Buenos Aires in English!

8/14/2019 Buenos Aires in English!

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Buenos AiresBuenos Aires

Panorama of the city at night.

Flag

Coat of arms

Buenos AiresCoordinates: 343636.00S 582211.99W

CEstablished 1536, 1580

Government

- Chief of Government Mauricio Macri
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- SenatorsMara Eugenia Estenssoro, SamuelCabanchik , Daniel Filmus

Area- City 203 km (78.5 sq mi)- Land 203 km (78.5 sq mi)- Metro 4,758 km (1,837.1 sq mi)

Population (2007 est.)- City 3,034,161

- Density 14,946.6/km (38,711.5/sq mi)- Metro 13,044,800

HDI (2005) 0.923 highWebsite: http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/ (Spanish)

Buenos Aires is the capitaland largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located onthe southern shore of theRo de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of theSouthAmericancontinent. Buenos Aires city is located outside of theBuenos Aires Provinceand is therefore not part of the province. It is also not the capital of the Buenos Aires province but is instead an autonomous city. Greater Buenos Airesis the third largestconurbation inLatin America, with a population of about 13 million.

After the internal conflicts of the 19th century, Buenos Aires wasfederalisedandremoved from Buenos Aires Provincein 1880. The city limits were enlarged to includethe former towns of Belgranoand Flores, which are both now neighbourhoods of thecity.

Buenos Aires (English: Fair Winds or Good Air (see Names of Buenos Aires), pronounced[ bwe n s ai s]) was originally named after the sanctuary of "NostraSignora di Bonaria" (Italian for "Our Lady of Bonaria") inCagliari, Sardinia. In the1994 constitutionthe city becameautonomous, hence its formal name:Ciudad

Autnoma de Buenos Aires , in English, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires.See Namesof Buenos Aires.

People from Buenos Aires are called porteos (people of the port).

Contents

[hide]

1 Historyo 1.1 First Settlemento 1.2 Colonial Historyo 1.3 Modern History

2 Government and politicso 2.1 Government structureo 2.2 Recent political historyo 2.3 National representation

3 Demographicso 3.1 Census data
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ory#Modern_Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires#Government_and_politics#Government_and_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires#Government_structure#Government_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires#Recent_political_history#Recent_political_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires#National_representation#National_representationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires#Demographics#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires#Census_data#Census_data


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o 3.2 Districtso 3.3 Origino 3.4 Religion

4 Geography 5 Climate 6 Economy 7 Culture

o 7.1 Languageo 7.2 Tangoo 7.3 Cinema

8 Architecture 9 Notable residents 10 Education

o 10.1 Primary educationo 10.2 Secondary educationo

10.3 College education 11 Tourismo 11.1 Landmarks

12 Transportationo 12.1 Street network o 12.2 Buseso 12.3 Taxio 12.4 Metro

12.4.1 Current Extensions12.4.2 New Metro lines

o 12.5 Tram systemo 12.6 Commuter rail12.6.1 High speed railo 12.7 Ferryo 12.8 Airports

13 Sports 14 See also 15 References 16 External links

o 16.1 Newspapers

[edit ] History

[edit ] First Settlement
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Juan de Garay, founder of Buenos Aires.

Depiction of the founding of Buenos Aires, 1580.

Enactment of the Constitution of Buenos Aires, 1854. From 1820 to 1880, Buenos Aireswas almost a nation in itself.

SeamanJuan Daz de Sols, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European toreach theRo de la Platain 1516. His expedition was cut short when he was killed

during an attack by the native Charratribe in what is nowUruguay.The city of Buenos Aires was first established asCiudad de Nuestra Seora SantaMara del Buen Ayre [1] (literally "City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Fair Winds") onFebruary 2, 1536by a Spanish expedition led byPedro de Mendoza. The city founded by Mendoza was located in what is today theSan Telmo district of Buenos Aires, southof the city center.

