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The material found in these slides is obtained from the:

ADVANCED WORKSHOP ON ASEAN STUDIESTEACHING FOR LECTURERS 24-27 Apr 2012, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

These materials may be freely quoted for educational purposes with properacknowledgement.

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Political Development : Democracy,

Governance, and Rule of Law

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Topic : Political Development : Democracy, Governanceand Rule of LawLearning Objectives

1. Identifying various aspects of political development.2. Explaining necessity of political development in

developing countries.3. Identifying components of political development.4. Exploring arguments about democracy and

democratization.5. Understanding significance of democracy and the

democratic index.6. Learning the nature and the application of governance.7. Discussing the concept and operation of the rule of law.

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Learning Outcomes 1. Ability to discuss the idea and relevance of

political development2. Understanding the controversy of democracy3. Appreciation of democratization4. Understanding functioning of governance and

democracy5. Appreciating the role of the rule of law and

democracy

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Key information/content

Development-Modernization.

Development and modernization are often discussedtogether although they are not the same.

1. Modernization : a pattern of evolutionary change

from traditional through transitional to modern society,typified by Western or European examples.

Modernization is mostly seen in terms of economicdevelopment phenomenon.

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Modernization is considered as a process of industrialization,

urbanization, spread of education, secularism, mass mediaand rationalization.

It is also correlated with democracy.

Modernization proponents seem to emphasize economicdevelopment or growth, thus wealth. Asian examples areSingapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong or the

Newly Industrialized Countries NICs.

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It is also argued that there exists a possibility thatcountry with high income will be democratic.

Modernization is much criticized for its beingWesternization; thus Eurocentric or ethnocentric.

Modernization is popularly tied up with the notion thatmodern states are wealthier, more powerful and the

people are freer and with high standard of living.

Modernization is a particular case of development.

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Political modernization

the systemic sustained and powerful application of humanenergies to the rational control of mans physical and socialenvironment for various human purposes ( Clalude E. Welch,Jr.)

processes of differentiation of political structure andsecularization of political culture which enhance the capacity-the effectiveness and efficiency of performance of asocietys political system (sociologyguide.com)

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Major characteristics of political modernization

(1) Differentiation : process of progressive separation andspecialization of roles, institutions and associations in thedevelopment of political system;

(2) Notion of equality like universal adult citizenship, prevalence of universalistic legal norms in the governments

relations with citizenry;

(3) Capacity: increasing adaptive and creative potentialities possessed by man for the manipulation of his environment.(sociologyguide.com)

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2. Development

Development : To bring out capabilities or possibilities of ; or bring to a moreadvanced or effective state.

Development : Multidimensional process involvingreorganization and reorientation of entire economic and social system.

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: A process of improving the quality of all human liveswith three equally important aspects: (1) raising

peoples living, (2) creating conditions conducive togrowth of people through establishment of social,

political and economic systems and institutions which

promote human dignity and respect, and (3) increasing peoples freedom to choose by enlarging the range of their chance variables (Formulated on Michael P.Todaros idea in Google accessed 2/20/2012)

: A process by which secular norms of conduct areuniversalized (Apter 1965)

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- the idea of political progress from a less desirable state of being towards one that is more desirable, land the conditionsthat allow it. (Kingbury, 2007 : 4)

- The process of adjustment of a political system, at anyhistorical stage of the overall development, to the functionsrequired by this system as they arise from the economic,

cultural, social, and political structural conditions ( Jaguaribe1968 : 53)

- Development of institutions, attitudes, and values that form the political power system of a society (Oxford Dictionary of

Politics, ) - Thus political development involves the process towards

betterment of political system evolving through stagesconditioned by attitude, values as well as institution.

3. Political development

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- Normally, discussion of political development is by

means of describing and analyzing nature of politicalsystem of nation-state after formation and/or after independence towards achieving the desired goalsexemplified by Western standard

- Patterned after experiences of Western system, politicaldevelopment has been discussed in terms of mobilization,institutionalization, communication, bureaucracy,education, and political culture that emphasizes role of

political party and interest group. Rule of law and/or governance, civil society and human rights are alsointroduced and discussed.

4. Mode of explanation

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- Most significant of all in the tacit approval of theequation of political development with democracyand democratization. Failure that occurs in the

process of development is typified as breakdown or

reversal which implicitly insists on continuation of the process which is seconded by the idea that thedevelopment is not linear of which terms of decayor decline are applied.

