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1KcJL Clill- 1~11) IfJr1 dJo-~- -k
t()~ ( ~~t Elat ralt~ 1fA- i ~ i ~ ~ 9j- h-J ~ ~1UsUS 4---t-7 ~-L _rtf- p~+ wlJ cAJCA10 kJ 04-lt 1 -Ivc1-
~ -fv~r~ ~ ~amp
l ~c fa 1 EM - (-10(
cf~ 1Ll~ r-U fvci - lV -ll-(jl vac
Exrl~middotk +AL -(vk
bull ~f (4lt+s -r-t pcRl(~) rJf ~ 17 ~ ~ -
+G r E -=t11 ~ 1-V x~)
ebimiddot ( e)flb ea~ ~e( tor l++ ~J ~
It 1 -t~ - ~A iftAZmiddot~ fU-~ J
ltit--~ (i) fAt Q~ ~iJ- by ~lt4 ~ J 7 1- - ~~ J-f- fPls
-t~ shy
- LI f4J7 $ Jtmiddoth iAlAJ
~ - VAYi _1MeA~ Evmiddot fJtmiddoti jIl cL(d f fifo) (tJ c-~ i (umiddotr
~ - 5gt It
B
Increasing
~ Ie +~ ~~cr1 ~ tUJ 1At- L1tshy
CD -~-4v pound fJJl ~-pound c~o-f- ~(l IIV CIt-Ov -tav
ampamp ~vdtl~ lor ~~ -Vo-r ~ f~ middot It ~
ru +- I E - f-ciL L ~~ luol
- l~-
bullbull
u+ - flV~J
~
~ ~
r J IAtt ttlcbull fL ampIIo(ry 0r shy
- 11 0
t~4imiddot~ ru( tI~ 0 VD( ft~ (A lf y
(+r -7 AIl )Kia cL
f - c(t(~ fN -v-f7 1 -t-ltv
- fl f ov ((41t~ ft Ii-virkG
dmiddot4(c - C4I~-4-
fa Vu amp4A FWL~middotV-7 CS08H- lc lOl (l IAI t )
bull bfA J ~ 0 ) -k - 70(1 E-fu i1
(Alt(owf J ir ~ -fU middot _~s--
l 1 hOtMsll1 Ltlv - f I~(-h c
~Q~s ( (7c~ - cRrr- )
3 a ~JL tls4n-I--- cvR LJ --r S
bull J2-~ ltl~e -fG- s~ (-to) - s k (- ) -1 -K Efll
- IlLshy
JLf ~~1)1 L~ - trTfmiddot a~
aIII 0~ A
f(wc 1 ~ Jc--bull- (1- fa) 1-bullbull1shycfksl ~~~ (1 ~ ~
(Llt ifl w- rA- fo A- cpound~ ~o
Ikd~ -0middot rA)
t~-kmiddotj f
o - shy-
-l1 shy
r f
~ I1A-X ~- (tolo =
Eamp~ toro~ pound1 -fP ~7S scJ1 UQ(~~ 1+shy
i)27Jt d1 tr d- 1t ~
1- d L r- c dXL I () c 2-
~
()tshy
KL (lr =- 6)( Er CJ Jx- I J 7 )I I ~ tshy
1 gtlt ~ rvt~vkl rrJ--1 k-jo~i ~ I 10
V V- 1 ) 1 f 10 ~ r_ r~c
oJ sC( v~ ~ lAu11 ~ivamp -Iv ~ 1AJ(J
vJ~ CT~ I 1 SfU tI 4 ( ~j-) I cocRJ1 -fW pound1- i+clf ~~r v~middot~+ LuJ o-L oHv
~ - eL~-) of 1) ( Q Lfvcent olmiddotsMc-u i--
fC (0 middott Ii ~s I r(~-IlaquoJ -fv Efl poundt1 ~~ ~ (11 (tl~s-
t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls
- IUshy
~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------
--lv ~laquo~w I oS flt~ oS rGcJt Lf-r--I-~
~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~
al rh
= ~ ctflv ~r r
y
E I
S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I
0 ~ E ~ G~ fltuc --1- If ( - s-shy ~ ~
( 4VU Qv~ ivc~ev~JL )Ao E -L pound J- (
x
- ~
OV~~~O~ E ~ J1
fampl1 u - r(A~~
z
B
- IZ - E
bull
sr~pound -01 lA vc ~J+ s0 amp- ~fmiddotmiddot- Dr v~~ __ c
ckS lJc y e~CA--I- ~~ (~ ~--~ bull 0
~ lot
~fI A bullbull ~ra (
(to E--pH (~( ~ ~middotsmiddot ~eIw fJn f ~middoti4N)
)
bullbull
- 130shy
AUomiddot(( Ir~ - JId Gh c~ po l ~ fA-gt 4 - (f0tKJ) 0(110pound$ v + 1
1Avf I ~ flu ~4y I
I
-vDN( (~vJl c~ U(ALri (-Rt- Qv A jc~ J_
A~ I ~~y o~~ ~ Voll~lt
A middot c At CVO~S ~v~l A
Iloo2
_ E c-E bull
-f(~~~ I eLvcJ- ( f
i=~ lJ bullfvmiddot ~ ~ ( ~~ f
ftva)1 iltvktl lvvL ~Nt1 (~~~ vJov i-v ~tcgt
~- ~ ~