More attacks by the indigenous peoples forced the settlers away, and in 1541 the sitewas abandoned. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 byJuande Garay, who arrived by sailing down theParan River fromAsuncin (now thecapital of Paraguay).
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[edit ] Colonial History

From its earliest days, the success of Buenos Aires depended on trade. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Spain insisted that all trade to Europe pass throughLima,Peruso that taxes could be collected. This scheme frustrated the traders of BuenosAires, and a thriving contraband industry developed. Unsurprisingly, this also instilled adeep resentment in porteos towards Spanish authorities.[1]

Sensing these feelings,Charles III of Spainprogressively eased the trade restrictionsand finally declared Buenos Aires an open port in the late 1700s. The capture of PortoBelloby British forces also fueled the need to foster commerce via the Atlantic route, tothe detriment of Lima-based trade. Charles's placating actions did not have the desiredeffect; and the porteos , some of them versed in the ideology of theFrench revolution, became even more desirous of independence from Spain.

During theBritish invasions of the Ro de la Plata, British forces attacked Buenos Airestwice, in 1806 and 1807, but were repelled both times by local militias. Ultimately, onMay 25, 1810, while Spain was occupied with thePeninsular War , and after a week of mostly pacific demonstrations, the criollo citizens of Buenos Aires successfully oustedthe SpanishViceroyand established a provisional government. May 25 is nowcelebrated as a national holiday (May RevolutionDay). Formal independence fromSpain was later declared in 1816.

Historically, Buenos Aires has been Argentina's main venue for liberal and free-tradeideas, while many of the provinces, especially to the Northwest, advocated a moreconservative Catholic approach to political and social issues. Much of the internal

tension in Argentina's history, starting with the centralist-federalist conflicts of the 19thcentury, can be traced back to these contrasting views. In the months immediatelyfollowing the May 25 Revolution, Buenos Aires sent a number of military envoys to the provinces with the intention of obtaining their approval. Many of these missions endedin violent clashes, and the enterprise fueled the tensions between the capital and the provinces.

In the 19th century the city was blockadedtwice by naval forces: by theFrench from1838 to 1840, and later by a joint Anglo-French expedition from 1845 to 1848. Both blockades failed to force the city into submission, and the foreign powers eventuallydesisted from their demands.

[edit ] Modern History
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Florida Street, 1920.

A boulevard in the business district, 1920.

During most of the 19th century, the political status of the city remained a sensitivesubject. It was already capital of Buenos Aires Province, and between 1853 and 1860 itwas the capital of the secededState of Buenos Aires. The issue was debated more thanonce on the battlefield, until the matter was finally settled in 1880 when the city wasfederalisedand became the seat of government, with its Mayor appointed by thePresident. TheCasa Rosadabecame the seat of the office of thePresident.

In addition to the wealth generated by the fertile pampas , railroad construction in thesecond half of the 19th century increased the economic power of Buenos Aires as rawmaterials flowed into its factories; Buenos Aires became a multicultural city that rankeditself with the major European capitals. TheColn Theater became one of the world'stop opera venues. The city's main avenues were built during those years, and the dawnof the 20th century saw the construction of South America's then-tallest buildings andfirst undergroundsystem.

By the 1920s Buenos Aires was a favoured destination for immigrants from Europe, aswell as from Argentina's provinces and neighbouring countries.Shanty towns(villas
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miseria ) started growing around the city's industrial areas, leading to extensive social problems which contrasted sharply with Argentina's image as a country of riches.

Corrientes Avenue. A second construction boom from 1945 to 1980 reshaped downtownand much of the city.

Buenos Aires was the cradle of Peronism: the now-mythologized demonstration of October 17, 1945took place inPlaza de Mayo.[2] Industrial workers of the Greater Buenos Aires industrial belt have been Peronism's main support base ever since, andPlaza de Mayo became the site for demonstrations and many of the country's politicalevents. OnJune 16, 1955, a splinter faction of the Navy bombed the Plaza de Mayoarea, killing 364 civilians (see Bombing of Plaza de Mayo ). This was the only time thecity was attacked from the air; this event was followed by a military uprising whichdeposed President Pern three months later (see Revolucin Libertadora ).

In the 1970s, the city suffered from the fighting between left-wing revolutionarymovements (Montoneros, E.R.P.and F.A.R.) and theright-wingparamilitary groupTriple A, supported byIsabel Pern, who became president of Argentina in 1974 after Juan Pern's death.

The militarycoupof 1976, led byJorge Rafael Videla, only escalated this conflict; the"Dirty War " resulted in 30,000desaparecidos (people kidnapped and killed by themilitary during the years of the junta).[3] The silent marches of their mothers (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo) are a well-known image of Argentines suffering during those times.