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5. Aspects of political development (Pye, 1966)Lucian W. Pye comprehensively covers ten variations of

interpretation of the political development, known also asdevelopment syndrome.

1. Political development as the politics of development. 2. Political development as the politics typical of industrial

societies 3. Political development as political modernization. 4. Political development as the operation of a nation-state.

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5. Political development as administrative and legal

development.

6. Political development as mass mobilization and participation.

7. Political development as the building of democracy. 8.

Political development as stability and orderly change.

9. Political development an mobilization and power. 10. Political development as one aspect of multi-

dimensional aspect of multi-dimensional process of social

change.

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- Economists are the first group to contribute to development pattecned after the case of the US or already developed nations.This leads to the notion that economic development comes firstto be followed by political development or democratization.This boosted by the influx of economic assistance to the newly

independent countries as main source of finance to nationaleconomic development.

- Cou nter argument to this is the idea of political change whichmeans development of honest, efficient, representativegovernment institutions ensuring that economic developmentcan occur rationally, efficiently shared by population rather than being seized by those in power.

6. Emergence of concept / theory of development(Wiardar 2004 : 160-2),

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.

- Yet in developing countries such as those of Marcoss

Philippines Suhartos Indonesia, Sarit Thamoms Thailand,the regimes emphasized political stability and security as baseupon which economic development can flourished. Theconsequence is nation-wide corruption and governmentinefficiency.

- Dependency theory also offered rationalization of theunderdevelopment cauesed by developed nations; corporatismexplained the top-down, statist and authoritarian rule thatcauses lop-sided development. Marxist idea is also offered asalternative.

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- East Asia offers phenomenon of the newly industrializedcountries (NICs) of South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan andHong Kong, the so called Tiger whereby state interveneson behalf of capitalists / industrialists to economically

develop the countries with prediction of little tigerrunning up in the case of Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand,

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- Developing countries are variably described as the ThirdWorld, less developed, undeveloped, underdeveloped, poor countries, emerging nations, non-aligned countries, etc.

- Nature of political system in developing countries aredescribed as being, statist, despotic, authoritarian,

totalitarian, militaristic, bureaucratic, corporatist, etc., all of which are undemocratic.

- Theories/concepts are applied in order to understand whythey are so. But they have never been proved satisfactory

and mostly remains partial.

7. Political development in developing countries

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- Historical approach of political development in terms of

democratization through Huntingtons Third Waveconceptualization have been much discussed till now.

- Discussion of political development in each country suchas those in Southeast Asia or ASEAN can gain dept andinsight knowledge with tendency to make it a pecaliar case.Comparative study illustrates shared main characteristicsand trends but fails to offer deeper understanding.

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- government by the people, of the people and for the people(Lincolon)

- A system for arriving at political decisions in which individualsacquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people vote ( Schunpeter 1947)

- With plethora of definition of democracy, suggestion is made to as

to how to understand it. By its nature, democracy is the rule by the people (Aristotle). Basic tenet is that people govern themselvesmodified by regular elections for highest leaders (representativedemocracy) or for chosen policies (direct democracy). Inherentwith this comes the idea of the right to vote by all adults, plusdemocratic rights which are the right to vote itself, ones vote to becounted equally, right to run for high office, and right to organize

political groups or parties.

8. Democracy

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- Empirical ground of democracy asserts the existencefree newspaper and media; open competition for

political office; popularly and regularly electedlegislature and head of government; secret ballot but

public debate and voting; religious freedom; the right tohold and express unpopular ideas; and the rule of lawwith fundamental documents like constitution (Rummel,1996)

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-With widespread and complicated debates on democracy, itis suggested that it will be better to mark pheriphery of democracy by verifying what is democracy and what is notdemocracy (Schmitter and Lyukarl, 1991). Various types of democracy is illustrated by qualifiers attached to it (Collier and Levitsky, 1997 : 430-451) such as developmentaldemocracy, constitutional democracy, delegative democracy,

basic democracy, consociational democracy, guideddemocracy. It is even suggested the exists 550 subtypes of

democracy (Kapoor, 2002 : 459-487).