pound-(vt(f- ~ ampvshyrO(k ~ -c
== C pound0
- r~1 -- shy
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
- LI f4J7 $ Jtmiddoth iAlAJ
~ - VAYi _1MeA~ Evmiddot fJtmiddoti jIl cL(d f fifo) (tJ c-~ i (umiddotr
~ - 5gt It
B
Increasing
~ Ie +~ ~~cr1 ~ tUJ 1At- L1tshy
CD -~-4v pound fJJl ~-pound c~o-f- ~(l IIV CIt-Ov -tav
ampamp ~vdtl~ lor ~~ -Vo-r ~ f~ middot It ~
ru +- I E - f-ciL L ~~ luol
- l~-
bullbull
u+ - flV~J
~
~ ~
r J IAtt ttlcbull fL ampIIo(ry 0r shy
- 11 0
t~4imiddot~ ru( tI~ 0 VD( ft~ (A lf y
(+r -7 AIl )Kia cL
f - c(t(~ fN -v-f7 1 -t-ltv
- fl f ov ((41t~ ft Ii-virkG
dmiddot4(c - C4I~-4-
fa Vu amp4A FWL~middotV-7 CS08H- lc lOl (l IAI t )
bull bfA J ~ 0 ) -k - 70(1 E-fu i1
(Alt(owf J ir ~ -fU middot _~s--
l 1 hOtMsll1 Ltlv - f I~(-h c
~Q~s ( (7c~ - cRrr- )
3 a ~JL tls4n-I--- cvR LJ --r S
bull J2-~ ltl~e -fG- s~ (-to) - s k (- ) -1 -K Efll
- IlLshy
JLf ~~1)1 L~ - trTfmiddot a~
aIII 0~ A
f(wc 1 ~ Jc--bull- (1- fa) 1-bullbull1shycfksl ~~~ (1 ~ ~
(Llt ifl w- rA- fo A- cpound~ ~o
Ikd~ -0middot rA)
t~-kmiddotj f
o - shy-
-l1 shy
r f
~ I1A-X ~- (tolo =
Eamp~ toro~ pound1 -fP ~7S scJ1 UQ(~~ 1+shy
i)27Jt d1 tr d- 1t ~
1- d L r- c dXL I () c 2-
~
()tshy
KL (lr =- 6)( Er CJ Jx- I J 7 )I I ~ tshy
1 gtlt ~ rvt~vkl rrJ--1 k-jo~i ~ I 10
V V- 1 ) 1 f 10 ~ r_ r~c
oJ sC( v~ ~ lAu11 ~ivamp -Iv ~ 1AJ(J
vJ~ CT~ I 1 SfU tI 4 ( ~j-) I cocRJ1 -fW pound1- i+clf ~~r v~middot~+ LuJ o-L oHv
~ - eL~-) of 1) ( Q Lfvcent olmiddotsMc-u i--
fC (0 middott Ii ~s I r(~-IlaquoJ -fv Efl poundt1 ~~ ~ (11 (tl~s-
t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls
- IUshy
~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------
--lv ~laquo~w I oS flt~ oS rGcJt Lf-r--I-~
~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~
al rh
= ~ ctflv ~r r
y
E I
S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I
0 ~ E ~ G~ fltuc --1- If ( - s-shy ~ ~
( 4VU Qv~ ivc~ev~JL )Ao E -L pound J- (
x
- ~
OV~~~O~ E ~ J1
fampl1 u - r(A~~
z
B
- IZ - E
bull
sr~pound -01 lA vc ~J+ s0 amp- ~fmiddotmiddot- Dr v~~ __ c
ckS lJc y e~CA--I- ~~ (~ ~--~ bull 0
~ lot
~fI A bullbull ~ra (
(to E--pH (~( ~ ~middotsmiddot ~eIw fJn f ~middoti4N)
)
bullbull
- 130shy
AUomiddot(( Ir~ - JId Gh c~ po l ~ fA-gt 4 - (f0tKJ) 0(110pound$ v + 1
1Avf I ~ flu ~4y I
I
-vDN( (~vJl c~ U(ALri (-Rt- Qv A jc~ J_
A~ I ~~y o~~ ~ Voll~lt
A middot c At CVO~S ~v~l A
Iloo2
_ E c-E bull
-f(~~~ I eLvcJ- ( f
i=~ lJ bullfvmiddot ~ ~ ( ~~ f
ftva)1 iltvktl lvvL ~Nt1 (~~~ vJov i-v ~tcgt
~- ~ ~
pound-(vt(f- ~ ampvshyrO(k ~ -c
== C pound0
- r~1 -- shy
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
bullbull
u+ - flV~J
~
~ ~
r J IAtt ttlcbull fL ampIIo(ry 0r shy
- 11 0
t~4imiddot~ ru( tI~ 0 VD( ft~ (A lf y
(+r -7 AIl )Kia cL
f - c(t(~ fN -v-f7 1 -t-ltv
- fl f ov ((41t~ ft Ii-virkG
dmiddot4(c - C4I~-4-
fa Vu amp4A FWL~middotV-7 CS08H- lc lOl (l IAI t )