Thedictatorshipalso drew up plans for a network of freewaysintended to relieve thecity's acute traffic gridlock. The plan, however, called for a seemingly indiscriminaterazing of residential areas and though only three of the seven planned were put up at thetime they were, mostly, obtrusive "raised" freeways and continue to saddle a number of formerly comfortable neighborhoods to this day.
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Nighttime view of Puerto Madero , a district developed over the old docklands withinthe last decade.

The city was visited by Pope John Paul IItwice: in 1982, due to the outbreak of theFalklands War (Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas/Guerra del Atlntico Sur ), and asecond visit in 1987, which gathered crowds never before seen in the city.

OnMarch 17, 1992a bombexploded in the Israeli Embassy, killing 29 and injuring242. Another explosion on July 18, 1994 destroyed a buildinghousing several Jewish organizations, killing 85 and injuring many more.

Following a1993 agreement, theArgentine Constitutionwas amended to give BuenosAiresautonomyand rescinding, among other things, the president's right to appoint thecity's mayor (as had been the case since 1880). On June 30, 1996, voters in BuenosAires chose their first elected mayor (Chief of Government ).

OnDecember 30, 2004, a fire at the Repblica Cromagnon nightclubkilled almost 200 people, one of the greatest non-natural tragedies in Argentine history.

[edit ] Government and politics

[edit ] Government structure

The Municipal Legislature.

The Executive of the cityis held by the Chief of Government ("Jefe de Gobierno"), whois directly elected for a four-year term, together with a Deputy Chief, who presides over the 60-member Legislature.
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Each member of the Legislature is elected for a four year term; half of the Legislature isrenewed every two years. Elections use theD'Hondt method. The Judicial branch iscomposed of the Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justicia), theMagistrate's Council (Consejo de la Magistratura), the Public Ministry, and other CityCourts.

In legalterms, the city enjoys less autonomy than the provinces. The national Judiciarydetermine the autonomy of the city's Judiciary with regards to common law, while thenational Executive branch controls the citys police.

Beginning in 2007, the city has embarked on a new decentralization scheme, creatingnew communes (comunas) managed by a seven-person elected committee.

The Parliament of Argentina (Congreso Nacional).

Article 61 of the 1996 Constitution of the City of Buenos Aires states that "Suffrage is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and non-accumulative. Resident aliens enjoythis same right, with its corresponding obligations, on equal terms with Argentinecitizens registered in the district, under the terms established by law ." [4]

[edit ] Recent political history

In 1996, following the 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution, the city held its firstmayoral elections under the new statutes, with the mayor's title formally changed to"Chief of Government". The winner wasFernando de la Ra, who would later becomePresident of Argentina for the period 1999 to 2001.

Casa Rosada, Buenos Aires city centre. The President's offices are housed here.
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De la Ra's successor, Anbal Ibarra, won two popular elections, but was impeached (and ultimately deposed on March 6, 2006) as a result of the fire at theRepblicaCromagnonnightclub.Jorge Telerman, who had been the acting mayor, was investedwith the office. In the 2007 elections,Mauricio Macriwon thesecond-roundof votingover Daniel Filmus, and the office on December 9, 2007.

[edit ] National representation

Buenos Aires is represented in theArgentine Senateby three senators (as of December 2007: Mara Eugenia Estenssoro, Samuel Cabanchik andDaniel Filmus).[5] The peopleof Buenos Aires also elect 25 national deputies to theArgentine Chamber of Deputies.

[edit ] Demographics

See also: Demographics of Argentina

Buenos Aires inhabitants by neighbourhood
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A section of Palermo , the city's largest neighborhood. Total population density is nowabout 15,000/km2 (37,600/mi2).