9. Approach to democracy

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- Generally democracy is narrowly understood as that of procedural nature of which electoral democracy is most

welknown (Diamond, 1997 : 1) of which Suchumpeter (1947:269) proposed what is known as minimalist criteria for democracy that incorporates : (1) free and open election,(2) competition among candidates, (3) true competition,

(4) protection of civil liberty, and (5) least obstacle tocompetition. On the other hand, democracy is seen on itssubstantive nature such as the liberal democracy with emphasison civil rights, human rights, rule of law, etc. (Diamond, 1997 :

23-24).

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- Introduction of democracy in a non-democratic regime, - Deepening of the democratic qualities of given

democracies,- Democratization involves the question of survival of democracy

- Thu s it may be issue of sustainable democratization which

is emergence of democracy that develop and endure(Christian Welzel, Theories of Democratization, 2009 : 174or wuow.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/orc/hoerpfer/>) or wuow.worldvaluessuevey.org/wvs/artides/folder.579/oup_ch06.pdf.

- Democratization is practically used interchangeably withdemocracy

10. Democratization :

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- There are attempts to find out to what extent a state/country isdemocratic. The yardstick set has to go through agreed-upon definitionof democracy and the proplem of the operational definition. Despitesome difficulty, Freedom House regularly produces their measurementof democracy of many states all over the world-Notably themeasurement of political institutions and procedures at the national

level. Indicators adopted are : (1) proportion of people gone to vote,(2) just and open election, (3) election producing head of governmentand legislative body, (4) votes gained by main political parties, (5)

proportion of people who cast the vote, (6) legislative power over theexecutive, (7) mass media freedom, (8) individual and political groupliberty, and (9) no state intervention by means of coercion. (Moore,1995 : 4-3). However, indicators can be modified in response tochanging situation.

11. Measurement of democracy.

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- Indonesia adopted its own indicator of democracy in

2011, known as Indonesia Democracy Index. - Diam ond (1995), offers the maximalist definition of democracy as comprising, on top the minimalistcategory, organizational and informational pluralism,

extensive civil liberty (freedom of expression, freedomof the press, freedom to form and join organizations)effective power for elected officials, and functionalautonomy for legislative, executive and judicial organsof government.

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- Diamond (2010 : 21-52) in his study of democracydevelopment in Indonesia during 1998 to 2008 whichtook place during the period of democratic recessionworld-wide, Indonesia was found progressing well onfive main criteria : (1) political rights and civil

liberties, (2) voice and accountability, (3) state qualityof average government effectiveness and regulatoryquality, (4) rule of law, and (5) control of corruption.Interestingly, two former champions : Thailand and

the Philippines lagged behind.

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- Huntingtions (1991) three waves of democratization andreversals

- First wave : 1828-1926 of more than 30 countries, withreversal during 1922-1942

- Seco nd Wave : 1943-1962 with reversal during 1958-1975 mostly through military coups

- Thi rd wave : 1974-1990 period of transition to democracy

of more than 30 countries, with reversal started in 1999. - Chai-Anan d (2011) of Thailand strongly argues that in order for Thailand to consolidate political and societal development,three dimensions of Thai state has to be recognized and put to

practice. They are (1) development, (2) participation, and (3)security

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- In general, governance is the means by which an activity or

ensemble of activities is controlled or directed, such that it deliversan acceptable range of outcomes according to established standard(Hirst, 200)

- The idea of governance gains wider application by the end of thetwentieth century. The application emphasizes relationships and

institutions involved in the process of managing public and privateaffairs. With the end of the cold war, the countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and countries in thedeveloping world apply political, economic and administrativereforms and to practice good governance. Donor agencies start toadopt governance as an inherent condition to recipient countries.

12. Governance

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- The term governance is thought of as the organizing

concept guiding administrators and administrative practices shift from bureaucratic emphasis to morelateral and inter-institutional relations. Highlight isgiven to performance than the discharging of policy(UNESCO, 2006 : 2)

- Donor agencies have their own definition of governance in order to ensure that aids given will be

effectively utilized.

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13. UNDP (1997) : (governance) is the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority tomanage a nations affairs. It is the complex mechanisms,

processes and institutions through which citizens and

groups articulate their interests, exercise their legalrights and obligations, and mediate their differences.

