C++ 笔记（草稿） - math.ecnu.edu.cnmath.ecnu.edu.cn/~jypan/Teaching/Cpp/Cpp_Ref_jypan.pdf · 4.6 预编译处理与 ... ③ 常见的 C++ 编译器：Visual C++， GNU ... ④

i

C++ ([email protected])

C++............................................................................................................ 1 2.1 C++.............................................................................................................. 1 2.2 C++.............................................................................................................. 2 2.3 C++ ...................................................................................................... 4

............................................................................................................... 5 3.1 ................................................................................................. 5 3.2 ..................................................................................................................... 5 3.3 ..................................................................................................................... 6

........................................................................................................................... 8 4.1 ......................................................................................... 8 4.2 ..................................................................................................... 8 4.3 ................................................................................................. 8 4.4 ............................................................................. 9 4.5 ............................................................................................................. 9 4.6 ....................................................................................... 10

......................................................................................................................... 12 5.1 ................................................................................................................... 12 5.2 .................................................................................................................. 12 5.3 ................................................................................................... 12

................................................................................................. 13 6.1 ................................................................................................... 13 6.2 ....................................................................................................... 14 6.3 ....................................................................................................... 14 6.4 ............................................................................................................... 14 6.5 ............................................................................................................... 14 6.6 ................................................................................................... 15 6.7 ............................................................................................... 16

......................................................................................................... 17 7.1 I/O ........................................................................................................................ 17 7.2 C ........................................................................................... 17 7.3 C ...................................................................................................... 18

................................................................................................. 19 8.1 ................................................................................................................... 19 8.2 ................................................................................................................... 19 8.3 ................................................................................................................... 19 8.4 ................................................................................................................... 19 8.5 ................................................................................................................... 20

I ............................................................................... 21 9.1 ........................................................................................................... 21

ii

9.2 ............................................................................................... 22 9.3 ................................................................................................................... 23 9.4 ....................................................................................................... 23 9.5 UML ...................................................................................................... 24

II .............................................................................. 25 10.1 ......................................................................................................... 25 10.2 ................................................................................................................. 25 10.3 ................................................................................................................. 25 10.4 ..................................................................................................... 26 10.5 ............................................................................................. 27 10.6 vector ....................................................................................................... 27 10.7 string .................................................................................................... 27

......................................................................................................... 28 11.1 ............................................................................................. 28 11.2 ............................................................................................. 28 11.3 ............................................................................. 28 11.4 ......................................................................... 29 11.5 ................................................................................................. 29 11.6 ................................................................................................................. 29

......................................................................................................... 30 12.1 ............................................................................................................. 30 12.2 ......................................................................................................... 30 12.3 ............................................................................................. 31 12.4 ..................................................................................... 32 12.5 ......................................................................................................... 32 12.6 ..................................................................................................................... 32 12.7 ......................................................................................................................... 33

..................................................................................... 34 13.1 ............................................................................................................. 34 13.2 ......................................................................................... 34 13.3 ................................................................................................. 35 13.4 ..................................................................... 35 13.5 > .................................................................. 36

..................................................................................................................... 37

1

C++ 2.1 C++ C++

C++ C C 1980 Bjarne Stroustrup 1983 C++1989 C++ 1994 ANSI C++ 1998 ISO C++98 2011 8 C++11

http://isocpp.org/std/status

C++ C++ main main main

C++ ;} // /* */

{ } TAB

C++ Visual C++ GNU C++ Intel C++ IDE ()Visual StudioDev C++Code::Blocks

2

2.2 C++ C++

52 0 9 10 + - * / = ! # % ^ & ( ) [ ] { } _ ~ < > \ ' " : ; . , ?