Population growth since 1740

[edit ] Census data

As of the census of 2001, there are 12,129,819 people residing in the city and 31surrounding districts, making Buenos Aires home to one in threeArgentines[6] . The population density in Buenos Aires proper was 13,680 inhabitants per square kilometer (34,800 per mi2); but, only about 2,400 per km2 (6,100 per mi2) in the suburbs. The

racial makeup of the city is 88.9%White, 7%Mestizo, 2.1%Asian and 2%Black .[7]

The population of Buenos Aires proper has hovered around 3 million since 1947, due tolow birth rates and a slow migration to the suburbs. The surrounding districts have,however, expanded over five-fold (to around 9 million) since then.[8]

The 2001 Census showed a relatively aged population, as well; with 17% under the ageof fifteen and 22% over sixty, the people of Buenos Aires have an age structure similar to those in most European cities. They are, likewise, a good bit more elderly thanArgentines as a whole (of whom, 28% were under 15 and 14%, over 60).[9]

[edit ] Districts

Divine bridge in the Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens, the world's largest outsideJapan.[10]
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Main article: Barrios of Buenos Aires

The city is divided into 48 barrios or, neighborhoods, for administrative purposes ( seelist at right ).[11] The division was originally based on Catholic parroquias ( parishes), buthas undergone a series of changes since the 1940s. A newer scheme has divided the city

into 15comunas (communes).[12]

[edit ] Origin

See also: Immigration in Argentina

The majority of porteos have European origins, withItalian andSpanishdescent beingthe most common, from theCalabrian, Ligurian, Piedmont, Lombardyand Neapolitan regions of Italy and from theGalician, Asturian, andBasqueregions of Spain[13]

Other European origins includeGerman, Irish, Portuguese, French, Croatian, Englishand Welsh. In the 1990s, there was a small wave of immigration fromRomaniaandUkraine[14] There is a minority of oldcriollo stock, dating back to the Spanish colonialdays. TheCriollo and Spanish-aboriginal (mestizo) population in the city has increasedmostly as a result of migration, from countries such asBolivia, Peruand Paraguay,since the second half of the 20th century.

Important Syrian-Lebaneseand Armeniancommunities have had a significant presencein commerce and civic life since the beginning of the 20th century.

TheJewishcommunity inGreater Buenos Airesnumbers around 250,000, and is the

largest inLatin America. Most are of Northern and Eastern EuropeanAshkenaziorigin, primarily Russian and Polish Jews, with a significantSephardicminority, mostly madeup of Syrian Jews[15]

The Metropolitan Cathedral.

The first major East Asiancommunity in Buenos Aires was theJapanese, mainly fromOkinawa. Traditionally, Japanese-Argentines were noted as flower growers; in the city proper, there was a Japanese near-monopoly indry cleaning. Later generations have branched out into all fields of economic activity. Starting in the 1970s there has been animportant influx of immigration fromChinaandKorea, the latter known mostly for small, family-owned supermarkets.
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[edit ] Religion

Most inhabitants areRoman Catholic, though a number of studies over the past fewdecades suggest that fewer than 20% are actively practicing. Buenos Aires is the seat of a Roman Catholicmetropolitan archbishop(the Catholic primate of Argentina),currently JorgeCardinal Bergoglio.

[edit ] Geography

Satellite image of Ro de la Plata

1888 German map of Buenos Aires.

The limits of Buenos Aires proper are determined in the eastern part and north-east by

theRio de la Plata, in the southern part and southeast by the Riachuelo and to thenorthwest, west and Southwest byAvenida General Paz, a 24-kilometer (15 mi) longhighwaythat separates the province of Buenos Aires from the city.

The city of Buenos Aires lies in the pampa region, except some zones like theBuenosAires Ecological Reserve, theBoca Juniors (football) Club"sports city",Jorge NewberyAirport, thePuerto Maderoneighborhood and the main port itself; these were all builton reclaimed land along the coasts of theRio de la Plata(the world's largestestuary).

The region was formerly crossed by differentcreeksandlagoons, some of which wererefilled and other tubed. Among the most important creeks are: Maldonado, Vega,Medrano, Cildaez and White. In 1908many creeks were channeled and rectified, asfloods were damaging the city's infrastructure. Starting in1919, most creeks were
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enclosed. Notably, the Maldonado was tubed in1954, and currently runs below Juan B.Justo avenue.

[edit ] Climate

Further information: Climate of Argentina

Rivadavia Avenue in winter.

The city has ahumid subtropical climate ("Cfa" by Kppen classification). The averageyear temperature is 17.6 C (63.7 F). The city gets 1,147mm(45in) of rainfallper year. The average high temperatures ranges from 30.4 C (86.7 F) in January, to14.9 C (58.8 F) in Winter (1981-1990 period)[16]. Rain can be expected at any time of year and hailstorms are not unusual.