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- World Bank (1993) defines governance as the

method through which power is exercised in themanagement of a countrys political, economic andsocial resources for development. The World Bank adjusted its approach to emphasize issues such as

transparency, account ability and judicial reform. It has been propagating the good governance.

- Asian Development Bank (2012) : Governance is themanner in which power is exercised in the managementof a countrys social and economic resources for development. Governance means the way those with

power use that power.

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- Governance can be discerned as (1) society- centric : sustainingcoordination and coherence among a wide variety of actors with

different purposes and objectives Actors are political actors andinstitutions, interest groups, civil society, non-governmental andtransnational organizations; and (2) state-centrict in which case,governance is seen as processes in which state plays a leadingrole, making priorities and defining objectives (UNESCO 2006

- Governance is widely used in private sector as well in which casethe concept of corporate governance is applied. Corporategovernance consists of set of processes, customs, policies, laws

and institutions affecting the way people direct, administer or control a corporations. This involves all stakeholders.

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- Hirst defines it as means creating an effective politicalframework conducive to private economic action: stable

regimes, rule of law efficient state administration adapted to theroles that governments can actually perform and a strong civilsociety independent of the state. (Hirst, 2000)

- World Bank lists, as components of good governance, sound public sector management (efficiency, effectiveness andeconomy), accountability, exchange and free flow of information (transparency), and a legal framework for development (justice, respect for human rights and liberties).

- Thus good governance includes: account ability, transparency,

efficience/effectiveness, justice, plus responsiveness, legitimacyconsensus, and rule of law.

14. Good governance

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- On macro level, World Bank/World Bank Institute developWorldwide Governance Indicators project covering morethan 200 countries of six dimensions: voice andaccountability, political stability and lack of violence,government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law,and control of corruptions.

- On micro level, the World Bank Institute develops WorldBank Governance Survey

- Worl d Governance Index (WGI) has been developedfocusing on peace and security, rule of law, human rightsand participation, sustainable development, and humandevelopment.

15. Measurement of good governance

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16. Certain countries may have their own set of criteria of goodgovernance. In case of Thailand, the effects of 1997 economic crisis led to

adoption of rules imposed particularly by the IMF and other internationalfinancial agencies. The Thai government complied with the prescription.Thailand coined few technical terms equivalent to the good governance.The most used one has been Dharmabhipala . The King Prajadhipok Institute came up with 10 points of good governance as well as Key

performance indicators by which public sectors could made use of. The 10 points are : (1) rule of law, (2) ethics, (3) transparency, (4) participation,(5) accountability, (6) optimization, (7) human resource development,(8) organization knowledge, (9) management, and (10) information

technology and communication. (Thaviwadi and Wachai, 2006)

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1. - Rule of law implies that governments decisions are

made by applying known legal principles (Black LawDictionary, 1979)

- However, the rule of law can be interpreted as beingrule according to law which requires the government to

exercise its power in accordance with well-establishedand clearly written rules, regulations, and legal

principles under the rule of law, no one may be prosecuted for an act that is not punishable by law.

Rule of Law

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- The rule of law can also be interpreted as rule under law which meansthat the government must exercise its authority under the law. These isa popularly known by the phrase no one is above the law whichsignifies that no branch of government is above the law, and no publicofficial may act arbitrarily or unilaterally outside the law.

- The rule of law could also be interpreted as rule according to the higher law which means no written law may be enforced by the government

unless it conforms with certain unwritten, universal principles of fairness, morality and justice that transcend human legul system(http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rule+of+Law+the accessed March 10, 2010).

- There is also the idea of rule by law which is the case of law as a meretool for a government.

http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rule+of+Law+thehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rule+of+Law+thehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rule+of+Law+thehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rule+of+Law+the

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2. - Approach to the rule of Law : three approaches exist.

- Formal or thin approach. This is morewidespread the core idea of which is that the lawmust be prospective, well-known, and have thecharacteristics of generality, equality, and certainty.

It does not make judgment about the justness of the law itself.

- Substantive or thick approach holds that the ruleof law intrinsically protects some or all individualrights

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- Functional approach refers a society in which governmentofficers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of

rule of law, whereas a society in which governmentofficers have little discretion has a high degree f rule of law. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-of-law,accessed March 12, 2012)

3. - The United Nations General Assembly adopted rule of lawas it agenda since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006.The Security Council also had debates on the subject withresolutions dealing with the importance of rule of law in thecontext of women, peace and security, children in armedconflict, protection of civilian in armed conflict.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-of-law,accessedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-of-law,accessedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-of-law,accessedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-of-law,accessedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-of-law,accessedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-of-law,accessed

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4. Elaboration of the functioning of the rule of law.