bull bfA J ~ 0 ) -k - 70(1 E-fu i1
(Alt(owf J ir ~ -fU middot _~s--
l 1 hOtMsll1 Ltlv - f I~(-h c
~Q~s ( (7c~ - cRrr- )
3 a ~JL tls4n-I--- cvR LJ --r S
bull J2-~ ltl~e -fG- s~ (-to) - s k (- ) -1 -K Efll
- IlLshy
JLf ~~1)1 L~ - trTfmiddot a~
aIII 0~ A
f(wc 1 ~ Jc--bull- (1- fa) 1-bullbull1shycfksl ~~~ (1 ~ ~
(Llt ifl w- rA- fo A- cpound~ ~o
Ikd~ -0middot rA)
t~-kmiddotj f
o - shy-
-l1 shy
r f
~ I1A-X ~- (tolo =
Eamp~ toro~ pound1 -fP ~7S scJ1 UQ(~~ 1+shy
i)27Jt d1 tr d- 1t ~
1- d L r- c dXL I () c 2-
~
()tshy
KL (lr =- 6)( Er CJ Jx- I J 7 )I I ~ tshy
1 gtlt ~ rvt~vkl rrJ--1 k-jo~i ~ I 10
V V- 1 ) 1 f 10 ~ r_ r~c
oJ sC( v~ ~ lAu11 ~ivamp -Iv ~ 1AJ(J
vJ~ CT~ I 1 SfU tI 4 ( ~j-) I cocRJ1 -fW pound1- i+clf ~~r v~middot~+ LuJ o-L oHv
~ - eL~-) of 1) ( Q Lfvcent olmiddotsMc-u i--
fC (0 middott Ii ~s I r(~-IlaquoJ -fv Efl poundt1 ~~ ~ (11 (tl~s-
t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls
- IUshy
~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------
--lv ~laquo~w I oS flt~ oS rGcJt Lf-r--I-~
~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~
al rh
= ~ ctflv ~r r
y
E I
S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I
0 ~ E ~ G~ fltuc --1- If ( - s-shy ~ ~
( 4VU Qv~ ivc~ev~JL )Ao E -L pound J- (
x
- ~
OV~~~O~ E ~ J1
fampl1 u - r(A~~
z
B
- IZ - E
bull
sr~pound -01 lA vc ~J+ s0 amp- ~fmiddotmiddot- Dr v~~ __ c
ckS lJc y e~CA--I- ~~ (~ ~--~ bull 0
~ lot
~fI A bullbull ~ra (
(to E--pH (~( ~ ~middotsmiddot ~eIw fJn f ~middoti4N)
)
bullbull
- 130shy
AUomiddot(( Ir~ - JId Gh c~ po l ~ fA-gt 4 - (f0tKJ) 0(110pound$ v + 1
1Avf I ~ flu ~4y I
I
-vDN( (~vJl c~ U(ALri (-Rt- Qv A jc~ J_
A~ I ~~y o~~ ~ Voll~lt
A middot c At CVO~S ~v~l A
Iloo2
_ E c-E bull
-f(~~~ I eLvcJ- ( f
i=~ lJ bullfvmiddot ~ ~ ( ~~ f
ftva)1 iltvktl lvvL ~Nt1 (~~~ vJov i-v ~tcgt
~- ~ ~
pound-(vt(f- ~ ampvshyrO(k ~ -c
== C pound0
- r~1 -- shy
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
l 1 hOtMsll1 Ltlv - f I~(-h c
~Q~s ( (7c~ - cRrr- )
3 a ~JL tls4n-I--- cvR LJ --r S
bull J2-~ ltl~e -fG- s~ (-to) - s k (- ) -1 -K Efll
- IlLshy
JLf ~~1)1 L~ - trTfmiddot a~
aIII 0~ A
f(wc 1 ~ Jc--bull- (1- fa) 1-bullbull1shycfksl ~~~ (1 ~ ~
(Llt ifl w- rA- fo A- cpound~ ~o
Ikd~ -0middot rA)
t~-kmiddotj f
o - shy-
-l1 shy
r f
~ I1A-X ~- (tolo =
Eamp~ toro~ pound1 -fP ~7S scJ1 UQ(~~ 1+shy
i)27Jt d1 tr d- 1t ~
1- d L r- c dXL I () c 2-
~
()tshy
KL (lr =- 6)( Er CJ Jx- I J 7 )I I ~ tshy
1 gtlt ~ rvt~vkl rrJ--1 k-jo~i ~ I 10
V V- 1 ) 1 f 10 ~ r_ r~c
oJ sC( v~ ~ lAu11 ~ivamp -Iv ~ 1AJ(J
vJ~ CT~ I 1 SfU tI 4 ( ~j-) I cocRJ1 -fW pound1- i+clf ~~r v~middot~+ LuJ o-L oHv
~ - eL~-) of 1) ( Q Lfvcent olmiddotsMc-u i--
fC (0 middott Ii ~s I r(~-IlaquoJ -fv Efl poundt1 ~~ ~ (11 (tl~s-
t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls
- IUshy
~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------
--lv ~laquo~w I oS flt~ oS rGcJt Lf-r--I-~