The lowest temperature ever recorded in central Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires CentralObservatory) was 5.4 C (22 F) onJuly 9, 1918[17] . The highest temperature ever recorded was 43.3 C (109.9 F) onJanuary 29, 1957[18] . The last snowfall(seeJuly2007 Argentine winterstorm) occurred recently onJuly 9, 2007when the entry of amassive polar cold snapmade as a result the worstwinter of Argentina in almost thirtyyears, where severe snowfallsand blizzardsaffected the country. It was the first major snowfall in the city in 89 years[19] (sinceJune 22, 1918[20] ).

Many locals leave Buenos Aires during the hot summer months (December, January andFebruary) and head for seaside resorts on theAtlantic coast.

[hide]Weather averages for Buenos Aires, Argentina (1981-1990 period)Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high

C (F)

30.4(87)

28.7(84)

26.4(80)

22.7(73)

19.0(66)

15.6(60)

14.9(59)

17.3(63)

18.9(66)

22.5(73)

25.3(78)

28.1(83)

22.4(72)

Average lowC (F)

20.4(69)

19.4(67)

17.0(63)

13.7(57)

10.3(51)

7.6(46)

7.4(45)

8.9(48)

9.9(50)

13.0(55)

15.9(61)

18.4(65)

13.5(56)

Precipitation mm (inches)

119(4.7)

118(4.6)

134(5.3)

97(3.8)

74(2.9)

63(2.5)

66(2.6)

70(2.8)

73(2.9)

119(4.7)

109(4.3)

105(4.1)

1,147(45.2)

Source: The World Meteorological Organization [21] Nov 2006
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Panorama of Buenos Aires Waterfront seen from theRiver Plate.

[edit ] Economy

Buenos Aires Stock Exchange

The Port of Buenos Aires.

Buenos Aires is the financial, industrial, commercial, and cultural hub of Argentina. Its portis one of the busiest in South America; navigable rivers by way of the Rio de la

Plata connect the port to north-east Argentina,Brazil, Uruguayand Paraguay. As aresult it serves as the distribution hub for a vast area of the south-eastern region of theSouth American continent. Tax collection related to the port has caused many political problems in the past.

The economy in the city proper alone, measured by Gross Geographic Product (adjustedfor purchasing power), totalled US$ 84.7 billion (US$ 30,525 per capita) in 2006[22] andamounts to nearly a fourth of Argentina's as a whole.[23] Metro Buenos Aires, accordingto one well-quoted study, constitutes the 13th largest economy among the world'scities.[24] The Buenos AiresHuman Development Index(0.923 in 1998) is likewise high by international standards.[25]
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The city's services sector is diversified and well-developed by international standardsand accounts for 78% of its economy (compared to 58% for all of Argentina's);[26]advertising, in particular, plays a prominent role in the export of services at home andabroad. Manufacturing is, nevertheless, still prominent in the city's economy (17%) and,concentrated mainly in thesouthside, it benefits as much from high local purchasing

power and a large local supply of skilled labor as it does from its relationship to massiveagriculture and industry just outside the city limits themselves.

To the west of Buenos Aires is the Pampa Hmeda , the most productive agriculturalregion of Argentina (as opposed to the dry southernPampa, mostly used for cattle farming). Meat, dairy, grain, tobacco, wool and leather products are processed or manufactured in theBuenos Aires metro area. Other leading industries are automobilemanufacturing, oil refining, metalworking, machine building and the production of textiles, chemicals, clothing and beverages.

[edit ] Culture

Teatro Coln (Coln Theatre )Strongly influenced byEuropean culture, Buenos Aires is sometimes referred to as the"Paris of South America".[27][1]

Buenos Aires is the site of the Teatro Coln, one of the world's greatestoperahouses.[28]It is closed for renovations until at least 2010. There are severalsymphony orchestras and choral societies. The city has numerous museums related to history, fine arts,modern arts, decorative arts, popular arts, sacred art, arts and crafts, theatre and popular music, as well as the preserved homes of noted art collectors, writers, composers andartists. It has many public libraries and cultural associations as well as the largestconcentration of active theatres in Latin America[citation needed ]. It has a world-famouszooand Botanical Garden, a large number of landscaped parks and squares, as well aschurches and places of worship of many denominations, many of which arearchitecturally noteworthy.[28]

[edit ] Language
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Poet and Novelist Jorge Luis Borges, 1969; as influential to Hispanic literature asWilliam Faulkner was to American literature.