-

Joseph Rax (1977 : 195) offeres the following principlesfor the rule of law.

- Laws should be prospective rather than retroactive.

- Laws should be stable and not changed frequently, as

lack of awareness of the law prevents one from beingguided by it.

- There should be clear rules and procedures for makinglaw.

-

The independence of the judiciary has to be guaranteed.

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- Principles of natural justice should be observed,

particularly those concerning the right to a fair hearing.

- The courts should have the power of judicialreview over the way in which the other principles

are implemented.

- The courts should be accessible ; no man may bedenied justice.

- The discretion of law enforcement and crime prevention agencies should not be allowed to pervert the law.

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- The World Justice Project, launched by the American Bar Associationin 2006, proposed the four principles of the rule of law.

1. The government and its officials and agents are accountable under

the law; 2. The laws are clear, publicized, stable, fair, and protect and

fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property;

3. The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, andenforced is accessible, fair, and efficient;

4. Access to justice is provided by competent, independent, andethical adjudicators, attorneys or representatives, and judicialofficers who are of sufficient number, have adequate resources,and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.

Besides, the World Justice Project, such as of 30 November 2011developed an Index to measure the extent the countries adhere to therule of law in practice.

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- The Council of the International Bar Association passed a

resolution on October 8, 2009 on definition of the rule of law as :

An independent, impartial judiciary, the presumption of innocence, the right to a fair and public trial without undue delay,a rational and proportionate approach to punishment, a strong andindependence legal, profession, strict protection of confidential

communications between lawyer and the client, equality of all before the law, these are all fundamental principles of the Rule of Law. Accordingly, arbitrary arrests, secret trials, indefinitedetention without trial; cruel or degrading treatment or punishment,intimidation or corruption in the electoral process are allunacceptable.

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5. The rule of law is inherent of democracy and governance because, without the rule of law in function, democracy

and governance cannot be guaranteed. The electoral process in particular can be easily distorted if the rule of law is not adhered to. Overthrow of government bymilitary coup is the gross violation of the rule of law that

leads to conflicts and bloodshed within the society.Economic development could be made to benefit theinfluential if the rule of law is not observed. Denial of civil rights under the military/authoritarian regime iscommonplace because the rule of law does not function.

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List of possible questions/discussion themes

Political development : 1. Is there any countries that are not modernized now?

Why? 2. Is development the answer that most nations seek?

Why? 3. Since when your country has been modernized?

4. When do you think development occur in your country? Do you know the reason why?

5. When talking about political development, what cometo your mind?

6. Is political development equivalent with democracy? 7. Do you think political development has occurred in

the PRC and Vietnam? Can you explain why?

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Democracy: 1. What come to your mind first when talking democracy?

2. Is democracy an imposition from the West? Why mostcountries accept it?

3. Between the minimalist and maximalist concept of democracy, which is more important, and why?

4. Why is it that democracy is qualified or has anadjective?

5. Do you accept that democracy and economic growthhave to be together?

6. Can Timor Leste/East Timor become a democracy? 7. In what way people equate stability with democracy?

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Governance: 1. Talking about governance is talking about governing quality;

explain it. 2. Why the concept of governance become popular? 3. Talking about good governance implies the existence of bad

governance. Is there bad governance? What is looks like? 4. Good governance is imposed by the international agencies,

why we do not reject it? 5. Do your government/country practice good governance? How

do you know? 6. In your country which item of the good governance is most

needed? Why?

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Rule of Rive: 1. Do you think people understand what the rule of

law means? Why?

2. What is the gross violation of the rule of law inyour country?

3. What do you think people will benefit from the rule

of law? 4. Does the government has to practice the rule of law

more than common people? Why?

5. In what way rule of law reinforce democracy and

governance?

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List of teaching source / references

Welch. Jr., Claud E., 2001. Protecting Human Rights in Africa. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Sociologicalguide.comTodaro, Michael P. Economic Development. 8th edition, via Google

access.