~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~
al rh
= ~ ctflv ~r r
y
E I
S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I
0 ~ E ~ G~ fltuc --1- If ( - s-shy ~ ~
( 4VU Qv~ ivc~ev~JL )Ao E -L pound J- (
x
- ~
OV~~~O~ E ~ J1
fampl1 u - r(A~~
z
B
- IZ - E
bull
sr~pound -01 lA vc ~J+ s0 amp- ~fmiddotmiddot- Dr v~~ __ c
ckS lJc y e~CA--I- ~~ (~ ~--~ bull 0
~ lot
~fI A bullbull ~ra (
(to E--pH (~( ~ ~middotsmiddot ~eIw fJn f ~middoti4N)
)
bullbull
- 130shy
AUomiddot(( Ir~ - JId Gh c~ po l ~ fA-gt 4 - (f0tKJ) 0(110pound$ v + 1
1Avf I ~ flu ~4y I
I
-vDN( (~vJl c~ U(ALri (-Rt- Qv A jc~ J_
A~ I ~~y o~~ ~ Voll~lt
A middot c At CVO~S ~v~l A
Iloo2
_ E c-E bull
-f(~~~ I eLvcJ- ( f
i=~ lJ bullfvmiddot ~ ~ ( ~~ f
ftva)1 iltvktl lvvL ~Nt1 (~~~ vJov i-v ~tcgt
~- ~ ~
pound-(vt(f- ~ ampvshyrO(k ~ -c
== C pound0
- r~1 -- shy
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
JLf ~~1)1 L~ - trTfmiddot a~
aIII 0~ A
f(wc 1 ~ Jc--bull- (1- fa) 1-bullbull1shycfksl ~~~ (1 ~ ~
(Llt ifl w- rA- fo A- cpound~ ~o
Ikd~ -0middot rA)
t~-kmiddotj f
o - shy-
-l1 shy
r f
~ I1A-X ~- (tolo =
Eamp~ toro~ pound1 -fP ~7S scJ1 UQ(~~ 1+shy
i)27Jt d1 tr d- 1t ~
1- d L r- c dXL I () c 2-
~
()tshy
KL (lr =- 6)( Er CJ Jx- I J 7 )I I ~ tshy
1 gtlt ~ rvt~vkl rrJ--1 k-jo~i ~ I 10
V V- 1 ) 1 f 10 ~ r_ r~c
oJ sC( v~ ~ lAu11 ~ivamp -Iv ~ 1AJ(J
vJ~ CT~ I 1 SfU tI 4 ( ~j-) I cocRJ1 -fW pound1- i+clf ~~r v~middot~+ LuJ o-L oHv
~ - eL~-) of 1) ( Q Lfvcent olmiddotsMc-u i--
fC (0 middott Ii ~s I r(~-IlaquoJ -fv Efl poundt1 ~~ ~ (11 (tl~s-
t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls
- IUshy
~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------
--lv ~laquo~w I oS flt~ oS rGcJt Lf-r--I-~
~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~
al rh
= ~ ctflv ~r r
y
E I
S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I
0 ~ E ~ G~ fltuc --1- If ( - s-shy ~ ~
( 4VU Qv~ ivc~ev~JL )Ao E -L pound J- (
x
- ~
OV~~~O~ E ~ J1
fampl1 u - r(A~~
z
B
- IZ - E
bull
sr~pound -01 lA vc ~J+ s0 amp- ~fmiddotmiddot- Dr v~~ __ c
ckS lJc y e~CA--I- ~~ (~ ~--~ bull 0
~ lot
~fI A bullbull ~ra (
(to E--pH (~( ~ ~middotsmiddot ~eIw fJn f ~middoti4N)
)
bullbull
- 130shy
AUomiddot(( Ir~ - JId Gh c~ po l ~ fA-gt 4 - (f0tKJ) 0(110pound$ v + 1
1Avf I ~ flu ~4y I
I
-vDN( (~vJl c~ U(ALri (-Rt- Qv A jc~ J_
A~ I ~~y o~~ ~ Voll~lt
A middot c At CVO~S ~v~l A
Iloo2
_ E c-E bull
-f(~~~ I eLvcJ- ( f
i=~ lJ bullfvmiddot ~ ~ ( ~~ f
ftva)1 iltvktl lvvL ~Nt1 (~~~ vJov i-v ~tcgt
~- ~ ~
pound-(vt(f- ~ ampvshyrO(k ~ -c
== C pound0
- r~1 -- shy
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
r f
~ I1A-X ~- (tolo =
Eamp~ toro~ pound1 -fP ~7S scJ1 UQ(~~ 1+shy
i)27Jt d1 tr d- 1t ~
1- d L r- c dXL I () c 2-
~
()tshy
KL (lr =- 6)( Er CJ Jx- I J 7 )I I ~ tshy
1 gtlt ~ rvt~vkl rrJ--1 k-jo~i ~ I 10
V V- 1 ) 1 f 10 ~ r_ r~c
oJ sC( v~ ~ lAu11 ~ivamp -Iv ~ 1AJ(J