Known as Rioplatense Spanish , Buenos Aires' Spanish(and also in other cities likeRosarioandMontevideo, Uruguay) is characterised byvoseo , yesmo and aspiration of sin various contexts. It is heavily influenced by the dialects of Spanish spoken inAndalusiaandMurcia. A phonetic study conducted by the Laboratory for SensoryInvestigations of CONICETand the University of Torontoshowed that the porteoaccent is closer to the Neapolitandialect of Italianthan any other spoken language.

In the early 20th century, Argentina absorbed millions of immigrants, many of themItalians, who spoke mostly in their local dialects (mainly Neapolitan,SicilianandGenoan). Their adoption of Spanishwas gradual, creating a pidginof Italian dialectsand Spanish that was calledcocoliche . Its usage declined around the 1950s.

Many Spanish immigrants were from Galicia, to the extent that Spaniards are stillgenerically referred to in Argentina as gallegos (Galicians). Galician language, cuisineand culture had a major presence in the city for most of the 20th century. In recentyears, descendants of Galician immigrants have led a mini-boom inCeltic music (whichalso highlighted theWelsh traditions of Patagonia).

Yiddishwas commonly heard in Buenos Aires, especially in theBalvanera garmentdistrict and inVilla Crespo until the 1960s.KoreanandChinesehave becomesignificant since the 1970s. Most of the newer immigrants learn Spanish quickly andassimilate into city life.

The Lunfardo argotoriginated within the prison population, and in time spread to all porteos . Lunfardo uses words from Italian dialects, fromBrazilian Portuguese, fromAfrican and Caribbean languages and even from English. Lunfardo employs humoroustricks such as inverting the syllables within a word (vesre). Today, Lunfardo is mostlyheard in tango lyrics[29]; the slang of the younger generations has been evolving awayfrom it. See also:Belgranodeutsch.

[edit ] Tango
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Main article: Tango musicSee also: History of Tango

Tango dance

Tango music was born in the suburbs of Buenos Aires, notably in the brothels of the Junn y Lavalle district and in thearrabales (poorer suburbs). Its sensual dance moveswere not seen as respectable until adopted by the Parisian high society in the 1920s, andthen all over the world. In Buenos Aires, tango-dancing schools (known asacademias )were usually men-only establishments.

Tango consists of a variety of styles that developed in different regions and eras of ArgentinaandUruguay as well as in other locations around the world. The dance

developed in response to many cultural elements, such as the crowding of the venue andeven the fashions in clothing. The styles are mostly danced in either open embrace,where lead and follow connect at arms length, or close embrace, where the lead andfollow connect chest-to-chest.

Early tango was known astango criollo, or simplytango . Today, there are many tangodance styles, includingArgentine Tango, Uruguayan Tango, Ballroom tango (Americanand International styles),Finnish tangoand vintage tangos.

ActressesChunchuna Villafaeand Norma Aleandroshare a painful memory in theOscar-winningThe Official Story(1985).

[edit ] Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Argentina
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Tangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_tangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_tangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchuna_Villafa?ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Aleandrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Storyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:VillafaneImage.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:VillafaneImage.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TangoCouple.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TangoCouple.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Tangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_tangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_tangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunchuna_Villafa?ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Aleandrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Storyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina


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Italian andFrenchinfluences increased after thedeclaration of independenceat the beginning of the 19th century, though the academic style persisted until the first decadesof the 20th century.

Attempts at renovation took place during the second half of the 19th century and the

beginning of the 20th, when European influences penetrated into the country, reflected by several buildings of Buenos Aires such as the Iglesia Santa Felicitas byErnestoBunge; the Palace of Justice, the National Congress, and theTeatro Coln, all of them byVittorio Meano.

The simplicity of the Rioplatense baroque style can be clearly seen in Buenos Airesthrough the works of Italianarchitects such as Andr Blanqui and Antonio Masella, inthe churches of San Ignacio, Nuestra Seora del Pilar , theCathedraland the Cabildo.