C++ http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/keyword

C++ C++ 32

C++( ){ } C++

// /* */

C++ charbool int, short, long, unsigned int, unsigned short, unsigned long float, double, long double / C++

C++

/ char short int /

C++ C

ASCII ASCII

C++

3

;

C++ l L u U f F l L long double true false

C++ const =;

typedef enum enum {}; 0, 1, 2, ... enum weekday {sun=7,mon=1,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat}

C++ +-*/%++ ()-- () =+=-=*=/=%= &=|=^=>>=

4

C++

= ++, -- ++-- C/C++ +=-=*=/=%=

C++ 1 2 1 2 2

sizeof() sizeof() cmath : #include

abs(x) sqrt(x) exp(x) power(x,y) xy log(x) ln log10(x) ceil, floor, round, trunk sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh, acosh, atanh

2.3 C++ C++/cin cout \n \t \\ \ \ >>

5

3.1 >=

6

case n: default: }

case case break case case { }

3.3 whiledo while for while

while() { }

(1) (2) ; (3)

do { } while();

(1) (2) ;

while for

for(; 1; 2) { }

(1) (2) 1 (3) 2

1 2 1 2 2 1 while

7

for for(; ; ) { }

break // continue // goto //

breakcontinue goto if

8

4.1 C++ main

// { }

void return return

, , ... ...

/

4.2

()

&

4.3

inline

9

switch

4.4

4.5 C++

for for

extern ;

::

namespace

10

C++ namespace { }

using std

0

4.6

#include // #include "" //

#if

// #endif

#if

// #else

// #endif

#if 1

// 1

11

#elif 2 // 2

#elif 3 // 3

... ... #else

// #endif

#ifdef

// #define #else

// #endif

#ifndef

// #else

// #endif

/

extern extern ;

extern extern ;

C++ http://www. cppreference.com

C++

12

5.1

[n] // n

n

[k] // k 0 n-1

0

5.2

[m][n] // m x n

[i][j] //

C++

[n1][n2][n3]

5.3

13

6.1

*

& *

(1) 0NULL 0/NULL (2) (3)

void void *

void void void

const *

const const const

* const

const * const

k

k 0

14

6.2

a[0] *(a+1) int * pa=a; *pa

a a&a[0] a+i a[i]a[i]*(a+i) pa a *(pa+i) pa[i] pa++ ++pa a++ a[i] pa[i] *(pa+i) *(a+i)

* [n]

6.3 C++ A AA[0]

(1) A[0] A[0]* A[0]*A[0] A[0][0]

(2) A A+i i A[i] A* A[0]*A A[0]

int * p pp intp=A[0] p=A

pa=&A[0][0] A[i][j] *(pa+n*i+j) // A n

6.4

6.5

15

* { }

(* )()

6.6

free storeheap

px = new ; px = new ;

px 0 NULL

new delete px;

px new

px = new []; px = new [](); // 0

0(C++11 )

px = new [n1][n2]...[nm];

delete[] px;

16

6.7 "\0"

cout > ; // getchar(); // cin.getline(str,N,);

cin.getline N-1 '\n'

cstring cstdlib strlen strlen(str) strcat strcat(dest,src) strcpy strcpy(dest,src) strcmp strcmp(str1,str2) atoi atoi(str) atol long atol(str) atof double atof(str) itoa itoa(int,str,raidx)

C++ cctype

isdigit isdigit('3') isalpha isalpha('a') isalnum isalnum('c') islower islower('b') isupper isupper('B') isspace isspace(' ') isprint isprint('A') isgraph isgraph('a') ispunct ispunct('*') iscntrl iscntrl('\n') tolower tolower('A') toupper toupper('a')

ASCII

17

7.1 I/O iostream

cin cout cerr clog cerr

iomanip endl setw(n) cout.width(n) setfill() cout.fill() left right fixed scientific setprecision(n) fixed scientific showpoint

setw cout.width

7.2 C printf(); // cstdio

% %[flag][][.]

c g d o e s f x/X

\b \t \f \\ \n \" \r %%

18

7.3 C FILE *pf;

pf=fopen();

rtwtatrbwbabrt+wt+at+rb+wb+ab+ rw+tb

(NULL) fclose(pf);

0; 0

fprintf(pf, "");

fprintf printf

fscanf(pf, "");

fwrite(buffer, sizecountpf);

count size pf buffer

fread(buffer, sizecountpf);

pf count size buffer

int A[3][3]={{11,12,13},{21,22,23},{31,32,33}}; FILE *pf; pf=fopen("data1.dat","wb"); fwrite(A,sizeof(int),9,pf); // fwrite(A,sizeof(A),1,pf); fclose(pf); int B[3][3]; pf=fopen("data1.dat","rb"); fread(B,sizeof(int),9,pf); fclose(pf);