Apter, David, 1965. Politics of Modernization. Chicago : University of

Chicago Press. Kingsbury, Damien, 2007. Political Development. London and New

York : Routledge.

Jayuaribe, H., 1968. Economic and Political Development .Cambridge, M.A. : Harvard University Press.

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Schumpeter, Joeph, 1947 . Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy . New York : Harper.

Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Oxford Paperback.

Pye, Lucian W., 1966. Aspects of Political Development . Boston :Little, Brown.

Wiarda, Howard J., 2004. Political Development in EmergingNations. Thomson and Wardswocth.

Rummel , R.J., 1996. Democratization in William Vogele and Roger Powers, eds., Protest, Power and Change : An Encyclopedia of Nonviolence Action from Act- up to Womens Suffrage. Hamden,CT : Garland Publishing.

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Schmitter, Philippe C. and Terry Lynukarl , 1991. What Dessocracy Is and Is not, Journal of Democracy , 2, Summer.

Collier, David and Steven Levitsby , 1997, Democracy with Adjectives :Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research, World Politics, 49, April : 430-451.

Kapoor , Ian. 2006, Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?

The Relevance of the Habermas Mauffe Debate for Third WorldPolitics, Alternative, 27 : 459-487.

Diamond, Larry. 1997. Is the Third Wave Over, Journal of Democracy , Vol 8, No. 4, October : 21, 23-24.

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Moore, Mick. 1995. Democracy and Development in Cross National Perspective : A New Look at the Statistics,Democratization. Vol 2, No. 2, Summer : 1-19.

Diamond, Larry. 1995. Promoting Democracy in the 1990s :Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives, Report to theCarnegic Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict,December.

Hirot , Paul. 2000. Democracy and Governance in Jon Pierre, ed.,Debating Governance : Authority, Steering, and Democracy .Oxford University Press.

United Nations Economic and Social Council, 5 January 2006,Deliberation of basic concepts and terminologies in governanceand public administration, in Committee of Experts on PublicAdministration,

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ADB Institute. 2012. Definition of Governance.http://www.adbi.org/discussion-

paper/2005/09/26/1379,accesscon 2/10/2012.

United Nation Development Programme 1997, Governancefor sustainable development. UNDP policy document.

World Bank 1993, Governance : Washington D.C.

Thaevilwadi Burikul and Wanchai Wattharrasap. 2006 .Extension Program to Apply Key Performance (inThai language) . Nonthaburi : King Bajodhipok

Institute.

http://www.adbi.org/discussion-paper/2005/09/26/1379,accessconhttp://www.adbi.org/discussion-paper/2005/09/26/1379,accessconhttp://www.adbi.org/discussion-paper/2005/09/26/1379,accessconhttp://www.adbi.org/discussion-paper/2005/09/26/1379,accessconhttp://www.adbi.org/discussion-paper/2005/09/26/1379,accesscon

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Diamond, Larry. 2010 Indonesias Place in GlobalDemocracy in Edward Aspinal and Marcus Mietzner,

eds., Problems of Democratization in Indonesia :Elections, Institutions and Society. Singapore: Instituteof Southeast Asian Studies.

Chai-Anand Sumdvanija. 2011. Sate and Society: Three

Dimensional State in Siams Plural Society. Secondedition, Bangkok : Chulalongkorn University Press. (InThai Language) : 28-62.

Hunting Sumuel P. 1991. The Third Wave :Democratization in the Twentieth Century. Universityof Oklahoma Press.

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Black Law Dictionary. 1979. West Publishing Company.

http://legal-dictionary.the-freedictionary.com/Rule+of+Law+the,accessed on March 10, 2012.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-of-law , accessed on May 12,2012.

Raz, Josept . 1997. The Rule of Law and Its Virtue, The LawQuarterly Review , Vol. 93.

Resolution of Council of the International Bar Association.October 8, 2009 accessible through

httep://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law

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Teaching methodology

1. As a basic course, lecturing is crucial to lay foundation.

2. On particular topics, information sheet could bedistributed in advance, then discuss in class.

3. Newspaper clippings on certain subjects/topics could becollected by student/group of student to be discussed in

class 4. Team report on subjects studied can be assigned and the

team will present the report in class. Lecturer may gradethe report in order to encourage students interest.

5. Class lecturing can be supplemented by guest speakerson certain topies in order to arouse students interest.

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WITH THE SUPPORT OF