The architecture of the second half of the 20th century continued to reproduce Frenchneoclassic models, such as the headquarters of the Banco de la Nacion Argentina built byAlejandro Bustillo, and the Museo Hispanoamericano de Buenos Aires|MuseoHispanoamericano of Martn Noel. However, since the 1930s the influence of LeCorbusier and Europeanrationalismconsolidated in a group of young architects fromtheUniversity of Tucumn, among whomAmancio Williamsstands out. Theconstruction of skyscrapersproliferated in Buenos Aires until the 1950s. Newer modernhigh-technology buildings by Argentine architects in the last years of the 20th centuryand the beginning of the 21st include the Le Parc Tower by Mario lvarez, the TorreFortabat by Snchez Ela and the Repsol-YPF Tower byCsar Pelli.

[edit ] Notable residents

Symphony conductor Daniel Barenboim.

NovelistErnesto Sabato.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Col?nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Meanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R?o_de_la_Platahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R?o_de_la_Platahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ignacio_Min?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestra_Se?ora_del_Pilarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestra_Se?ora_del_Pilarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestra_Se?ora_del_Pilarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Cabildohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Cabildohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Bustillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Tucum?nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repsol-YPF_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repsol-YPF_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C?sar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C?sar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Sabatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ernesto_S?bato_circa_1972.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ernesto_S?bato_circa_1972.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Daniel_Barenboim.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Daniel_Barenboim.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Col?nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Meanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R?o_de_la_Platahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Ignacio_Min?http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuestra_Se?ora_del_Pilarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Cabildohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Bustillohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Tucum?nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repsol-YPF_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C?sar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buenos_Aires&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Sabato


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Composer Gustavo Santaolalla, twice honored with anOscar .

Film maker Francis Ford Coppola.

Argentine cultural icon Geniol head in vintage advertising poster byLucien-AchilleMauzan.

Buenos Aires was home to these Argentine writers:

Roberto Arlt Leopoldo Lugones Jorge Luis Borges Andrs Rivera Paul Groussac Manuel Mujica Lanez Adolfo Bioy Casares Ernesto Sabato Leopoldo Marechal Tomas Eloy Martinez Victoria Ocampo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Santaolallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Mauzanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Mauzanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Arlthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr?s_Riverahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Groussachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Mujica_La?nezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Bioy_Casareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Sabatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Marechalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Eloy_Martinezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ocampohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Geniol_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Geniol_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Coppola_Embassy_1_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Coppola_Embassy_1_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gustavo_Santaolalla_-_9MAR07_-presidencia-govar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gustavo_Santaolalla_-_9MAR07_-presidencia-govar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Santaolallahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Mauzanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Mauzanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Arlthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr?s_Riverahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Groussachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Mujica_La?nezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Bioy_Casareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Sabatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Marechalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Eloy_Martinezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ocampo


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Julio Cortzar Manuel Puig

International figures who have lived in Buenos Aires include:

Ren Goscinny Marcel Duchamp Witold Gombrowicz Jerry Masucci Pablo Neruda Rubn Daro Lucas Gelardi Romola Nijinska Rosa Chacel Antoine de Saint-Exupry Eugene O' Neill Federico Garcia Lorca Jos Ortega y Gasset Robert Duvall Viggo Mortensen Indra Devi Hugo Pratt Guy Williams Francis Ford Coppola

Others include businesspeopleAristotle Onassis, Fritz Thyssen, John S. Reedandadvertising greatsGino BoccasileandLucien-Achille Mauzan, who was considered to be Argentina's father of the advertising poster . During theSpanish Civil War and itsaftermath, Buenos Aires provided refuge for many expatriate Spaniards, including philosopher Jos Ortega y Gassetand composer Manuel de Falla, who later moved toCrdoba. Luca Prodanarrived fromEnglandin the 1980s and became an icon of Argentine rock.

Musicians Daniel Barenboim, Alberto Ginastera, Gustavo SantaolallaandMarthaArgerichamong others, are Buenos Aires natives.

Fiction author W.E.B. Griffinspends half the year at his wife's family home in BuenosAires and the other half in his nativePennsylvania. Cinema trailblazer Francis FordCoppola, likewise, divides his time betweenSan Francisco and Buenos Aires, wherework on an upcoming epic has led him to establish an Argentine subsidiary of his production company,American Zoetrope.

[edit ] Education

See also: Education in Argentina

[edit ] Primary education
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Documents

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