread" erected

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Spectatorterracesstructure

'rsenal oot%all Clu%4s new stadium under constructthe cranes inside the proposed 2eld that are surrou

already constructed spectator terraces

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SP,C3AL

B#3LD3N6STR#CT#R,DO!, CONSTR#CT3ON - TIP,S ANDCONSTR#CT3ON

• T%e arc% is t%e basis o& t%e do(e s"stearc% was widel" used in t%e ancient ti(

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3ntro

"create a large san roo&/

• T%e roo& co$ering was laced o$er a ro

arc%es to create a large san roo&/ A dobe considered a t%ree-di(ension arc% &

• T%us it is t%e second oldest (et%od o&ro$iding a roo& t%at %as a great san/

old buildings suc% as t%e Blue !os

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3ntroduction

yp y

Ancient times Masonry dome No longer use buildings

1928 Reinforced concrete dome (no major buil

196 !teel dome (major buildin

19" Air #nflated $ome (no ne% major1990)

198& 'lue aminated $ome (no major buil

1990 !usension !tructure $ome (major buildin

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Blue Mos1ue In Tur0ey

• Se$eral structural (et%ods are used

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Se$eral structural (et%ods are usedcreate t%e do(e roo&/ T%e gure bes%ow t"es o& do(e construction

DOMES

+i%%edGrid Lamella Geodesic

• T%e ribbed do(e structure consists o&

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Ribbe

arrange(ent o& rib (e(bers on a ring bsuort t%at con$erges on eit%er a crow

connector or crown co(ression ring/ Tbea( suort is needed to re$ent slat%e rib (e(bers/ Colu(ns or load bearwalls suort t%e ring bea(/

• T%e rib (e(bers are constructed o& %otsteel sections or cold rolled steel or alu(sections/

• T%e &ra(ewor4 o& t%e rib (e(bers

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T%e &ra(ewor4 o& t%e rib (e(bers be braced to ro$ide rigidit" and t%

resist wind loads acting on t%e nisdo(e/

• Purlins are installed on t%e ribs to st%e roo& co$er/

• A (e(brane ) steel s%eet0 geote.tiberglass ol"ester0 cera(ic anelsattac%ed to urlins on t%e ribs/

•T%e (e(brane ro$ides t%e wea

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T%e (e(brane ro$ides t%e wearoo& roo& co$er to t%e do(e/ A

do(e ceiling is t%en attac%ed tounderside o& t%e &ra(ewor4 &oraest%etic and acoustic reasons/ A

e.a(le o& a rib do(e retendinbe a s%ell do(e is t%e do(e o& tCaitol building in Was%ington0 #

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(7ample o/ +i%%ed$ome Construction

• T%is do(e t"e is inno$ated &ro( t%e 'at grt T% id & 4 i d t

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6rid

t"es/ T%e grid &ra(ewor4 is cur$ed to ro$do(e s%ae/ A ring bea( is ro$ided at t%e t%e do(e &or trans&er t%e loads o& t%e bea(

suorting colu(ns0 walls or t%e &oundationdo(e can eit%er be a single la"er or double grid structure/

• T%e t"e o& grid can be eit%er a lattice grid osace grid/ A roo& co$er (e(brane )steel s%

geote.tiles0 berglass ol"est%er0 cera(ic is attac%ed to eit%er urlins .ed on t%e grid(e(bers or tied to directl" to grid/

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Gr

$

PG

• T%e la(ella do(e is a t"e o& grid roo&

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La(ella

rst sig%t0 t%e la(ella do(e structure lli4e a grid do(e/ 8owe$er grid do(e s

will use connector co(onents &orasse(bling t%e longitudinal grid co(otoget%er/

• T%e la(ella longitudinal (e(bers are

toget%er without using connectorcomponents3 3ts connections are genein ointed/ T%e grid networ4 %as a dia(or r%o(bus or triangular grid attern/

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Construction o/ small scale dome 8

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Lamella domes ha.e %een %uilt /or .erylarge indoor stadiums such as the'strodome o/ 9ouston6 &3S3'3

• T%is is a grid roo&/ 3t loo4s li4e la(ella and grid dbut t%e di;erence lies in t%e conguration o& t%

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6eodesi

but t%e di;erence lies in t%e conguration o& t%lines/ T%e grid lines &ollow t%e attern o& oints intersecting geodesic lines on t%e do(e/

• A geodesic line is dened as a line t%at circu($sur&ace o& a s%ere/ T%e oints w%ere geodesic crisscross eac% ot%er are called geodesic oints(e(bers o& geodesic &ra(e are not geodesic bositions o& t%eir connections are geodesic/ T%e

(e(bers are eit%er double or single la"ered/• T%e (e(bers in a geodesic do(e are oined towithout using connector components3 T%econnections are generall" in ointed/

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$etailing o/ Geodesic $ome

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Geodesic $ome under construction and completed 8

• T%is do(e t"e is t%e oldest a(ong t%ese groudo(es T%e structural rincile is t%at o& a stre

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S%ell

do(es/ T%e structural rincile is t%at o& a stre(e(brane due to its s%ae/ !asonr" was t%e to create t%e (e(brane/ T%e use o& rein&orced c

and t%en rein&orced ce(ent )&erro ce(ent* allowlarger sans/ A tension ring bea( is located at to& t%e do(e to counteract t%e t%rusting &orces odo(e/

• T%e t%ic4ness o& t%e do(e usuall" reduces as itaroac%es t%e crown o& t%e do(e/ To reduce t%weig%t o& t%e do(e0 t%e crown (a" be a windowt%at is lined b" a co(ression ring bea( or t%e can be er&orated strategicall" to %ouse windowwindows allow lig%t to co(e in/ T%is t"e o& do(used toget%er as it is not as econo(ical as t%e o

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T8AN> IO# FOR IO#R ATT,N

Documents

BSS552 LECT 9-10