vJ~ CT~ I 1 SfU tI 4 ( ~j-) I cocRJ1 -fW pound1- i+clf ~~r v~middot~+ LuJ o-L oHv
~ - eL~-) of 1) ( Q Lfvcent olmiddotsMc-u i--
fC (0 middott Ii ~s I r(~-IlaquoJ -fv Efl poundt1 ~~ ~ (11 (tl~s-
t ~o~ of ~ IA~W -Io~Ls
- IUshy
~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------
--lv ~laquo~w I oS flt~ oS rGcJt Lf-r--I-~
~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~
al rh
= ~ ctflv ~r r
y
E I
S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I
0 ~ E ~ G~ fltuc --1- If ( - s-shy ~ ~
( 4VU Qv~ ivc~ev~JL )Ao E -L pound J- (
x
- ~
OV~~~O~ E ~ J1
fampl1 u - r(A~~
z
B
- IZ - E
bull
sr~pound -01 lA vc ~J+ s0 amp- ~fmiddotmiddot- Dr v~~ __ c
ckS lJc y e~CA--I- ~~ (~ ~--~ bull 0
~ lot
~fI A bullbull ~ra (
(to E--pH (~( ~ ~middotsmiddot ~eIw fJn f ~middoti4N)
)
bullbull
- 130shy
AUomiddot(( Ir~ - JId Gh c~ po l ~ fA-gt 4 - (f0tKJ) 0(110pound$ v + 1
1Avf I ~ flu ~4y I
I
-vDN( (~vJl c~ U(ALri (-Rt- Qv A jc~ J_
A~ I ~~y o~~ ~ Voll~lt
A middot c At CVO~S ~v~l A
Iloo2
_ E c-E bull
-f(~~~ I eLvcJ- ( f
i=~ lJ bullfvmiddot ~ ~ ( ~~ f
ftva)1 iltvktl lvvL ~Nt1 (~~~ vJov i-v ~tcgt
~- ~ ~
pound-(vt(f- ~ ampvshyrO(k ~ -c
== C pound0
- r~1 -- shy
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
~l (v~ lJoVc-So ~--------
--lv ~laquo~w I oS flt~ oS rGcJt Lf-r--I-~
~(~ ~amp tA~~ -tv~~vtv- olO4( ~ ~ ~JtlJ- shy(~ ~--~
al rh
= ~ ctflv ~r r
y
E I
S(t~ ~-c - oIy~~ cJ-- (c) ) -fcl~ bull I
0 ~ E ~ G~ fltuc --1- If ( - s-shy ~ ~
( 4VU Qv~ ivc~ev~JL )Ao E -L pound J- (
x
- ~
OV~~~O~ E ~ J1
fampl1 u - r(A~~
z
B
- IZ - E
bull
sr~pound -01 lA vc ~J+ s0 amp- ~fmiddotmiddot- Dr v~~ __ c
ckS lJc y e~CA--I- ~~ (~ ~--~ bull 0
~ lot
~fI A bullbull ~ra (
(to E--pH (~( ~ ~middotsmiddot ~eIw fJn f ~middoti4N)
)
bullbull
- 130shy
AUomiddot(( Ir~ - JId Gh c~ po l ~ fA-gt 4 - (f0tKJ) 0(110pound$ v + 1
1Avf I ~ flu ~4y I
I
-vDN( (~vJl c~ U(ALri (-Rt- Qv A jc~ J_
A~ I ~~y o~~ ~ Voll~lt
A middot c At CVO~S ~v~l A
Iloo2
_ E c-E bull
-f(~~~ I eLvcJ- ( f
i=~ lJ bullfvmiddot ~ ~ ( ~~ f
ftva)1 iltvktl lvvL ~Nt1 (~~~ vJov i-v ~tcgt
~- ~ ~
pound-(vt(f- ~ ampvshyrO(k ~ -c
== C pound0
- r~1 -- shy
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
bull
sr~pound -01 lA vc ~J+ s0 amp- ~fmiddotmiddot- Dr v~~ __ c
ckS lJc y e~CA--I- ~~ (~ ~--~ bull 0
~ lot
~fI A bullbull ~ra (
(to E--pH (~( ~ ~middotsmiddot ~eIw fJn f ~middoti4N)
)
bullbull
- 130shy
AUomiddot(( Ir~ - JId Gh c~ po l ~ fA-gt 4 - (f0tKJ) 0(110pound$ v + 1
1Avf I ~ flu ~4y I
I
-vDN( (~vJl c~ U(ALri (-Rt- Qv A jc~ J_
A~ I ~~y o~~ ~ Voll~lt
A middot c At CVO~S ~v~l A
Iloo2
_ E c-E bull
-f(~~~ I eLvcJ- ( f
i=~ lJ bullfvmiddot ~ ~ ( ~~ f
ftva)1 iltvktl lvvL ~Nt1 (~~~ vJov i-v ~tcgt
~- ~ ~
pound-(vt(f- ~ ampvshyrO(k ~ -c
== C pound0
- r~1 -- shy
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
AUomiddot(( Ir~ - JId Gh c~ po l ~ fA-gt 4 - (f0tKJ) 0(110pound$ v + 1