19

8.1

8.2 k k+1 k k+1

k+2

k+1

8.3 D. Shell 1959

gap 1

gap n/2

8.4

1 2

2 3

n-1 n-1

20

n-1 n-2 n-1

100 10 90 10 10

8.5

pivot

a i1=1 a

i2 i1 a

i3 i2 a

i4 i3 a

i5

21

I 9.1

class { public: private: protected: };

publicprivateprotected ( private) //

. .()

:: // { ; }

::

22

. . .

inline

9.2

(); // (); //

23

(1) (2)

~() { } //

~

9.3

::(): 1(), 2(), ... { }

1(), 2(), ...

(1) (2)

9.4 C

struct {

24

public: private: protected: };

C++ C C

union Mark { char grade; // bool pass; // int score; // };

9.5 UML UMLUnified Modeling Language

UML

: [ = ] () [ : ] + public- private# protected

25

II 10.1

10.2

static

0

. ::

static::

static static

10.3

26

friend

friend

10.4

const ; const ;

() const;

const & ;

27

10.5

[n] [k].

* -> (*). const *

this this

this

() this

this this

::* // (::*)() //

=&:: .*->* =&:: (.*)()(->*)()

newdelete *=new () // *=new () //

delete delete

10.6 vector

10.7 string

28

11.1 +-*/>

29

::operator(int dummy) { ; }

11.4

operator(const &, const &);

::operator(const & p1, const & p2) { ; }

11.5 /

operator ();

::operator () { };

11.6 []++ -- ()

()

30

12.1

12.2 class : 1, 2, ... { ; };

publicprotectedprivate +

- -

public - -

private - -

protected - -

31

- - + - +

- +

12.3

(): 1(),..., n(), 1(), ..., m()

{ ; };

+ +

- - -

32

- -

-

12.4

+ :: :: // ::() //

12.5

12.6

33

class : virtual { ... ... };

12.7

34

13.1 C++

13.2 C++ I/O

#include

ofstream ifstream fstream

fstream fstrm; // fstream fstrm(fname); // fname fstream fstrm(fname, mode); //

fstream ifstream ofstream ifstream ofstream

ios iostream

istream ostream iostream

iostream

ifstream ofstream fstream

fstream

istrstream ostrstream strstream

strstream

35

13.3

fstrm.open(fname) // fstrm fname fstrm.close() // fstrm fstrm.is_open() //

close

ios::in // ios::out // ios::app // ios::ate // ios::Trunc // ios::binary //

ios | ios::out|ios::binary ios::app ios::out

ifstream in in ofstream out out fstream in / out fstream

13.4

> getline cin cout

getline ostream write istream read write(const char* buf, int n); read(char* buf, int n); // buf ,n

.write(buf,50); // buf 50 .read(buf,30); // 30 ( buf

36

13.5 >

class Rational { public: Rational() { x=0; y=1; } Rational(int x, int y) { this->x=x; this->y=y; } friend ostream & operator(istream&, Rational&); void display() { cout

37

etime(0) + 8 clock()CLOCKS_PER_SEC srand(seed)rand()RAND_MAX emirp Fibonacci 3n+1 C

Shell *

ClockCircleRectangleComplexPointDateEmployee Point, Line

const :: binary scope resolution operator . dot operator

C++2.1 C++2.2 C++2.3 C++

3.13.23.3

4.14.24.34.44.54.6

5.15.2 5.3

6.16.26.36.46.56.66.7

7.1 I/O7.2 C7.3 C

8.18.28.38.48.5

I9.19.29.39.49.5 UML

II10.110.210.310.410.510.6vector10.7string

11.111.211.311.411.511.6

12.112.212.312.412.512.612.7

13.113.213.313.413.5 >

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C++ 笔记（草稿） - math.ecnu.edu.cnmath.ecnu.edu.cn/~jypan/Teaching/Cpp/Cpp_Ref_jypan.pdf · 4.6 预编译处理与 ... ③ 常见的 C++ 编译器：Visual C++， GNU ... ④