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Business Opportunities from Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia

IFAG NBS Summer SchoolEuropean Business Practice: A British Perspective

16th July /13th August 2008

Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

CRedCarbon Reduction

CRed

Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal5th October 2007

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Climate Change – the need for Action• Inter- Governmental Panel on Climate Change• The Carbon Reduction Project • The Stern Report• Action taken by UEA

CRed

Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere

300

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320

330

340

350

360

370

380

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

(ppm

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Comparison of Discoveries and Demand

0 1936.553 1937 34.761 1937 1.9220 1937.92 1938 31.547 1938 2.0830 1938.784 1939 36.482 1939 2.2440 1939.78 1940 14.011 1940 2.4050 1941.146 1941 10.056 1941 2.50120 1941.651 1942 3.141 1942 2.59740 1942.852 1943 3.878 1943 2.69360 1943.714 1944 7.826 1944 2.78980 1944.915 1945 8.316 1945 2.8860 1945.77 1946 6.832 1946 3.130 1946.691 1947 51.274 1947 3.3740 1947.555 1948 56.209 1948 3.6180 1949.098 1949 56.699 1949 3.8620 1949.904 1950 20.894 1950 4.105750 1950.927 1951 16.447 1951 4.34950 1951.8 1952 27.555 1952 4.593250 1952.819 1953 21.379 1953 4.8370 1953.687 1954 28.537 1954 5.245333

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1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

bilio

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actual discoveriesprojected discoveriesdemand

We need to consider alternatives now3

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UK Gas Production and Demand

Import Gap

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Actual Nuclear

Projected Nuclear

Actual Coal with FGD

Opted Out Coal

Renewables

New Nuclear?

New Coal ???

0

10000

20000

30000

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50000

60000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

MW

• Opted Out Coal: Stations can only run for 20 000 hours more and must close by 2015• New Nuclear assumes completing 1 new nuclear station each year beyond 2018• New Coal assumes completing 1 new coal station each year beyond 2018

Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy SecurityThere is a

looming capacity shortfall

Even with a full deployment of

renewables.

A 10% reduction in demand per

house will see a rise of 7% in total demand

- Increased population decreased

household size

6Per capita Carbon Emissions

JapanUK

How do UK and Japan compare with other countries?Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?

What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem?

France

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Carbon Emissions and Electricity

r

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Electricity Generation i n selected Countries

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Original buildings

Teaching wall

Library

Student residences

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Nelson Court

Constable Terrace

Low Energy Educational Buildings

Nursing and Midwifery School

Elizabeth Fry Building

ZICER

Medical School

Medical School Phase 2

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The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994

Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

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Conservation: management improvements –

Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.

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Elizabeth Fry Low Average

kWh/

m2/

yr

gaselectricity

thermal comfort +28%User Satisfaction

noise +26%

lighting +25%

air quality +36%

A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

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1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

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ZICER Building

Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.

Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor

Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

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The ZICER Building - Description

• Four storeys high and a basement• Total floor area of 2860 sq.m• Two construction types

Main part of the building

• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity

Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

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The ground floor open plan office

The first floor open plan office

The first floor cellular offices

Incoming air into

the AHU

Regenerative heat exchanger

Operation of Main BuildingMechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts.

Air enters the internal occupied space

Filter Heater

Air passes through hollow

cores in the ceiling slabs

Operation of Main Building

Return stale air is extracted

Return air passes through the heat exchanger

Out of the building

Operation of Main Building

Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.

Space for future chilling

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures.

Heat is transferred to the air before entering

the roomSlabs store heat from appliances and body

heat

Winter Day

Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment

Warm air

Warm air

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures.

Heat is transferred to the air before entering

the roomSlabs also radiate heat

back into room

Winter Night

In late afternoon heating is turned off.

Cool air

Cool air

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures.

Draws out the heat accumulated during the

dayCools the slabs to act as

a cool store the following day

Summer night

night ventilation/ free cooling

Cold air

Cold air

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures.

Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the

occupied spaceconcrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-

conditioning

Summer day

Warm air

Warm air

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Mean |External Temperature (oC)

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Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

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Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements

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350

Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

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ZICER Building

Photo shows only part of top

Floor

• Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV• Windows are semi transparent• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays

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Arrangement of Cells on Facade

Individual cells are connected horizontally

As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive

If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.