1Avf I ~ flu ~4y I
I
-vDN( (~vJl c~ U(ALri (-Rt- Qv A jc~ J_
A~ I ~~y o~~ ~ Voll~lt
A middot c At CVO~S ~v~l A
Iloo2
_ E c-E bull
-f(~~~ I eLvcJ- ( f
i=~ lJ bullfvmiddot ~ ~ ( ~~ f
ftva)1 iltvktl lvvL ~Nt1 (~~~ vJov i-v ~tcgt
~- ~ ~
pound-(vt(f- ~ ampvshyrO(k ~ -c
== C pound0
- r~1 -- shy
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
13(-l )
bull
c o
L
c c pound L - - ~ 2 fA
-I -~ vk vf ~G~
~[JJ middot ~ If(i ILt r(v-- f VOflgt~ ~t r~)t~lt o- sv- ~4 to(tA
bJc ~~d-s fct J s~ H~J -fL~( ~lt- ovt(l (0_-4shy
tAlvllT fo-- sCl- ftt4K WcJ( hkr(t4middot( ~1 ~ +l- E 11
o -+-- 04- fl+ 114 l~ ~cktwcv( -tllto V7 ltJ 0 ~ 0rfu kv( 7 P1( tj -R- 8) rL l7
r =shy r -
- Ill -
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
s4lt 11 d JOpoundt v~-1laquo- rlttJmiddotU lt tlaquo~V- 0
bull(middot-tJ IS roll~ ~8J middot J J
shy
-E~t I-~+r ~f 1(f~ Id Ll O-~JJt havll )S
o-l-o fLL L -= I Yco ~ z
NI fr x ( Ai L (pv ampgtk 4~r ( 0110 l4+~rL-c fWlltufllamp)
tt -fc( 0 ~4~ 10 -10 ~
-fL(o
it ~ Atshyd-e -
61 ~ ~ Fv ( L Ai- A ) ftE~O~60+V-
Etf-Ir-~middott-~middoto- (LV _( ~o~ 1-v iv~~-ktl +0 ()Lt4 v~l MI(
Jw~ A ~~ ~ lM( ik~V1 Lt- )
- ~l-
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
Uow 0 1~lJ laquoV( g--l~~ 2 poundmiddotplotshy
110- ~w 1M-citgt w )ScIII fJ clfA IltA rM
CJ ciK f OIoA f Iv 0 v J (OJpound l(lt4-0 y d so~v tf) Ale 0 wampe lMJJ ltgtI
pOl-kf ~J 1 u~~k~ ~~~ cA~ [ ~ Co t tltjd -9J1 rL~ vx-ckt V~-l ~(-+ltc
ol(~ ~ tltrrr7 V iOVJ k-lv-lt- cRt~ (lrCampk 1-kv -hmiddotJ d(-l~- fmiddottRJ ((ult J asSOcmiddotmiddotd
fv~ ~~ ~ ampMAfMtl-middotmiddotc rf~) kd v_ (j i )
Olc[lt+d d(t-- Lt~ Sr~-
E Iltc+n ~ fcIJ f- V bvlt-~ rJmiddotft - --v_ ~d7
II r~tr~ rl4 -c
~r+clsJ( ~ L fof( )
~ ~~1 ocLmiddotcw~( -
d-lr-k-- or Jt1fo 3L H(H4--l-middot u ~ limiddot1r - (~ (rdo
k f ~tJ frJ~ ()v y~ f40-h (Jfmiddot ~f tr rkf) middot
- l14- shy
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
I I
I f
Il IJ JI J I 1 ~II
I I I I I j
(a)
(b)
- ) lMmiddottA _
tel
- fl~-
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
X 7~Jt (~~ ) J)~~e-~-- )( Lamp((
En fiL ) 1tiW- - ~middotJI( wJf--
If- 1 ~u c-t rI(d ~ 1--f ----fl
u = ~yrlfo [8) 1 r~ ~
ta = ~~ )oS 4gt~t
I f- pmiddotlt-L ~4 J AlA i r-middotJ of ~~ ~v ~l~ (sl1 A [keav ~4gt bott- r ~ = ~ ~ I c ~
o-J ~ ~O~ evri- ( sr~) 0( 1- ir middot I It I~U fO lSlt5 I n 01 -f 4gt c~
L rJo~ rmiddottA ((C-J d-fmiddotf ~JaI
o ov l- = pound4-~ - Nmiddot ltv [vu= lt1+ ~ 1 Jc_
IJ~JJ~~ 1 ~~ Alit 1J~-l Wo ff)(
Iv rloi ttu lC
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
3) rv(1S~ l(f = 701amp 1r~~ IAA 0 --Iv
~ ~lttc AJmiddot ~ - ~~7- - - -fmiddotA c
Lrp ~-- a- JA--I 1~ f middotc4 tlJL -fo rf-- (middot(IdV- 1 cfo_ ~ flt~e~) t bull _d(s~ ~~ ~4l 1 tLw- cfo~
cpilA1- ~J ) 1 ~C L ~ 0 -Iv 0 V~cL_
~-~ 7~J o~ AlAi I ~
~~7 f01~V ~~ 1 Q~ I ~~17 k~J p ~cL~ ~ ~
~v~J J1 ~~4b 1 Jfltef-- IA--~ 1 kfJ f $ 1 tr i oJ~v ~ 0 A- 11- 7 t(AJiJ W-s
I ~ o-fv cLt- cLw _ ~~ of- ~bull+
i $M 0-t-h~ eo rJJ -10 A--ra
dr- -4- ltgt ~ 01 -sect t~ -JbullI f(--h bull 47
L l- r-($ Autd 40 ~J- ( rlb alobf~ gt Ift) 1 10 tL-v~ o ~amp fv Alt-Ird()
ivJ ~ it Mltcbull+t 1 k~S pound01 ~middotl~c-middot ~kl
f1oc J J 11- ~ s( bullct ~ J-- ~ l 01 bull L -1 X 4t~
sftampmiddotf- Wlt-amp - ~w( ewuampd Me --Ie ~do (s )
- tlshy
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
occrrmiddotd ~r -I~ 4 fA ~( ~~k ~ Mc~~J o-L ~~ tlf rttltce1 Co
I
-~1 ~~ - Jk k - ~~ -h -Lshy U ~ _ _ ()
Lj fbulllw I 0 - 10 ~c(O bullbullbullLL t ~middott
I e 1_ f I~U_ OV lo~~t ~ 1~~
~fA)fAd~ ( +w ~-0 ~middotl~r
occvs (~ 4-+v - jt- b~ 1--4~( ~hI
of ~ 11- a-- t-tampd -f-L Vf
~(J1S fr~ ~ tI~ )~ i e ~ tt l-kL r J1~ (lc cJR d( wtI ( ~ 4shy
t-vra rJ-1OvtJ o~ -~( t 4+1~t Jt l middot AI()vfO ~ f u ~~
lt) f =nv
I
~t~~~ g r
~~t~~~lt1_i~4i~ -
(a) The ground state aboullo (b) Excitation of Ie) De-excitalloo with Id) Ground swe _10-8
receive a blasl of energy the ground swe emission of a photon seconds IaIer
-I3 shy
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
(ltw ~~to tult) _~~f1
decp (ov cck)
1~l1r c - Vo ( tcJ u oS (0 0 u(Q 107 ~~~~ wQ-lt-4~ (10 -R - to- ttt ~ -tgt- )
4blOvr-k)- Ov-l ~tr ~-
st of t- --gt
~middotuo pound(+vIc bull)
~l
of ~o (rls
(t~ bVA[t-v---4f_~-t---L-Y_Io~---- (L of o-o __t)
Jgtv~ tI-~r-~ ~t 19U (W~L - ro1O-) +(GJ ~ ~i~~ -fi(D1 iCA INLJ d-k---o otlaquo )~
~j rvfmiddotJ vo$lu -oS) 11 ~poundJ ~A ltIltt fF I ~v (Jyen~middotfllt-- w vClt (A -L - -L) tOvVvfc( i J
lIoC1C)(~ TsL~ C(Q~L ) I 1 1 ift f-V f~
7 avO-f(L ~AV t 0 Q 0--I- 0rJ--rlot ofjr oec~ o-J f fAd lICtmiddotvh(
I~lt(L~
- rl shy
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
)~O(Mc-- i z == i
f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
c __ -ut -o ofttv (LV~middotJc 1V~1- ~fcmiddotkshy
SQ~ rPt~JUl- ~ 0 - ~+ I =y 22Qlk ~4vo~ llLJ
~(~ () -It JQ~ Oootw amp ~ evJd rr~k-l
( lJx Jbull___ r~cmiddotek ) f--middot $ ) L4-01 - Altlo)+J (pc
j(~ pound1 rf~ j~ 1 lr 1~-4r x
k-Lv ~ rl-s z~ o t Jr4- to c-w( 14J~v [tp )
Stvu of ~vrJJ 1fJ ~middotk i a~JL u-~-v hJ (0 0laquo jL I s 1 41 -io of( ~ LIc-~middotw JuuQ fmiddotQLmiddot i p(O-l~ I lA- -lt--~ cr-tv- c41crh- () II k - I CW( rlt-k f Vwl
l8~ ~fjmiddotrs-J ~ ~J ik f 1ft c-middotk
~ ~c-t~
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
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f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
ex 4 CI o (Afr l-k I ~~ (1--) r~- i (fr tLtv-h-iM f ~tf - 0-61
r((-l--middot~ I s f co~veto w~ +v_ r~middotimiddot
1l~o~ (r~ of l~lt) -I-L Ii Ltv Lt
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f rs-kl jk~l +-ltvfc-shy I
~ -4vc-tf-v CMo~~tv--
f-rtfmiddotjv J- j~ +t~f k-+ ~ 4A1~~middot-u-lmiddot
~ fx lot-r0cUI- w~+ L
r~vcc-~middot_ rGLU middot
Fx c
fl fIt J f r-jv r Co (
~ amp oS s - _~ I J A Co A v
~ =Jv =
- -1+1 shy
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
Ill In
I Photon Photon
Frequency Wavelength encrar CfICIIY MICROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL (Hz) (m) (eV) (J) SOURCE DETECTION GENERATION
Atomic GeiiCr
IO- IJ nuclei Acceleratorsand scintillation
MV~ counters Inner X-rayIonization
electrons tubes10- 10 chamber
tnm
IA 10- 9
Inner and outer
IkV~OO Photoelcctric Synchrotrons
Photomultiplierelectrons10 Lasers
~-1t Src~ ~ wVCI(~fLl 1middot Aft 0tA bullbull _2_0_~_--1~----ltr- +A
l-jL -~ ~ - oJ k - Iflr 1 J lewshyf1tou Vdllt lfJ ( 04 -01l~
Lu- rLf - JJC~ 0111 toemiddotkw
~ltLt(o~
c __ -l
uv It JIJ -A0 -
1 1
I THz jl012
tern--
IGHz ~IO~ i 1m
-
I MHz ~106 1km
-I kHz-ilOl to~
10- 2
21 cm H line 100
102
oj
Molecular Bolometer10- vibrations and Thermopile Hot bodies
rotations Magnetron
Electron spin Klystron Nuclear spin Travellinll-Wavc
10-6 Crystal tube
Elcctronic Electronic circuits circuits
10- 11
AC generator
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
I 1JO 6IIC (I pound ~ ~ t S It )
bull f~ ll 17 o1cJlcJo CfMk l fv~ rJlcjttJ
by If~ (1Ill) d f-l ~l I aottJ r~~ 4~~ I f fr I -tl-LJ ccIIU o ~ hf~tR j
bull olaquo~ FtrU t ~ ~ ~ L S 0 (3000 b)L
bull ~~L f~cy J LoL f TV _J L-i c-l~~
bull oJ I I1H~ f-tf tor fmiddot-t ~JT 4A 0- ~v 3cv -- f ~~~- ~fl
z 1lt0 wctV( S (I A I 30 c-) ~ r~~k 1JA~)1 -I--tnr~) +lc~ IA~ t
u~-- ~ (C~- ~K sr--c - cLcI l
middot ud~ ltJ~ ho-+ 21 c (llfU1 11111) c _~
~ ~tmiddot fmiddot T (4 014- J(4lJQ ) ~ CO4tC- av-- ClLJ(~q- or ~ t 0 ~((~l ~
~ 12 2 ~ ( 2 4-S If~) ~ ~o4middotJ ~~~~ Df CMo(t~
bull -fttrL~ ~ (~bull~ lkimiddoto- Tv r qf~
~tlfA ) ~ Lf4 o 1 tc~l ~ A If (TV middotJ6~c
d ) bull -Iv~imiddoto Lc~~t c~ ~~- I(4Ifll dE- 4Irx o-rLV
M ~ ~ ~ 2(~ 111 )( i H (1o0J f C~1- c(oJ
vLmiddotJ~ -dale1 f-y 0( - ~)
-14-~
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
(ll( -I amp1) ~ 04IN
d~ccJ amp-cI d l lt(~~s ~
J-r-sMS
bull ~V~ loorLmiddotcJ ( ) 3000 ~- ftlt ~ ~I(
tJcf~l~ J 10 000 If~ )
vbvc~middot~L ~~__ CO retSofbull ( s ~ C-~l ~~~
DJ--r Ir Lu +Uu)
( ~ k~ ~ A ~ 7O 14- )
bull pound11 - J~_ f- v~~ t~ 4 e-fs bull ks ~ vs~ ishy
(1O fA~ 400 )
bull Jl - 100 VI
bull EI1-~-fc fmiddot- aL 7~ ~u do A-kl middot - r- J~~s I~~Y i~t~ LovJ L~
bull ()v t~u fa J ~kl orramp( ~~-OI~tl-I-~l middot vv 1llA trmiddotK c20 I(Us 10Cv 0O t s
CfII shy
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A
- 1 _ bull )( bull gtsa - ( 10 ~ gt 0 ~~
bull 100 bull1 - 0 2 ~V (kcovcJ t 12~~fto I (8is)
bull pL~ f7 (~cA-- c- ~A-t +L ~H--cv ~( of 0 --h~c
bull r-~LJ ~7 tJulo-I L~L -~ ct-dl r-w~l middot f~ ) -tl ~ LJr- It- J JtJ b 14~
7 _ ~l ((0- f x f 10_II )
bull oJ-1o fCI LV
bull slAl4- ) I ~iLcl ~ ~ pound11 tC-O_
avamp bull --l~s ~ a fo~
bull ~Jt - (It- Iotlr ~cl4d It Iof rJs e cI
tk~ ~~ sLetll- A