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Use of PV generated energy

Sometimes electricity is exportedInverters are only 91% efficient

Most use is for computersDC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficientNeed an integrated approach

Peak output is 34 kW

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Actual Situation excluding Grant

Actual Situation with Grant

Discount rate 3% 5% 7% 3% 5% 7%

Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 1.29 1.58 1.88 0.84 1.02 1.22

Avoided cost exc. the Grant Avoided Costs with Grant

Discount rate 3% 5% 7% 3% 5% 7%

Unit energy cost per kWh (£) 0.57 0.70 0.83 0.12 0.14 0.16

Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000

Performance of PV cells on ZICER

Cost of Generated Electricity

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EngineGenerator

36% Electricity

50% Heat

GAS

Engine heat Exchanger

Exhaust Heat

Exchanger

11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses

86%

efficient

Localised generation makes use of waste heat.

Reduces conversion losses significantly

Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP

61% Flue Losses

36%

efficient

UEA’s Combined Heat and Power

3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

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Conversion efficiency improvements

1997/98 electricity gas oil TotalMWh 19895 35148 33

Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699

Electricity Heat1999/2000

Total site

CHP generation

export import boilers CHP oil total

MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission

factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277

CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422

Before installation

After installation

This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

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Conversion efficiency improvements

Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA

Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer

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Conversion Efficiency Improvements

Condenser

Evaporator

Throttle Valve

Heat rejected

Heat extracted for cooling

Normal Chilling

Compressor

High TemperatureHigh PressureLow TemperatureLow Pressure

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Condenser

Evaporator

Throttle Valve

Heat rejected

Heat extracted for cooling

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

Heat from external source

Absorber

Desorber

Heat Exchanger

W ~ 0

Adsorption Chilling

Conversion Efficiency Improvements

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A 1 MW Adsorption chiller

• Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP• Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer• Will reduce electricity demand in summer• Will increase electricity generated locally• Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP PlantUEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing.

• New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe , and 2MWth

• Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant

• Under 7 year payback• Local wood fuel from waste rom waste

wood and local sustainable wood and local sustainable sourcessources

• Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%

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Reduction with biomass

Reducing Carbon Emissions at the University of East Anglia

Reduction with biomass

When completed the biomass station will reduce total emissions by 32% compared to 2006 and 24.5% compared to 1990

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Target Day

Results of the “Big Switch-Off”

With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?

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A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business

4. Renewable Energy

5. Offsetting Green Tariffs

3. Technical Measures

1. Awareness

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Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

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2. Management

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How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like?

UK emissions is equivalent to 5 hot air balloons per person per year.

In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person

On average each person causes emission of CO2 from energy used.

UK ~9 tonnes of CO2 each year.

France ~6.5 tonnes

Germany ~ 10 tonnes

USA ~ 20 tonnes

"Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little."

Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

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Raising Awareness• A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing

machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2.

• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.

• Standby on electrical appliances 60+ kWh a year - 3000 balloons at a cost of over £6 per year

• Filling up with petrol (~£50 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon)

How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour in Northern Japan or UK?

2.6 km

At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai

School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya

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World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management

First cohort January 2008

A partnership between

The Norwich Business School and the 5** school of Environmental Sciences

Sharing the Expertise of the University

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CRedBirmingham

Carbon Reduction

CRedNorth Carolina

Carbon Reduction

CRedJapan?

Carbon Reduction

CRedShanghai

Carbon Reduction

CRedChester

Carbon Reduction

CRedAustralia

Carbon Reduction

Elsewhere

Overseas

In the Future

CRedFylde

Carbon Reduction

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Conclusions• Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more,

but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years.• Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat

recovery is important.• Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating

energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more.• Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of

electricity use in building to get the optimum value. • Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly• Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum

utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally.

• Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings• The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP? Wind Turbines?

Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

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WEBSITE cred-uk.org/This presentation will be available from tomorrow at above WEB Site: follow Academic Links

Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) Energy Science Director

HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

Charlotte Turner

Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia